Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.25 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 5 27 2415904 1873927 2022-08-17T20:08:30Z 50.37.147.236 /* Native American rites. */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ == Original Policies == I propose that Wikiversity start by adopting [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines|existing Wikipedia policy]]. The Wikiversity community can then discuss the creation of new policies that will diverge from Wikipedia's policies. New Wikiversity policies should reflect the education-oriented mission of Wikiversity as defined in the [[meta:Wikiversity/Modified project proposal|Wikiversity project proposal]] that was [http://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution_Wikiversity approved] by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 13:44, 15 August 2006 (UTC) :For me, this seems too much. Wikipedia has tons of policies, the vast majority of which are specific to its needs. I think we should only begin with the most basic of Wikimedia policies, Civility, and then develop our own. NPOV, for example, doesn't even fit with what I believe education to be all about - education, for me, is more along the lines of "What do you think? Do you agree/disagree?". [[User:Cormaggio|Cormaggio]] 13:50, 15 August 2006 (UTC) :We know that Wikipedia policy provides a viable way to run a wiki project. I suggest using Wikipedia policy as a temporary set of rules; Wikipedia policy would provide stabilty while the Wikiversity community creates new policy. As soon as the Wikiversity community creates its own rules, the Wikipedia rules would no longer be in effect. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 13:58, 15 August 2006 (UTC) ::Yes, but why bother adopting them all to begin with? There are so many which are obviously irrelevant - though I say civility is a basic one - and the rest we can work out as we go along. No projects are forced to adopt any principles but the core Wikimedia values (and NPOV, like I've said, is one that i think should go for a start). [[User:Cormaggio|Cormaggio]] 14:10, 15 August 2006 (UTC) :::Wikipedia policy could provide a starting point. The approach would be "easy come, easy go". It is easy to adopt Wikipedia policy as a default for when no Wikiversity policy exists. When new Wikiversity policy is constructed by the community it would automatically displace the default Wikipedia policies. In other words, it would be easy for the Wikiversity community to decide which Wikipedia policies are not relevant, either explicitly or implicitly just by ignoring them. Some Wikipedia policies could be modified to suit Wikiversity needs rather than having to start each Wikiversity policy from zero. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 14:43, 15 August 2006 (UTC) ::::Take into account that there are lots of Wikipedias, not just one. And they have different policies each. I think there shouldn't be that ''automatic Wikipedia policy''. You can add a line stating ''Wikipedia general policies should be followed'' but no more. Common sense does the rest, and there's usually an ''intention to follow it''. But don't set that on the policy, please. It only helps (vandal?, troll?) people saying, ''this hidden wikipedia policy says so, and it's stupid to apply this here, but we must obey, so you all are wrong''. [[User:Platonides|Platonides]] 14:51, 15 August 2006 (UTC) :::::Indeed. I think it would be pertinent to import the ground rules, e.g. Civility, Copyrights and Be Bold. Everything beyond that should be created here (but taking into account experiences made elsewhere). [[User:Sebmol|Sebmol]] 14:55, 15 August 2006 (UTC) It sounds like we need a list of proposed Wikiversity policies. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 15:07, 15 August 2006 (UTC) :Indeed, here's what I think would be a good start: :* '''Observe copyrights''' (''IMO very important so the project doesn't end up getting shut down after all this work because Wikimedia gets sued by some textbook publisher'') :* '''Civility, Wikiquette, no personal attacks, and the like''' (''This is especially important in a quasi-academic setting. I would imagine that some of the material covered here might be pretty controversial so it's additionally important not to resort to personal attacks'') :* '''Be bold''' (''In the beginning stages and with few people involved, initiative is often times more important than that all agree to a plan of action. Things that go in the wrong direction can be corrected fairly easily with the technology we have available'') :Thoughts? What else would be good? -- [[User:sebmol|sebmol]] [[User talk:sebmol|^?]] 15:22, 15 August 2006 (UTC) :Added: '''Diversity''' (''With that I mean, that in a learning environment, it's more important to have a diversity in material than a basis in scientific verifiability. Teaching literature or poetry isn't really science, inherently POV, but obviously important nonetheless. So we should create an environment where people feel comfortable creating and discussing controversial materials as well, even if science doesn't back them up.'') *I think there should be a '''modified NPOV policy'''. I think NPOV should apply to the '''Wikiversity namespace''' of Wikiversity. An NPOV policy would help guide the meta discussion that will take place in the '''Wikiversity namespace''': "where there are or have been conflicting views, these should be presented fairly, but not asserted" --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 15:38, 15 August 2006 (UTC) --- I think that the original "5 pillars" should be perhaps copied over and used in theory, but I have to agree with Cormogo that the policies that exist here should be ones that the users for Wikiversity need and use come up with. There are some policies (such as What Wikiversity is not and others) that should be copied over from Meta. I'll start them as proposed policies to begin with, and certainly the original research guidelines need to be discussed as well. --[[User:Robert Horning|Robert Horning]] 16:13, 15 August 2006 (UTC) *Open discussions for setting polices is a great way to acquire initial ideas, however, polls are not condusive to gathering the best language for a sound policy. George Washington, Thomas Jefferson and John Adams appointed themselves dictators and designers of the US Constitution before they later delegated the refinements (ammendments) over to the American people. Wikiversity, in my opinion, should appoint a very small committee to draw up basic policy. This committee should be in total agreement with Wikiversity's Mission Statement. These policies should reflect the intent and charactor of Wikiversity and not the whims of the world community. Wikiversity can tweek the policies of any great education entity to suit its own intent and personality. A time saver. you will never please everyone. In summary: be the dictator for now, appoint your own policy making team, and tweek it as you go to reflect the Mission Statement. Everyone with a rearend has an opinion. This is mine. [[User: TigreNoir]] *''Honesty/integrity'' should be one policy. This is notable, because, unlike in wikipedia, here one may say things which are tentative. Yet one must not intentionally mislead; one must not claim something that he cannot support. As one learns more, she may adjust her statements. But one must always let others know the status. Confucius:「知之為知之，不知為不知，是知也」--[[User:Hillgentleman|Hillgentleman]] 09:10, 23 October 2006 (UTC) == GDFL and copyright == If this has been discussed before, please forgive me. But I was just thinking about GDFL and copyrights. Suppose a class on Wikiversity requires the students to write papers (original work of their own). Will those papers be posted on Wikiversity, and if so, are they automatically GDFL, as are contributions to Wikipedia? I imagine that many people will not want their hard work so easily given away. Some people might think it's great, or not care, but if down the road we have people writing 20+ page final papers, will they really want them distributed on the internet? I am just brainstormin here. --[[User:Fang Aili|Fang Aili]] 15:59, 15 August 2006 (UTC) :I think that in general, we should use GFDL or cc-by-sa. I personally would prefer the latter because it doesn't come with all the complications of the GFDL and was created for content such as ours. As to papers, from the university I've attended, the university took over the rights for all papers submitted by students so they could use them for publications, contests, future courses, etc. I therefore don't think that would really be a problem here either. What we can do, howeve, is having those pages excluded from search engines so they won't be distributed as easily. -- [[User:sebmol|sebmol]] [[User talk:sebmol|^?]] 16:30, 15 August 2006 (UTC) "all the complications of the GFDL" <-- please list them<BR> "created for content such as ours" <-- what is different from the GFDL? We should keep Wikiversity under the GFDL because nearly every project is. Some things (particularly on Wikibooks) will have to be copied to here, so it'd be easier to keep things uniformly licensed. The only exception is Wikinews, and consequently, things can't be copied from other projects to Wikinews because of license incompatibility. [[User:Messedrocker|Messedrocker]] 01:19, 16 August 2006 (UTC) Growing and maintaining the commons is precisely Wikiversity's primary mission. We happen to focus on learning where several other Wikimedia projects focus on high quality reference works. The GFDL has been proven in the past and is a well known copyleft mechanism. Further, there is a separate Foundation (GNU Foundation) dedicated to maintaining and protecting it as a viable copyleft mechanism. If a learner has a valuable paper it certainly should not be published here until their organization is setup to exploit the valuable innovation has a large lead to market. We could change this in the future perhaps as Wikiversity grows and has an advanced grid like capability to mix and match specific teams and sponser with all applicable necessities such as secrecy and access management. For now I think we would be wise to keep things as simple as possible until we have the size, experience and dedicated resources to manage a complicated mix. In short, <b>wiklars</b> wiklars should not publish valuable proprietary information on wikiversity. The submittal form currently makes this crystal clear for any who read it. There is nothing to stop a local learner from publishing under copyright at another web site and then referring to the material with a link embedded in local FDL'ed overview materials. [[User:Mirwin|Mirwin]] 07:58, 18 August 2006 (UTC) == Original Research Guidelines == I know this needs to be turned into a whole different page for ongoing discussion, but as Anthere made mention in her announcement on Foundation-l (see http://mail.wikimedia.org/pipermail/foundation-l/2006-August/009046.html for details), the original research provisions of Wikiversity are going to be something the board of trustees will look at very carefully. This is also something that needs to turn into a formal policy discussion at this point. --[[User:Robert Horning|Robert Horning]] 16:13, 15 August 2006 (UTC) : From what I've heard, part of the reason why Wikinews started up is additionally to function as a reliable source for Wikipedia. See, original research is allowed on Wikinews, but the condition is that you must supply evidence and a way to verify it. One of the "students" could do some investigating involving Wikiversity resources, and publish a thesis based on it. The "student" should subsequently, however, provide verifiable proof on the discussion page. Once everything is checked over and peer reviewed, that page could function as a usable source for Wikipedia. Just my thoughts, though. [[User:Messedrocker|Messedrocker]] 01:23, 16 August 2006 (UTC) == Voting is evil == This is not the appropriate way to start policies.--[[User:69.111.161.61|69.111.161.61]] 01:57, 19 August 2006 (UTC) :Right now, the votes allow us to judge which policies need discussion. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 01:59, 19 August 2006 (UTC) : The advantage of this poll is that it's a good way to have a rudimentary set of policies quickly implemented, considering that some of these are a given (like [[Wikiversity:Be bold]]). Additionally, this still allows discussion, and if people agree with a point made by a certain user, they may change their votes accordingly. Voting in itself is not evil, but voting and not allowing discussion is. [[User:Messedrocker|Messedrocker]] 02:02, 19 August 2006 (UTC) ::This is a very bad start, frankly. It is not sensible to try to set rules a priori, before the problems we may or may not face are even particularly well understood. Voting has always been the best way to get the worst outcome in a wiki. This is a grand way to kill the project and get it off on the wrong foot from the very beginning. Wikis are about wisdom, not control, about freedom in a spirit of kindness, not about rules. Trust yourselves, trust each other, love each other, and work together in a spirit of helpful togetherness and we might just do something spectacular here. Go down a path of rules-making from day one, and you will kill the very spirit that makes a wiki run.--[[User:69.111.161.61|69.111.161.61]] 02:05, 19 August 2006 (UTC) ::: If we have no standards, then we have nothing to strive for. And if the rules fail us, we invoke [[WV:IAR]] and decide that the rules are no good and should be changed. There is discussion, not only on [[Wikiversity:Policies]], but on [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]] and the mailing list. The poll, based on what JWSchmidt says, is not a binding decision, but helps shows which are a given and which are a bit controversial. [[User:Messedrocker|Messedrocker]] 02:16, 19 August 2006 (UTC) == Aghast!!! == This whole page leaves me aghast! To be complete it needs only one further policy: "All students shall seek permission before leaving class to go to the washroom." Those who have proposed these rules seem more fit to run a borstal than a university. To me it is not a matter of whether I think this policy good, and that one bad. It is a completely wrongheaded approach totally unsuited to any kind of free and open education. In some instances it even seems that certain Wikipedians are taking this as an opportunity to have their most disliked policies rendered inapplicable in Wikiversity. It establishes the presumption that by virtue of being there at the beginning a certain cabal has earned the right to dictate policy that may be difficult alter when it must be applied to real world situations. If we really believe that we are taking a new and imaginative approach to education let's act in a manner consistent with that. Policy should follow practice; it should not dictate it. I am not so naïve as to believe that we will never need policy, but I at least recognize that they must evolve as and when they are needed. The voting should be completely removed from the page, and it is a great temptation to act unilaterally to do this. I will instead add an additional section petitioning that the voting process that has been undertaken be viewed as fundamentally flawed. In doing so I would ask that all who have already "voted" remove all their votes without regard to the specific policy in question. Wikipedia enumerates five pillars, of which one, "Wikipedia is an encyclopedia" is by its nature not applicable to the sister projects. This is the pillar of identity which each project must develop in its own way over in the course of its own development. The other four: neutrality, freedom, civility and initiative could be considered broadly applicable. This does not so much as imply that the elaborative comments at [[w:Wikipedia:Five pillars]] are also pertinent to Wikiversity. The elaboration in '''this''' project will come over time. "Free Content" does not imply that we are necessarily bound by GFDL and only GFDL, and Neutral Point Of View does not imply that there can be no mutually conflicting views or discourse on the path that leads to an idea's centre of gravity. [[User:Eclecticology|Eclecticology]] 17:37, 22 August 2006 (UTC) :You're not the only one that sees it like this. There's a reason I removed all the discussion from the page and moved it to the respective talk pages. I'm not happy at all at the bureaucratization that was attempted here in the beginning. The policies that were adopted are the ones you were talking about btw. -- [[User:sebmol|sebmol]] [[User talk:sebmol|^?]] 17:42, 22 August 2006 (UTC) ::Let me second the comment above. Don't worry, this project is still in its infancy, and there are other editors who share your concerns. --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 17:45, 22 August 2006 (UTC) :::Actually, I should elaborate - I'm quite worried myself actually, but with so much activity going on right now, one can only do so much, and trust that the Magic of the Wiki will prevail. I hope that at minimum, there will be those special nooks and crannies around Wikiversity which would emulate the "ideal" that much of us are thinking about. --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 17:51, 22 August 2006 (UTC) ::::The level of activity is indeed a problem because of the opportunities it provides for those people who just love to make rules. It is trite to say that great vigilance is required to keep that process from getting out of hand, but some of us would prefer engaging in more fertile pursuits. [[User:Eclecticology|Eclecticology]] 19:22, 22 August 2006 (UTC) :I agree that in some sense, Wikiversity will create much of its "identity" in future years, but the Wikiversity community did not start from scratch on August 15, 2006. The development of policy at Wikiversity is being guided by the contents of an [[Wikiversity:Approved Wikiversity project proposal|approved project proposal]]. [[Wikiversity:What Wikiversity is not|Wikiversity is not a university]]. Voting is useful as a quick way to help judge consensus; <s>nobody takes</s> sensible people do not view voting as something to get excited about. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 18:02, 22 August 2006 (UTC) ::That in itself is porbably a source of contention that we should recognize. As for what to do about it, well, I'm not sure anyone really knows precisely what that would be. For myself, I don't think this point would be something to worry about necessarily. --[[User:HappyCamper|HappyCamper]] 18:13, 22 August 2006 (UTC) :::Voting is evil. Since voting is "not ... something to get excited about" we can avoid using it. While there are times when a poll can be used to gain a sense of the opinion, the premature institution of a vote has the effect of excluding any middle ground that might be discovered in a reasonable discussion. :::In my view Wikiversity '''is''' a university in the finest and broadest sense of that term. This has nothing to do with granting degrees, a practice which I would personally oppose. Any prehistoric discussions that took place before August 15 can only be viewed as arriving at a provisional consensus. If someone wants to maintain a policy that was developped there it still needs to be reviewed, and will stand or fall on its own merits. [[User:Eclecticology|Eclecticology]] 19:22, 22 August 2006 (UTC) ::::No policies were included in the Wikiversity project proposal. The approved project proposal defines a plan for this project that was accepted by the Board of Trustees. The approved proposal explicitly describes the components of the original proposal that were rejected by the board (see: [[Wikiversity:Original proposal]]). The Board of Trustees had good reasons for rejecting some elements of the original proposal. The approved proposal is an agreement between the Wikiversity community and the Foundation. If the Wikiversity community works towards the goals that were proposed and approved then the community will have the support of the Foundation. All Wikiversity participants need to recognize that efforts to do an end-run around the expressed wishes of the Board can be damaging to the success of the project and also risk termination of Wikiversity. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 20:55, 22 August 2006 (UTC) :::::The points raised in the reasons for the original rejection are limited enough. Nobody is seriously suggesting granting degrees, and there would already have been sufficient development in the idea of e-courses to not be too concerned about that. The rejection in the resolution was only three lines long so I don't see the point of making it more elaborate than it is. Nobody is even talking about an end-run around foundation policy. [[User:Eclecticology|Eclecticology]] 21:17, 22 August 2006 (UTC) == Common voting page == While I agree with [[User:sebmol|sebmol]] that the voting needed to be taken off of this page, I disagree that the voting should all be done on the discussion pages for each policy. The main concern is for something to happen like the [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy]] that was moved to official status when obviously there wasn't even a vote on the topic. Or to see somebody "railroad" a policy into enforcement before there could be a community concensus on the subject. I simply don't have the hours of the day to devote to Wikiversity 24/7/365 and keep up on all of the discussions and be able to monitor each and every policy page. I will try to add my voice to the discussions when I have an opinion, but I am very concerned about these "stealth policies" being created and then significant custodian action happen as a result of these policies going to enforced status. I say this because I've seen it happen on other projects. All I'm suggesting is that we create a common "vote" page that lists all of the policies that are currently up for discussion. Perhaps to also establish some kind of criteria for when policy is going to be going before the community for formal approval as well, as there have been a number of policies put up for a vote that were clearly in need of major overhaul and substantial changes being made after the voting started. This is not good for Wikiversity. It is also nice to do a quick glance at the list of policies up for review and see what ones you still need to get involved with, if you havn't expressed a positive or negative opinion on the policy. I suggest this so that we can have even more participation with forming community concensus, as holding votes on individual policy discussion pages seems to serve as a deterrant, especially if the voting gets lost somewhere in the middle of the discussion page or there are multiple voting sections from previous attempts to get it approved. --[[User:Robert Horning|Robert Horning]] 23:28, 23 August 2006 (UTC) == Categories of Other? == Anyone who knows which category the "Other" policies are supposed to be in, let me know. {{unsigned|TimNelson|06:29, 30 August 2006}} == update == I just updated the lists to reflect which proposed policies have been adopted. Please check to see if I missed anything.--[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] 18:56, 8 March 2007 (UTC) * Note: apparently the voting on [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|Cite sources]] was against and the voting on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|Verifiability]] was split. See [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Policies&direction=prev&oldid=12406]. Can't see why you did this Mike, other than reasons of academc enlightenment. --[[User:McCormack|McCormack]] 13:02, 27 March 2008 (UTC) :More likely it was a mistake on my part. I did ask for others to proofread to see if I got anything wrong. I actually discovered the cite sources in the wrong cat this morning and started to fix it before seeing your note. It looks like JWS made [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Verifiability&diff=prev&oldid=89107 this change] to Verifiability. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 17:03, 27 March 2008 (UTC) ::Update, it looks like I made changes based on [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Cite_sources&diff=89106&oldid=28392 this edit]. My attempt back then was simply to clarify what status each policy had. Looking at it now I can realize I should have looked much closer. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] ^{[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]} 17:06, 27 March 2008 (UTC) :::I don't see that the process for making policy has improved. Two forms of evidence are clear to me: a) the sheer number of people who have left the project and b) the reluctance of capable people to step into leadership roles. Policy, guidelines and process are functions of how and why people collaborate and participate as members of a learning community. Wikiversity has tremendous opportunity at this particular time to develop its own identity within the [[strategy:Community Guidelines|larger community]]. We need to look at 1) the {{tl|process}} - 2) a {{tl|guideline}} or two -3) a {{tl|proposal}} or two - 4) then some {{tl|proposed policy}} - and 5) some {{tl|policy}} if it's needed - not the other way around. The process can be clearly seen [[Special:RecentChanges|here]]. --[[User:CQ|CQ]] 05:25, 3 September 2009 (UTC) ::::I'm not really seeing b), personally. But maybe it's just me. [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] ^{[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]} 01:57, 4 September 2009 (UTC) == Stop at Secondary Education == ===Introduction=== My I suggest that, for the time being at least, all teaching and class/lecture based courses constructed and carried out on Wikiversiry be aimed no higher than [[w:Secondary education|Secondary]], and/or are only skills based (eg, computer programming, etc). ===Reasons=== (a list of a few, if anyone wishes to add more, please add them) * Subjects of Higher the Secondary contain materials which stretch the human imagination, and in some areas, go beyond. Courses can no long be based on a person’s intuition, and formalisation of terms and definitions are a must to carry on some areas (eg. Mathematics). --[[User:Fattony 4001|Fattony 4001]] 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC) * People may start to teach ideas which have not been Peer Reviewed or that might not have been accepted by the intellectual community. --[[User:Fattony 4001|Fattony 4001]] 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC) * Secondary Education (and those below) are well regulated by Governments and Professional Bodies, and [[w:Specification|specifications]] exist that courses and classes can be based on. --[[User:Fattony 4001|Fattony 4001]] 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC) * It is not sufficient to know things at Post-Secondary Education, but to also understand them, so if a student was to ask a teacher a question such as “Where did Mathematics originate?” The teacher gives a better answer than “Ancient Greece” [[w:History of mathematics|The not so short answer here]]. --[[User:Fattony 4001|Fattony 4001]] 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC) * A lot of material Post-Secondary level that is not skills based is very specialised, and very few people would be interested in it. For example, I could run a course on: [[w:Set theory| Set Theory]] without the [[w: Axiom of choice|Axiom of Choice]]. This is a very difficult, conceptually, and much of the subject matter has not been discussed or verified, and there are only a handful of specialists in the world that could talk to you about it. Another even better example of this is concerning the [[w:Axiom of constructibility| Axiom of constructability]]. There exists only two people in the world who talk about [[w: ordinal number|ordinal]] [[w: Turing machine|Turing machines]] (one a PhD student at the University of Bristol, and one resides in Germany). This means that out of about six and a half billon people, only two have knowledge or understanding, enabling them to teach subject matter based on this idea, and such ideas would only interest Pure Mathematicians and Philosophers. --[[User:Fattony 4001|Fattony 4001]] 20:53, 30 March 2007 (UTC) ===Objections=== (Please list objections here) It seems silly to me to attempt to tell volunteers what level of pedagogical materials meeting the standards of the community they can or cannot engage in exchanging on Wikiversity. While no doubt some volunteers will show up willing to attempt to regulate others, other volunteers have no obligation to pay any extra special attention to them or their list of proscribed materials. Peer review or disclosure requirements or accurate labeling are different from saying no advanced materials. Clearly perpetual motion schemes will eventually attract volunteers demanding fair disclosure and labeling. [[user:mirwin]] ===Final Thoughts=== I would not be opposed to Discussion Groups or Seminars, nor creating material for those currently in education above Secondary, however to teach it must be postponed until a clear set of guidelines about teaching Post-Secondary subject matter has been formulated and set in stone. --[[User:Fattony 4001|Fattony 4001]] 20:52, 30 March 2007 (UTC) == List of official policies == As of June 2008, the list of official policies on this page was mainly put together by [[User:Mu301]] in March 2007, probably on the basis of him looking at the tags on the top of the policies, rather than at any votes. As the tags on the top of policies may have been changed (by other users, at earlier stages) without consensus or voting, some policies crept into the official list through this backdoor route of. As it has been argued that lack of objection may be seen as agreement with this, I am registering my objection to this process. Proposed policies remain proposed until properly agreed upon. --[[User:McCormack|McCormack]] 08:35, 26 June 2008 (UTC) :Dissagree. The beginning policy makers had a much higher advantage... we should really be making policies more freely... people should be allowed to add 1 every 6 months up until the point they've proven to do more harm than good... no wonder these tactics are happen as you say because no other polcies will get passed... Philosophical policies work best (removing policies based on logical fallicies which are viewable on wikipedia than opinion poles.) {{Unsigned|Anonymous 573462i|19 December 2015}} == Policy Discussion == With all of these Proposed Policies how long do some of them take, most of them have been around since 2006 and it's now 2008 shouldn't they have already been approved now - or are they still being proposed and altered. [[User:Dark Mage|<strong>{{font|color=Black|Dark}}{{font|color=Red| Mage}}</strong>]] 18:32, 27 August 2008 (UTC) : I agree. I would like to see policies developed in learning projects after they are developed there. They should be put through a period of "take this out, add this" and then put to vote. Once approved there should be a measure of their effectiveness. All approved policies should be reviewed as part of the same learning project. The learning project should strip the policies to the bare bones of what wikimedia want, analyse them and then put their future to vote. We also need a procedure for every policy so we have no repeat of the nonsense that has been occurring here the last month and a time-scale for voting and repeated analysis. That' my complete view on things. Two years is a long time. [[User:Donek|Donek]] ([[User talk:Donek|talk]]) - Go raibh mile maith agaibh 22:18, 27 August 2008 (UTC) :: I sympathise with both of you. However the problem with the original policy discussion in August 2006 (and why it was boycotted by some) was that the community was too small to produce meaningful decisions. Today the members of the active community are mostly different, but not any larger. Opinions among current editors are also more varied than you might realise. I'm not sure a large policy discussion will get anywhere at the current time - unfortunately. --[[User:McCormack|McCormack]] 04:41, 28 August 2008 (UTC) :::Now it's 2016 and much haven't happened. I have begun working toward an approval for the naming conventions, so see that [[Wikiversity_talk:Naming_conventions#Working_toward_an_approval|talk page]]. /[[User:PatrikN|Patrik Näsfors]] ([[User talk:PatrikN|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PatrikN|contribs]]) 00:43, 13 October 2016 (UTC) == VOTING is ... == == Voting is ... == HERE! {{VOTE|Messedrocker}} {{tl|VOTE}} this [[:Category:September (2009)|September]] for the [[w:President|President]] of the [[m:Wikiversity Board of Regents|Wikiversity Board of Regents]]! *{{Support}} {{custodian|CQ}} I don't understand what Messedrocker was talking about, but i like him/her + i'm a custodian so kiss my ... **Where did this come from, CQ? [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] ^{[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]} 19:02, 28 August 2009 (UTC) :*From [[Wikiversity_talk:Policies#Voting_is_evil|voting is evil]] ^up there^ --[[User:CQ|CQ]] 15:17, 30 August 2009 (UTC) == Advertisement == I'm looking for guidelines regarding advertisement. Can anyone help me? What is considered advertisement? [[User:Timboliu|Timboliu]] ([[User talk:Timboliu|talk]]) 12:28, 18 July 2012 (UTC) == Protection Policy == This is what I was just about to write after reading the "Please Note" as my idea to solve this crisis... it may not be in line to this discussion but hope it gets seen. Wikiversity terms of use should state that it does not permit plagiarism. - That is, any content created by an individual is either removed (for other policy reasons to not conflict with this one) or uploaded not for other people take and use for their own financial gain. - In some instances, someone could spend most of their time on a page and someone else random see's this and uses the whole section to print in a book... the individual who has created the original work, should be able to point to this policy listed within a civil matter of their own if they had spent ages on their work and the plagiarist had made money from the work (caught). - Why this would work is because it stands as a witness statement protecting individuals on here if they ever have problems within their own endovours (reduces theoritical hazard rather than awaiting assumption of risk.) A second policy should be made after this stating; If ever the above policy is removed, it was consented to that, if the writer posted their work within the duration of the policy existing, it is still not agreed for their work to be plagorised even on account of this policy being removed or both removed as of that duration. - (You'd have a counter-claim atleast) - The reason for these is that, comparable to... "You uploaded it, you had chosen to give it to someone else"... You'd give no one fair ground for their own endevours. I see more reason to protect orignal writers than give them nothing... infact, popularity would arguably heighten here if this were the case. (Just for this matter, I'd claim on behalf of writing this first edition.) So I've concluded this; At the editing terms; Please Note: To copy from an editor on wikipedia, you agree to not plagiarise or redistribute the copy for commercial gain including while the edit/context is or was made with this rule enforced if the edit was written while it was enforced. If you don't want your writing to be edited mercilessly (although no factual content may be removed on fact based articles) or redistributed by others, do not submit it. Only public domain resources can be copied without permission—this does not include the vast majority of web pages or images. See our policies for more information on editing. Protection Policy (within it's own category) To copy from an editor on wikipedia, you agree to not plagiarise or redistribute the copy for commercial gain including while the edit/context is or was made with this rule enforce if the edit was written while it was enforced. [[Special:Contributions/90.220.157.192|90.220.157.192]] ([[User talk:90.220.157.192|discuss]]) 12:20, 19 December 2015 (UTC) [[User:Anonymous 573462i|Anonymous 573462i]] ([[User talk:Anonymous 573462i|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Anonymous 573462i|contribs]]) 12:21, 19 December 2015 (UTC) '''In support of this proposal, the user added the following sections to the policy:''' ===Creator Protection=== To copy from an editor on wikiversity, you agree to not plagiarise or redistribute the copy for commercial gain, this includes edits/contexts made while this policy is enforced and if edits/contexts were made within duration of this policy being enforced (as of the potential circumstance of this policy becoming rejected or revised). This policy is not to protect plagorism performed on wikiversity. ===Fairness of agreed Protection=== This acts as an insurance policy for the protection of the "Creator Protection" policy to assure editors their protection if they wish to submit edits/contexts within any time frame of the "Creator Protection" policy being enforced. This policy is not within dispute to be rejected as it only protects those who chose to submit while the "Creator Protection" is/was enforced and serves to remove the potential voting loop-hole of removing protection altogether. Rejecting or removing or unfairly revising this policy should be treated as vandalism. :Thank you for your contributions to Wikiversity. Please note that there is no crisis. The discussion you are responding to is more than 9 years old. Regarding creator protection, all contributions are covered through [http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/ CC-BY-SA] licensing. CC-BY-SA does not restrict commercial gain. It only requires attribution. There is a CC-BY-NC-SA that covers only non-commercial use, but that is not the licensing used on WikiMedia projects. :Please feel free to discuss any policies that concern you, but it is best not to make changes to policy without first seeking consensus from the community. Thanks! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:18, 19 December 2015 (UTC) I guessed that would be the case reading the edit's warning, but since wikiversity is for original research, are we completely unable to make these rules happen if we wanted? What if someone literally takes someone's work as whole, copy-rights it, deletes the article claiming copy-right and fully profits from the scenario. Shouldn't this be fully avoided? Despite this is arguably 1 of the forseeable reasons why people don't submit on wikiversity. It's halting me in all honestly. We should have some fair restraint... and being able to vote on a rule seems like a somewhere near middle ground answer?. Also, where you've mentioned "Supporting this proposal, are you in favour or were you referencing to me?" :) [[User:Anonymous 573462i|Anonymous 573462i]] ([[User talk:Anonymous 573462i|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Anonymous 573462i|contribs]]) 14:26, 19 December 2015 (UTC) :Contributions to Wikiversity can't be deleted. For example, your contribution to the policy page will always be available at [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3APolicies&type=revision&diff=1490107&oldid=904703]. Custodians can hide edits, but they can't delete them. Even deleted pages are still visible to other custodians, so it would be possible for anyone to make a claim and request that the original content be reviewed and/or restored if necessary. So, to address what I understand to be your first concern, there is always proof of contributions here. Regarding your second concern that others could potentially profit from your contributions, it would be difficult for them to do so legally. Any derivative works must be shared under the same licensing. It would be possible for them to charge for whatever it is they do, but they would also have to make it available free. As an example, (not exactly the same but gets at the idea), many companies provide and charge for supporting open source software. But the software itself remains free. The contributions you make to Wikiversity must be available free if they are used elsewhere, and you must receive credit for those contributions, either in name or by link to the original source. I hope this allays some of your concerns, and that you will consider contributing your original content to Wikiversity. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:48, 19 December 2015 (UTC) Thanks for the help. Not unless the policy has changed (if it's still applicable) but cheers. [[User:Anonymous 573462i|Anonymous 573462i]] ([[User talk:Anonymous 573462i|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Anonymous 573462i|contribs]]) 15:32, 19 December 2015 (UTC) == Native American rites. == As pertaining to land rites and resource value reimbursement's. This is not a hot button, issue from me as a Pomo,Wialaki, Wintu native. I am not in any way inviting a antagonistic response from any person,persons ie.groups or governments. Any such would not beneficial to a discussion on this topic. Please feel free to give any positive comments,thoughtful help on how to reach a positive outcome. Be it actual legal advice or guidance or just your own thoughts on an important subject to myself and family. Sincerely yours, Travis Roy Sanders [[Special:Contributions/50.37.147.236|50.37.147.236]] ([[User talk:50.37.147.236|discuss]]) 20:08, 17 August 2022 (UTC) o9xnvzm56q8fbbhnr0nul4z6dvi8vx1 4 5947 2415992 2112901 2022-08-18T03:27:11Z 23.184.144.52 wikitext text/x-wiki Hey I came across your website and I wanted to tell you personally that you might be eligible to receive a huge tax refund! This program is filling up fast! Text me to find out more - 917-994-9454 == Contacting users on Wikiversity == There are a number of ways you can contact users on Wikiversity. You may * Post to a particular community member's [[Wikiversity:Talk page|talk page]]; * Post to a general interest page with a larger audience, such as the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|Colloquium]] * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with Wikiversity users; * Contact the [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] amongst the Wikiversity community; or * Write to the mailing list: [http://mail.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikiversity-l Subscribe] to ''Wikiversity-l'' and browse the [http://mail.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikiversity-l/ archives]. [[Wikiversity:Main Page|Return to the Wikiversity main page]] [[Category:Wikiversity]] [[de:Wikiversity:Kontakt]] [[el:Βοήθεια:Επικοινωνία]] [[pt:Wikiversidade:Contato]] jh5isalk2ggmhylvbzp3o95stfkhish 0 9252 2415874 2384761 2022-08-17T16:15:35Z 182.182.4.246 the-power-of-james-webb-telescope/ wikitext text/x-wiki Why The Power Of James Webb Telescope [./Https://mytodayfashion.com/why-the-power-of-james-webb-telescope/ Photos Won’t] Be Measurable In Dollars. __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{complete|text=This page is [[:Category:Completed resources|ready]] for students}}<br> {{Film School:Message|Style=Plain|Message=Enter the magical world of filmmaking.}} {| class="wikitable" cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" |+ ! colspan="2" style="background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" |The James Webb Space Telescope Cost Citizens We've been blessed to receive some dynamite photographs of space lately for this significant aggregate. Based on the notes of my companions, the response to these perspectives has been one of amazement, regardless of whether many do not know their logical importance. Still, are gorgeous photos worth the effort? James Webb Telescope Or on the other hand, if you happen to not be a fan of craftsmanship, imagine the bill for a 50,000 Lamborghini. Obviously, one could suggest a reasonable point that - with all the difficulties in this current reality - we should not spend such an aggregate just to add new representations to school materials or to improve the sides of urban transport. It is not so much that the new galactic information will work for the existence of our children and grandchildren without the help of anyone else. When, in 1543, Nicolaus Copernicus finally exonerated the 2,000-year-old idea that the Earth was the center of a group of nearby planets, the way of life in Poland did not unexpectedly take an extraordinary leap forward. But Copernicus' work showed something of significant philosophical significance: Humans, as exceptional as we may seem, own an extraordinary piece of land and debris in the universe. Our field is uninteresting and almost certainly our gifts are similarly mediocre. We have legitimate reason to be modest. With its unique gifts, the James Webb Telescope could make a comparable difference. Unlike the Hubble Space Telescope, the James Webb cannot see in apparent light—the range of frequencies to which our eyes are sensitive. James Webb's infrared telescope, The James Webb Space Telescope? The Mid-Infrared Instrument (MIRI) used by the telescope is cooled below 7 Kelvin, or a short 447 degrees Fahrenheit, according to NASA. Since the operation of the telescope produces heat, the covering vapor helium cooler is expected to compensate for this and keep up with the temperature constancy. Can the James Webb telescope see planets? Indeed! New images show a distant gas goliath planet. Evidence of water, mist and fog has given researchers an unusual vantage point for planets many light-years from Earth that sound habitable. As for the planets in our own planetary group - the Webb telescope can of course see them too. "Because it's so powerful, it has capabilities that we can use anywhere in the universe, even in our nearby region, the planetary group," said Webb interdisciplinary researcher Heidi Hammel. James Webb much better than Hubble? The James Webb Telescope is the most spectacular space telescope ever. It is better in target and detail than its predecessor, the Hubble telescope. It has a larger collection area and can pick up longer frequencies in the infrared band. The Hubble Telescope, which had its own emotional unveiling in the 1990s, is currently in a supporting role. The James Webb Telescope is designed to capture light several times fainter than that captured by Hubble. |} <p style = "font-size: 9pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Note: These courses are only for dramatic motion pictures (movies with a script and dialog).<br>These courses are '''not''' for documentaries, event video, corporate video, educational programs, or multimedia.</p> {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 55%; background-color: Honeydew; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | [[Image:Nuvola apps edu miscellaneous.svg|right]] ===Anyone can learn to be a filmmaker=== ;Filmmaking is easy :Filmmaking is not rocket science. Everything about filmmaking is extremely easy to learn. Anyone can do it if they wish. ;The challenge of learning filmmaking :The challenge is filmmaking requires learning a huge number of skills. Each skill is easy to learn but the number of things you must learn is huge. :If you want to be an independent filmmaker, you must learn the equivalent of 20 different careers. Even if you are a fast learner, it can take you years to learn everything. ;Telling a story :In a dramatic motion picture, the story is told by many people. The [[wikipedia:Cinematographer|cinematographer]] tells the story with the camera. The lighting person tells the story with lighting. The film composer tells the story with music. The [[wikipedia:Actor|actors]] tell the story with action and dialog. The [[wikipedia:Film_editing|editor]] tells the story with editing. The [[wikipedia:Sound_design|sound designer]] tells the story with sound. ;You have to learn all of this :And as an independent filmmaker, you must learn all of these skills. :If you fail to learn even one of these skills, people will notice and be turned off by your movie. You must learn everything!!!! | style="width: 50%; background-color: #eef; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="3"| {{center top}}[[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_camera.png]]{{center bottom}} ==Film School Preparatory== :Wikiversity Film School is a {{font|color=Purple|'''preparatory school'''}} for budding filmmakers who plan to go to film school or take classes in motion picture production. :Each year, USC Film School receives 800 applicants to fill just 50 undergraduate positions. :We teach you the things that film schools expect you to know '''before''' you get to film school so that you can have a base to work from when you first start film-school. ==Learning filmmaking software== ;Intel processor :First, you need to do is learn about the computer software for filmmaking. See below for a list of the software you will need. Most is free! ;Designed for the Macintosh : The Film Scoring course is designed for Apple's GarageBand with Jam Pack<nowiki>:</nowiki> Symphony Orchestra :The Film Editing course is designed for Apple's Final Cut Pro or Adobe Premiere. ;Linux :Where possible, free Linux software is listed. :However, there is still no standard movie file format for Linux and nothing which matches the quality and usefulness of Apple's GarageBand for film scoring. :Therefore, Linux is currently not a good choice for filmmakers. |- | style="width: 50%; background-color: #fee; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"| [[Image:Nuvola apps kword.png|right|96px]] ==What do we do?== ;Make a tiny movie :In the filmmaking class, we create a short motion picture. It is less than a minute long so it is very simple. :But before you complete the animatic for the movie, you will also need to learn film [[Film editing|'''editing''']] and film [[Mad Max's Course in Film Scoring|'''scoring''']]. |- | style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffa; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"| [[Image:3D Universe Percy w cloths 1.png|right|90px]] ==Where to start?== ;Filmmaking, editing, and scoring :Budding filmmakers should start with the basic [[Filmmaking Basics|'''filmmaking course''']]. For the [[Filmmaking Basics/Formatting the Script|'''first lesson''']], you will format a very short motion picture script. After that, take the [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Pop Quiz|pop quiz]] where you tell me how you would begin to film this scene. :If you want to be a film composer (but you are not a musician), screen writer, or a film editor, you can go directly to the courses in [[Film editing|film editing]] or [[Mad Max's Course in Film Scoring|film scoring]] or the [[Filmmaking for High School Drama Departments|script writing exercise]]. :If you are a musician who wants to be a film composer, [[Film scoring/Introduction|click here]]. |} <p style = "font-size: 9pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Note: These courses are designed for the Macintosh computer.<!--<br>PC World Magazines says, "The fastest Windows Vista notebook we've tested this year (through 10/25/07) is a Mac.<br>At 6.6 pounds and just 1 inch thick, the MacBook Pro is the lightest 17-inch notebook available."<br>Your instructor says, "Starting in 2008, if you are going to buy a new Windows PC, you might as well get a Macintosh.--> </p> {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: #eef; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | [[Image:Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01g.png|right|96px]] ==Cost== ;Lessons :These filmmaking courses are '''free'''. The only requirement is you submit your homework assignments so others can benefit. (see right) ;Software :I always try to select programs which are {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}}. | style="width: 50%; background-color: Honeydew; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="2"| <!--{{center top}}[[Image:Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png|96px]]{{center bottom}}--> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png|right|96px]] ==Sharing your work== ;Your homework assignments :Your completed assignments must be submitted under the Free Documentation License or as Public Domain. :This allows what you have learned to be shared by others. |} ---- ---- <p style = "font-size: 12pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Free Software used at Wikiversity Film School</p> ---- ---- {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 2px solid Blue; vertical-align: bottom; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app package.png|right|128px]] =={{font|color=Green|'''Free'''}} Filmmaking Software at Wikiversity Film School== :There is some of free software used at Wikiversity Film School. Sometimes, this software is demo versions or simplified versions of software but this is good enough to complete these lessons. Using {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} software, you can learn a tremendous amount about filmmaking. |- | style="width: 100%; background-color: #ffe; border: 2px solid Blue; vertical-align: bottom; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" | [[Image:FrameForge SBTDS Screen Shot.png|right|260px]] <p style = "font-size: 16pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">FrameForge 3D Studio Free Demo Version</p> ;Basic filmmaking (pre-production) :The heart of the Wikiversity Film School's basic filmmaking course (pre-production) is [http://www.frameforge3d.com/download.php '''FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo Version''']. This is the most educational program used at Wikiversity Film School. And the demo version is {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} for both the Macintosh and Windows operating system. :This program simulates the motion picture camera, the movie set, and the actors. The program is useful for experimenting with the different lenses on your motion picture camera. And the final output of FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo Version is completely frame accurate (including depth of field effects) ready to give your cinematographer for creating all the shots of your movie. :The {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} demo version is limited to 20 uses. Other limitations apply. However, this is more than enough to complete your assignments at Wikiversity Film School. Download this '''free''' program today and begin learning how to use it. ---- [[Image:GarageBand Musical Typing.jpg|260px|right]] <p style = "font-size: 16pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Apple's GarageBand</p> ;Film Scoring :All film scoring lessons at Wikiversity Film School can be done using Apple's GarageBand which is {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} with each new Macintosh PC. :In addition to a midi program like GarageBand, you will also need a good selection of musical instruments for the symphony orchestra. Some musical software instruments of the symphony orchestra for GarageBand are {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} (such as the packages from Boldt) and some are not. I recommend Apple's Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra. I have not tried Apple's new Jam Pack for voices which should also be useful. :*Filmmakers should {{font|color=OrangeRed|'''NOT'''}} use Apple's Logic 7 which is poorly designed and exceedingly awkward. I have not tried version 8 yet. :* I do not know what to recommend for Windows. ---- [[Image:The Assignment Screen Shot.png|right|140px]] <p style = "font-size: 16pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Film Dailies</p> ---- ;Animation :Starting in 2009, Wikiversity Film School will have a simple course in 3D animation. This will use the {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} programs of DAZ Studio and Bryce 5.5. : If you have Poser and Vue, you can use those programs but they are not free. :DAZ Studio and Bryce take time to learn so if you are interested in working with 3D, you should download these {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} programs and begin to learn them. ---- [[Image:ArtRage2Chalk100.jpg|right|200px]] ;Other useful programs :*[http://www.ambientdesign.com/artragedown.html ArtRage 2.5 Starter Edition] is a {{font|color=Green|free}} paint program used for matte painting and creating the movie poster. This is a simple and fun artistic painting program. Feels very natural. Extremely useful. If you need any kind of digital painting with traditional artist materials, this is your first choice. This is the {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} version which is fully working but more limited than the full version which is also remarkably inexpensive. :* [https://gimp.en.softonic.com/mac GIMP] is a {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} paint program comparable to Adobe Photoshop. Surprisingly mature program but definitely not as easy to use as Photoshop. Requires X-11. If you do not have Adobe Photoshop 4 or later, this program is absolutely necessary for some of the classes at Wikiversity Film School. :*[http://www.audacityteam.org/download/ Audacity] is a {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} useful utility for working with audio and converting audio to OGG files. It is a bit awkward but it is free. :* [http://www.tuxpaint.org/ Tux Paint] is a {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} fun paint program for kids. It has the added advantage of using rubber stamps and creating matte paintings easily. Has the unique feature of doing rough storyboards with special storyboard artwork. Also useful for one of the lessons about learning matte painting at Wikiversity Film School for kids. |} {| cellpadding="25" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: #fed; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: bottom; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|128px|right]] ==Where to begin?== :*If you want to become a filmmaker, start with the '''[[Filmmaking Basics|Basic Filmmaking Course]]'''. [[Image:Mplayer.svg|32px]] :*Later, when you are ready, you should also take the '''[[Film editing|Film Editing Course]]'''. [[Image:Crystal Clear mimetype video.png|32px]] :*The most important course of all is film scoring. You will need the '''[[Film scoring| Film Scoring Course]]''' to complete the other two courses. [[Image:Crystal Clear app knotify.png|32px]] {{Contact your instructor: Filmmaking|page={{PAGENAME}}}} |} <!-- {{center top}}<small>[[Film school:site map|site map]] · [[Film school:Completed Homework Assignments|homework]]</small>{{center bottom}} --> ==External links== ;{{font|color=Red|NOT}} RECOMMENDED for these lessons :As far as I know, currently none of the programs listed below is compatible with the disks used in these lessons. -- ''Robert Elliott, your Instructor'' :* [http://www.musix.org.ar/en/index.html Musix] - A multimedia Linux distro (music and video) :* [http://jahshaka.org/ Jashaka] - comprehensive open source player and editor - "Powering the new Hollywood" :* [http://www.virtualdub.org/ VirtualDub] - Open source nonlinear editor with recent release :* [http://directory.fsf.org/category/vmanip/ FSF] - list of free video editing tools :* [http://fixounet.free.fr/avidemux/ Avidemux] - open source video editor * [http://digitaltippingpoint.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Digital Tipping Point wiki] - Collaborative open documentary ---- ---- * <small>Student in the Basic Filmmaking Course may [[Film school - Submitting student assignments - Basic filmmaking course|upload their own assignments]].</small> * <small>Student in the Film Scoring Course may [[Film school - Submitting student assignments - Film scoring course|upload their own assignments]].</small> * <small>Student in the Film Editing Course may [[Film school - Submitting student assignments - Film editing course|upload their own assignments]].</small> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Narrative Film Editing]] [[Category:Filmmaking in the Drama Department]] [[Category:Film scoring]] [[Category:Courses]] * [https://www.filmmaking.net/film-schools Film Schools Directory] at filmmaking.net - a very large database of global film schools * Learn Filmmaking : [http://www.bhushanmahadani.com Learn Filmmaking Online] [[Category:Film School]] 9rlmp7v3krkhnpx9rqzjosiqks4gd5i 2415875 2415874 2022-08-17T16:20:53Z Praxidicae 2805549 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/182.182.4.246|182.182.4.246]] ([[User_talk:182.182.4.246|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Teles|Teles]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ {{complete|text=This page is [[:Category:Completed resources|ready]] for students}}<br> {{Film School:Message|Style=Plain|Message=Enter the magical world of filmmaking.}} {| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="2" | {{Courses in Filmmaking - Table - Float Right}} {{center top}}<br> {| border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=5 | bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png]] | bgcolor="LemonChiffon" | {{center top}}[[Film School/About|Wikiversity Film School]]<br><big>The Courses in<br>Narrative Film Production</big>{{center bottom}} |} {{center bottom}} <p style = "font-size: 9pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">[[Image:Crystal Clear action build.png|24px]] Click on the course name to begin the course. →</p> |} <p style = "font-size: 9pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Note: These courses are only for dramatic motion pictures (movies with a script and dialog).<br>These courses are '''not''' for documentaries, event video, corporate video, educational programs, or multimedia.</p> {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 55%; background-color: Honeydew; border: 1px solid Gray; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | [[Image:Nuvola apps edu miscellaneous.svg|right]] ===Anyone can learn to be a filmmaker=== ;Filmmaking is easy :Filmmaking is not rocket science. Everything about filmmaking is extremely easy to learn. Anyone can do it if they wish. ;The challenge of learning filmmaking :The challenge is filmmaking requires learning a huge number of skills. Each skill is easy to learn but the number of things you must learn is huge. :If you want to be an independent filmmaker, you must learn the equivalent of 20 different careers. Even if you are a fast learner, it can take you years to learn everything. ;Telling a story :In a dramatic motion picture, the story is told by many people. The [[wikipedia:Cinematographer|cinematographer]] tells the story with the camera. The lighting person tells the story with lighting. The film composer tells the story with music. The [[wikipedia:Actor|actors]] tell the story with action and dialog. The [[wikipedia:Film_editing|editor]] tells the story with editing. The [[wikipedia:Sound_design|sound designer]] tells the story with sound. ;You have to learn all of this :And as an independent filmmaker, you must learn all of these skills. :If you fail to learn even one of these skills, people will notice and be turned off by your movie. You must learn everything!!!! | style="width: 50%; background-color: #eef; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="3"| {{center top}}[[Image:Crystal_Clear_app_camera.png]]{{center bottom}} ==Film School Preparatory== :Wikiversity Film School is a {{font|color=Purple|'''preparatory school'''}} for budding filmmakers who plan to go to film school or take classes in motion picture production. :Each year, USC Film School receives 800 applicants to fill just 50 undergraduate positions. :We teach you the things that film schools expect you to know '''before''' you get to film school so that you can have a base to work from when you first start film-school. ==Learning filmmaking software== ;Intel processor :First, you need to do is learn about the computer software for filmmaking. See below for a list of the software you will need. Most is free! ;Designed for the Macintosh : The Film Scoring course is designed for Apple's GarageBand with Jam Pack<nowiki>:</nowiki> Symphony Orchestra :The Film Editing course is designed for Apple's Final Cut Pro or Adobe Premiere. ;Linux :Where possible, free Linux software is listed. :However, there is still no standard movie file format for Linux and nothing which matches the quality and usefulness of Apple's GarageBand for film scoring. :Therefore, Linux is currently not a good choice for filmmakers. |- | style="width: 50%; background-color: #fee; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"| [[Image:Nuvola apps kword.png|right|96px]] ==What do we do?== ;Make a tiny movie :In the filmmaking class, we create a short motion picture. It is less than a minute long so it is very simple. :But before you complete the animatic for the movie, you will also need to learn film [[Film editing|'''editing''']] and film [[Mad Max's Course in Film Scoring|'''scoring''']]. |- | style="width: 50%; background-color: #ffa; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"| [[Image:3D Universe Percy w cloths 1.png|right|90px]] ==Where to start?== ;Filmmaking, editing, and scoring :Budding filmmakers should start with the basic [[Filmmaking Basics|'''filmmaking course''']]. For the [[Filmmaking Basics/Formatting the Script|'''first lesson''']], you will format a very short motion picture script. After that, take the [[Filmmaking Basics/Thumbnail Pop Quiz|pop quiz]] where you tell me how you would begin to film this scene. :If you want to be a film composer (but you are not a musician), screen writer, or a film editor, you can go directly to the courses in [[Film editing|film editing]] or [[Mad Max's Course in Film Scoring|film scoring]] or the [[Filmmaking for High School Drama Departments|script writing exercise]]. :If you are a musician who wants to be a film composer, [[Film scoring/Introduction|click here]]. |} <p style = "font-size: 9pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Note: These courses are designed for the Macintosh computer.<!--<br>PC World Magazines says, "The fastest Windows Vista notebook we've tested this year (through 10/25/07) is a Mac.<br>At 6.6 pounds and just 1 inch thick, the MacBook Pro is the lightest 17-inch notebook available."<br>Your instructor says, "Starting in 2008, if you are going to buy a new Windows PC, you might as well get a Macintosh.--> </p> {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: #eef; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 60px;" colspan="1" | [[Image:Books-aj.svg_aj_ashton_01g.png|right|96px]] ==Cost== ;Lessons :These filmmaking courses are '''free'''. The only requirement is you submit your homework assignments so others can benefit. (see right) ;Software :I always try to select programs which are {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}}. | style="width: 50%; background-color: Honeydew; border: 1px solid #777777; <!--vertical-align: top; -->-moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" colspan="1"; rowspan="2"| <!--{{center top}}[[Image:Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png|96px]]{{center bottom}}--> [[Image:Nuvola_apps_package_wordprocessing.png|right|96px]] ==Sharing your work== ;Your homework assignments :Your completed assignments must be submitted under the Free Documentation License or as Public Domain. :This allows what you have learned to be shared by others. |} ---- ---- <p style = "font-size: 12pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Free Software used at Wikiversity Film School</p> ---- ---- {| cellpadding="15" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 100%; background-color: LemonChiffon; border: 2px solid Blue; vertical-align: bottom; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app package.png|right|128px]] =={{font|color=Green|'''Free'''}} Filmmaking Software at Wikiversity Film School== :There is some of free software used at Wikiversity Film School. Sometimes, this software is demo versions or simplified versions of software but this is good enough to complete these lessons. Using {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} software, you can learn a tremendous amount about filmmaking. |- | style="width: 100%; background-color: #ffe; border: 2px solid Blue; vertical-align: bottom; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="1" | [[Image:FrameForge SBTDS Screen Shot.png|right|260px]] <p style = "font-size: 16pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">FrameForge 3D Studio Free Demo Version</p> ;Basic filmmaking (pre-production) :The heart of the Wikiversity Film School's basic filmmaking course (pre-production) is [http://www.frameforge3d.com/download.php '''FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo Version''']. This is the most educational program used at Wikiversity Film School. And the demo version is {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} for both the Macintosh and Windows operating system. :This program simulates the motion picture camera, the movie set, and the actors. The program is useful for experimenting with the different lenses on your motion picture camera. And the final output of FrameForge 3D Studio 2 Demo Version is completely frame accurate (including depth of field effects) ready to give your cinematographer for creating all the shots of your movie. :The {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} demo version is limited to 20 uses. Other limitations apply. However, this is more than enough to complete your assignments at Wikiversity Film School. Download this '''free''' program today and begin learning how to use it. ---- [[Image:GarageBand Musical Typing.jpg|260px|right]] <p style = "font-size: 16pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Apple's GarageBand</p> ;Film Scoring :All film scoring lessons at Wikiversity Film School can be done using Apple's GarageBand which is {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} with each new Macintosh PC. :In addition to a midi program like GarageBand, you will also need a good selection of musical instruments for the symphony orchestra. Some musical software instruments of the symphony orchestra for GarageBand are {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} (such as the packages from Boldt) and some are not. I recommend Apple's Jam Pack:Symphony Orchestra. I have not tried Apple's new Jam Pack for voices which should also be useful. :*Filmmakers should {{font|color=OrangeRed|'''NOT'''}} use Apple's Logic 7 which is poorly designed and exceedingly awkward. I have not tried version 8 yet. :* I do not know what to recommend for Windows. ---- [[Image:The Assignment Screen Shot.png|right|140px]] <p style = "font-size: 16pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue">Film Dailies</p> ---- ;Animation :Starting in 2009, Wikiversity Film School will have a simple course in 3D animation. This will use the {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} programs of DAZ Studio and Bryce 5.5. : If you have Poser and Vue, you can use those programs but they are not free. :DAZ Studio and Bryce take time to learn so if you are interested in working with 3D, you should download these {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} programs and begin to learn them. ---- [[Image:ArtRage2Chalk100.jpg|right|200px]] ;Other useful programs :*[http://www.ambientdesign.com/artragedown.html ArtRage 2.5 Starter Edition] is a {{font|color=Green|free}} paint program used for matte painting and creating the movie poster. This is a simple and fun artistic painting program. Feels very natural. Extremely useful. If you need any kind of digital painting with traditional artist materials, this is your first choice. This is the {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} version which is fully working but more limited than the full version which is also remarkably inexpensive. :* [https://gimp.en.softonic.com/mac GIMP] is a {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} paint program comparable to Adobe Photoshop. Surprisingly mature program but definitely not as easy to use as Photoshop. Requires X-11. If you do not have Adobe Photoshop 4 or later, this program is absolutely necessary for some of the classes at Wikiversity Film School. :*[http://www.audacityteam.org/download/ Audacity] is a {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} useful utility for working with audio and converting audio to OGG files. It is a bit awkward but it is free. :* [http://www.tuxpaint.org/ Tux Paint] is a {{font|color=Green|'''free'''}} fun paint program for kids. It has the added advantage of using rubber stamps and creating matte paintings easily. Has the unique feature of doing rough storyboards with special storyboard artwork. Also useful for one of the lessons about learning matte painting at Wikiversity Film School for kids. |} {| cellpadding="25" cellspacing="5" style="width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto" | style="width: 50%; background-color: #fed; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: bottom; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;" rowspan="2" | [[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|128px|right]] ==Where to begin?== :*If you want to become a filmmaker, start with the '''[[Filmmaking Basics|Basic Filmmaking Course]]'''. [[Image:Mplayer.svg|32px]] :*Later, when you are ready, you should also take the '''[[Film editing|Film Editing Course]]'''. [[Image:Crystal Clear mimetype video.png|32px]] :*The most important course of all is film scoring. You will need the '''[[Film scoring| Film Scoring Course]]''' to complete the other two courses. [[Image:Crystal Clear app knotify.png|32px]] {{Contact your instructor: Filmmaking|page={{PAGENAME}}}} |} <!-- {{center top}}<small>[[Film school:site map|site map]] · [[Film school:Completed Homework Assignments|homework]]</small>{{center bottom}} --> ==External links== ;{{font|color=Red|NOT}} RECOMMENDED for these lessons :As far as I know, currently none of the programs listed below is compatible with the disks used in these lessons. -- ''Robert Elliott, your Instructor'' :* [http://www.musix.org.ar/en/index.html Musix] - A multimedia Linux distro (music and video) :* [http://jahshaka.org/ Jashaka] - comprehensive open source player and editor - "Powering the new Hollywood" :* [http://www.virtualdub.org/ VirtualDub] - Open source nonlinear editor with recent release :* [http://directory.fsf.org/category/vmanip/ FSF] - list of free video editing tools :* [http://fixounet.free.fr/avidemux/ Avidemux] - open source video editor * [http://digitaltippingpoint.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Digital Tipping Point wiki] - Collaborative open documentary ---- ---- * <small>Student in the Basic Filmmaking Course may [[Film school - Submitting student assignments - Basic filmmaking course|upload their own assignments]].</small> * <small>Student in the Film Scoring Course may [[Film school - Submitting student assignments - Film scoring course|upload their own assignments]].</small> * <small>Student in the Film Editing Course may [[Film school - Submitting student assignments - Film editing course|upload their own assignments]].</small> [[Category:{{PAGENAME}}| ]] [[Category:Narrative Film Editing]] [[Category:Filmmaking in the Drama Department]] [[Category:Film scoring]] [[Category:Courses]] * [https://www.filmmaking.net/film-schools Film Schools Directory] at filmmaking.net - a very large database of global film schools * Learn Filmmaking : [http://www.bhushanmahadani.com Learn Filmmaking Online] [[Category:Film School]] n11rwbsyc255xsxsivfiu5qrbojyflq 0 54718 2415878 2415568 2022-08-17T16:43:17Z Huz and Buz 2928717 /* Chapter 25 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{RightTOC}} <[[Bible, English, King James, According to the documentary hypothesis]] According to the [[w:documentary hypothesis|documentary hypothesis]], [[w:Numbers|Numbers]] is composed from a number of originally independant sources joined by a [[w:redaction|redactor]]. There follows the text of Numbers in the [[w:King James Version|King James Version]], with sources highlighted according to the documentary hypothesis *The [[w:Priestly source|"Priestly source"]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#888800|olive yellow}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, Priestly source|view in isolation]])}}</small> *The [[w:Jahwist|"Jahwist source"]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#000088|navy blue}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, JE source, Jahwist source|view in isolation]])}}</small> *The [[w:Elohist|"Elohist source"]] is highlighted in {{font|color=#008888|teal blueish grey}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|([[Bible, English, King James, Documentary Hypothesis, JE source, Elohist source|view in isolation]])}}</small> *The [[w:Torah redactor|"Additions by the redactor"]] are highlighted in {{font|color=#880000|maroon red}} ==Chapter 1== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the tabernacle of the congregation, on the first day of the second month, in the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take ye the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, after their families, by the house of their fathers, with the number of their names, every male by their polls;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From twenty years old and upward, all that are able to go forth to war in Israel: thou and Aaron shall number them by their armies.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And with you there shall be a man of every tribe; every one head of the house of his fathers.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And these are the names of the men that shall stand with you: of the tribe of Reuben; Elizur the son of Shedeur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Simeon; Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Judah; Nahshon the son of Amminadab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Issachar; Nethaneel the son of Zuar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Zebulun; Eliab the son of Helon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Joseph: of Ephraim; Elishama the son of Ammihud: of Manasseh; Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Benjamin; Abidan the son of Gideoni.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Dan; Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Asher; Pagiel the son of Ocran.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Gad; Eliasaph the son of Deuel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Naphtali; Ahira the son of Enan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These were the renowned of the congregation, princes of the tribes of their fathers, heads of thousands in Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Aaron took these men which are expressed by their names:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they assembled all the congregation together on the first day of the second month, and they declared their pedigrees after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, by their polls.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| As the LORD commanded Moses, so he numbered them in the wilderness of Sinai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Reuben, Israel's eldest son, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Reuben, were forty and six thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Simeon, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, those that were numbered of them, according to the number of the names, by their polls, every male from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Simeon, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Gad, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Gad, were forty and five thousand six hundred and fifty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Judah, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Judah, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Issachar, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Issachar, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Zebulun, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Zebulun, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Joseph, namely, of the children of Ephraim, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Ephraim, were forty thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Manasseh, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Manasseh, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Benjamin, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Benjamin, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Dan, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Dan, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Asher, by their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Asher, were forty and one thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Naphtali, throughout their generations, after their families, by the house of their fathers, according to the number of the names, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, even of the tribe of Naphtali, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are those that were numbered, which Moses and Aaron numbered, and the princes of Israel, being twelve men: each one was for the house of his fathers.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So were all those that were numbered of the children of Israel, by the house of their fathers, from twenty years old and upward, all that were able to go forth to war in Israel; }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even all they that were numbered were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the Levites after the tribe of their fathers were not numbered among them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For the LORD had spoken unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Only thou shalt not number the tribe of Levi, neither take the sum of them among the children of Israel:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|50}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But thou shalt appoint the Levites over the tabernacle of testimony, and over all the vessels thereof, and over all things that belong to it: they shall bear the tabernacle, and all the vessels thereof; and they shall minister unto it, and shall encamp round about the tabernacle.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|51}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when the tabernacle setteth forward, the Levites shall take it down: and when the tabernacle is to be pitched, the Levites shall set it up: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|52}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel shall pitch their tents, every man by his own camp, and every man by his own standard, throughout their hosts.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|53}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the Levites shall pitch round about the tabernacle of testimony, that there be no wrath upon the congregation of the children of Israel: and the Levites shall keep the charge of the tabernacle of testimony.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|54}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did they.}} ==Chapter 2== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Every man of the children of Israel shall pitch by his own standard, with the ensign of their father's house: far off about the tabernacle of the congregation shall they pitch.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And on the east side toward the rising of the sun shall they of the standard of the camp of Judah pitch throughout their armies: and Nahshon the son of Amminadab shall be captain of the children of Judah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were threescore and fourteen thousand and six hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that do pitch next unto him shall be the tribe of Issachar: and Nethaneel the son of Zuar shall be captain of the children of Issachar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and four thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the tribe of Zebulun: and Eliab the son of Helon shall be captain of the children of Zebulun.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were fifty and seven thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All that were numbered in the camp of Judah were an hundred thousand and fourscore thousand and six thousand and four hundred, throughout their armies. These shall first set forth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the south side shall be the standard of the camp of Reuben according to their armies: and the captain of the children of Reuben shall be Elizur the son of Shedeur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered thereof, were forty and six thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those which pitch by him shall be the tribe of Simeon: and the captain of the children of Simeon shall be Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty and nine thousand and three hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the tribe of Gad: and the captain of the sons of Gad shall be Eliasaph the son of Reuel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty and five thousand and six hundred and fifty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All that were numbered in the camp of Reuben were an hundred thousand and fifty and one thousand and four hundred and fifty, throughout their armies. And they shall set forth in the second rank.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the tabernacle of the congregation shall set forward with the camp of the Levites in the midst of the camp: as they encamp, so shall they set forward, every man in his place by their standards.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the west side shall be the standard of the camp of Ephraim according to their armies: and the captain of the sons of Ephraim shall be Elishama the son of Ammihud.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And by him shall be the tribe of Manasseh: and the captain of the children of Manasseh shall be Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty and two thousand and two hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the tribe of Benjamin: and the captain of the sons of Benjamin shall be Abidan the son of Gideoni.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were thirty and five thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All that were numbered of the camp of Ephraim were an hundred thousand and eight thousand and an hundred, throughout their armies. And they shall go forward in the third rank.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The standard of the camp of Dan shall be on the north side by their armies: and the captain of the children of Dan shall be Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were threescore and two thousand and seven hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that encamp by him shall be the tribe of Asher: and the captain of the children of Asher shall be Pagiel the son of Ocran.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were forty and one thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the tribe of Naphtali: and the captain of the children of Naphtali shall be Ahira the son of Enan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his host, and those that were numbered of them, were fifty and three thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All they that were numbered in the camp of Dan were an hundred thousand and fifty and seven thousand and six hundred. They shall go hindmost with their standards.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are those which were numbered of the children of Israel by the house of their fathers: all those that were numbered of the camps throughout their hosts were six hundred thousand and three thousand and five hundred and fifty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the Levites were not numbered among the children of Israel; as the LORD commanded Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel did according to all that the LORD commanded Moses: so they pitched by their standards, and so they set forward, every one after their families, according to the house of their fathers.}} ==Chapter 3== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These also are the generations of Aaron and Moses in the day that the LORD spake with Moses in mount Sinai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And these are the names of the sons of Aaron; Nadab the firstborn, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the names of the sons of Aaron, the priests which were anointed, whom he consecrated to minister in the priest's office.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Nadab and Abihu died before the LORD, when they offered strange fire before the LORD, in the wilderness of Sinai, and they had no children: and Eleazar and Ithamar ministered in the priest's office in the sight of Aaron their father.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Bring the tribe of Levi near, and present them before Aaron the priest, that they may minister unto him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall keep his charge, and the charge of the whole congregation before the tabernacle of the congregation, to do the service of the tabernacle.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall keep all the instruments of the tabernacle of the congregation, and the charge of the children of Israel, to do the service of the tabernacle.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt give the Levites unto Aaron and to his sons: they are wholly given unto him out of the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt appoint Aaron and his sons, and they shall wait on their priest's office: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And I, behold, I have taken the Levites from among the children of Israel instead of all the firstborn that openeth the matrix among the children of Israel: therefore the Levites shall be mine;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Because all the firstborn are mine; for on the day that I smote all the firstborn in the land of Egypt I hallowed unto me all the firstborn in Israel, both man and beast: mine shall they be: I am the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Number the children of Levi after the house of their fathers, by their families: every male from a month old and upward shalt thou number them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses numbered them according to the word of the LORD, as he was commanded.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And these were the sons of Levi by their names; Gershon, and Kohath, and Merari.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And these are the names of the sons of Gershon by their families; Libni, and Shimei.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the sons of Kohath by their families; Amram, and Izehar, Hebron, and Uzziel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the sons of Merari by their families; Mahli, and Mushi. These are the families of the Levites according to the house of their fathers.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Gershon was the family of the Libnites, and the family of the Shimites: these are the families of the Gershonites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Those that were numbered of them, according to the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, even those that were numbered of them were seven thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The families of the Gershonites shall pitch behind the tabernacle westward.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the chief of the house of the father of the Gershonites shall be Eliasaph the son of Lael.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the charge of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the congregation shall be the tabernacle, and the tent, the covering thereof, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the hangings of the court, and the curtain for the door of the court, which is by the tabernacle, and by the altar round about, and the cords of it for all the service thereof.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And of Kohath was the family of the Amramites, and the family of the Izeharites, and the family of the Hebronites, and the family of the Uzzielites: these are the families of the Kohathites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| In the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were eight thousand and six hundred, keeping the charge of the sanctuary.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The families of the sons of Kohath shall pitch on the side of the tabernacle southward.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the chief of the house of the father of the families of the Kohathites shall be Elizaphan the son of Uzziel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And their charge shall be the ark, and the table, and the candlestick, and the altars, and the vessels of the sanctuary wherewith they minister, and the hanging, and all the service thereof.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest shall be chief over the chief of the Levites, and have the oversight of them that keep the charge of the sanctuary.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Merari was the family of the Mahlites, and the family of the Mushites: these are the families of Merari.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that were numbered of them, according to the number of all the males, from a month old and upward, were six thousand and two hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the chief of the house of the father of the families of Merari was Zuriel the son of Abihail: these shall pitch on the side of the tabernacle northward.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And under the custody and charge of the sons of Merari shall be the boards of the tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars thereof, and the sockets thereof, and all the vessels thereof, and all that serveth thereto,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the pillars of the court round about, and their sockets, and their pins, and their cords.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But those that encamp before the tabernacle toward the east, even before the tabernacle of the congregation eastward, shall be Moses, and Aaron and his sons, keeping the charge of the sanctuary for the charge of the children of Israel; and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All that were numbered of the Levites, which Moses and Aaron numbered at the commandment of the LORD, throughout their families, all the males from a month old and upward, were twenty and two thousand.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD said unto Moses, Number all the firstborn of the males of the children of Israel from a month old and upward, and take the number of their names.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt take the Levites for me (I am the LORD) instead of all the firstborn among the children of Israel; and the cattle of the Levites instead of all the firstlings among the cattle of the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses numbered, as the LORD commanded him, all the firstborn among the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And all the firstborn males by the number of names, from a month old and upward, of those that were numbered of them, were twenty and two thousand two hundred and threescore and thirteen.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take the Levites instead of all the firstborn among the children of Israel, and the cattle of the Levites instead of their cattle; and the Levites shall be mine: I am the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for those that are to be redeemed of the two hundred and threescore and thirteen of the firstborn of the children of Israel, which are more than the Levites;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Thou shalt even take five shekels apiece by the poll, after the shekel of the sanctuary shalt thou take them: (the shekel is twenty gerahs:)}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt give the money, wherewith the odd number of them is to be redeemed, unto Aaron and to his sons.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses took the redemption money of them that were over and above them that were redeemed by the Levites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|50}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the firstborn of the children of Israel took he the money; a thousand three hundred and threescore and five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|51}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses gave the money of them that were redeemed unto Aaron and to his sons, according to the word of the LORD, as the LORD commanded Moses.}} ==Chapter 4== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take the sum of the sons of Kohath from among the sons of Levi, after their families, by the house of their fathers,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From thirty years old and upward even until fifty years old, all that enter into the host, to do the work in the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This shall be the service of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle of the congregation, about the most holy things:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when the camp setteth forward, Aaron shall come, and his sons, and they shall take down the covering vail, and cover the ark of testimony with it:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And shall put thereon the covering of badgers' skins, and shall spread over it a cloth wholly of blue, and shall put in the staves thereof.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And upon the table of shewbread they shall spread a cloth of blue, and put thereon the dishes, and the spoons, and the bowls, and covers to cover withal: and the continual bread shall be thereon:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall spread upon them a cloth of scarlet, and cover the same with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put in the staves thereof.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall take a cloth of blue, and cover the candlestick of the light, and his lamps, and his tongs, and his snuffdishes, and all the oil vessels thereof, wherewith they minister unto it:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall put it and all the vessels thereof within a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put it upon a bar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And upon the golden altar they shall spread a cloth of blue, and cover it with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put to the staves thereof:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall take all the instruments of ministry, wherewith they minister in the sanctuary, and put them in a cloth of blue, and cover them with a covering of badgers' skins, and shall put them on a bar:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall take away the ashes from the altar, and spread a purple cloth thereon:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall put upon it all the vessels thereof, wherewith they minister about it, even the censers, the fleshhooks, and the shovels, and the basons, all the vessels of the altar; and they shall spread upon it a covering of badgers' skins, and put to the staves of it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when Aaron and his sons have made an end of covering the sanctuary, and all the vessels of the sanctuary, as the camp is to set forward; after that, the sons of Kohath shall come to bear it: but they shall not touch any holy thing, lest they die. These things are the burden of the sons of Kohath in the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And to the office of Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest pertaineth the oil for the light, and the sweet incense, and the daily meat offering, and the anointing oil, and the oversight of all the tabernacle, and of all that therein is, in the sanctuary, and in the vessels thereof.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Cut ye not off the tribe of the families of the Kohathites from among the Levites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But thus do unto them, that they may live, and not die, when they approach unto the most holy things: Aaron and his sons shall go in, and appoint them every one to his service and to his burden:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But they shall not go in to see when the holy things are covered, lest they die.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take also the sum of the sons of Gershon, throughout the houses of their fathers, by their families;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From thirty years old and upward until fifty years old shalt thou number them; all that enter in to perform the service, to do the work in the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the service of the families of the Gershonites, to serve, and for burdens:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall bear the curtains of the tabernacle, and the tabernacle of the congregation, his covering, and the covering of the badgers' skins that is above upon it, and the hanging for the door of the tabernacle of the congregation,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the hangings of the court, and the hanging for the door of the gate of the court, which is by the tabernacle and by the altar round about, and their cords, and all the instruments of their service, and all that is made for them: so shall they serve.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| At the appointment of Aaron and his sons shall be all the service of the sons of the Gershonites, in all their burdens, and in all their service: and ye shall appoint unto them in charge all their burdens.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the service of the families of the sons of Gershon in the tabernacle of the congregation: and their charge shall be under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| As for the sons of Merari, thou shalt number them after their families, by the house of their fathers;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old shalt thou number them, every one that entereth into the service, to do the work of the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And this is the charge of their burden, according to all their service in the tabernacle of the congregation; the boards of the tabernacle, and the bars thereof, and the pillars thereof, and sockets thereof,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the pillars of the court round about, and their sockets, and their pins, and their cords, with all their instruments, and with all their service: and by name ye shall reckon the instruments of the charge of their burden.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the service of the families of the sons of Merari, according to all their service, in the tabernacle of the congregation, under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Aaron and the chief of the congregation numbered the sons of the Kohathites after their families, and after the house of their fathers,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that were numbered of them by their families were two thousand seven hundred and fifty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These were they that were numbered of the families of the Kohathites, all that might do service in the tabernacle of the congregation, which Moses and Aaron did number according to the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that were numbered of the sons of Gershon, throughout their families, and by the house of their fathers,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even those that were numbered of them, throughout their families, by the house of their fathers, were two thousand and six hundred and thirty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are they that were numbered of the families of the sons of Gershon, of all that might do service in the tabernacle of the congregation, whom Moses and Aaron did number according to the commandment of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that were numbered of the families of the sons of Merari, throughout their families, by the house of their fathers,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that entereth into the service, for the work in the tabernacle of the congregation,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even those that were numbered of them after their families, were three thousand and two hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These be those that were numbered of the families of the sons of Merari, whom Moses and Aaron numbered according to the word of the LORD by the hand of Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All those that were numbered of the Levites, whom Moses and Aaron and the chief of Israel numbered, after their families, and after the house of their fathers,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From thirty years old and upward even unto fifty years old, every one that came to do the service of the ministry, and the service of the burden in the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even those that were numbered of them, were eight thousand and five hundred and fourscore,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| According to the commandment of the LORD they were numbered by the hand of Moses, every one according to his service, and according to his burden: thus were they numbered of him, as the LORD commanded Moses.}} ==Chapter 5== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Command the children of Israel, that they put out of the camp every leper, and every one that hath an issue, and whosoever is defiled by the dead:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Both male and female shall ye put out, without the camp shall ye put them; that they defile not their camps, in the midst whereof I dwell.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel did so, and put them out without the camp: as the LORD spake unto Moses, so did the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, When a man or woman shall commit any sin that men commit, to do a trespass against the LORD, and that person be guilty;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then they shall confess their sin which they have done: and he shall recompense his trespass with the principal thereof, and add unto it the fifth part thereof, and give it unto him against whom he hath trespassed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if the man have no kinsman to recompense the trespass unto, let the trespass be recompensed unto the LORD, even to the priest; beside the ram of the atonement, whereby an atonement shall be made for him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And every offering of all the holy things of the children of Israel, which they bring unto the priest, shall be his.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And every man's hallowed things shall be his: whatsoever any man giveth the priest, it shall be his.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, If any man's wife go aside, and commit a trespass against him,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And a man lie with her carnally, and it be hid from the eyes of her husband, and be kept close, and she be defiled, and there be no witness against her, neither she be taken with the manner;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be defiled: or if the spirit of jealousy come upon him, and he be jealous of his wife, and she be not defiled:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then shall the man bring his wife unto the priest, and he shall bring her offering for her, the tenth part of an ephah of barley meal; he shall pour no oil upon it, nor put frankincense thereon; for it is an offering of jealousy, an offering of memorial, bringing iniquity to remembrance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall bring her near, and set her before the LORD:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall take holy water in an earthen vessel; and of the dust that is in the floor of the tabernacle the priest shall take, and put it into the water:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall set the woman before the LORD, and uncover the woman's head, and put the offering of memorial in her hands, which is the jealousy offering: and the priest shall have in his hand the bitter water that causeth the curse:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall charge her by an oath, and say unto the woman, If no man have lain with thee, and if thou hast not gone aside to uncleanness with another instead of thy husband, be thou free from this bitter water that causeth the curse:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if thou hast gone aside to another instead of thy husband, and if thou be defiled, and some man have lain with thee beside thine husband:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the priest shall charge the woman with an oath of cursing, and the priest shall say unto the woman, The LORD make thee a curse and an oath among thy people, when the LORD doth make thy thigh to rot, and thy belly to swell;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And this water that causeth the curse shall go into thy bowels, to make thy belly to swell, and thy thigh to rot: And the woman shall say, Amen, amen.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall write these curses in a book, and he shall blot them out with the bitter water:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he shall cause the woman to drink the bitter water that causeth the curse: and the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the priest shall take the jealousy offering out of the woman's hand, and shall wave the offering before the LORD, and offer it upon the altar:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall take an handful of the offering, even the memorial thereof, and burn it upon the altar, and afterward shall cause the woman to drink the water.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when he hath made her to drink the water, then it shall come to pass, that, if she be defiled, and have done trespass against her husband, that the water that causeth the curse shall enter into her, and become bitter, and her belly shall swell, and her thigh shall rot: and the woman shall be a curse among her people.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if the woman be not defiled, but be clean; then she shall be free, and shall conceive seed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the law of jealousies, when a wife goeth aside to another instead of her husband, and is defiled;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Or when the spirit of jealousy cometh upon him, and he be jealous over his wife, and shall set the woman before the LORD, and the priest shall execute upon her all this law.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then shall the man be guiltless from iniquity, and this woman shall bear her iniquity.}} ==Chapter 6== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When either man or woman shall separate themselves to vow a vow of a Nazarite, to separate themselves unto the LORD:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| He shall separate himself from wine and strong drink, and shall drink no vinegar of wine, or vinegar of strong drink, neither shall he drink any liquor of grapes, nor eat moist grapes, or dried.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the days of his separation shall he eat nothing that is made of the vine tree, from the kernels even to the husk.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the days of the vow of his separation there shall no razor come upon his head: until the days be fulfilled, in the which he separateth himself unto the LORD, he shall be holy, and shall let the locks of the hair of his head grow.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the days that he separateth himself unto the LORD he shall come at no dead body.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| He shall not make himself unclean for his father, or for his mother, for his brother, or for his sister, when they die: because the consecration of his God is upon his head.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the days of his separation he is holy unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if any man die very suddenly by him, and he hath defiled the head of his consecration; then he shall shave his head in the day of his cleansing, on the seventh day shall he shave it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And on the eighth day he shall bring two turtles, or two young pigeons, to the priest, to the door of the tabernacle of the congregation:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, and make an atonement for him, for that he sinned by the dead, and shall hallow his head that same day.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he shall consecrate unto the LORD the days of his separation, and shall bring a lamb of the first year for a trespass offering: but the days that were before shall be lost, because his separation was defiled.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And this is the law of the Nazarite, when the days of his separation are fulfilled: he shall be brought unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he shall offer his offering unto the LORD, one he lamb of the first year without blemish for a burnt offering, and one ewe lamb of the first year without blemish for a sin offering, and one ram without blemish for peace offerings,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And a basket of unleavened bread, cakes of fine flour mingled with oil, and wafers of unleavened bread anointed with oil, and their meat offering, and their drink offerings.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall bring them before the LORD, and shall offer his sin offering, and his burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he shall offer the ram for a sacrifice of peace offerings unto the LORD, with the basket of unleavened bread: the priest shall offer also his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the Nazarite shall shave the head of his separation at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and shall take the hair of the head of his separation, and put it in the fire which is under the sacrifice of the peace offerings.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall take the sodden shoulder of the ram, and one unleavened cake out of the basket, and one unleavened wafer, and shall put them upon the hands of the Nazarite, after the hair of his separation is shaven:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall wave them for a wave offering before the LORD: this is holy for the priest, with the wave breast and heave shoulder: and after that the Nazarite may drink wine.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the law of the Nazarite who hath vowed, and of his offering unto the LORD for his separation, beside that that his hand shall get: according to the vow which he vowed, so he must do after the law of his separation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto Aaron and unto his sons, saying, On this wise ye shall bless the children of Israel, saying unto them,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The LORD bless thee, and keep thee:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The LORD make his face shine upon thee, and be gracious unto thee:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The LORD lift up his countenance upon thee, and give thee peace.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall put my name upon the children of Israel, and I will bless them.}} ==Chapter 7== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass on the day that Moses had fully set up the tabernacle, and had anointed it, and sanctified it, and all the instruments thereof, both the altar and all the vessels thereof, and had anointed them, and sanctified them;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| That the princes of Israel, heads of the house of their fathers, who were the princes of the tribes, and were over them that were numbered, offered:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they brought their offering before the LORD, six covered wagons, and twelve oxen; a wagon for two of the princes, and for each one an ox: and they brought them before the tabernacle.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take it of them, that they may be to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation; and thou shalt give them unto the Levites, to every man according to his service.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses took the wagons and the oxen, and gave them unto the Levites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Two wagons and four oxen he gave unto the sons of Gershon, according to their service:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And four wagons and eight oxen he gave unto the sons of Merari, according unto their service, under the hand of Ithamar the son of Aaron the priest.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But unto the sons of Kohath he gave none: because the service of the sanctuary belonging unto them was that they should bear upon their shoulders.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the princes offered for dedicating of the altar in the day that it was anointed, even the princes offered their offering before the altar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD said unto Moses, They shall offer their offering, each prince on his day, for the dedicating of the altar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he that offered his offering the first day was Nahshon the son of Amminadab, of the tribe of Judah:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And his offering was one silver charger, the weight thereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them were full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One spoon of ten shekels of gold, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Nahshon the son of Amminadab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the second day Nethaneel the son of Zuar, prince of Issachar, did offer:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| He offered for his offering one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One spoon of gold of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Nethaneel the son of Zuar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the third day Eliab the son of Helon, prince of the children of Zebulun, did offer:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Eliab the son of Helon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the fourth day Elizur the son of Shedeur, prince of the children of Reuben, did offer:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Elizur the son of Shedeur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the fifth day Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai, prince of the children of Simeon, did offer:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the sixth day Eliasaph the son of Deuel, prince of the children of Gad, offered:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, a silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Eliasaph the son of Deuel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the seventh day Elishama the son of Ammihud, prince of the children of Ephraim, offered:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|50}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|51}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|52}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|53}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Elishama the son of Ammihud.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|54}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the eighth day offered Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur, prince of the children of Manasseh:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|55}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger of the weight of an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|56}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|57}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|58}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|59}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|60}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the ninth day Abidan the son of Gideoni, prince of the children of Benjamin, offered:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|61}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|62}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|63}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|64}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|65}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Abidan the son of Gideoni.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|66}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the tenth day Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai, prince of the children of Dan, offered:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|67}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|68}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|69}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|70}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|71}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|72}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the eleventh day Pagiel the son of Ocran, prince of the children of Asher, offered:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|73}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|74}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|75}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|76}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|77}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Pagiel the son of Ocran.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|78}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| On the twelfth day Ahira the son of Enan, prince of the children of Naphtali, offered:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|79}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| His offering was one silver charger, the weight whereof was an hundred and thirty shekels, one silver bowl of seventy shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary; both of them full of fine flour mingled with oil for a meat offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|80}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One golden spoon of ten shekels, full of incense:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|81}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One young bullock, one ram, one lamb of the first year, for a burnt offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|82}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One kid of the goats for a sin offering:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|83}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a sacrifice of peace offerings, two oxen, five rams, five he goats, five lambs of the first year: this was the offering of Ahira the son of Enan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|84}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This was the dedication of the altar, in the day when it was anointed, by the princes of Israel: twelve chargers of silver, twelve silver bowls, twelve spoons of gold:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|85}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Each charger of silver weighing an hundred and thirty shekels, each bowl seventy: all the silver vessels weighed two thousand and four hundred shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|86}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The golden spoons were twelve, full of incense, weighing ten shekels apiece, after the shekel of the sanctuary: all the gold of the spoons was an hundred and twenty shekels.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|87}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the oxen for the burnt offering were twelve bullocks, the rams twelve, the lambs of the first year twelve, with their meat offering: and the kids of the goats for sin offering twelve.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|88}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And all the oxen for the sacrifice of the peace offerings were twenty and four bullocks, the rams sixty, the he goats sixty, the lambs of the first year sixty. This was the dedication of the altar, after that it was anointed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|89}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when Moses was gone into the tabernacle of the congregation to speak with him, then he heard the voice of one speaking unto him from off the mercy seat that was upon the ark of testimony, from between the two cherubims: and he spake unto him.}} ==Chapter 8== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto Aaron and say unto him, When thou lightest the lamps, the seven lamps shall give light over against the candlestick.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Aaron did so; he lighted the lamps thereof over against the candlestick, as the LORD commanded Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And this work of the candlestick was of beaten gold, unto the shaft thereof, unto the flowers thereof, was beaten work: according unto the pattern which the LORD had shewed Moses, so he made the candlestick.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take the Levites from among the children of Israel, and cleanse them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thus shalt thou do unto them, to cleanse them: Sprinkle water of purifying upon them, and let them shave all their flesh, and let them wash their clothes, and so make themselves clean.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then let them take a young bullock with his meat offering, even fine flour mingled with oil, and another young bullock shalt thou take for a sin offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt bring the Levites before the tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt gather the whole assembly of the children of Israel together:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt bring the Levites before the LORD: and the children of Israel shall put their hands upon the Levites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Aaron shall offer the Levites before the LORD for an offering of the children of Israel, that they may execute the service of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the Levites shall lay their hands upon the heads of the bullocks: and thou shalt offer the one for a sin offering, and the other for a burnt offering, unto the LORD, to make an atonement for the Levites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt set the Levites before Aaron, and before his sons, and offer them for an offering unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Thus shalt thou separate the Levites from among the children of Israel: and the Levites shall be mine.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And after that shall the Levites go in to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation: and thou shalt cleanse them, and offer them for an offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For they are wholly given unto me from among the children of Israel; instead of such as open every womb, even instead of the firstborn of all the children of Israel, have I taken them unto me.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For all the firstborn of the children of Israel are mine, both man and beast: on the day that I smote every firstborn in the land of Egypt I sanctified them for myself.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And I have taken the Levites for all the firstborn of the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And I have given the Levites as a gift to Aaron and to his sons from among the children of Israel, to do the service of the children of Israel in the tabernacle of the congregation, and to make an atonement for the children of Israel: that there be no plague among the children of Israel, when the children of Israel come nigh unto the sanctuary.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses, and Aaron, and all the congregation of the children of Israel, did to the Levites according unto all that the LORD commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did the children of Israel unto them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the Levites were purified, and they washed their clothes; and Aaron offered them as an offering before the LORD; and Aaron made an atonement for them to cleanse them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And after that went the Levites in to do their service in the tabernacle of the congregation before Aaron, and before his sons: as the LORD had commanded Moses concerning the Levites, so did they unto them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is it that belongeth unto the Levites: from twenty and five years old and upward they shall go in to wait upon the service of the tabernacle of the congregation:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And from the age of fifty years they shall cease waiting upon the service thereof, and shall serve no more:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But shall minister with their brethren in the tabernacle of the congregation, to keep the charge, and shall do no service. Thus shalt thou do unto the Levites touching their charge.}} ==Chapter 9== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses in the wilderness of Sinai, in the first month of the second year after they were come out of the land of Egypt, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Let the children of Israel also keep the passover at his appointed season.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| In the fourteenth day of this month, at even, ye shall keep it in his appointed season: according to all the rites of it, and according to all the ceremonies thereof, shall ye keep it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, that they should keep the passover.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they kept the passover on the fourteenth day of the first month at even in the wilderness of Sinai: according to all that the LORD commanded Moses, so did the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And there were certain men, who were defiled by the dead body of a man, that they could not keep the passover on that day: and they came before Moses and before Aaron on that day:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those men said unto him, We are defiled by the dead body of a man: wherefore are we kept back, that we may not offer an offering of the LORD in his appointed season among the children of Israel?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses said unto them, Stand still, and I will hear what the LORD will command concerning you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If any man of you or of your posterity shall be unclean by reason of a dead body, or be in a journey afar off, yet he shall keep the passover unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The fourteenth day of the second month at even they shall keep it, and eat it with unleavened bread and bitter herbs.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| They shall leave none of it unto the morning, nor break any bone of it: according to all the ordinances of the passover they shall keep it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the man that is clean, and is not in a journey, and forbeareth to keep the passover, even the same soul shall be cut off from among his people: because he brought not the offering of the LORD in his appointed season, that man shall bear his sin.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if a stranger shall sojourn among you, and will keep the passover unto the LORD; according to the ordinance of the passover, and according to the manner thereof, so shall he do: ye shall have one ordinance, both for the stranger, and for him that was born in the land.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And on the day that the tabernacle was reared up the cloud covered the tabernacle, namely, the tent of the testimony: and at even there was upon the tabernacle as it were the appearance of fire, until the morning.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So it was alway: the cloud covered it by day, and the appearance of fire by night.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when the cloud was taken up from the tabernacle, then after that the children of Israel journeyed: and in the place where the cloud abode, there the children of Israel pitched their tents.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| At the commandment of the LORD the children of Israel journeyed, and at the commandment of the LORD they pitched: as long as the cloud abode upon the tabernacle they rested in their tents.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when the cloud tarried long upon the tabernacle many days, then the children of Israel kept the charge of the LORD, and journeyed not.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And so it was, when the cloud was a few days upon the tabernacle; according to the commandment of the LORD they abode in their tents, and according to the commandment of the LORD they journeyed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And so it was, when the cloud abode from even unto the morning, and that the cloud was taken up in the morning, then they journeyed: whether it was by day or by night that the cloud was taken up, they journeyed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Or whether it were two days, or a month, or a year, that the cloud tarried upon the tabernacle, remaining thereon, the children of Israel abode in their tents, and journeyed not: but when it was taken up, they journeyed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| At the commandment of the LORD they rested in the tents, and at the commandment of the LORD they journeyed: they kept the charge of the LORD, at the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses.}} ==Chapter 10== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Make thee two trumpets of silver; of a whole piece shalt thou make them: that thou mayest use them for the calling of the assembly, and for the journeying of the camps.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when they shall blow with them, all the assembly shall assemble themselves to thee at the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if they blow but with one trumpet, then the princes, which are heads of the thousands of Israel, shall gather themselves unto thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| When ye blow an alarm, then the camps that lie on the east parts shall go forward.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| When ye blow an alarm the second time, then the camps that lie on the south side shall take their journey: they shall blow an alarm for their journeys.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But when the congregation is to be gathered together, ye shall blow, but ye shall not sound an alarm.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the sons of Aaron, the priests, shall blow with the trumpets; and they shall be to you for an ordinance for ever throughout your generations.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if ye go to war in your land against the enemy that oppresseth you, then ye shall blow an alarm with the trumpets; and ye shall be remembered before the LORD your God, and ye shall be saved from your enemies.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Also in the day of your gladness, and in your solemn days, and in the beginnings of your months, ye shall blow with the trumpets over your burnt offerings, and over the sacrifices of your peace offerings; that they may be to you for a memorial before your God: I am the LORD your God.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass on the twentieth day of the second month, in the second year, that the cloud was taken up from off the tabernacle of the testimony.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel took their journeys out of the wilderness of Sinai; and the cloud rested in the wilderness of Paran.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they first took their journey according to the commandment of the LORD by the hand of Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| In the first place went the standard of the camp of the children of Judah according to their armies: and over his host was Nahshon the son of Amminadab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Issachar was Nethaneel the son of Zuar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Zebulun was Eliab the son of Helon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the tabernacle was taken down; and the sons of Gershon and the sons of Merari set forward, bearing the tabernacle.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the standard of the camp of Reuben set forward according to their armies: and over his host was Elizur the son of Shedeur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Simeon was Shelumiel the son of Zurishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Gad was Eliasaph the son of Deuel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the Kohathites set forward, bearing the sanctuary: and the other did set up the tabernacle against they came.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the standard of the camp of the children of Ephraim set forward according to their armies: and over his host was Elishama the son of Ammihud.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Manasseh was Gamaliel the son of Pedahzur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Benjamin was Abidan the son of Gideoni.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the standard of the camp of the children of Dan set forward, which was the rereward of all the camps throughout their hosts: and over his host was Ahiezer the son of Ammishaddai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Asher was Pagiel the son of Ocran.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And over the host of the tribe of the children of Naphtali was Ahira the son of Enan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Thus were the journeyings of the children of Israel according to their armies, when they set forward.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Moses said unto Hobab, the son of Raguel the Midianite, Moses' father in law, We are journeying unto the place of which the LORD said, I will give it you: come thou with us, and we will do thee good: for the LORD hath spoken good concerning Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he said unto him, I will not go; but I will depart to mine own land, and to my kindred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he said, Leave us not, I pray thee; forasmuch as thou knowest how we are to encamp in the wilderness, and thou mayest be to us instead of eyes.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And it shall be, if thou go with us, yea, it shall be, that what goodness the LORD shall do unto us, the same will we do unto thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they departed from the mount of the LORD three days' journey: and the ark of the covenant of the LORD went before them in the three days' journey, to search out a resting place for them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the cloud of the LORD was upon them by day, when they went out of the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And it came to pass, when the ark set forward, that Moses said, Rise up, LORD, and let thine enemies be scattered; and let them that hate thee flee before thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when it rested, he said, Return, O LORD, unto the many thousands of Israel.}} ==Chapter 11== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when the people complained, it displeased the LORD: and the LORD heard it; and his anger was kindled; and the fire of the LORD burnt among them, and consumed them that were in the uttermost parts of the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the people cried unto Moses; and when Moses prayed unto the LORD, the fire was quenched.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he called the name of the place Taberah: because the fire of the LORD burnt among them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the mixt multitude that was among them fell a lusting: and the children of Israel also wept again, and said, Who shall give us flesh to eat?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| We remember the fish, which we did eat in Egypt freely; the cucumbers, and the melons, and the leeks, and the onions, and the garlick:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But now our soul is dried away: there is nothing at all, beside this manna, before our eyes.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And the manna was as coriander seed, and the colour thereof as the colour of bdellium.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And the people went about, and gathered it, and ground it in mills, or beat it in a mortar, and baked it in pans, and made cakes of it: and the taste of it was as the taste of fresh oil.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And when the dew fell upon the camp in the night, the manna fell upon it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Then Moses heard the people weep throughout their families, every man in the door of his tent: and the anger of the LORD was kindled greatly; Moses also was displeased.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses said unto the LORD, Wherefore hast thou afflicted thy servant? and wherefore have I not found favour in thy sight, that thou layest the burden of all this people upon me?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Have I conceived all this people? have I begotten them, that thou shouldest say unto me, Carry them in thy bosom, as a nursing father beareth the sucking child, unto the land which thou swarest unto their fathers?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Whence should I have flesh to give unto all this people? for they weep unto me, saying, Give us flesh, that we may eat.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| I am not able to bear all this people alone, because it is too heavy for me.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And if thou deal thus with me, kill me, I pray thee, out of hand, if I have found favour in thy sight; and let me not see my wretchedness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD said unto Moses, Gather unto me seventy men of the elders of Israel, whom thou knowest to be the elders of the people, and officers over them; and bring them unto the tabernacle of the congregation, that they may stand there with thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And I will come down and talk with thee there: and I will take of the spirit which is upon thee, and will put it upon them; and they shall bear the burden of the people with thee, that thou bear it not thyself alone.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And say thou unto the people, Sanctify yourselves against to morrow, and ye shall eat flesh: for ye have wept in the ears of the LORD, saying, Who shall give us flesh to eat? for it was well with us in Egypt: therefore the LORD will give you flesh, and ye shall eat.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Ye shall not eat one day, nor two days, nor five days, neither ten days, nor twenty days;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But even a whole month, until it come out at your nostrils, and it be loathsome unto you: because that ye have despised the LORD which is among you, and have wept before him, saying, Why came we forth out of Egypt?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Moses said, The people, among whom I am, are six hundred thousand footmen; and thou hast said, I will give them flesh, that they may eat a whole month.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Shall the flocks and the herds be slain for them, to suffice them? or shall all the fish of the sea be gathered together for them, to suffice them?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said unto Moses, Is the LORD's hand waxed short? thou shalt see now whether my word shall come to pass unto thee or not.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Moses went out, and told the people the words of the LORD, }} {{font|color=#880000|and}} {{font|color=#008888|gathered the seventy men of the elders of the people, and set them round about the tabernacle.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD came down in a cloud, and spake unto him, and took of the spirit that was upon him, and gave it unto the seventy elders: and it came to pass, that, when the spirit rested upon them, they prophesied, and did not cease.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| But there remained two of the men in the camp, the name of the one was Eldad, and the name of the other Medad: and the spirit rested upon them; and they were of them that were written, but went not out unto the tabernacle: and they prophesied in the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And there ran a young man, and told Moses, and said, Eldad and Medad do prophesy in the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Joshua the son of Nun, the servant of Moses, one of his young men, answered and said, My lord Moses, forbid them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses said unto him, Enviest thou for my sake? would God that all the LORD's people were prophets, and that the LORD would put his spirit upon them!}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses gat him into the camp, he and the elders of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And there went forth a wind from the LORD, and brought quails from the sea, and let them fall by the camp, as it were a day's journey on this side, and as it were a day's journey on the other side, round about the camp, and as it were two cubits high upon the face of the earth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the people stood up all that day, and all that night, and all the next day, and they gathered the quails: he that gathered least gathered ten homers: and they spread them all abroad for themselves round about the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And while the flesh was yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed, the wrath of the LORD was kindled against the people, and the LORD smote the people with a very great plague.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he called the name of that place Kibrothhattaavah: because there they buried the people that lusted.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And the people journeyed from Kibrothhattaavah unto Hazeroth; and abode at Hazeroth.}} ==Chapter 12== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Miriam and Aaron spake against Moses}} {{font|color=#880000| because of the Ethiopian woman whom he had married: for he had married an Ethiopian woman.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And they said, Hath the LORD indeed spoken only by Moses? hath he not spoken also by us? And the LORD heard it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| (Now the man Moses was very meek, above all the men which were upon the face of the earth.)}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD spake suddenly unto Moses, and unto Aaron, and unto Miriam, Come out ye three unto the tabernacle of the congregation. And they three came out.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD came down in the pillar of the cloud, and stood in the door of the tabernacle, and called Aaron and Miriam: and they both came forth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And he said, Hear now my words: If there be a prophet among you, I the LORD will make myself known unto him in a vision, and will speak unto him in a dream.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| My servant Moses is not so, who is faithful in all mine house. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| With him will I speak mouth to mouth, even apparently, and not in dark speeches; and the similitude of the LORD shall he behold: wherefore then were ye not afraid to speak against my servant Moses?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the anger of the LORD was kindled against them; and he departed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the cloud departed from off the tabernacle; and, behold, Miriam became leprous, white as snow: and Aaron looked upon Miriam, and, behold, she was leprous.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Aaron said unto Moses, Alas, my lord, I beseech thee, lay not the sin upon us, wherein we have done foolishly, and wherein we have sinned.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Let her not be as one dead, of whom the flesh is half consumed when he cometh out of his mother's womb.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses cried unto the LORD, saying, Heal her now, O God, I beseech thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD said unto Moses, If her father had but spit in her face, should she not be ashamed seven days? let her be shut out from the camp seven days, and after that let her be received in again.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Miriam was shut out from the camp seven days: and the people journeyed not till Miriam was brought in again.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And afterward the people removed from Hazeroth, and pitched in the wilderness of Paran.}} ==Chapter 13== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Send thou men, that they may search the land of Canaan, which I give unto the children of Israel: of every tribe of their fathers shall ye send a man, every one a ruler among them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses by the commandment of the LORD sent them from the wilderness of Paran: all those men were heads of the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And these were their names: of the tribe of Reuben, Shammua the son of Zaccur.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Simeon, Shaphat the son of Hori.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Issachar, Igal the son of Joseph.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Ephraim, Oshea the son of Nun.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Benjamin, Palti the son of Raphu.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Zebulun, Gaddiel the son of Sodi.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Joseph, namely, of the tribe of Manasseh, Gaddi the son of Susi.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Dan, Ammiel the son of Gemalli.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Asher, Sethur the son of Michael.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Naphtali, Nahbi the son of Vophsi.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Gad, Geuel the son of Machi.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the names of the men which Moses sent to spy out the land. And Moses called Oshea the son of Nun Jehoshua.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses sent them to spy out the land of Canaan, }} {{font|color=#000088|and said unto them, Get you up this way southward, and go up into the mountain:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#000088|And see the land, what it is, and the people that dwelleth therein, whether they be strong or weak, few or many;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And what the land is that they dwell in, whether it be good or bad; and what cities they be that they dwell in, whether in tents, or in strong holds;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And what the land is, whether it be fat or lean, whether there be wood therein, or not. And be ye of good courage, and bring of the fruit of the land. Now the time was the time of the firstripe grapes.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800|So they went up, and searched the land from the wilderness of Zin unto Rehob, as men come to Hamath.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they ascended by the south, and came unto Hebron; where Ahiman, Sheshai, and Talmai, the children of Anak, were. (Now Hebron was built seven years before Zoan in Egypt.)}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they came unto the brook of Eshcol, and cut down from thence a branch with one cluster of grapes, and they bare it between two upon a staff; and they brought of the pomegranates, and of the figs.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| The place was called the brook Eshcol, because of the cluster of grapes which the children of Israel cut down from thence.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they returned from searching of the land after forty days.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they went and came to Moses, and to Aaron, and to all the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the wilderness of Paran,}} {{font|color=#000088|to Kadesh; and brought back word unto them, and unto all the congregation, and shewed them the fruit of the land.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they told him, and said, We came unto the land whither thou sentest us, and surely it floweth with milk and honey; and this is the fruit of it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Nevertheless the people be strong that dwell in the land, and the cities are walled, and very great: and moreover we saw the children of Anak there.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| The Amalekites dwell in the land of the south: and the Hittites, and the Jebusites, and the Amorites, dwell in the mountains: and the Canaanites dwell by the sea, and by the coast of Jordan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Caleb stilled the people before Moses, and said, Let us go up at once, and possess it; for we are well able to overcome it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But the men that went up with him said, We be not able to go up against the people; for they are stronger than we.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they brought up an evil report of the land which they had searched unto the children of Israel, saying, The land, through which we have gone to search it, is a land that eateth up the inhabitants thereof; and all the people that we saw in it are men of a great stature.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And there we saw the giants, the sons of Anak, which come of the giants: and we were in our own sight as grasshoppers, and so we were in their sight.}} ==Chapter 14== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And all the congregation lifted up their voice, and cried;}} {{font|color=#000088| and the people wept that night.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And all the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron: and the whole congregation said unto them, Would God that we had died in the land of Egypt! or would God we had died in this wilderness!}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And wherefore hath the LORD brought us unto this land, to fall by the sword, that our wives and our children should be a prey? were it not better for us to return into Egypt?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they said one to another, Let us make a captain, and let us return into Egypt.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then Moses and Aaron fell on their faces before all the assembly of the congregation of the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which were of them that searched the land, rent their clothes:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800|And they spake unto all the company of the children of Israel, saying, The land, which we passed through to search it, is an exceeding good land.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| If the LORD delight in us, then he will bring us into this land, and give it us; a land which floweth with milk and honey.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Only rebel not ye against the LORD, neither fear ye the people of the land; for they are bread for us: their defence is departed from them, and the LORD is with us: fear them not.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But all the congregation bade stone them with stones. And the glory of the LORD appeared in the tabernacle of the congregation before all the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said unto Moses, How long will this people provoke me? and how long will it be ere they believe me, for all the signs which I have shewed among them?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| I will smite them with the pestilence, and disinherit them, and will make of thee a greater nation and mightier than they.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Moses said unto the LORD, Then the Egyptians shall hear it, (for thou broughtest up this people in thy might from among them;)}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they will tell it to the inhabitants of this land: for they have heard that thou LORD art among this people, that thou LORD art seen face to face, and that thy cloud standeth over them, and that thou goest before them, by day time in a pillar of a cloud, and in a pillar of fire by night.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Now if thou shalt kill all this people as one man, then the nations which have heard the fame of thee will speak, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Because the LORD was not able to bring this people into the land which he sware unto them, therefore he hath slain them in the wilderness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And now, I beseech thee, let the power of my Lord be great, according as thou hast spoken, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| The LORD is longsuffering, and of great mercy, forgiving iniquity and transgression, and by no means clearing the guilty, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children unto the third and fourth generation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Pardon, I beseech thee, the iniquity of this people according unto the greatness of thy mercy, and as thou hast forgiven this people, from Egypt even until now.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said, I have pardoned according to thy word: }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But as truly as I live, all the earth shall be filled with the glory of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Because all those men which have seen my glory, and my miracles, which I did in Egypt and in the wilderness, and have tempted me now these ten times, and have not hearkened to my voice;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Surely they shall not see the land which I sware unto their fathers, neither shall any of them that provoked me see it:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But my servant Caleb, because he had another spirit with him, and hath followed me fully, him will I bring into the land whereinto he went; and his seed shall possess it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| (Now the Amalekites and the Canaanites dwelt in the valley.) Tomorrow turn you, and get you into the wilderness by the way of the Red sea.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| How long shall I bear with this evil congregation, which murmur against me? I have heard the murmurings of the children of Israel, which they murmur against me.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Say unto them, As truly as I live, saith the LORD, as ye have spoken in mine ears, so will I do to you:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Your carcases shall fall in this wilderness; and all that were numbered of you, according to your whole number, from twenty years old and upward which have murmured against me.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Doubtless ye shall not come into the land, concerning which I sware to make you dwell therein, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But your little ones, which ye said should be a prey, them will I bring in, and they shall know the land which ye have despised.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But as for you, your carcases, they shall fall in this wilderness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And your children shall wander in the wilderness forty years, and bear your whoredoms, until your carcases be wasted in the wilderness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| After the number of the days in which ye searched the land, even forty days, each day for a year, shall ye bear your iniquities, even forty years, and ye shall know my breach of promise.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| I the LORD have said, I will surely do it unto all this evil congregation, that are gathered together against me: in this wilderness they shall be consumed, and there they shall die.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the men, which Moses sent to search the land, who returned, and made all the congregation to murmur against him, by bringing up a slander upon the land,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even those men that did bring up the evil report upon the land, died by the plague before the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But Joshua the son of Nun, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh, which were of the men that went to search the land, lived still.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Moses told these sayings unto all the children of Israel: and the people mourned greatly.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they rose up early in the morning, and gat them up into the top of the mountain, saying, Lo, we be here, and will go up unto the place which the LORD hath promised: for we have sinned.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Moses said, Wherefore now do ye transgress the commandment of the LORD? but it shall not prosper.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Go not up, for the LORD is not among you; that ye be not smitten before your enemies.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| For the Amalekites and the Canaanites are there before you, and ye shall fall by the sword: because ye are turned away from the LORD, therefore the LORD will not be with you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But they presumed to go up unto the hill top: nevertheless the ark of the covenant of the LORD, and Moses, departed not out of the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Then the Amalekites came down, and the Canaanites which dwelt in that hill, and smote them, and discomfited them, even unto Hormah.}} ==Chapter 15== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come into the land of your habitations, which I give unto you,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And will make an offering by fire unto the LORD, a burnt offering, or a sacrifice in performing a vow, or in a freewill offering, or in your solemn feasts, to make a sweet savour unto the LORD, of the herd or of the flock:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then shall he that offereth his offering unto the LORD bring a meat offering of a tenth deal of flour mingled with the fourth part of an hin of oil.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the fourth part of an hin of wine for a drink offering shalt thou prepare with the burnt offering or sacrifice, for one lamb.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Or for a ram, thou shalt prepare for a meat offering two tenth deals of flour mingled with the third part of an hin of oil.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for a drink offering thou shalt offer the third part of an hin of wine, for a sweet savour unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when thou preparest a bullock for a burnt offering, or for a sacrifice in performing a vow, or peace offerings unto the LORD:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then shall he bring with a bullock a meat offering of three tenth deals of flour mingled with half an hin of oil.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt bring for a drink offering half an hin of wine, for an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Thus shall it be done for one bullock, or for one ram, or for a lamb, or a kid.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| According to the number that ye shall prepare, so shall ye do to every one according to their number.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All that are born of the country shall do these things after this manner, in offering an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if a stranger sojourn with you, or whosoever be among you in your generations, and will offer an offering made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD; as ye do, so he shall do.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One ordinance shall be both for you of the congregation, and also for the stranger that sojourneth with you, an ordinance for ever in your generations: as ye are, so shall the stranger be before the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| One law and one manner shall be for you, and for the stranger that sojourneth with you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land whither I bring you,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then it shall be, that, when ye eat of the bread of the land, ye shall offer up an heave offering unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Ye shall offer up a cake of the first of your dough for an heave offering: as ye do the heave offering of the threshingfloor, so shall ye heave it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the first of your dough ye shall give unto the LORD an heave offering in your generations.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if ye have erred, and not observed all these commandments, which the LORD hath spoken unto Moses,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even all that the LORD hath commanded you by the hand of Moses, from the day that the LORD commanded Moses, and henceforward among your generations;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then it shall be, if ought be committed by ignorance without the knowledge of the congregation, that all the congregation shall offer one young bullock for a burnt offering, for a sweet savour unto the LORD, with his meat offering, and his drink offering, according to the manner, and one kid of the goats for a sin offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall make an atonement for all the congregation of the children of Israel, and it shall be forgiven them; for it is ignorance: and they shall bring their offering, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD, and their sin offering before the LORD, for their ignorance:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it shall be forgiven all the congregation of the children of Israel, and the stranger that sojourneth among them; seeing all the people were in ignorance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if any soul sin through ignorance, then he shall bring a she goat of the first year for a sin offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall make an atonement for the soul that sinneth ignorantly, when he sinneth by ignorance before the LORD, to make an atonement for him; and it shall be forgiven him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Ye shall have one law for him that sinneth through ignorance, both for him that is born among the children of Israel, and for the stranger that sojourneth among them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the soul that doeth ought presumptuously, whether he be born in the land, or a stranger, the same reproacheth the LORD; and that soul shall be cut off from among his people.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Because he hath despised the word of the LORD, and hath broken his commandment, that soul shall utterly be cut off; his iniquity shall be upon him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And while the children of Israel were in the wilderness, they found a man that gathered sticks upon the sabbath day.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they that found him gathering sticks brought him unto Moses and Aaron, and unto all the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they put him in ward, because it was not declared what should be done to him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD said unto Moses, The man shall be surely put to death: all the congregation shall stone him with stones without the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And all the congregation brought him without the camp, and stoned him with stones, and he died; as the LORD commanded Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and bid them that they make them fringes in the borders of their garments throughout their generations, and that they put upon the fringe of the borders a ribband of blue:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it shall be unto you for a fringe, that ye may look upon it, and remember all the commandments of the LORD, and do them; and that ye seek not after your own heart and your own eyes, after which ye use to go a whoring:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| That ye may remember, and do all my commandments, and be holy unto your God.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| I am the LORD your God, which brought you out of the land of Egypt, to be your God: I am the LORD your God.}} ==Chapter 16== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Now Korah, the son of Izhar, the son of Kohath, the son of Levi,}} {{font|color=#008888| and Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab,}} {{font|color=#880000|and On, the son of Peleth,}} {{font|color=#008888| son}}{{font|color=#888800|s}} {{font|color=#008888|of Reuben, took men:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they rose up before Moses, with certain of the children of Israel, two hundred and fifty princes of the assembly, famous in the congregation, men of renown:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron, and said unto them, Ye take too much upon you, seeing all the congregation are holy, every one of them, and the LORD is among them: wherefore then lift ye up yourselves above the congregation of the LORD?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when Moses heard it, he fell upon his face:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he spake unto Korah and unto all his company, saying, Even to morrow the LORD will shew who are his, and who is holy; and will cause him to come near unto him: even him whom he hath chosen will he cause to come near unto him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This do; Take you censers, Korah, and all his company;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And put fire therein, and put incense in them before the LORD to morrow: and it shall be that the man whom the LORD doth choose, he shall be holy: ye take too much upon you, ye sons of Levi.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses said unto Korah, Hear, I pray you, ye sons of Levi:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Seemeth it but a small thing unto you, that the God of Israel hath separated you from the congregation of Israel, to bring you near to himself to do the service of the tabernacle of the LORD, and to stand before the congregation to minister unto them?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he hath brought thee near to him, and all thy brethren the sons of Levi with thee: and seek ye the priesthood also?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For which cause both thou and all thy company are gathered together against the LORD: and what is Aaron, that ye murmur against him?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses sent to call Dathan and Abiram, the sons of Eliab: which said, We will not come up:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Is it a small thing that thou hast brought us up out of a land that floweth with milk and honey, to kill us in the wilderness, except thou make thyself altogether a prince over us?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Moreover thou hast not brought us into a land that floweth with milk and honey, or given us inheritance of fields and vineyards: wilt thou put out the eyes of these men? we will not come up.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses was very wroth, and said unto the LORD, Respect not thou their offering: I have not taken one ass from them, neither have I hurt one of them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses said unto Korah, Be thou and all thy company before the LORD, thou, and they, and Aaron, to morrow:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And take every man his censer, and put incense in them, and bring ye before the LORD every man his censer, two hundred and fifty censers; thou also, and Aaron, each of you his censer.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they took every man his censer, and put fire in them, and laid incense thereon, and stood in the door of the tabernacle of the congregation with Moses and Aaron.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Korah gathered all the congregation against them unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto all the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Separate yourselves from among this congregation, that I may consume them in a moment.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they fell upon their faces, and said, O God, the God of the spirits of all flesh, shall one man sin, and wilt thou be wroth with all the congregation?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the congregation, saying, Get you up from about the tabernacle}} {{font|color=#880000|of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses rose up and went unto Dathan and Abiram; and the elders of Israel followed him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he spake unto the congregation,}} {{font|color=#008888| saying, Depart, I pray you, from the tents of these wicked men, and touch nothing of their's, lest ye be consumed in all their sins.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So they gat up from the tabernacle }} {{font|color=#880000| of Korah, Dathan, and Abiram,}} {{font|color=#888800| on every side:}} {{font|color=#008888| and Dathan and Abiram came out, and stood in the door of their tents, and their wives, and their sons, and their little children.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses said, Hereby ye shall know that the LORD hath sent me to do all these works; for I have not done them of mine own mind.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| If these men die the common death of all men, or if they be visited after the visitation of all men; then the LORD hath not sent me.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| But if the LORD make a new thing, and the earth open her mouth, and swallow them up, with all that appertain unto them, and they go down quick into the pit; then ye shall understand that these men have provoked the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And it came to pass, as he had made an end of speaking all these words, that the ground clave asunder that was under them:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up, and their houses,}} {{font|color=#880000| and all the men that appertained unto Korah,}} {{font|color=#008888| and all their goods.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| They, and all that appertained to them, went down alive into the pit, and the earth closed upon them: and they perished from among the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And all Israel that were round about them fled at the cry of them: for they said, Lest the earth swallow us up also.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And there came out a fire from the LORD, and consumed the two hundred and fifty men that offered incense.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, that he take up the censers out of the burning, and scatter thou the fire yonder; for they are hallowed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The censers of these sinners against their own souls, let them make them broad plates for a covering of the altar: for they offered them before the LORD, therefore they are hallowed: and they shall be a sign unto the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Eleazar the priest took the brasen censers, wherewith they that were burnt had offered; and they were made broad plates for a covering of the altar:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| To be a memorial unto the children of Israel, that no stranger, which is not of the seed of Aaron, come near to offer incense before the LORD; that he be not as Korah, and as his company: as the LORD said to him by the hand of Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But on the morrow all the congregation of the children of Israel murmured against Moses and against Aaron, saying, Ye have killed the people of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass, when the congregation was gathered against Moses and against Aaron, that they looked toward the tabernacle of the congregation: and, behold, the cloud covered it, and the glory of the LORD appeared.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Aaron came before the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Get you up from among this congregation, that I may consume them as in a moment. And they fell upon their faces. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses said unto Aaron, Take a censer, and put fire therein from off the altar, and put on incense, and go quickly unto the congregation, and make an atonement for them: for there is wrath gone out from the LORD; the plague is begun.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Aaron took as Moses commanded, and ran into the midst of the congregation; and, behold, the plague was begun among the people: and he put on incense, and made an atonement for the people.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he stood between the dead and the living; and the plague was stayed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Now they that died in the plague were fourteen thousand and seven hundred, beside them that died about the matter of Korah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|50}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Aaron returned unto Moses unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation: and the plague was stayed.}} ==Chapter 17== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and take of every one of them a rod according to the house of their fathers, of all their princes according to the house of their fathers twelve rods: write thou every man's name upon his rod.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt write Aaron's name upon the rod of Levi: for one rod shall be for the head of the house of their fathers.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt lay them up in the tabernacle of the congregation before the testimony, where I will meet with you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it shall come to pass, that the man's rod, whom I shall choose, shall blossom: and I will make to cease from me the murmurings of the children of Israel, whereby they murmur against you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses spake unto the children of Israel, and every one of their princes gave him a rod apiece, for each prince one, according to their fathers' houses, even twelve rods: and the rod of Aaron was among their rods.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses laid up the rods before the LORD in the tabernacle of witness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass, that on the morrow Moses went into the tabernacle of witness; and, behold, the rod of Aaron for the house of Levi was budded, and brought forth buds, and bloomed blossoms, and yielded almonds.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses brought out all the rods from before the LORD unto all the children of Israel: and they looked, and took every man his rod.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD said unto Moses, Bring Aaron's rod again before the testimony, to be kept for a token against the rebels; and thou shalt quite take away their murmurings from me, that they die not.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses did so: as the LORD commanded him, so did he. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel spake unto Moses, saying, Behold, we die, we perish, we all perish.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Whosoever cometh any thing near unto the tabernacle of the LORD shall die: shall we be consumed with dying?}} ==Chapter 18== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD said unto Aaron, Thou and thy sons and thy father's house with thee shall bear the iniquity of the sanctuary: and thou and thy sons with thee shall bear the iniquity of your priesthood.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thy brethren also of the tribe of Levi, the tribe of thy father, bring thou with thee, that they may be joined unto thee, and minister unto thee: but thou and thy sons with thee shall minister before the tabernacle of witness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall keep thy charge, and the charge of all the tabernacle: only they shall not come nigh the vessels of the sanctuary and the altar, that neither they, nor ye also, die.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall be joined unto thee, and keep the charge of the tabernacle of the congregation, for all the service of the tabernacle: and a stranger shall not come nigh unto you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall keep the charge of the sanctuary, and the charge of the altar: that there be no wrath any more upon the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And I, behold, I have taken your brethren the Levites from among the children of Israel: to you they are given as a gift for the LORD, to do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Therefore thou and thy sons with thee shall keep your priest's office for everything of the altar, and within the vail; and ye shall serve: I have given your priest's office unto you as a service of gift: and the stranger that cometh nigh shall be put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Behold, I also have given thee the charge of mine heave offerings of all the hallowed things of the children of Israel; unto thee have I given them by reason of the anointing, and to thy sons, by an ordinance for ever.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This shall be thine of the most holy things, reserved from the fire: every oblation of their's, every meat offering of their's, and every sin offering of their's, and every trespass offering of their's which they shall render unto me, shall be most holy for thee and for thy sons.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| In the most holy place shalt thou eat it; every male shall eat it: it shall be holy unto thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And this is thine; the heave offering of their gift, with all the wave offerings of the children of Israel: I have given them unto thee, and to thy sons and to thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: every one that is clean in thy house shall eat of it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the best of the oil, and all the best of the wine, and of the wheat, the firstfruits of them which they shall offer unto the LORD, them have I given thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And whatsoever is first ripe in the land, which they shall bring unto the LORD, shall be thine; every one that is clean in thine house shall eat of it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Every thing devoted in Israel shall be thine.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Every thing that openeth the matrix in all flesh, which they bring unto the LORD, whether it be of men or beasts, shall be thine: nevertheless the firstborn of man shalt thou surely redeem, and the firstling of unclean beasts shalt thou redeem.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that are to be redeemed from a month old shalt thou redeem, according to thine estimation, for the money of five shekels, after the shekel of the sanctuary, which is twenty gerahs.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the firstling of a cow, or the firstling of a sheep, or the firstling of a goat, thou shalt not redeem; they are holy: thou shalt sprinkle their blood upon the altar, and shalt burn their fat for an offering made by fire, for a sweet savour unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the flesh of them shall be thine, as the wave breast and as the right shoulder are thine.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the heave offerings of the holy things, which the children of Israel offer unto the LORD, have I given thee, and thy sons and thy daughters with thee, by a statute for ever: it is a covenant of salt for ever before the LORD unto thee and to thy seed with thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Aaron, Thou shalt have no inheritance in their land, neither shalt thou have any part among them: I am thy part and thine inheritance among the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And, behold, I have given the children of Levi all the tenth in Israel for an inheritance, for their service which they serve, even the service of the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Neither must the children of Israel henceforth come nigh the tabernacle of the congregation, lest they bear sin, and die.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the Levites shall do the service of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they shall bear their iniquity: it shall be a statute for ever throughout your generations, that among the children of Israel they have no inheritance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the tithes of the children of Israel, which they offer as an heave offering unto the LORD, I have given to the Levites to inherit: therefore I have said unto them, Among the children of Israel they shall have no inheritance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Thus speak unto the Levites, and say unto them, When ye take of the children of Israel the tithes which I have given you from them for your inheritance, then ye shall offer up an heave offering of it for the LORD, even a tenth part of the tithe.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And this your heave offering shall be reckoned unto you, as though it were the corn of the threshingfloor, and as the fulness of the winepress.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Thus ye also shall offer an heave offering unto the LORD of all your tithes, which ye receive of the children of Israel; and ye shall give thereof the LORD's heave offering to Aaron the priest.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Out of all your gifts ye shall offer every heave offering of the LORD, of all the best thereof, even the hallowed part thereof out of it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Therefore thou shalt say unto them, When ye have heaved the best thereof from it, then it shall be counted unto the Levites as the increase of the threshingfloor, and as the increase of the winepress.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall eat it in every place, ye and your households: for it is your reward for your service in the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall bear no sin by reason of it, when ye have heaved from it the best of it: neither shall ye pollute the holy things of the children of Israel, lest ye die.}} ==Chapter 19== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Aaron, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD hath commanded, saying, Speak unto the children of Israel, that they bring thee a red heifer without spot, wherein is no blemish, and upon which never came yoke:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall give her unto Eleazar the priest, that he may bring her forth without the camp, and one shall slay her before his face:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Eleazar the priest shall take of her blood with his finger, and sprinkle of her blood directly before the tabernacle of the congregation seven times:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And one shall burn the heifer in his sight; her skin, and her flesh, and her blood, with her dung, shall he burn:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the priest shall take cedar wood, and hyssop, and scarlet, and cast it into the midst of the burning of the heifer.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the priest shall wash his clothes, and he shall bathe his flesh in water, and afterward he shall come into the camp, and the priest shall be unclean until the even.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he that burneth her shall wash his clothes in water, and bathe his flesh in water, and shall be unclean until the even.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And a man that is clean shall gather up the ashes of the heifer, and lay them up without the camp in a clean place, and it shall be kept for the congregation of the children of Israel for a water of separation: it is a purification for sin.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he that gathereth the ashes of the heifer shall wash his clothes, and be unclean until the even: and it shall be unto the children of Israel, and unto the stranger that sojourneth among them, for a statute for ever.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| He that toucheth the dead body of any man shall be unclean seven days.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| He shall purify himself with it on the third day, and on the seventh day he shall be clean: but if he purify not himself the third day, then the seventh day he shall not be clean.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Whosoever toucheth the dead body of any man that is dead, and purifieth not himself, defileth the tabernacle of the LORD; and that soul shall be cut off from Israel: because the water of separation was not sprinkled upon him, he shall be unclean; his uncleanness is yet upon him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the law, when a man dieth in a tent: all that come into the tent, and all that is in the tent, shall be unclean seven days.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And every open vessel, which hath no covering bound upon it, is unclean.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And whosoever toucheth one that is slain with a sword in the open fields, or a dead body, or a bone of a man, or a grave, shall be unclean seven days.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And for an unclean person they shall take of the ashes of the burnt heifer of purification for sin, and running water shall be put thereto in a vessel:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And a clean person shall take hyssop, and dip it in the water, and sprinkle it upon the tent, and upon all the vessels, and upon the persons that were there, and upon him that touched a bone, or one slain, or one dead, or a grave:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the clean person shall sprinkle upon the unclean on the third day, and on the seventh day: and on the seventh day he shall purify himself, and wash his clothes, and bathe himself in water, and shall be clean at even.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But the man that shall be unclean, and shall not purify himself, that soul shall be cut off from among the congregation, because he hath defiled the sanctuary of the LORD: the water of separation hath not been sprinkled upon him; he is unclean.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it shall be a perpetual statute unto them, that he that sprinkleth the water of separation shall wash his clothes; and he that toucheth the water of separation shall be unclean until even.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And whatsoever the unclean person toucheth shall be unclean; and the soul that toucheth it shall be unclean until even.}} ==Chapter 20== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then came the children of Israel, even the whole congregation, into the desert of Zin in the first month:}} {{font|color=#008888| and the people abode in Kadesh; and Miriam died there, and was buried there.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And there was no water for the congregation: and they gathered themselves together against Moses and against Aaron.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the people chode with Moses, and spake, }} {{font|color=#888800|saying, Would God that we had died when our brethren died before the LORD!}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And why have ye brought up the congregation of the LORD into this wilderness, that we and our cattle should die there?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And wherefore have ye made us to come up out of Egypt, to bring us in unto this evil place? it is no place of seed, or of figs, or of vines, or of pomegranates; neither is there any water to drink.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Aaron went from the presence of the assembly unto the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, and they fell upon their faces: and the glory of the LORD appeared unto them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take the rod, and gather thou the assembly together, thou, and Aaron thy brother, and speak ye unto the rock before their eyes; and it shall give forth his water, and thou shalt bring forth to them water out of the rock: so thou shalt give the congregation and their beasts drink.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses took the rod from before the LORD, as he commanded him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Aaron gathered the congregation together before the rock, and he said unto them, Hear now, ye rebels; must we fetch you water out of this rock?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses lifted up his hand, and with his rod he smote the rock twice: and the water came out abundantly, and the congregation drank, and their beasts also.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron, Because ye believed me not, to sanctify me in the eyes of the children of Israel, therefore ye shall not bring this congregation into the land which I have given them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the water of Meribah; because the children of Israel strove with the LORD, and he was sanctified in them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses sent messengers from Kadesh unto the king of Edom, Thus saith thy brother Israel, Thou knowest all the travail that hath befallen us:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| How our fathers went down into Egypt, and we have dwelt in Egypt a long time; and the Egyptians vexed us, and our fathers:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And when we cried unto the LORD, he heard our voice, and sent an angel, and hath brought us forth out of Egypt: and, behold, we are in Kadesh, a city in the uttermost of thy border:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Let us pass, I pray thee, through thy country: we will not pass through the fields, or through the vineyards, neither will we drink of the water of the wells: we will go by the king's high way, we will not turn to the right hand nor to the left, until we have passed thy borders.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Edom said unto him, Thou shalt not pass by me, lest I come out against thee with the sword.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the children of Israel said unto him, We will go by the high way: and if I and my cattle drink of thy water, then I will pay for it: I will only, without doing anything else, go through on my feet.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And he said, Thou shalt not go through. And Edom came out against him with much people, and with a strong hand.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Thus Edom refused to give Israel passage through his border: wherefore Israel turned away from him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel, even the whole congregation,}} {{font|color=#008888|journeyed from Kadesh, and}} {{font|color=#888800|came unto mount Hor.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses and Aaron in mount Hor, by the coast of the land of Edom, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Aaron shall be gathered unto his people: for he shall not enter into the land which I have given unto the children of Israel, because ye rebelled against my word at the water of Meribah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take Aaron and Eleazar his son, and bring them up unto mount Hor:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And strip Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son: and Aaron shall be gathered unto his people, and shall die there.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses did as the LORD commanded: and they went up into mount Hor in the sight of all the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses stripped Aaron of his garments, and put them upon Eleazar his son; and Aaron died there in the top of the mount: and Moses and Eleazar came down from the mount.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when all the congregation saw that Aaron was dead, they mourned for Aaron thirty days, even all the house of Israel.}} ==Chapter 21== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south, heard tell that Israel came by the way of the spies; then he fought against Israel, and took some of them prisoners.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Israel vowed a vow unto the LORD, and said, If thou wilt indeed deliver this people into my hand, then I will utterly destroy their cities.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD hearkened to the voice of Israel, and delivered up the Canaanites; and they utterly destroyed them and their cities: and he called the name of the place Hormah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they journeyed from mount Hor by the way of the Red sea,}} {{font|color=#008888| to compass the land of Edom: and the soul of the people was much discouraged because of the way.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the people spake against God, and against Moses, Wherefore have ye brought us up out of Egypt to die in the wilderness? for there is no bread, neither is there any water;}} {{font|color=#880000|and our soul loatheth this light bread.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the LORD, and against thee; pray unto the LORD, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the LORD said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in Oboth. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they journeyed from Oboth, and pitched at Ijeabarim, in the wilderness which is before Moab, toward the sunrising.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| From thence they removed, and pitched in the valley of Zared.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| From thence they removed, and pitched on the other side of Arnon, which is in the wilderness that cometh out of the coasts of the Amorites: for Arnon is the border of Moab, between Moab and the Amorites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Wherefore it is said in the book of the wars of the LORD, What he did in the Red sea, and in the brooks of Arnon,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And at the stream of the brooks that goeth down to the dwelling of Ar, and lieth upon the border of Moab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#000088|And from thence they went to Beer: that is the well whereof the LORD spake unto Moses, Gather the people together, and I will give them water.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Then Israel sang this song, Spring up, O well; sing ye unto it:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#000088|The princes digged the well, the nobles of the people digged it, by the direction of the lawgiver, with their staves. And from the wilderness they went to Mattanah: }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And from Mattanah to Nahaliel: and from Nahaliel to Bamoth:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And from Bamoth in the valley, that is in the country of Moab, to the top of Pisgah, which looketh toward Jeshimon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Israel sent messengers unto Sihon king of the Amorites, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Let me pass through thy land: we will not turn into the fields, or into the vineyards; we will not drink of the waters of the well: but we will go along by the king's high way, until we be past thy borders.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Sihon would not suffer Israel to pass through his border: but Sihon gathered all his people together, and went out against Israel into the wilderness: and he came to Jahaz, and fought against Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Israel smote him with the edge of the sword, and possessed his land from Arnon unto Jabbok, even unto the children of Ammon: for the border of the children of Ammon was strong.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Israel took all these cities: and Israel dwelt in all the cities of the Amorites, in Heshbon, and in all the villages thereof.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| For Heshbon was the city of Sihon the king of the Amorites, who had fought against the former king of Moab, and taken all his land out of his hand, even unto Arnon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Wherefore they that speak in proverbs say, Come into Heshbon, let the city of Sihon be built and prepared:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| For there is a fire gone out of Heshbon, a flame from the city of Sihon: it hath consumed Ar of Moab, and the lords of the high places of Arnon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Woe to thee, Moab! thou art undone, O people of Chemosh: he hath given his sons that escaped, and his daughters, into captivity unto Sihon king of the Amorites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| We have shot at them; Heshbon is perished even unto Dibon, and we have laid them waste even unto Nophah, which reacheth unto Medeba.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Thus Israel dwelt in the land of the Amorites. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses sent to spy out Jaazer, and they took the villages thereof, and drove out the Amorites that were there.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And they turned and went up by the way of Bashan: and Og the king of Bashan went out against them, he, and all his people, to the battle at Edrei.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And the LORD said unto Moses, Fear him not: for I have delivered him into thy hand, and all his people, and his land; and thou shalt do to him as thou didst unto Sihon king of the Amorites, which dwelt at Heshbon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| So they smote him, and his sons, and all his people, until there was none left him alive: and they possessed his land.}} ==Chapter 22== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel set forward, and pitched in the plains of Moab on this side Jordan by Jericho.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And Balak the son of Zippor saw all that Israel had done to the Amorites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#000088|And Moab was sore afraid of the people, because they were many: and Moab was distressed because of the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#000088|And Moab said}} {{font|color=#880000| unto the elders of Midian,}} {{font|color=#000088|Now shall this company lick up all that are round about us, as the ox licketh up the grass of the field. And Balak the son of Zippor was king of the Moabites at that time.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| He sent messengers therefore unto Balaam the son of Beor to Pethor, which is by the river of the land of the children of his people, to call him, saying, Behold, there is a people come out from Egypt: behold, they cover the face of the earth, and they abide over against me:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Come now therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people; for they are too mighty for me: peradventure I shall prevail, that we may smite them, and that I may drive them out of the land: for I wot that he whom thou blessest is blessed, and he whom thou cursest is cursed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the elders of Moab}} {{font|color=#880000|and the elders of Midian}} {{font|color=#000088|departed with the rewards of divination in their hand; and they came unto Balaam, and spake unto him the words of Balak.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he said unto them, Lodge here this night, and I will bring you word again, as the LORD shall speak unto me: and the princes of Moab abode with Balaam.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And God came unto Balaam, and said, What men are these with thee?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto God, Balak the son of Zippor, king of Moab, hath sent unto me saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Behold, there is a people come out of Egypt, which covereth the face of the earth: come now, curse me them; peradventure I shall be able to overcome them, and drive them out.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And God said unto Balaam, Thou shalt not go with them; thou shalt not curse the people: for they are blessed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam rose up in the morning, and said unto the princes of Balak, Get you into your land: for the LORD refuseth to give me leave to go with you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the princes of Moab rose up, and they went unto Balak, and said, Balaam refuseth to come with us.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak sent yet again princes, more, and more honourable than they.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they came to Balaam, and said to him, Thus saith Balak the son of Zippor, Let nothing, I pray thee, hinder thee from coming unto me:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| For I will promote thee unto very great honour, and I will do whatsoever thou sayest unto me: come therefore, I pray thee, curse me this people.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam answered and said unto the servants of Balak, If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the word of the LORD my God, to do less or more.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Now therefore, I pray you, tarry ye also here this night, that I may know what the LORD will say unto me more.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And God came unto Balaam at night, and said unto him, If the men come to call thee, rise up, and go with them; but yet the word which I shall say unto thee, that shalt thou do.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam rose up in the morning, and saddled his ass, and went with the princes of Moab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And God's anger was kindled because he went:}} {{font|color=#000088|and the angel of the LORD stood in the way for an adversary against him. Now he was riding upon his ass, and his two servants were with him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the ass saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and the ass turned aside out of the way, and went into the field: and Balaam smote the ass, to turn her into the way.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But the angel of the LORD stood in a path of the vineyards, a wall being on this side, and a wall on that side.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she thrust herself unto the wall, and crushed Balaam's foot against the wall: and he smote her again.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the angel of the LORD went further, and stood in a narrow place, where was no way to turn either to the right hand or to the left.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when the ass saw the angel of the LORD, she fell down under Balaam: and Balaam's anger was kindled, and he smote the ass with a staff.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD opened the mouth of the ass, and she said unto Balaam, What have I done unto thee, that thou hast smitten me these three times?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto the ass, Because thou hast mocked me: I would there were a sword in mine hand, for now would I kill thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the ass said unto Balaam, Am not I thine ass, upon which thou hast ridden ever since I was thine unto this day? was I ever wont to do so unto thee? And he said, Nay.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Then the LORD opened the eyes of Balaam, and he saw the angel of the LORD standing in the way, and his sword drawn in his hand: and he bowed down his head, and fell flat on his face.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the angel of the LORD said unto him, Wherefore hast thou smitten thine ass these three times? behold, I went out to withstand thee, because thy way is perverse before me:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the ass saw me, and turned from me these three times: unless she had turned from me, surely now also I had slain thee, and saved her alive.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto the angel of the LORD, I have sinned; for I knew not that thou stoodest in the way against me: now therefore, if it displease thee, I will get me back again.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the angel of the LORD said unto Balaam, Go with the men: but only the word that I shall speak unto thee, that thou shalt speak. So Balaam went with the princes of Balak.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when Balak heard that Balaam was come, he went out to meet him unto a city of Moab, which is in the border of Arnon, which is in the utmost coast.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak said unto Balaam, Did I not earnestly send unto thee to call thee? wherefore camest thou not unto me? am I not able indeed to promote thee to honour?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto Balak, Lo, I am come unto thee: have I now any power at all to say any thing? the word that God putteth in my mouth, that shall I speak.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam went with Balak, and they came unto Kirjathhuzoth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak offered oxen and sheep, and sent to Balaam, and to the princes that were with him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And it came to pass on the morrow, that Balak took Balaam, and brought him up into the high places of Baal, that thence he might see the utmost part of the people.}} ==Chapter 23== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven oxen and seven rams.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak did as Balaam had spoken; and Balak and Balaam offered on every altar a bullock and a ram.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto Balak, Stand by thy burnt offering, and I will go: peradventure the LORD will come to meet me: and whatsoever he sheweth me I will tell thee. And he went to an high place.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And God met Balaam: and he said unto him, I have prepared seven altars, and I have offered upon every altar a bullock and a ram.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD put a word in Balaam's mouth, and said, Return unto Balak, and thus thou shalt speak.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he returned unto him, and, lo, he stood by his burnt sacrifice, he, and all the princes of Moab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he took up his parable, and said, Balak the king of Moab hath brought me from Aram, out of the mountains of the east, saying, Come, curse me Jacob, and come, defy Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| How shall I curse, whom God hath not cursed? or how shall I defy, whom the LORD hath not defied?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| For from the top of the rocks I see him, and from the hills I behold him: lo, the people shall dwell alone, and shall not be reckoned among the nations.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Who can count the dust of Jacob, and the number of the fourth part of Israel? Let me die the death of the righteous, and let my last end be like his!}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak said unto Balaam, What hast thou done unto me? I took thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast blessed them altogether.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he answered and said, Must I not take heed to speak that which the LORD hath put in my mouth?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak said unto him, Come, I pray thee, with me unto another place, from whence thou mayest see them: thou shalt see but the utmost part of them, and shalt not see them all: and curse me them from thence.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he brought him into the field of Zophim, to the top of Pisgah, and built seven altars, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he said unto Balak, Stand here by thy burnt offering, while I meet the LORD yonder.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD met Balaam, and put a word in his mouth, and said, Go again unto Balak, and say thus.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when he came to him, behold, he stood by his burnt offering, and the princes of Moab with him. And Balak said unto him, What hath the LORD spoken?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he took up his parable, and said, Rise up, Balak, and hear; hearken unto me, thou son of Zippor:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| God is not a man, that he should lie; neither the son of man, that he should repent: hath he said, and shall he not do it? or hath he spoken, and shall he not make it good?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Behold, I have received commandment to bless: and he hath blessed; and I cannot reverse it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| He hath not beheld iniquity in Jacob, neither hath he seen perverseness in Israel: the LORD his God is with him, and the shout of a king is among them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| God brought them out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Surely there is no enchantment against Jacob, neither is there any divination against Israel: according to this time it shall be said of Jacob and of Israel, What hath God wrought!}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Behold, the people shall rise up as a great lion, and lift up himself as a young lion: he shall not lie down until he eat of the prey, and drink the blood of the slain.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak said unto Balaam, Neither curse them at all, nor bless them at all.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But Balaam answered and said unto Balak, Told not I thee, saying, All that the LORD speaketh, that I must do?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak said unto Balaam, Come, I pray thee, I will bring thee unto another place; peradventure it will please God that thou mayest curse me them from thence.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak brought Balaam unto the top of Peor, that looketh toward Jeshimon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto Balak, Build me here seven altars, and prepare me here seven bullocks and seven rams.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak did as Balaam had said, and offered a bullock and a ram on every altar.}} ==Chapter 24== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And when Balaam saw that it pleased the LORD to bless Israel, he went not, as at other times, to seek for enchantments, but he set his face toward the wilderness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam lifted up his eyes, and he saw Israel abiding in his tents according to their tribes; and the spirit of God came upon him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| He hath said, which heard the words of God, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| How goodly are thy tents, O Jacob, and thy tabernacles, O Israel!}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| As the valleys are they spread forth, as gardens by the river's side, as the trees of lign aloes which the LORD hath planted, and as cedar trees beside the waters.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| He shall pour the water out of his buckets, and his seed shall be in many waters, and his king shall be higher than Agag, and his kingdom shall be exalted.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| God brought him forth out of Egypt; he hath as it were the strength of an unicorn: he shall eat up the nations his enemies, and shall break their bones, and pierce them through with his arrows.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| He couched, he lay down as a lion, and as a great lion: who shall stir him up? Blessed is he that blesseth thee, and cursed is he that curseth thee.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balak's anger was kindled against Balaam, and he smote his hands together: and Balak said unto Balaam, I called thee to curse mine enemies, and, behold, thou hast altogether blessed them these three times.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Therefore now flee thou to thy place: I thought to promote thee unto great honour; but, lo, the LORD hath kept thee back from honour.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam said unto Balak, Spake I not also to thy messengers which thou sentest unto me, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| If Balak would give me his house full of silver and gold, I cannot go beyond the commandment of the LORD, to do either good or bad of mine own mind; but what the LORD saith, that will I speak?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And now, behold, I go unto my people: come therefore, and I will advertise thee what this people shall do to thy people in the latter days.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And he took up his parable, and said, Balaam the son of Beor hath said, and the man whose eyes are open hath said:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| He hath said, which heard the words of God, and knew the knowledge of the most High, which saw the vision of the Almighty, falling into a trance, but having his eyes open:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| I shall see him, but not now: I shall behold him, but not nigh: there shall come a Star out of Jacob, and a Sceptre shall rise out of Israel, and shall smite the corners of Moab, and destroy all the children of Sheth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And Edom shall be a possession, Seir also shall be a possession for his enemies; and Israel shall do valiantly.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| Out of Jacob shall come he that shall have dominion, and shall destroy him that remaineth of the city.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And when he looked on Amalek, he took up his parable, and said, Amalek was the first of the nations; but his latter end shall be that he perish for ever.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And he looked on the Kenites, and took up his parable, and said, Strong is thy dwellingplace, and thou puttest thy nest in a rock.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| Nevertheless the Kenite shall be wasted, until Asshur shall carry thee away captive.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And he took up his parable, and said, Alas, who shall live when God doeth this!}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And ships shall come from the coast of Chittim, and shall afflict Asshur, and shall afflict Eber, and he also shall perish for ever.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Balaam rose up, and went and returned to his place: and Balak also went his way.}} ==Chapter 25== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Israel abode in Shittim, }} {{font|color=#000088|and the people began to commit whoredom with the daughters of Moab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And they called the people unto the sacrifices of their gods: and the people did eat, and bowed down to their gods.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Israel joined himself unto Baalpeor: }} {{font|color=#000088|and the anger of the LORD was kindled against Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD said unto Moses, Take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the LORD against the sun, that the fierce anger of the LORD may be turned away from Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses said unto the judges of Israel, Slay ye every one his men that were joined unto Baalpeor.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And, behold, one of the children of Israel came and brought unto his brethren a Midianitish woman in the sight of Moses, and in the sight of all the congregation of the children of Israel, who were weeping before the door of the tabernacle of the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, saw it, he rose up from among the congregation, and took a javelin in his hand;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he went after the man of Israel into the tent, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly.}} {{font|color=#880000| So the plague was stayed from the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And those that died in the plague were twenty and four thousand.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Phinehas, the son of Eleazar, the son of Aaron the priest, hath turned my wrath away from the children of Israel, while he was zealous for my sake among them, that I consumed not the children of Israel in my jealousy.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Wherefore say, Behold, I give unto him my covenant of peace:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he shall have it, and his seed after him, even the covenant of an everlasting priesthood; because he was zealous for his God, and made an atonement for the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Now the name of the Israelite that was slain, even that was slain with the Midianitish woman, was Zimri, the son of Salu, a prince of a chief house among the Simeonites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the name of the Midianitish woman that was slain was Cozbi, the daughter of Zur; he was head over a people, and of a chief house in Midian.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Vex the Midianites, and smite them:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For they vex you with their wiles, wherewith they have beguiled you in the matter of Peor, and in the matter of Cozbi, the daughter of a prince of Midian, their sister, which was slain in the day of the plague for Peor's sake.}} ==Chapter 26== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And it came to pass after the plague, that the LORD spake unto Moses and unto Eleazar the son of Aaron the priest, saying, }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take the sum of all the congregation of the children of Israel, from twenty years old and upward, throughout their fathers' house, all that are able to go to war in Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Eleazar the priest spake with them in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take the sum of the people, from twenty years old and upward; as the LORD commanded Moses and the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Reuben, the eldest son of Israel: the children of Reuben; Hanoch, of whom cometh the family of the Hanochites: of Pallu, the family of the Palluites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites: of Carmi, the family of the Carmites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of the Reubenites: and they that were numbered of them were forty and three thousand and seven hundred and thirty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the sons of Pallu; Eliab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And the sons of Eliab; Nemuel, and Dathan, and Abiram. This is that Dathan and Abiram, which were famous in the congregation, who strove against Moses and against Aaron in the company of Korah, when they strove against the LORD:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| And the earth opened her mouth, and swallowed them up together with Korah, when that company died, what time the fire devoured two hundred and fifty men: and they became a sign.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#880000| Notwithstanding the children of Korah died not.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The sons of Simeon after their families: of Nemuel, the family of the Nemuelites: of Jamin, the family of the Jaminites: of Jachin, the family of the Jachinites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites: of Shaul, the family of the Shaulites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of the Simeonites, twenty and two thousand and two hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The children of Gad after their families: of Zephon, the family of the Zephonites: of Haggi, the family of the Haggites: of Shuni, the family of the Shunites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Ozni, the family of the Oznites: of Eri, the family of the Erites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Arod, the family of the Arodites: of Areli, the family of the Arelites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of the children of Gad according to those that were numbered of them, forty thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The sons of Judah were Er and Onan: and Er and Onan died in the land of Canaan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the sons of Judah after their families were; of Shelah, the family of the Shelanites: of Pharez, the family of the Pharzites: of Zerah, the family of the Zarhites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the sons of Pharez were; of Hezron, the family of the Hezronites: of Hamul, the family of the Hamulites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of Judah according to those that were numbered of them, threescore and sixteen thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the sons of Issachar after their families: of Tola, the family of the Tolaites: of Pua, the family of the Punites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Jashub, the family of the Jashubites: of Shimron, the family of the Shimronites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of Issachar according to those that were numbered of them, threescore and four thousand and three hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the sons of Zebulun after their families: of Sered, the family of the Sardites: of Elon, the family of the Elonites: of Jahleel, the family of the Jahleelites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of the Zebulunites according to those that were numbered of them, threescore thousand and five hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The sons of Joseph after their families were Manasseh and Ephraim.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the sons of Manasseh: of Machir, the family of the Machirites: and Machir begat Gilead: of Gilead come the family of the Gileadites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the sons of Gilead: of Jeezer, the family of the Jeezerites: of Helek, the family of the Helekites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And of Asriel, the family of the Asrielites: and of Shechem, the family of the Shechemites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And of Shemida, the family of the Shemidaites: and of Hepher, the family of the Hepherites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Zelophehad the son of Hepher had no sons, but daughters: and the names of the daughters of Zelophehad were Mahlah, and Noah, Hoglah, Milcah, and Tirzah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of Manasseh, and those that were numbered of them, fifty and two thousand and seven hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the sons of Ephraim after their families: of Shuthelah, the family of the Shuthalhites: of Becher, the family of the Bachrites: of Tahan, the family of the Tahanites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And these are the sons of Shuthelah: of Eran, the family of the Eranites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of the sons of Ephraim according to those that were numbered of them, thirty and two thousand and five hundred. These are the sons of Joseph after their families.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The sons of Benjamin after their families: of Bela, the family of the Belaites: of Ashbel, the family of the Ashbelites: of Ahiram, the family of the Ahiramites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Shupham, the family of the Shuphamites: of Hupham, the family of the Huphamites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the sons of Bela were Ard and Naaman: of Ard, the family of the Ardites: and of Naaman, the family of the Naamites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the sons of Benjamin after their families: and they that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and six hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the sons of Dan after their families: of Shuham, the family of the Shuhamites. These are the families of Dan after their families.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| All the families of the Shuhamites, according to those that were numbered of them, were threescore and four thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the children of Asher after their families: of Jimna, the family of the Jimnites: of Jesui, the family of the Jesuites: of Beriah, the family of the Beriites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the sons of Beriah: of Heber, the family of the Heberites: of Malchiel, the family of the Malchielites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the name of the daughter of Asher was Sarah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of the sons of Asher according to those that were numbered of them; who were fifty and three thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the sons of Naphtali after their families: of Jahzeel, the family of the Jahzeelites: of Guni, the family of the Gunites:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of Jezer, the family of the Jezerites: of Shillem, the family of the Shillemites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|50}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of Naphtali according to their families: and they that were numbered of them were forty and five thousand and four hundred.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|51}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These were the numbered of the children of Israel, six hundred thousand and a thousand seven hundred and thirty.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|52}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|53}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Unto these the land shall be divided for an inheritance according to the number of names.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|54}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| To many thou shalt give the more inheritance, and to few thou shalt give the less inheritance: to every one shall his inheritance be given according to those that were numbered of him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|55}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Notwithstanding the land shall be divided by lot: according to the names of the tribes of their fathers they shall inherit.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|56}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| According to the lot shall the possession thereof be divided between many and few.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|57}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And these are they that were numbered of the Levites after their families: of Gershon, the family of the Gershonites: of Kohath, the family of the Kohathites: of Merari, the family of the Merarites.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|58}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the families of the Levites: the family of the Libnites, the family of the Hebronites, the family of the Mahlites, the family of the Mushites, the family of the Korathites. And Kohath begat Amram.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|59}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the name of Amram's wife was Jochebed, the daughter of Levi, whom her mother bare to Levi in Egypt: and she bare unto Amram Aaron and Moses, and Miriam their sister.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|60}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And unto Aaron was born Nadab, and Abihu, Eleazar, and Ithamar.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|61}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Nadab and Abihu died, when they offered strange fire before the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|62}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And those that were numbered of them were twenty and three thousand, all males from a month old and upward: for they were not numbered among the children of Israel, because there was no inheritance given them among the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|63}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are they that were numbered by Moses and Eleazar the priest, who numbered the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|64}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But among these there was not a man of them whom Moses and Aaron the priest numbered, when they numbered the children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|65}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For the LORD had said of them, They shall surely die in the wilderness. And there was not left a man of them, save Caleb the son of Jephunneh, and Joshua the son of Nun.}} ==Chapter 27== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then came the daughters of Zelophehad, the son of Hepher, the son of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of Manasseh the son of Joseph: and these are the names of his daughters; Mahlah, Noah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Tirzah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they stood before Moses, and before Eleazar the priest, and before the princes and all the congregation, by the door of the tabernacle of the congregation, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Our father died in the wilderness, and he was not in the company of them that gathered themselves together against the LORD in the company of Korah; but died in his own sin, and had no sons.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Why should the name of our father be done away from among his family, because he hath no son? Give unto us therefore a possession among the brethren of our father.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses brought their cause before the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The daughters of Zelophehad speak right: thou shalt surely give them a possession of an inheritance among their father's brethren; and thou shalt cause the inheritance of their father to pass unto them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt speak unto the children of Israel, saying, If a man die, and have no son, then ye shall cause his inheritance to pass unto his daughter.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if he have no daughter, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his brethren.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if he have no brethren, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his father's brethren.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if his father have no brethren, then ye shall give his inheritance unto his kinsman that is next to him of his family, and he shall possess it: and it shall be unto the children of Israel a statute of judgment, as the LORD commanded Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD said unto Moses, Get thee up into this mount Abarim, and see the land which I have given unto the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when thou hast seen it, thou also shalt be gathered unto thy people, as Aaron thy brother was gathered.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For ye rebelled against my commandment in the desert of Zin, in the strife of the congregation, to sanctify me at the water before their eyes: that is the water of Meribah in Kadesh in the wilderness of Zin.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses spake unto the LORD, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Let the LORD, the God of the spirits of all flesh, set a man over the congregation,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Which may go out before them, and which may go in before them, and which may lead them out, and which may bring them in; that the congregation of the LORD be not as sheep which have no shepherd.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD said unto Moses, Take thee Joshua the son of Nun, a man in whom is the spirit, and lay thine hand upon him;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And set him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation; and give him a charge in their sight.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thou shalt put some of thine honour upon him, that all the congregation of the children of Israel may be obedient.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he shall stand before Eleazar the priest, who shall ask counsel for him after the judgment of Urim before the LORD: at his word shall they go out, and at his word they shall come in, both he, and all the children of Israel with him, even all the congregation.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses did as the LORD commanded him: and he took Joshua, and set him before Eleazar the priest, and before all the congregation:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And he laid his hands upon him, and gave him a charge, as the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses.}} ==Chapter 28== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, My offering, and my bread for my sacrifices made by fire, for a sweet savour unto me, shall ye observe to offer unto me in their due season.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And thou shalt say unto them, This is the offering made by fire which ye shall offer unto the LORD; two lambs of the first year without spot day by day, for a continual burnt offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| The one lamb shalt thou offer in the morning, and the other lamb shalt thou offer at even;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And a tenth part of an ephah of flour for a meat offering, mingled with the fourth part of an hin of beaten oil.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| It is a continual burnt offering, which was ordained in mount Sinai for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And the drink offering thereof shall be the fourth part of an hin for the one lamb: in the holy place shalt thou cause the strong wine to be poured unto the LORD for a drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And the other lamb shalt thou offer at even: as the meat offering of the morning, and as the drink offering thereof, thou shalt offer it, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the sabbath day two lambs of the first year without spot, and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, and the drink offering thereof:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| This is the burnt offering of every sabbath, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And in the beginnings of your months ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, seven lambs of the first year without spot;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And three tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one bullock; and two tenth deals of flour for a meat offering, mingled with oil, for one ram;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And a several tenth deal of flour mingled with oil for a meat offering unto one lamb; for a burnt offering of a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their drink offerings shall be half an hin of wine unto a bullock, and the third part of an hin unto a ram, and a fourth part of an hin unto a lamb: this is the burnt offering of every month throughout the months of the year.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one kid of the goats for a sin offering unto the LORD shall be offered, beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And in the fourteenth day of the first month is the passover of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And in the fifteenth day of this month is the feast: seven days shall unleavened bread be eaten.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| In the first day shall be an holy convocation; ye shall do no manner of servile work therein:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| But ye shall offer a sacrifice made by fire for a burnt offering unto the LORD; two young bullocks, and one ram, and seven lambs of the first year: they shall be unto you without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil: three tenth deals shall ye offer for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| A several tenth deal shalt thou offer for every lamb, throughout the seven lambs:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one goat for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| Ye shall offer these beside the burnt offering in the morning, which is for a continual burnt offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| After this manner ye shall offer daily, throughout the seven days, the meat of the sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: it shall be offered beside the continual burnt offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the seventh day ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| Also in the day of the firstfruits, when ye bring a new meat offering unto the LORD, after your weeks be out, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| But ye shall offer the burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; two young bullocks, one ram, seven lambs of the first year;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto one bullock, two tenth deals unto one ram,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| A several tenth deal unto one lamb, throughout the seven lambs;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one kid of the goats, to make an atonement for you. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| Ye shall offer them beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, (they shall be unto you without blemish) and their drink offerings.}} ==Chapter 29== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And in the seventh month, on the first day of the month, ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work it is a day of blowing the trumpets unto you.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And ye shall offer a burnt offering for a sweet savour unto the LORD; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first year without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals for a bullock, and two tenth deals for a ram,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one tenth deal for one lamb, throughout the seven lambs:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one kid of the goats for a sin offering, to make an atonement for you:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| Beside the burnt offering of the month, and his meat offering, and the daily burnt offering, and his meat offering, and their drink offerings, according unto their manner, for a sweet savour, a sacrifice made by fire unto the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And ye shall have on the tenth day of this seventh month an holy convocation; and ye shall afflict your souls: ye shall not do any work therein:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| But ye shall offer a burnt offering unto the LORD for a sweet savour; one young bullock, one ram, and seven lambs of the first year; they shall be unto you without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals to a bullock, and two tenth deals to one ram,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| A several tenth deal for one lamb, throughout the seven lambs:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| One kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the sin offering of atonement, and the continual burnt offering, and the meat offering of it, and their drink offerings.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the fifteenth day of the seventh month ye shall have an holy convocation; ye shall do no servile work, and ye shall keep a feast unto the LORD seven days:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And ye shall offer a burnt offering, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD; thirteen young bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year; they shall be without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering shall be of flour mingled with oil, three tenth deals unto every bullock of the thirteen bullocks, two tenth deals to each ram of the two rams,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And a several tenth deal to each lamb of the fourteen lambs:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the second day ye shall offer twelve young bullocks, two rams, fourteen lambs of the first year without spot:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and the meat offering thereof, and their drink offerings.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the third day eleven bullocks, two rams, fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the fourth day ten bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| Their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one kid of the goats for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the fifth day nine bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without spot:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the sixth day eight bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And on the seventh day seven bullocks, two rams, and fourteen lambs of the first year without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullocks, for the rams, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| On the eighth day ye shall have a solemn assembly: ye shall do no servile work therein:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| But ye shall offer a burnt offering, a sacrifice made by fire, of a sweet savour unto the LORD: one bullock, one ram, seven lambs of the first year without blemish:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| Their meat offering and their drink offerings for the bullock, for the ram, and for the lambs, shall be according to their number, after the manner:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And one goat for a sin offering; beside the continual burnt offering, and his meat offering, and his drink offering.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| These things ye shall do unto the LORD in your set feasts, beside your vows, and your freewill offerings, for your burnt offerings, and for your meat offerings, and for your drink offerings, and for your peace offerings.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#880088| And Moses told the children of Israel according to all that the LORD commanded Moses.}} ==Chapter 30== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses spake unto the heads of the tribes concerning the children of Israel, saying, This is the thing which the LORD hath commanded.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| If a man vow a vow unto the LORD, or swear an oath to bind his soul with a bond; he shall not break his word, he shall do according to all that proceedeth out of his mouth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| If a woman also vow a vow unto the LORD, and bind herself by a bond, being in her father's house in her youth;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And her father hear her vow, and her bond wherewith she hath bound her soul, and her father shall hold his peace at her; then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she hath bound her soul shall stand.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if her father disallow her in the day that he heareth; not any of her vows, or of her bonds wherewith she hath bound her soul, shall stand: and the LORD shall forgive her, because her father disallowed her.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if she had at all an husband, when she vowed, or uttered ought out of her lips, wherewith she bound her soul;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her in the day that he heard it: then her vows shall stand, and her bonds wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if her husband disallowed her on the day that he heard it; then he shall make her vow which she vowed, and that which she uttered with her lips, wherewith she bound her soul, of none effect: and the LORD shall forgive her.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But every vow of a widow, and of her that is divorced, wherewith they have bound their souls, shall stand against her.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if she vowed in her husband's house, or bound her soul by a bond with an oath;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And her husband heard it, and held his peace at her, and disallowed her not: then all her vows shall stand, and every bond wherewith she bound her soul shall stand.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if her husband hath utterly made them void on the day he heard them; then whatsoever proceeded out of her lips concerning her vows, or concerning the bond of her soul, shall not stand: her husband hath made them void; and the LORD shall forgive her.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Every vow, and every binding oath to afflict the soul, her husband may establish it, or her husband may make it void.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if her husband altogether hold his peace at her from day to day; then he establisheth all her vows, or all her bonds, which are upon her: he confirmeth them, because he held his peace at her in the day that he heard them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if he shall any ways make them void after that he hath heard them; then he shall bear her iniquity.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the statutes, which the LORD commanded Moses, between a man and his wife, between the father and his daughter, being yet in her youth in her father's house.}} ==Chapter 31== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Avenge the children of Israel of the Midianites: afterward shalt thou be gathered unto thy people.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses spake unto the people, saying, Arm some of yourselves unto the war, and let them go against the Midianites, and avenge the LORD of Midian.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of every tribe a thousand, throughout all the tribes of Israel, shall ye send to the war.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So there were delivered out of the thousands of Israel, a thousand of every tribe, twelve thousand armed for war.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses sent them to the war, a thousand of every tribe, them and Phinehas the son of Eleazar the priest, to the war, with the holy instruments, and the trumpets to blow in his hand.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they warred against the Midianites, as the LORD commanded Moses; and they slew all the males.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they slew the kings of Midian, beside the rest of them that were slain; namely, Evi, and Rekem, and Zur, and Hur, and Reba, five kings of Midian: Balaam also the son of Beor they slew with the sword.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Israel took all the women of Midian captives, and their little ones, and took the spoil of all their cattle, and all their flocks, and all their goods.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they burnt all their cities wherein they dwelt, and all their goodly castles, with fire.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they took all the spoil, and all the prey, both of men and of beasts.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they brought the captives, and the prey, and the spoil, unto Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and unto the congregation of the children of Israel, unto the camp at the plains of Moab, which are by Jordan near Jericho.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses, and Eleazar the priest, and all the princes of the congregation, went forth to meet them without the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses was wroth with the officers of the host, with the captains over thousands, and captains over hundreds, which came from the battle.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses said unto them, Have ye saved all the women alive?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Behold, these caused the children of Israel, through the counsel of Balaam, to commit trespass against the LORD in the matter of Peor, and there was a plague among the congregation of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Now therefore kill every male among the little ones, and kill every woman that hath known man by lying with him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But all the women children, that have not known a man by lying with him, keep alive for yourselves.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And do ye abide without the camp seven days: whosoever hath killed any person, and whosoever hath touched any slain, purify both yourselves and your captives on the third day, and on the seventh day.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And purify all your raiment, and all that is made of skins, and all work of goats' hair, and all things made of wood.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Eleazar the priest said unto the men of war which went to the battle, This is the ordinance of the law which the LORD commanded Moses;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Only the gold, and the silver, the brass, the iron, the tin, and the lead,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Every thing that may abide the fire, ye shall make it go through the fire, and it shall be clean: nevertheless it shall be purified with the water of separation: and all that abideth not the fire ye shall make go through the water.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall wash your clothes on the seventh day, and ye shall be clean, and afterward ye shall come into the camp.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take the sum of the prey that was taken, both of man and of beast, thou, and Eleazar the priest, and the chief fathers of the congregation:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And divide the prey into two parts; between them that took the war upon them, who went out to battle, and between all the congregation:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And levy a tribute unto the LORD of the men of war which went out to battle: one soul of five hundred, both of the persons, and of the beeves, and of the asses, and of the sheep:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Take it of their half, and give it unto Eleazar the priest, for an heave offering of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And of the children of Israel's half, thou shalt take one portion of fifty, of the persons, of the beeves, of the asses, and of the flocks, of all manner of beasts, and give them unto the Levites, which keep the charge of the tabernacle of the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Eleazar the priest did as the LORD commanded Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the booty, being the rest of the prey which the men of war had caught, was six hundred thousand and seventy thousand and five thousand sheep,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And threescore and twelve thousand beeves,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And threescore and one thousand asses,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thirty and two thousand persons in all, of women that had not known man by lying with him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the half, which was the portion of them that went out to war, was in number three hundred thousand and seven and thirty thousand and five hundred sheep:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD's tribute of the sheep was six hundred and threescore and fifteen.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the beeves were thirty and six thousand; of which the LORD's tribute was threescore and twelve.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the asses were thirty thousand and five hundred; of which the LORD's tribute was threescore and one.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the persons were sixteen thousand; of which the LORD's tribute was thirty and two persons.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses gave the tribute, which was the LORD's heave offering, unto Eleazar the priest, as the LORD commanded Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And of the children of Israel's half, which Moses divided from the men that warred,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| (Now the half that pertained unto the congregation was three hundred thousand and thirty thousand and seven thousand and five hundred sheep,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thirty and six thousand beeves,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And thirty thousand asses and five hundred,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And sixteen thousand persons;)}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even of the children of Israel's half, Moses took one portion of fifty, both of man and of beast, and gave them unto the Levites, which kept the charge of the tabernacle of the LORD; as the LORD commanded Moses.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the officers which were over thousands of the host, the captains of thousands, and captains of hundreds, came near unto Moses:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they said unto Moses, Thy servants have taken the sum of the men of war which are under our charge, and there lacketh not one man of us.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|50}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| We have therefore brought an oblation for the LORD, what every man hath gotten, of jewels of gold, chains, and bracelets, rings, earrings, and tablets, to make an atonement for our souls before the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|51}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of them, even all wrought jewels.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|52}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And all the gold of the offering that they offered up to the LORD, of the captains of thousands, and of the captains of hundreds, was sixteen thousand seven hundred and fifty shekels.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|53}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| (For the men of war had taken spoil, every man for himself.)}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|54}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses and Eleazar the priest took the gold of the captains of thousands and of hundreds, and brought it into the tabernacle of the congregation, for a memorial for the children of Israel before the LORD.}} ==Chapter 32== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Now the children of Reuben and the children of Gad had a very great multitude of cattle: }}{{font|color=#000088|and when they saw the land of Jazer, and the land of Gilead, that, behold, the place was a place for cattle;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The children of Gad and the children of Reuben came and spake unto Moses, and to Eleazar the priest, and unto the princes of the congregation, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Ataroth, and Dibon, and Jazer, and Nimrah, and Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Shebam, and Nebo, and Beon,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even the country which the LORD smote before the congregation of Israel, is a land for cattle, and thy servants have cattle:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Wherefore, said they, if we have found grace in thy sight, let this land be given unto thy servants for a possession, and bring us not over Jordan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Moses said unto the children of Gad and to the children of Reuben, Shall your brethren go to war, and shall ye sit here?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And wherefore discourage ye the heart of the children of Israel from going over into the land which the LORD hath given them?}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Thus did your fathers, when I sent them from Kadeshbarnea to see the land.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| For when they went up unto the valley of Eshcol, and saw the land, they discouraged the heart of the children of Israel, that they should not go into the land which the LORD had given them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD's anger was kindled the same time, and he sware, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Surely none of the men that came up out of Egypt, from twenty years old and upward, shall see the land which I sware unto Abraham, unto Isaac, and unto Jacob; because they have not wholly followed me:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Save Caleb the son of Jephunneh the Kenezite, and Joshua the son of Nun: for they have wholly followed the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the LORD's anger was kindled against Israel, and he made them wander in the wilderness forty years, until all the generation, that had done evil in the sight of the LORD, was consumed.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And, behold, ye are risen up in your fathers' stead, an increase of sinful men, to augment yet the fierce anger of the LORD toward Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| For if ye turn away from after him, he will yet again leave them in the wilderness; and ye shall destroy all this people.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And they came near unto him, and said, We will build sheepfolds here for our cattle, and cities for our little ones:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| But we ourselves will go ready armed before the children of Israel, until we have brought them unto their place: and our little ones shall dwell in the fenced cities because of the inhabitants of the land.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| We will not return unto our houses, until the children of Israel have inherited every man his inheritance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| For we will not inherit with them on yonder side Jordan, or forward; because our inheritance is fallen to us on this side Jordan eastward.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses said unto them,}}{{font|color=#000088| If ye will do this thing, if ye will go armed before the LORD to war,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And will go all of you armed over Jordan before the LORD, until he hath driven out his enemies from before him,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the land be subdued before the LORD: then afterward ye shall return, and be guiltless before the LORD, and before Israel; and this land shall be your possession before the LORD.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But if ye will not do so, behold, ye have sinned against the LORD: and be sure your sin will find you out.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| Build you cities for your little ones, and folds for your sheep; and do that which hath proceeded out of your mouth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben spake unto Moses, saying, Thy servants will do as my lord commandeth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| Our little ones, our wives, our flocks, and all our cattle, shall be there in the cities of Gilead:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| But thy servants will pass over, every man armed for war, before the Lord to battle, as my lord saith.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So concerning them Moses commanded Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun, and the chief fathers of the tribes of the children of Israel:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses said unto them, If the children of Gad and the children of Reuben will pass with you over Jordan, every man armed to battle, before the LORD, and the land shall be subdued before you; then ye shall give them the land of Gilead for a possession:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if they will not pass over with you armed, they shall have possessions among you in the land of Canaan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the children of Gad and the children of Reuben answered, saying, As the LORD hath said unto thy servants, so will we do.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| We will pass over armed before the LORD into the land of Canaan, that the possession of our inheritance on this side Jordan may be our's.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses gave unto them, even to the children of Gad, and to the children of Reuben, and unto half the tribe of Manasseh the son of Joseph, the kingdom of Sihon king of the Amorites, and the kingdom of Og king of Bashan, the land, with the cities thereof in the coasts, even the cities of the country round about.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the children of Gad built Dibon, and Ataroth, and Aroer,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Atroth, Shophan, and Jaazer, and Jogbehah,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Bethnimrah, and Bethharan, fenced cities: and folds for sheep.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And the children of Reuben built Heshbon, and Elealeh, and Kirjathaim,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Nebo, and Baalmeon, (their names being changed,) and Shibmah: and gave other names unto the cities which they builded.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And the children of Machir the son of Manasseh went to Gilead, and took it, and dispossessed the Amorite which was in it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#008888| And Moses gave Gilead unto Machir the son of Manasseh; and he dwelt therein.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Jair the son of Manasseh went and took the small towns thereof, and called them Havothjair.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#000088| And Nobah went and took Kenath, and the villages thereof, and called it Nobah, after his own name.}} ==Chapter 33== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| These are the journeys of the children of Israel, which went forth out of the land of Egypt with their armies under the hand of Moses and Aaron.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And Moses wrote their goings out according to their journeys by the commandment of the LORD: and these are their journeys according to their goings out.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Rameses in the first month, on the fifteenth day of the first month; on the morrow after the passover the children of Israel went out with an high hand in the sight of all the Egyptians.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| For the Egyptians buried all their firstborn, which the LORD had smitten among them: upon their gods also the LORD executed judgments.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And the children of Israel removed from Rameses, and pitched in Succoth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Succoth, and pitched in Etham, which is in the edge of the wilderness.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Etham, and turned again unto Pihahiroth, which is before Baalzephon: and they pitched before Migdol.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from before Pihahiroth, and passed through the midst of the sea into the wilderness, and went three days' journey in the wilderness of Etham, and pitched in Marah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Marah, and came unto Elim: and in Elim were twelve fountains of water, and threescore and ten palm trees; and they pitched there.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Elim, and encamped by the Red sea.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from the Red sea, and encamped in the wilderness of Sin.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they took their journey out of the wilderness of Sin, and encamped in Dophkah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Dophkah, and encamped in Alush. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Alush, and encamped at Rephidim, where was no water for the people to drink.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Rephidim, and pitched in the wilderness of Sinai.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from the desert of Sinai, and pitched at Kibrothhattaavah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Kibrothhattaavah, and encamped at Hazeroth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Hazeroth, and pitched in Rithmah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Rithmah, and pitched at Rimmonparez.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Rimmonparez, and pitched in Libnah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Libnah, and pitched at Rissah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they journeyed from Rissah, and pitched in Kehelathah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they went from Kehelathah, and pitched in mount Shapher.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from mount Shapher, and encamped in Haradah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Haradah, and pitched in Makheloth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Makheloth, and encamped at Tahath.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Tahath, and pitched at Tarah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Tarah, and pitched in Mithcah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they went from Mithcah, and pitched in Hashmonah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Hashmonah, and encamped at Moseroth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Moseroth, and pitched in Benejaakan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Benejaakan, and encamped at Horhagidgad.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they went from Horhagidgad, and pitched in Jotbathah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Jotbathah, and encamped at Ebronah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|35}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Ebronah, and encamped at Eziongaber.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|36}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Eziongaber, and pitched in the wilderness of Zin, which is Kadesh.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|37}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Kadesh, and pitched in mount Hor, in the edge of the land of Edom.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|38}}</small>{{font|color=#FF0000| And Aaron the priest went up into mount Hor at the commandment of the LORD, and died there, in the fortieth year after the children of Israel were come out of the land of Egypt, in the first day of the fifth month.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|39}}</small>{{font|color=#FF0000| And Aaron was an hundred and twenty and three years old when he died in mount Hor.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|40}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And king Arad the Canaanite, which dwelt in the south in the land of Canaan, heard of the coming of the children of Israel.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|41}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from mount Hor, and pitched in Zalmonah.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|42}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Zalmonah, and pitched in Punon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|43}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Punon, and pitched in Oboth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|44}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Oboth, and pitched in Ijeabarim, in the border of Moab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|45}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from Iim, and pitched in Dibongad. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|46}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Dibongad, and encamped in Almondiblathaim.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|47}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they removed from Almondiblathaim, and pitched in the mountains of Abarim, before Nebo.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|48}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they departed from the mountains of Abarim, and pitched in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|49}}</small>{{font|color=#FF8800| And they pitched by Jordan, from Bethjesimoth even unto Abelshittim in the plains of Moab.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|50}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|51}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye are passed over Jordan into the land of Canaan;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|52}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then ye shall drive out all the inhabitants of the land from before you, and destroy all their pictures, and destroy all their molten images, and quite pluck down all their high places:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|53}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall dispossess the inhabitants of the land, and dwell therein: for I have given you the land to possess it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|54}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall divide the land by lot for an inheritance among your families: and to the more ye shall give the more inheritance, and to the fewer ye shall give the less inheritance: every man's inheritance shall be in the place where his lot falleth; according to the tribes of your fathers ye shall inherit.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|55}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if ye will not drive out the inhabitants of the land from before you; then it shall come to pass, that those which ye let remain of them shall be pricks in your eyes, and thorns in your sides, and shall vex you in the land wherein ye dwell.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|56}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Moreover it shall come to pass, that I shall do unto you, as I thought to do unto them.}} ==Chapter 34== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Command the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye come into the land of Canaan; (this is the land that shall fall unto you for an inheritance, even the land of Canaan with the coasts thereof:)}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then your south quarter shall be from the wilderness of Zin along by the coast of Edom, and your south border shall be the outmost coast of the salt sea eastward:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And your border shall turn from the south to the ascent of Akrabbim, and pass on to Zin: and the going forth thereof shall be from the south to Kadeshbarnea, and shall go on to Hazaraddar, and pass on to Azmon:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the border shall fetch a compass from Azmon unto the river of Egypt, and the goings out of it shall be at the sea.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And as for the western border, ye shall even have the great sea for a border: this shall be your west border. }} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And this shall be your north border: from the great sea ye shall point out for you mount Hor:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| From mount Hor ye shall point out your border unto the entrance of Hamath; and the goings forth of the border shall be to Zedad:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the border shall go on to Ziphron, and the goings out of it shall be at Hazarenan: this shall be your north border.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall point out your east border from Hazarenan to Shepham:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the coast shall go down from Shepham to Riblah, on the east side of Ain; and the border shall descend, and shall reach unto the side of the sea of Chinnereth eastward:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the border shall go down to Jordan, and the goings out of it shall be at the salt sea: this shall be your land with the coasts thereof round about.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses commanded the children of Israel, saying, This is the land which ye shall inherit by lot, which the LORD commanded to give unto the nine tribes, and to the half tribe:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For the tribe of the children of Reuben according to the house of their fathers, and the tribe of the children of Gad according to the house of their fathers, have received their inheritance; and half the tribe of Manasseh have received their inheritance:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The two tribes and the half tribe have received their inheritance on this side Jordan near Jericho eastward, toward the sunrising.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the names of the men which shall divide the land unto you: Eleazar the priest, and Joshua the son of Nun.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall take one prince of every tribe, to divide the land by inheritance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the names of the men are these: Of the tribe of Judah, Caleb the son of Jephunneh.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And of the tribe of the children of Simeon, Shemuel the son of Ammihud.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Of the tribe of Benjamin, Elidad the son of Chislon.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the prince of the tribe of the children of Dan, Bukki the son of Jogli.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The prince of the children of Joseph, for the tribe of the children of Manasseh, Hanniel the son of Ephod.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the prince of the tribe of the children of Ephraim, Kemuel the son of Shiphtan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the prince of the tribe of the children of Zebulun, Elizaphan the son of Parnach.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the prince of the tribe of the children of Issachar, Paltiel the son of Azzan.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the prince of the tribe of the children of Asher, Ahihud the son of Shelomi.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the prince of the tribe of the children of Naphtali, Pedahel the son of Ammihud.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are they whom the LORD commanded to divide the inheritance unto the children of Israel in the land of Canaan.}} ==Chapter 35== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Command the children of Israel, that they give unto the Levites of the inheritance of their possession cities to dwell in; and ye shall give also unto the Levites suburbs for the cities round about them.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the cities shall they have to dwell in; and the suburbs of them shall be for their cattle, and for their goods, and for all their beasts.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the suburbs of the cities, which ye shall give unto the Levites, shall reach from the wall of the city and outward a thousand cubits round about.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall measure from without the city on the east side two thousand cubits, and on the south side two thousand cubits, and on the west side two thousand cubits, and on the north side two thousand cubits; and the city shall be in the midst: this shall be to them the suburbs of the cities.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And among the cities which ye shall give unto the Levites there shall be six cities for refuge, which ye shall appoint for the manslayer, that he may flee thither: and to them ye shall add forty and two cities.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So all the cities which ye shall give to the Levites shall be forty and eight cities: them shall ye give with their suburbs.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the cities which ye shall give shall be of the possession of the children of Israel: from them that have many ye shall give many; but from them that have few ye shall give few: every one shall give of his cities unto the Levites according to his inheritance which he inheriteth.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the LORD spake unto Moses, saying,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Speak unto the children of Israel, and say unto them, When ye be come over Jordan into the land of Canaan;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then ye shall appoint you cities to be cities of refuge for you; that the slayer may flee thither, which killeth any person at unawares.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they shall be unto you cities for refuge from the avenger; that the manslayer die not, until he stand before the congregation in judgment.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And of these cities which ye shall give six cities shall ye have for refuge.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|14}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Ye shall give three cities on this side Jordan, and three cities shall ye give in the land of Canaan, which shall be cities of refuge.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|15}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These six cities shall be a refuge, both for the children of Israel, and for the stranger, and for the sojourner among them: that every one that killeth any person unawares may flee thither.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|16}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if he smite him with an instrument of iron, so that he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|17}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if he smite him with throwing a stone, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|18}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Or if he smite him with an hand weapon of wood, wherewith he may die, and he die, he is a murderer: the murderer shall surely be put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|19}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| The revenger of blood himself shall slay the murderer: when he meeteth him, he shall slay him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|20}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if he thrust him of hatred, or hurl at him by laying of wait, that he die;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|21}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Or in enmity smite him with his hand, that he die: he that smote him shall surely be put to death; for he is a murderer: the revenger of blood shall slay the murderer, when he meeteth him.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|22}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if he thrust him suddenly without enmity, or have cast upon him any thing without laying of wait,}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|23}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Or with any stone, wherewith a man may die, seeing him not, and cast it upon him, that he die, and was not his enemy, neither sought his harm:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|24}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Then the congregation shall judge between the slayer and the revenger of blood according to these judgments:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|25}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the congregation shall deliver the slayer out of the hand of the revenger of blood, and the congregation shall restore him to the city of his refuge, whither he was fled: and he shall abide in it unto the death of the high priest, which was anointed with the holy oil.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|26}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| But if the slayer shall at any time come without the border of the city of his refuge, whither he was fled;}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|27}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the revenger of blood find him without the borders of the city of his refuge, and the revenger of blood kill the slayer; he shall not be guilty of blood:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|28}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Because he should have remained in the city of his refuge until the death of the high priest: but after the death of the high priest the slayer shall return into the land of his possession.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|29}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So these things shall be for a statute of judgment unto you throughout your generations in all your dwellings.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|30}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Whoso killeth any person, the murderer shall be put to death by the mouth of witnesses: but one witness shall not testify against any person to cause him to die.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|31}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Moreover ye shall take no satisfaction for the life of a murderer, which is guilty of death: but he shall be surely put to death.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|32}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And ye shall take no satisfaction for him that is fled to the city of his refuge, that he should come again to dwell in the land, until the death of the priest.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|33}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So ye shall not pollute the land wherein ye are: for blood it defileth the land: and the land cannot be cleansed of the blood that is shed therein, but by the blood of him that shed it.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|34}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Defile not therefore the land which ye shall inhabit, wherein I dwell: for I the LORD dwell among the children of Israel.}} ==Chapter 36== <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|1}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And the chief fathers of the families of the children of Gilead, the son of Machir, the son of Manasseh, of the families of the sons of Joseph, came near, and spake before Moses, and before the princes, the chief fathers of the children of Israel:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|2}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they said, The LORD commanded my lord to give the land for an inheritance by lot to the children of Israel: and my lord was commanded by the LORD to give the inheritance of Zelophehad our brother unto his daughters.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|3}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And if they be married to any of the sons of the other tribes of the children of Israel, then shall their inheritance be taken from the inheritance of our fathers, and shall be put to the inheritance of the tribe whereunto they are received: so shall it be taken from the lot of our inheritance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|4}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And when the jubile of the children of Israel shall be, then shall their inheritance be put unto the inheritance of the tribe whereunto they are received: so shall their inheritance be taken away from the inheritance of the tribe of our fathers.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|5}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And Moses commanded the children of Israel according to the word of the LORD, saying, The tribe of the sons of Joseph hath said well.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|6}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| This is the thing which the LORD doth command concerning the daughters of Zelophehad, saying, Let them marry to whom they think best; only to the family of the tribe of their father shall they marry.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|7}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| So shall not the inheritance of the children of Israel remove from tribe to tribe: for every one of the children of Israel shall keep himself to the inheritance of the tribe of his fathers.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|8}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And every daughter, that possesseth an inheritance in any tribe of the children of Israel, shall be wife unto one of the family of the tribe of her father, that the children of Israel may enjoy every man the inheritance of his fathers.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|9}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Neither shall the inheritance remove from one tribe to another tribe; but every one of the tribes of the children of Israel shall keep himself to his own inheritance.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|10}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| Even as the LORD commanded Moses, so did the daughters of Zelophehad:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|11}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| For Mahlah, Tirzah, and Hoglah, and Milcah, and Noah, the daughters of Zelophehad, were married unto their father's brothers' sons:}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|12}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| And they were married into the families of the sons of Manasseh the son of Joseph, and their inheritance remained in the tribe of the family of their father.}} <small>{{font|color=#0000FF|13}}</small>{{font|color=#888800| These are the commandments and the judgments, which the LORD commanded by the hand of Moses unto the children of Israel in the plains of Moab by Jordan near Jericho.}} [[Category:Documentary hypothesis]] kbw52cxf83218sz0lczxtk8edrualpd 0 60288 2415839 2415674 2022-08-17T13:27:43Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/147.41.128.35|147.41.128.35]] ([[User_talk:147.41.128.35|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Night vision''' is the ability to see in (relative) darkness. All natural vision involves reception of some light by the eye. This is true even in the dark; vision is possible only when light is present. Often, what appears to be total darkness is not the absence of light but rather the poor reception of available light. To see well in the dark, humans either enhance reception of limited available light, or provide more light. ==Light in the dark== Many techniques and technologies for improving night vision involve reception of certain frequency bands (colors) of light. These frequency bands include: *infrared light (heat) *red light *soft ultraviolet (UV) light (also known as [[w:Blacklight|blacklight]]) ===Infrared light=== [[Image:Wiki deer.jpg|thumb|left|A deer's pelt is insulating, keeping the animal warm and limiting the amount of IR light emitted; the eyes and mouth, uninsulated, glow with IR light]] Because the human eye does not detect IR light, our visual detection of this light requires some kind of electronic imaging device. Many military and civilian SAR helicopters are equipped with forward looking infra red (FLIR)<ref>Wikipedia: [[w:Forward looking infrared|Forward looking infrared]]</ref> devices. Infrared (IR) imaging is used to search for clues that are expected to have a temperature far above ambient. Thus IR imaging is used most often at night (when ambient temperatures are lower) but also may be used in daylight, especially in cold weather. IR-detectable clues include hot engines, campfires, and live subjects. IR imaging cannot detect a clue that is not above ambient temperature, due to lack of contrast between clue and background. Thus, IR imaging may be ineffective during early night in hot deserts, and when the subject is under cover, dressed in heavy winter clothes, or deceased. <!-- extra images [[Image:Wiki ringtailed lemur.jpg|thumb|right|A lemur viewed in infrared light, using a thermographic device]] [[Image:AN-PAS-13B (V2) Thermal Weapon Sight (TWS).jpg|thumb|left|A thermal monocular scope]] --> ===Red light=== <!-- mention [[w:Safelight]]? --> [[Image:Cone-response-en.svg|thumb|left|Spectra of the three human photopsins (red, green, and blue) and of human rhodopsin (dashed)]] In humans, the rod cells that provide normal night vision are not sensitive to red light. Thus, a source of red light (such as a flashlight with a red filter) can be used to provide sufficient light for the cone cells without "blinding" the rod cells. ===Black light=== [[Image:Sorpion Under Blacklight.jpg|thumb|Scorpion under black light]] Scorpions appear black in daylight but under black light they glow blue. Black light flashlights are used to find scorpions in the wild. [[Image:Airman Battle Uniform washing effects.jpg|thumb|left|Airman Battle Uniform]] Humans normally do not glow under black light, but often our clothing does. Most laundry detergents contain optical brighteners<ref>Wikipedia: [[w:Optical brightener|Optical brightener]]</ref>, fluorescent dyes that absorb black light and emit blue light. These dyes make clothing appear brighter under daylight; under black light, they glow (fluoresce<ref>Wikipedia: [[w:Fluorescence|Fluorescence]]</ref>) blue. Black light may be used at night to search for a subject's clothing. Because these dyes are in most laundry detergents, even in those labeled "no dyes", it may be not helpful to ask the subject's household members what brand of laundry detergent they use. Shining a black light on a sample of the subject's clothing may be helpful. In 2007, the United States Air Force distributed laundry instructions for camouflage uniforms that included the instruction to use no detergents containing these dyes.<ref>''[http://www.vandenberg.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123065881 Optical brightners make ABUs dangerously easy to see]'', Vandenberg Air Force Base, 24 August 2007</ref> The Air Force later rescinded this instruction on the ground that research by the US Army found the effect was not important in the context of military combat.<ref>[http://archive.is/20121212202932/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123099665 Airmen can use regular detergent on ABUs], Air Force Link, 21 May 2008</ref> Because horses' eyes are highly receptive for blue light, the combination of black light flashlights and mounted SAR field teams may be particularly effective. ==Seeing in the dark== Reception of limited available light can be enhanced by using advanced technology and/or ancient behaviors most widely used by trackers and hunters. *electronics [[Image:Nightvision.jpg|thumb|Scene viewed through an image intensifier]] *larger lenses: animals with very large eyes (eyeballs) tend to have very large lenses. Thus, horses have far better night vision than humans do. Humans can enhance their own night vision by using binoculars or scopes with lenses of very large diameter. All else being equal, due to the high cost of manufacturing large high quality lenses, these devices are far more expensive than others. [[Image:Night_Scope_on_M249.jpg|thumb|A night scope mounted on a military weapon]] *rods instead of cones *peripheral instead of central vision [[Image:Netzhautlk-augekorp.jpg|thumb|right|Left eye scene on retina (simulation)]] [[Image:Auge Hund Diagramm engl.jpg|thumb|Human vs dog]] ==Human dog horse== <gallery> Image:Eye iris.jpg|Human pupils are round Image:Siberian Husky heterchromia edit.jpg|Dogs pupils are round Image:Rokvitt oga.jpg|Horse pupils are horizontal ovals </gallery> [[Image:Netzhautlk-polarp.jpg|thumb|Left eye field of view]] ==External links== *Wikipedia: [[w:Eye|eye]] ==Questions== #Why is the US military not concerned about dyes on camouflage uniforms? Because the effect of these dyes occurs only when illuminated with black light, and for combat use artificial illumination has limited tactical advantage and greater tactical disadvantage. #Does this lack of concern mean black light is not useful for SAR? Why? No, because for SAR black light illumination has more tactical advantages than disadvantages. ==References== {{reflist|2}} [[Category:Search and rescue]] [[Category:Freshly started resources]] a3j2hq6v62gcv5xx6ybjsqhuicleel6 10 82515 2415838 2415792 2022-08-17T13:27:12Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/174.251.164.12|174.251.164.12]] ([[User_talk:174.251.164.12|talk]]) to last version by [[User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{documentation subpage}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE. --> This template is intended as a meta-template, that is, a template that's used when constructing other templates. It's not meant for use directly in an article. See [[W:Help:Infobox|Help:Infobox]] for information on how to craft infoboxes in general. === Usage === Usage is similar to {{tl|navbox}}, but with an additional distinction. Each row on the table can either be a "header", or it can have a label/data pair, or it can just be a data cell. These are mutually exclusive states so if you define a row to be both a header and a label/data pair, the label/data pair is overridden. Note that if you want to insert an image elsewhere other than the top of the infobox, or insert other "freeform" data, use a row with just a "data" field allows for that sort of thing. === Parameters === ====View/discuss/edit links==== ;name : The template page name that the "view/discuss/edit" links should point to. You can use <nowiki>{{subst:PAGENAME}}</nowiki>. If this parameter is omitted the view/discuss/edit links will not be displayed. ====Title==== {{Infobox |title = Text in caption over infobox |data1 = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} {{Infobox |above = Text in uppermost cell of infobox |data1 = (the rest of the infobox goes here) }} There are two different ways to put a title on an infobox. One contains the title inside the infobox's border, the other puts it on top as a caption. You can use both of them together if you like, or just one or the other, or even neither (though this is not recommended). ;title : Text to put in the caption over top of the table. ;above : Text to put within the uppermost cell of the table. ====Optional content==== ;subheader1, subheader2: additional title fields which fit between {{{title}}} and {{{above}}}. ;image1, image2: images to display at the top of the template. Use full image syntax, for example <nowiki>[[Image:example.png|200px]]</nowiki>. Image is centered by default. ;caption1, caption2 : Text to put underneath the images. ;header(n) : Text to use as a header in row n. ;label(n): Text to use as a label in row n. ;data(n): Text to display as data in row n. ;below: Text to put in the bottom cell. The bottom cell is intended for footnotes, see-also, and other such information. ====Optional CSS styling==== ;bodystyle : Applies to the infobox table as a whole ;titlestyle : Applies only to the title caption. Adding a background color is usually inadvisable since the text is rendered "outside" the infobox. ;abovestyle : Applies only to the "above" cell at the top. The default style has font-size:large; since this cell is usually used for a title, if you want to use the above cell for regular-sized text include "font-size:medium;" in the abovestyle. ;imagestyle : Applies to the cell the image is in. This includes the text of the image caption, but you should set text properties with captionstyle instead of imagestyle in case the caption is moved out of this cell in the future. ;captionstyle : Applies to the text of the image caption. ;headerstyle : Applies to all header cells ;labelstyle : Applies to all label cells ;datastyle : Applies to all data cells ;belowstyle : Applies only to the below cell ====Microformats==== ;bodyclass: This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox as a whole ;imageclass: This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the image; it is in particular used in conjunction with {{tl|Image class names}}. ;class(n): This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the data cell of the specified row. If there's no data cell it has no effect. ;titleclass: This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's title caption. ;aboveclass: This parameter is inserted into the "class" attribute for the infobox's above cell. This template supports the addition of microformat information. This is done by adding "class" attributes to various data cells, indicating what kind of information is contained within. To flag an infobox as containing hCard information, for example, add the following parameter: <pre> |bodyclass = vcard </pre> And for each row containing a data cell that's part of the vcard, add a corresponding class parameter: <pre> |class1 = fn |class2 = org |class3 = tel </pre> ...and so forth. "above" and "title" can also be given classes, since these are usually used to display the name of the subject of the infobox. See [[w:WikiProject Microformats]] for more information on adding microformat information to Wikipedia, and [http://microformats.org/wiki/Main_Page microformats.org] for more information on microformats in general. ===Making fields optional=== A row with a label but no data is not displayed. This allows for the easy creation of optional infobox content rows. To make a row optional use a parameter that defaults to an empty string, like so: <pre> |label5 = Population |data5 = {{{population|}}} </pre> This way if an article doesn't define the population parameter in its infobox the row won't be displayed. For more complex fields with pre-formated contents that would still be present even if the parameter wasn't set, you can wrap it all in an "#if" statement to make the whole thing vanish when the parameter is not used. For instance, the "#if" statement in the following example reads "#if:the parameter ''mass'' has been supplied |then display it, followed by 'kg'": <pre> |label6 = Mass |data6 = {{#if:{{{mass|}}} |{{{mass}}} kg}} </pre> For more on #if, see [[meta:ParserFunctions##if:|here]].<br /> You can also make headers optional in a similar way. If you want a header to appear only if one or more of the data fields that fall under it are filled, one could use the following pattern as an example of how to do it: <pre style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |title = Example of an optional header |header1 = {{#if:{{{item_one|}}}{{{item_two|}}}{{{item_three|}}} |Optional header}} |label2 = Item one |data2 = {{{item_one|}}} |label3 = Item two |data3 = {{{item_two|}}} |label4 = Item three |data4 = {{{item_three|}}} }} </pre> header1 will be shown if any of item_one, item_two, or item_three is defined. If none of the three parameters are defined the header won't be shown. The trick to this is that the "if" returns false only if there is nothing whatsoever in the conditional section, so only if all three of item_one, item_two and item_three are undefined will the if statement fail. === Full blank syntax === {{Infobox |name = |bodystyle = |title = Saqlain Ranjha |titlestyle = |image = |imagestyle = |caption = |captionstyle = |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |datastyle = |header1 = Saqlain Ranjha Dhoul Ranjha |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = (Religion Islam) Height: 1.78 m |label2 = |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = Born: March 14, 1990 (age25 ),Dhoul Ranjha,Mandi Bahauddin; punjab, pakistan |header4 = website [[www.facebook.com/saqlanranjha]] |label4 = All three defined (label) |data4 = All three defined (data) |header5 = |label5 = contact [[ksa+966540238155]] |data5 = contact [[PAK+923348208538]] |belowstyle = background:#ddf; |below = this information official by [[Saqlain Ranjha]] }} (Note: the template currently handles up to 80 rows; only 20 are included here since infoboxes larger than that will be relatively rare. Just extend the numbering as needed. The microformat "class" parameters are also omitted as they are not commonly used.) <pre style="overflow:auto;"> {{Infobox |name = {{subst:PAGENAME}} |bodystyle = |title = |titlestyle = |above = |abovestyle = |image = |imagestyle = |caption = |captionstyle = |headerstyle = |labelstyle = |datastyle = |header1 = |label1 = |data1 = |header2 = |label2 = |data2 = |header3 = |label3 = |data3 = |header4 = |label4 = |data4 = |header5 = |label5 = |data5 = |header6 = |label6 = |data6 = |header7 = |label7 = |data7 = |header8 = |label8 = |data8 = |header9 = |label9 = |data9 = |header10 = |label10 = |data10 = |header11 = |label11 = |data11 = |header12 = |label12 = |data12 = |header13 = |label13 = |data13 = |header14 = |label14 = |data14 = |header15 = |label15 = |data15 = |header16 = |label16 = |data16 = |header17 = |label17 = |data17 = |header18 = |label18 = |data18 = |header19 = |label19 = |data19 = |header20 = |label20 = |data20 = |belowstyle = |below = }} </pre> === Porting to other MediaWikis === The infobox template requires the tidy extension to be installed, and may not work with other MediaWikis the [[WP:TRAN]] has a version of Infobox that has been modified to work on other MediaWikis. === See also === * {{tl|start infobox page}} <includeonly> [[Category:Infobox templates| ]] [[Category:Wikiversity metatemplates|{{PAGENAME}}]] </includeonly> 3bf9eu1ex27xyy5bwdqo8xlqnbbizas 0 116867 2415835 2415708 2022-08-17T13:18:05Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/78.101.143.1|78.101.143.1]] ([[User_talk:78.101.143.1|talk]]) to last version by [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{RightTOC}} <big>This is a lesson in the course [[Introduction to Computers]], which is a part of [[School:Computer Science|The School of Computer Science]]</big> ==Hardware== [[File:Personal computer, exploded 5.svg|thumb|left|300px|Inside a personal computer: <br> 1. Monitor <br>2. Motherboard <br>3. CPU(Microprocessor <br>4. Main memory(RAM) <br>5. Expansion cards. <br> 6. Power supply unit. <br>7. Optical disc drive. <br>8. Hard disk drive (HDD). <br>9. Keyboard. <br>10. Mouse.]] Hardware refers to the physical elements of a computer. Also referred to as the machinery or the equipment of the computer. Examples of hardware in a computer are the keyboard, the monitor, the mouse and the processing unit However, most of a computer's hardware cannot be seen; It's inside the computer case. I/O lets the computer talk with the world around it. Sometimes its necessary to add functionality to a computer to keep it up to date, or make it better. The amount of I/O a computer has can be changed, by adding expansion cards that support I/O. A graphics card can be added to a computer to let it talk with a display, or a WiFi card can be added, which will let a computer talk to other computers without a connecting wire. Sometimes functionality can be added through a universal port, a port that supports multiple kinds of I/O. USB, FireWire, and Thunderbolt (Types of I/O) support multiple data types. Your keyboard, mouse, and monitor all connect to a computer's I/O. CPUs or processors perform computations. They do the math for your calculator application, they compare the size of numbers; people have likened the CPU to the "brain" of a computer. Memory is what allows a computer to remember things. Similar to human memory, there's long term memory (a hard disc or optical media (like a CD)) and short term memory (RAM). When a computer is turned off, it forgets everything in the RAM, so the computer saves everything it knows it will need later on in the long term memory. The short term memory is easier to use because it can do I/O faster, so when a data is needed by the CPU, it's sent from the hard disk drive (HDD) to the RAM. The short term memory lives on RAM, while the long term memory is in the hard disk drive (HDD). Optical disks let you change certain parts of the memory, it's kind of like having a book or notebook that you might read and get information from. The motherboard is a piece of hardware that makes connections in the right places between all of the other components in a computer. It tells data where it should go. When the CPU is finished processing some data, it might say to the CPU, OK, put this in the HDD, and the motherboard will figure out where the HDD is and send the data there. {{clear}} ==Introduction to Motherboard== A [[w:motherboard|motherboard]] is an electronic circuit board in a computer which interconnects hardware devices attached to it. At a minimum it includes one or more [[w:Central processsing unit|Central processing units]], and the main processing activity of the computer takes place on it. However, other connected printed circuit boards may contain their own pre-processing or post-processing CPUs, to take some of the load off of the motherboard; these, together with other plug-in boards without CPUs, may be called "daughter boards." It was called a "mother" board in relation to these. A PC motherboard may have a series of sockets, allowing daughter boards to be plugged in directly. Other connectors on the motherboard allow communication through cables with various peripheral devices, both inside and outside the computer case. ==Ports== Ports are used by a motherboard to interface with electronics both inside and outside of the computer. ===Serial=== [[Image:Serial port.jpg|thumb|alt=A serial Port|An example of a serial port]] A [[w:Legacy system|legacy]] technology, serial ports were most often used to connect a [[w:mouse|mouse]] or [[w:modem|modem]]. By circa 2000, most personal computers stopped relying on serial ports and were replaced by PS/2 and/or USB ports. Serial ports are sometimes still used for specialized applications such as industrial automation systems, scientific instruments, and [[w:point of sale|point of sale]] systems. ===PS/2=== PS/2 ports (now outdated) were for connecting peripherals such as your keyboard and mouse to the computer. PS/2 based mice and keyboards have now been replaced by USB ports as the popular standard. This trend for USB over PS/2 started in circa 2004. ===Parallel=== Parallel ports are used to connect other peripherals such as joysticks, and more commonly, printers. Similar to the serial port, this technology is slowly being phased out in favour of USB. Parallel ports can still be found in many motherboards today. ===Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)=== Pronounced "scuzzy", this was used primarily as a connection interface for tape drives and hard disk drives. SCSI has been superseded in favour of newer and cheaper technologies such as USB and Firewire. ===USB=== USB, short for Universal Serial Bus, is an industry standard developed in the mid-1990s that defines the cables, connectors and communications protocols used in a bus for connection, communication, and power supply between computers and electronic devices.<ref>[[Wikipedia: USB]]</ref> A bus is a communication system that transfers data between components inside a computer, or between computers.<ref>[[Wikipedia: Bus (computing)]]</ref> ===Firewire=== Technically known as the IEEE 1394 interface, but dubbed by Apple as Firewire, this connection medium hoped to surpass USB in terms of speed and popularity. While it did outperform USB v2 in speed tests, uptake was very limited due to the existing widespread use of USB. ==Slots== Slots are an opening in a computer where a circuit board can be inserted to add new capabilities. All personal computers contain expansion slots for adding more memory, graphics capabilities, and support for special devices. Expansion slots come in different flavours, which will be described below. An alternative explanation for expansion slots can be found [http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/E/expansion_slot.html here]. ===Graphics card=== [[Image:Gpu-connections.png|thumb|200px|Graphics Card]] Graphic cards are also called video cards or a video adapter. They are in all PCs. Graphic cards convert signals into video signals so the images can be displayed on the monitor. While many graphics cards are integrated into the [[Central processing unit|CPU]] these days, enthusiasts will invest in standalone graphics cards with stronger and more powerful processing capabilities. This allows for heavy image editing, or better rendering and [[wikipedia:Frame_rate|framerates]] in computer games. Graphics cards are designed to offload rendering from the CPU. Graphics cards are powered by the motherboard and require a PCIX or PCIX 2.0 slot to install. Some cards require more power and thus will need a 6-8 pin connector that runs directly to the power supply. Graphics cards also include on board memory for efficient rendering. Typical sizes include 128-1024mb of memory. Today, high end graphics cards have multiple core processors that are largely parallel to increase texture fill and process more 3D objects in real time. [[w:Graphics_card|Graphics Card on Wikipedia]] ===Sound card=== [[Image:Computer sound card01.JPEG|thumb|Close-up of a Sound Card]] A sound card, also referred to as an audio card facilitates the input and output of audio signals to and from a computer under the control of computer programs. Sound cards for computers were uncommon until 1988, which left the single internal PC speaker as the only way early PC software could produce sound and music. [[w:Sound_card|Sound Card on Wikipedia]]. ===Network Interface Cards (NICs)=== [[Image:Network card.jpg|thumb|200px|Network Interface Card]] Network Interface Cards can be a network card, network adapter, LAN Adapter or NIC (network interface card). They are a piece of computer hardware designed to allow computers to communicate over a computer network. It is used for fault communication via cable. Data is transmitted over a cable network. The NIC connects computers and other devices such as printers. Many modern motherboards have NICs built in by default. [[w:Network interface card|NICs on Wikipedia]] ===PC Card=== A PC Card (originally PCMCIA Card) is a device that uses a specific peripheral interface designed for laptop computers. [[Wikipedia:PC Card|PC Card on Wikipedia]] == See Also == * [[Computer Hardware]] * [[IT Fundamentals]] == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Computer hardware]] tpk23ady9fcubax8zi0yw50n4yjbk5x 3 137364 2415981 2410493 2022-08-18T02:28:21Z Greg at Higher Math Help 2911873 /* New user receiving error message during workshop */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2013/]] · [[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]]}} {{:User:{{PAGENAME}}/Welcome}} <!-- Add comments below --> == Question == Hi I am Wikivuyo I just joined a few days ago and I was wondering if you could help me figure out how to create a new website and to change my account. {{Unsigned|Wikivuyo|8 July 2022‎}} :{{At|Wikivuyo}} Welcome to Wikiversity! You can't really create a new website here. You can edit pages. Start by editing your [[User:Wikivuyo/sandbox|sandbox]]. If you want to create a website, you might try using [[GitHub]] as a free starting point. I'm not sure what you want to change about your account. If you want to rename it, see [[meta:Changing username]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:15, 8 July 2022 (UTC) == text does not wrap == ===text does not wrap=== [[File:0715wrap01.png|thumb|400px|''' 2 screen shots showing where text wraps and where text doesn't wrap.''' </br> ]] Hello Professor Braunschweig, The 2 screenshots are of my sandbox. The left hand shot shows that text when displayed normally doesn't wrap. The right hand shot of preview taken in editing mode shows that text wraps. I prefer the right hand method of text automatically wrapping. How do I ensure this? Thanks. [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 20:39, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] The right answer is to stop using RoundBoxTop. Those templates are based on tables. Using tables for layout has been discouraged since HTML 4, or since 1999. See [https://www.thoughtco.com/dont-use-tables-for-layout-3468941 ThoughtCo: Don't Use Tables for Layout] for more information. Templates like this should be discouraged in general, and rewritten to use div tags instead of tables where they are necessary. :The only example I can provide offhand is [[Wikiversity:Main Page/Layout]]. I spent (a lot of) time back in 2017 switching the main page to a flexbox layout so that it wraps correctly, both within the boxes and then the boxes themselves. :[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 21:12, 15 July 2022 (UTC) == New user receiving error message during workshop == Hi @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]]! A new user recently tried to publish a new lesson plan for Eventmath, which included links to Twitter and the Internet Archive. (The lesson plan is based on a tweet, and the user archived the tweet so that it would be permanently available). When attempting to publish, the following error message was generated: <blockquote>This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link</blockquote> The user is brand new, so I offered to help. I checked the [[Special:ListGroupRights|User group rights]] and didn't see anything about this. Can you help? We're running workshops with new users, and I am hoping that this won't continue happening. At least one other user (also new, I think) was able to publish a new page with an external link, without issue. Would it help if they publish the page first, and then add the link as a second edit? Maybe @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] could also help? Thank you so much! -- [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] ([[User talk:Greg at Higher Math Help|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg at Higher Math Help|contribs]]) 02:28, 18 August 2022 (UTC) nc3gkej0eubxd1ecl46jajjyt44aypo 2416108 2415981 2022-08-18T10:35:26Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* New user receiving error message during workshop */ comment from Guy wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2013/]] · [[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]]}} {{:User:{{PAGENAME}}/Welcome}} <!-- Add comments below --> == Question == Hi I am Wikivuyo I just joined a few days ago and I was wondering if you could help me figure out how to create a new website and to change my account. {{Unsigned|Wikivuyo|8 July 2022‎}} :{{At|Wikivuyo}} Welcome to Wikiversity! You can't really create a new website here. You can edit pages. Start by editing your [[User:Wikivuyo/sandbox|sandbox]]. If you want to create a website, you might try using [[GitHub]] as a free starting point. I'm not sure what you want to change about your account. If you want to rename it, see [[meta:Changing username]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:15, 8 July 2022 (UTC) == text does not wrap == ===text does not wrap=== [[File:0715wrap01.png|thumb|400px|''' 2 screen shots showing where text wraps and where text doesn't wrap.''' </br> ]] Hello Professor Braunschweig, The 2 screenshots are of my sandbox. The left hand shot shows that text when displayed normally doesn't wrap. The right hand shot of preview taken in editing mode shows that text wraps. I prefer the right hand method of text automatically wrapping. How do I ensure this? Thanks. [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 20:39, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] The right answer is to stop using RoundBoxTop. Those templates are based on tables. Using tables for layout has been discouraged since HTML 4, or since 1999. See [https://www.thoughtco.com/dont-use-tables-for-layout-3468941 ThoughtCo: Don't Use Tables for Layout] for more information. Templates like this should be discouraged in general, and rewritten to use div tags instead of tables where they are necessary. :The only example I can provide offhand is [[Wikiversity:Main Page/Layout]]. I spent (a lot of) time back in 2017 switching the main page to a flexbox layout so that it wraps correctly, both within the boxes and then the boxes themselves. :[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 21:12, 15 July 2022 (UTC) == New user receiving error message during workshop == Hi @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]]! A new user recently tried to publish a new lesson plan for Eventmath, which included links to Twitter and the Internet Archive. (The lesson plan is based on a tweet, and the user archived the tweet so that it would be permanently available). When attempting to publish, the following error message was generated: <blockquote>This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link</blockquote> The user is brand new, so I offered to help. I checked the [[Special:ListGroupRights|User group rights]] and didn't see anything about this. Can you help? We're running workshops with new users, and I am hoping that this won't continue happening. At least one other user (also new, I think) was able to publish a new page with an external link, without issue. Would it help if they publish the page first, and then add the link as a second edit? Maybe @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] could also help? Thank you so much! -- [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] ([[User talk:Greg at Higher Math Help|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg at Higher Math Help|contribs]]) 02:28, 18 August 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Greg at Higher Math}} for me the first step is to see the context of the effort. Do you have reference to the page where this incident occurred? Another issue to be sorted out is any degree of commercialization associated with your project. I am not an expert in such matters, but my guess is that paid workers should be allowed to make such edits under certain circumstances. {{ping|Dave Braunschweig}} I don't know if we are supposed to hold this discussion here or move it to [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action]].--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 10:35, 18 August 2022 (UTC) 51aivpzie9q5dzhc7o3nj13e7pt1svt 2416109 2416108 2022-08-18T10:37:39Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* New user receiving error message during workshop */ copy edit wikitext text/x-wiki {{Archive box|[[/2013/]] · [[/2014/]] · [[/2015/]] · [[/2016/]] · [[/2017/]] · [[/2018/]] · [[/2019/]] · [[/2020/]] · [[/2021/]] · [[/2022/]]}} {{:User:{{PAGENAME}}/Welcome}} <!-- Add comments below --> == Question == Hi I am Wikivuyo I just joined a few days ago and I was wondering if you could help me figure out how to create a new website and to change my account. {{Unsigned|Wikivuyo|8 July 2022‎}} :{{At|Wikivuyo}} Welcome to Wikiversity! You can't really create a new website here. You can edit pages. Start by editing your [[User:Wikivuyo/sandbox|sandbox]]. If you want to create a website, you might try using [[GitHub]] as a free starting point. I'm not sure what you want to change about your account. If you want to rename it, see [[meta:Changing username]]. -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:15, 8 July 2022 (UTC) == text does not wrap == ===text does not wrap=== [[File:0715wrap01.png|thumb|400px|''' 2 screen shots showing where text wraps and where text doesn't wrap.''' </br> ]] Hello Professor Braunschweig, The 2 screenshots are of my sandbox. The left hand shot shows that text when displayed normally doesn't wrap. The right hand shot of preview taken in editing mode shows that text wraps. I prefer the right hand method of text automatically wrapping. How do I ensure this? Thanks. [[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] ([[User talk:ThaniosAkro|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThaniosAkro|contribs]]) 20:39, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:ThaniosAkro|ThaniosAkro]] The right answer is to stop using RoundBoxTop. Those templates are based on tables. Using tables for layout has been discouraged since HTML 4, or since 1999. See [https://www.thoughtco.com/dont-use-tables-for-layout-3468941 ThoughtCo: Don't Use Tables for Layout] for more information. Templates like this should be discouraged in general, and rewritten to use div tags instead of tables where they are necessary. :The only example I can provide offhand is [[Wikiversity:Main Page/Layout]]. I spent (a lot of) time back in 2017 switching the main page to a flexbox layout so that it wraps correctly, both within the boxes and then the boxes themselves. :[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 21:12, 15 July 2022 (UTC) == New user receiving error message during workshop == Hi @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]]! A new user recently tried to publish a new lesson plan for Eventmath, which included links to Twitter and the Internet Archive. (The lesson plan is based on a tweet, and the user archived the tweet so that it would be permanently available). When attempting to publish, the following error message was generated: <blockquote>This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link</blockquote> The user is brand new, so I offered to help. I checked the [[Special:ListGroupRights|User group rights]] and didn't see anything about this. Can you help? We're running workshops with new users, and I am hoping that this won't continue happening. At least one other user (also new, I think) was able to publish a new page with an external link, without issue. Would it help if they publish the page first, and then add the link as a second edit? Maybe @[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] could also help? Thank you so much! -- [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] ([[User talk:Greg at Higher Math Help|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Greg at Higher Math Help|contribs]]) 02:28, 18 August 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Greg at Higher Math}} For me the first step is to see the context of the effort. Do you have a reference to the page where this incident occurred? Another issue to be sorted out is any degree of commercialization associated with your project. I am not an expert in such matters, but my guess is that paid workers should be allowed to make such edits under certain circumstances. {{ping|Dave Braunschweig}} I don't know if we are supposed to hold this discussion here or move it to [[Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action]].--[[User:Guy vandegrift|Guy vandegrift]] ([[User talk:Guy vandegrift|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Guy vandegrift|contribs]]) 10:35, 18 August 2022 (UTC) lpotyjk38cpn0z966nvf9qseas7xr2d 0 139384 2415842 2415579 2022-08-17T13:50:04Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{nocat}} == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:adder.20131113.pdf |pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20211108.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:adder.rca.20140313.pdf |pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf |pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CLA.20211106.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:adder.cla.20140313.pdf |pdf]] || |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf |pdf]] || || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf |pdf]] || || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20211111.pdf |pdf]] || || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf |pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf |pdf]], [[Media:adder.cca.20140313.pdf |pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf |pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf |pdf]] || || [[Media:adder.ksa.20140409.pdf |pdf]] || |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf |pdf]] || || || |- || '''9. Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA.20220817.pdf |pdf]] || || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf |pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf |pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf |pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf |pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:bshift.20131105.pdf |bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf |bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf |pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf |pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf |pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf |Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf |H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf |pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Computer architecture]] g44tb4iv7xz3zvog91i6f5sum8maok2 0 149811 2416041 1962730 2022-08-18T06:05:21Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:NGC 6946.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a composite scanned spectral image of NGC 6946. Credit: NASA / CXC / MSSL / R.Soria et al, Optical: AURA / Gemini OBs.{{tlx|free media}}]] This laboratory is an activity for you to create or define a galaxy. While it is part of the astronomy course [[Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles|principles of radiation astronomy]], it is also independent. Some suggested galaxy entities to consider are the early Hubble classification, electromagnetic radiation, neutrinos, mass, time, Euclidean space, Non-Euclidean space, and spacetime. More importantly, there are '''your''' galaxy delineating entities. You may choose to define your galaxy entities or use those already available. Usually, research follows someone else's ideas of how to do something. But, in this laboratory you can create these too. Okay, this is an [[Radiation astronomy/Astronomy|astronomy]], [[Stars/Galaxies|galaxies]], [[laboratory]], but you may decide what an '''astronomy''', a '''galaxy''', or a '''laboratory''' is, its appropriateness, and applicability. Yes, this laboratory is structured. I will provide an example of a possible galaxy and analyze it. The rest is up to you. Questions, if any, are best placed on the discussion page. {{clear}} ==Control groups== For creating or discovering a galaxy, what would make an acceptable control group? Think about a control group to compare your galaxy or your process of creating a galaxy to. ==Galaxy verification== According to NASA,<ref name=Boen>{{ cite book |author=Brooke Boen |title=NGC 6946: The 'Fireworks Galaxy' |publisher=NASA |location=Washington, DC USA |date=November 8, 2013 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/multimedia/fireworks-galaxy-ngc6946.html#.UteCAtIW1mN |accessdate=2014-02-08 }}</ref> "NGC 6946 is a medium-sized, face-on spiral galaxy about 22 million light years away from Earth. In the past century, eight supernovas have been observed to explode in the arms of this galaxy. Chandra observations (purple [in the image at the top right of the resource]) have, in fact, revealed three of the oldest supernovas ever detected in X-rays, giving more credence to its nickname of the "Fireworks Galaxy." This composite image also includes optical data from the Gemini Observatory in red, yellow, and cyan." But is it a galaxy? ===Orientation=== The composite image does appear to conform to a face-on galaxy. ===Symmetry=== [[Image:NGC 6946 optical SIMBAD.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an optical/visual image of NGC 6946. Credit: Aladin at SIMBAD.{{tlx|free media}}]] From question 1 of the [[Stars/Galaxies/Quiz|galaxies/Quiz]] and the image at the top of this laboratory, NGC 6946 does not appear to fall easily into any of the six forms of rotational symmetry having about 5 spiral arms on the left and maybe 2 on the right. Further, the image in this section from SIMBAD appears to have two-fold rotational symmetry with three spiral arms on each side. {{clear}} ===Morphology=== The primary source used by SIMBAD considers the nebula to be one of 30 nearby spiral galaxies.<ref name=Blanc>{{ cite journal |author=Guillermo A. Blanc, Tim Weinzirl, Mimi Song, Amanda Heiderman, Karl Gebhardt, Shardha Jogee, Neal J. Evans II, Remco C. E. van den Bosch, Rongxin Luo, Niv Drory, Maximilian Fabricius, David Fisher, Lei Hao, Kyle Kaplan, Irina Marinova, Nalin Vutisalchavakul, and Peter Yoachim |title=The VIRUS-P Exploration of Nearby Galaxies (VENGA): Survey, Design, Data Processing, and Spectral Analysis Methods |journal=The Astronomical Journal |month=May |year=2013 |volume=145 |issue=5 |pages=138 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/145/5/138/ |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-02-08 }}</ref> "Targets span a wide range in Hubble type, star formation activity, morphology, and inclination."<ref name=Blanc/> ===Astronomic distances=== Distance moduli have been estimated for NGC 6946 using its brightest blue stars and its HII ring.<ref name=Vaucouleurs>{{ cite journal |author=G. de Vaucouleurs |title=The extragalactic distance scale. IV - Distances of nearest groups and field galaxies from secondary indicators |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=September 15, |year=1978 |volume=224 |issue=09 |pages=710-7 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978ApJ...224..710D |arxiv= |bibcode=1978ApJ...224..710D |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-02-08 }}</ref> Its distance modulus is estimated to be log ''D''₀ = 4.434.<ref name=Vaucouleurs/> The distance in parsecs is given by :<math>d = 10^{\frac{\mu_0}{5} + 1},</math> where µ₀ = 29.25.<ref name=Vaucouleurs/> NGC 6946 is at 10^6.85 (7.08 x 10⁶) parsecs, or approximately 23.1 x 10⁶ light years. While this is greater than the NASA number, it is not an order of magnitude greater or smaller. ===Classification=== In the [[Stars/Galaxies|galaxies]] lecture is a composite image of Hubble's classification scheme for galaxies. Using this as a visual guide and examining the multispectral image at the top of this resource, NGC 6946 appears to be close to type Sb (example, NGC 2841). Looking up "NGC 6946" on SIMBAD, without the quotes, reveals that SIMBAD considers NGC 6946 to be an "HII Galaxy" of morphological type "SAB(rs)cd". A more extensive classification scheme starting from the Hubble scheme indicates that an Sab galaxy is approximately in between Sa and Sb.<ref name="deVaucouleurs1994">{{ cite journal | author = Gérard de Vaucouleurs | title = Global Physical Parameters of Galaxies | year = 1994 | url = http://www.stsci.edu/institute/conference/galaxy-morphology/devaucouleurs.ps | accessdate = 2008-01-02 }}</ref> ===Special characteristics=== H II ring(s) and/or regions have been noted.<ref name=Vaucouleurs/> ==Report== '''Title:''' Evaluation of nebula NGC 6946. '''Author:''' --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 00:19, 9 February 2014 (UTC) '''Abstract:''' Starting with a nebula classification scheme developed by Edwin Hubble in 1926, a morphological assessment of the nebula NGC 6946 has been made. From observational structure recorded on two independent images, NGC 6946 appears to be a face-on spiral galaxy of type Sab at approximately 23 million light years. '''Introduction:''' In many nebula images and photographs it is often difficult to determine whether stars or relatively diffuse gaseous or molecular clouds are being imaged. Using additional observations and deductions, even if qualitative, previous claims regarding nebula NGC 6946 are investigated. '''Experimentation:''' Although nebula NGC 6946 is not known to rotate during observation in the plane of view or vertical to it, its appearance in both images is assessed using the Hubble scheme and forms of rotational symmetry described in question number 1 of [[Stars/Galaxies/Quiz|galaxies/Quiz]]. Orientation is determined from image structure and symmetry. Additional individuals have recorded their opinions on morphology and an assessment based on the Hubble scheme has been estimated. A distance calculation from 1978 based on secondary indicators has been made. Several primary sources are consulted regarding classification and special characteristics. '''Discussion:''' Earlier orientational analyses confirm that the nebula is a face-on galaxy. Close-up symmetry analysis suggests that a composite image of the nebula from several spectral ranges has no rotational symmetry yet appears spiral-like in morphology. Distance calculations and gross classifications appear to be supported by independent primary sources. Special characteristics of H II ring(s) or regions are confirmed by at least one primary source. '''Conclusions:''' Although NGC 6946 has not apparently moved in its orientation over recent human observations, the nebula appears to be a face-on spiral galaxy of type Sab or Sb at approximately 23 million light years. ==Evaluation== To assess your galaxy, including your justification, analysis and discussion, I will provide such an assessment of my example for comparison. '''Evaluation''' The finer notations of galaxy classification "(rs)cd" have not been examined or explained. Other independent radiation astronomies have not been consulted for images of the nebula. While several primary authors report stars at great distances indicating a galaxy rather than a spiral star cluster within the Galaxy, individual representations to show this to be the case have not been directly presented or evaluated. ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Just because it looks like a galaxy does not mean it is one. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation/Analysis/Laboratory|Analytical astronomy]] * [[Cosmogony laboratory|Cosmogony]] * [[Cratering laboratory|Cratering]] * [[Electric orbits]] * [[Electron beam heating/Laboratory|Electron beam heating]] * [[Galaxies/Laboratory|Galaxies]] * [[Intergalactic medium/Laboratory|Intergalactic medium]] * [[Locating the Sun]] * [[Magnetic field reversals/Laboratory|Magnetic field reversal]] * [[Meteorites/Laboratory|Meteorites]] * [[Neutrinos from the Sun]] * [[Spectrum of Vega]] * [[Standard candles/Laboratory|Standard candles]] * [[Vertical precession]] * [[X-ray classification of a star]] * [[X-ray trigonometric parallax/Laboratory|X-ray trigonometric parallax]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/gquery NCBI All Databases Search] * [http://www.osti.gov/ Office of Scientific & Technical Information] * [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pccompound PubChem Public Chemical Database] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://www.scirus.com/srsapp/advanced/index.jsp?q1= Scirus for scientific information only advanced search] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA.] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Chemistry resources}}{{tlx|Charge ontology}}{{tlx|History of science resources}}{{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{tlx|Reasoning resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Galaxies}}{{Sisterlinks|Laboratory}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astrophysics/Laboratories]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Laboratories]] [[Category:Stars/Laboratories]] 5q42eaq6232s4oz25y29104l4dpohmg 0 149859 2416070 2146429 2022-08-18T06:29:19Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Radio galaxy 3C98.png|thumb|250px|right|The pseudo-colour image is of the large-scale radio structure of the FRII radio galaxy 3C98. Lobes, jet and hotspot are labelled. Credit: Martin J. Hardcastle.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''[[Principles of radiation astronomy]]''' is a course of forty-eight lectures, sixteen mini-lectures for quiz sections, three ''hourly'' quizzes that are timed at an hour, a mid-term that covers the first half of the course, and a final which covers everything in the course. This is the first of three hourlies. It covers the first sixteen lectures, the first five mini-lectures, problem sets, lessons, and laboratories. You are free to take this quiz based on these at any time. To improve your score, read and study the lectures and the rest, the links contained within, listed under [[Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Hourly 1#See also|'''See also''']], [[Radiation astronomy/Courses/Principles/Hourly 1#External links|'''External links''']] and in the {{tlx|principles of radiation astronomy}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %. As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score. '''Suggestion:''' Have the lecture available in a separate window. To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association. Enjoy learning by doing! {{clear}} ==Quiz== <quiz> {What is a pfu? |type="[]"} - a measure of neutron half-life suggested by Enrico Fermi + a particle flux + a unit per steradian (sr) - the number of bubbles generated in a hydrogen bubble chamber used to detect neutrinos - Niels Bohr was opposed to the pfu interpretation of beta decay - a measure of the scatter energy of a neutrino hitting a proton {Which of the following are units of distance? |type="[]"} + meter - acre + chain - acorn - tympan - гектар + reach {What may be the first astronomical source of the rocky objects in the solar system? |type="[]"} + Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background + Saturn - Mount Redoubt in Alaska + the asteroid belt + the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun + the Oort cloud + the Kuiper belt {Yes or No, The spin carried by quarks is sufficient to account for the total spin of protons. |type="()"} - Yes + No {Spin-charge separation has which characteristics? |type="[]"} + a chargon + a spinon + taking place inside solids + extremely tight confinement - neutron affinity - X-ray absorption {Which of the following are characteristic of interstellar extinction? |type="[]"} + redder color indices - closer stars more affected + color excess + observed color index minus intrinsic color index - red shift - blue shift {[[Image:Galileo Deployment (high res).jpg|thumb|right|50px]] What is the blue-radiation source in the image at right? |type="{}"} { Earth (i) } {{clear}} {What are some of the characteristics of Jovian electrons? |type="[]"} + hard spectrum + Jovian electrons near Earth are on their way to the Sun + an energy power law + flux increases with 27 day periodicities - at 1 AU, flux decreases exhibit a short-term modulation of 13 minutes - come in mutable varieties {True or False, A theory may not be right but it should be testable. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the star with the constellation: Capella - A Sirius - B Deneb - C Anser - D Altair - E Vega - F Vulpecula { D (i) }. Canis Major { B (i) }. Lyra { F (i) }. Cygnus { C (i) }. Aquila { E (i) } Auriga { A (i) }. {True or False, Although no tubular telescope has been found at ancient archaeological sites, ancient observers may have used air telescopes. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the first astronomical source possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H cosmic rays { C|D (i) } galactic nuclei { H (i) }. comets { A (i) }. electron-positron annihilation { G (i) }. weak force nuclear decay { F (i) }. AGNs { B (i) }. 511 keV photon pair production { E (i) }. solar wind { D (i) }. {Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Earth? |type="[]"} - a core which emits neutrinos - a charged particle wind which emanates out the polar ionosphere holes + gravity + near the barycenter for the Earth-Moon system + the swirls of tan, green, blue, and white are most likely sediment in the water - coronal clouds + chlorophyll-containing phytoplankton aloft in the upper atmosphere {Complete the text: |type="{}"} The zenith orientation faces { away (i) } from Earth into space, while the nadir orientation faces straight { down (i) } to Earth. {Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Sun? |type="[]"} + ultraviolet emission + X-ray emission + gamma-ray emission + neutron emission + ⁷Be emission + meteor emission {Submillimeter radiances can be matched by models which include ice particles of? |type="{}"} { ammonia|NH₃|NH3 (i) } {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the radiation type with the satellite: meteor - A cosmic ray - B neutral atoms - C neutron - D proton - E electron - F positron - G neutrino - H gamma ray - I X-ray - J ultraviolet - K optical - L visual - M violet - N blue - O cyan - P green - Q yellow - R orange - S red - T infrared - U submillimeter - V microwave - W radio - X radar - Y superluminal - Z [[Image:JUNO - PIA13746.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { M (i) }. [[Image:RAE B.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { X (i) }. [[Image:Chandra-spacecraft labeled-en.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { J (i) }. [[Image:Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer - 02.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { Z (i) }. [[Image:Voyager.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { N (i) }. [[Image:GLAST on the payload attach fitting.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { I (i) }. [[Image:Mars-express-volcanoes-sm.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { Y (i) }. [[Image:Nasasupports.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:IBEX spacecraft.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { C (i) }. [[Image:STEREO spacecraft.gif|thumb|left|100px]] { P (i) }. [[Image:GOES-P.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { E (i) }. [[Image:Aquarius SAC-D satellite.png|thumb|left|100px]] { W (i) }. [[Image:STS-134 International Space Station after undocking.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { O (i) }. [[Image:Micrometeoroid hole.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:Rosetta.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { Q (i) }. [[Image:INTEGRAL-spacecraft410.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { G (i) }. [[Image:FUSE prelaunch crop.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { K (i) }. [[Image:Swas 1.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { V (i) }. [[Image:2001 mars odyssey wizja.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { D (i) }. [[Image:Spitzer space telescope pre-launch.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { U (i) }. [[Image:TERRA_am1.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { R (i) }. [[Image:Galileo Energetic Particles Detector.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { F (i) } [[Image:Landsat7photo.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { S (i) }. [[Image:Pioneer 10 on its kickmotor.jpg|thumb|100px|left]] { B (i) }. [[Image:Mariner 10.jpg|thumb|left|100px]] { T (i) }. [[Image:HST-SM4.jpeg|thumb|left|100px]] { L (i) }. {{clear}} {Which of the following are determined by the CRS aboard Voyager 1? |type="[]"} + origin + acceleration process - neutrinos + life history + dynamic contribution + nucleosynthesis + behavior in the interplanetary medium - X-rays - ultraviolets - visuals - trapped particle environment + a steady rise in May 2012 of collisions with high energy particles above 70 MeV + a dramatic drop in collisions in late August {An astronomical event occurred during the Cambrian, what does that mean? |type="()"} - students in the India must use Greenwich mean time + about 5 x 10⁸ years ago - a high-powered robotic telescope was lost on the shuttle Cambrian - a student in Xinjiang has an abacus configured to the geologic time scale - on-site use of two high-powered telescopes is available - trilobites tried to communicate with Earth {Which of the following may be characteristic of magnetohydrodynamics? |type="[]"} + driven by current gradients - neutral atoms + closed tube loops + twisted flux + open field lines + synchrotron radiation {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the detectors or satellites below: Bonner Ball Neutron Detector - A Multi Mirror Telescope - B MAGIC telescope - C Explorer 11 - D HEAO 3 - E Helios - F Pioneer 10 - G Voyager 1 - H [[Image:Magicmirror.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] { C (i) } [[Image:Voyager.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] { H (i) }. [[Image:BBND1.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] { A (i) }. [[Image:Pioneer 10 on its kickmotor.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] { G (i) }. [[Image:Helios - testing.png|thumb|left|50px]] { F (i) }. [[Image:Multi Mirror Telescope in 1981.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] { B (i) }. [[Image:HEAO-3.gif|thumb|left|50px]] { E (i) }. [[Image:Explorer 11 ground.gif|thumb|left|50px]] { D (i) }. {{clear}} {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the radiation letter with each of the detector possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Neutrinos - G Muons - H Gamma rays - I X-rays - J Ultraviolet rays - K Optical rays - L Visual rays - M Violet rays - N Blue rays - O Cyan rays - P Green rays - Q Yellow rays - R Orange rays - S Red rays - T Infrared rays - U Submillimeter rays - V Radio rays - W Superluminal rays - X multialkali (Na-K-Sb-Cs) photocathode materials { L (i) }. F547M { Q (i) }. 511 keV gamma-ray peak { F (i) }. F675W { T (i) }. broad-band filter centered at 404 nm { N (i) }. a cloud chamber { B (i) }. ring-imaging Cherenkov { X (i) }. coherers { W (i) }. effective area is larger by 10⁴ { H (i) }. F588N { R (i) }. pyroelectrics { U (i) }. a blemish about 8,000 km long { A (i) }. a metal-mesh achromatic half-wave plate { V (i) }. coated with lithium fluoride over aluminum { K (i) }. thallium bromide (TlBr) crystals { O (i) }. F606W { S (i) }. aluminum nitride { J (i) }. heavy water { G (i) }. 18 micrometers FWHM at 490 nm { P (i) }. wide-gap II-VI semiconductor ZnO doped with Co²⁺ (Zn_1-xCo_xO) { M (i) }. a recoiling nucleus { C (i) } high-purity germanium { I (i) }. magnetic deflection to separate out incoming ions { E (i) }. 2.2-kilogauss magnet used to sweep out electrons { D (i) }. {True or False, A theoretical observatory decides which systems, for example, among virtual stellar systems, should be recognizable, and which not. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Meteors - A Cosmic rays - B Neutrons - C Protons - D Electrons - E Positrons - F Gamma rays - G Superluminals - H X-ray jets { C (i) } the index of refraction is often greater than 1 just below a resonance frequency { H (i) }. iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium { A (i) }. Sagittarius X-1 { G (i) }. escape from a typical hard low-mass X-ray binary { F (i) }. collisions with argon atoms { B (i) }. X-rays are emitted as they slow down { E (i) }. Henry Moseley using X-ray spectra { D (i) }. {Ionization within the Earth's atmosphere from cosmic rays has what property? |type="()"} - it's subject to solar eclipses - it increases underwater - cosmic rays do not penetrate the atmosphere - is higher at the base of the Eiffel tower rather than the top - is obscured by hot-air balloons + the ionization rate rises at rising elevation {[[Image:3D Vector.svg|100px|thumb|right]] For standard basis, or unit, vectors ('''i''', '''j''', '''k''') and vector components of '''a''' ('''a'''_x, '''a'''_y, '''a'''_z), what are the right ascension, declination, and value of a? |type="[]"} - if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y, then RA equals 6^h + if the x-axis is the longitude of the Greenwich meridian, and '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y, then RA equals 3^h + the value of '''a''' is given by <math>a = \sqrt{a^2_x + a^2_y + a^2_z}</math> - if '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y equals '''a'''_z, then the declination is -45° + if '''a'''_x equals '''a'''_y equals '''a'''_z, then the declination is +45° {True or False, The ''flux density'' or ''monochromatic flux'', <math>S</math>, of a source is the integral of the [[w:spectral radiance|spectral radiance]], <math>B</math>, over the source [[w:solid angle|solid angle]]: <math>S = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\Omega)\mathrm{d}\Omega = \iint_{\mathrm{source}} B(\theta,\phi)\sin\theta\,d\theta\,d\varphi</math>. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following are associated with electromagnetics? |type="[]"} + angular momentum transfer + solar wind + protons + electrons - the baryon neutrino + charge neutralization {The strong force is involved in which of the following phenomena? |type="[]"} + ''s''-waves + the sum of the spins - neutrinos + Pauli's exclusion principle + deuterium - radio waves {Which of the following is not a characteristic of a theory? |type="()"} - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard {True or False, The weak speed of a charged particle can exceed the speed of light. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following are temporal observatories in orbit around the Earth? |type="[]"} + Chandra X-ray Observatory - Big Bear + TRACE - Kodaikanal + the Hubble - Lomnický štít - McMath-Pierce - SOFIA + Rosetta {True or False, The feature that makes deep inelastic lepton scattering and e⁺e^- annihilation tractable is that these processes proceed via the electromagnetic and strong interactions. |type="()"} - TRUE + FALSE {Which of the following are involved in the weak force? |type="[]"} - a core which emits neutrinos + Fermi's β-decay theory - ²⁶Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + Gamow-Teller interactions - steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with delta-rays in 1731 + M. Fierz {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the star pattern with the likely constellation: [[Image:Vol.png|thumb|left|50px]] - L [[Image:Eri.png|thumb|left|50px]] - M [[Image:Betelgeuse position in Orion.png|thumb|left|50px]] - N [[Image:UMa.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - O [[Image:Dra.png|thumb|left|50px]] - P [[Image:Cas.png|thumb|left|50px]] - Q [[Image:Cru.png|thumb|left|50px]] - R [[Image:Phe.png|thumb|left|50px]] - S [[Image:Peg.png|thumb|left|50px]] - T Volans { L (i) }. Cassiopeia { Q (i) }. Pegasus { T (i) }. Orion { N (i) }. Crux { R (i) }. Ursa Major { O (i) }. Phoenix { S (i) }. Draco { P (i) }. Eridanus { M (i) }. {{clear}} {True or False, A calculation of energy is not possible unless a mass is involved. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the X-ray angular resolution possibilities below: Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer - A XMM-Newton - B Chandra X-ray Observatory - C Swift - D Astro-rivelatore Gamma ad Imagini Leggero (AGILE) - E Solar Heliospheric Observatory - F Suzaku - G Koronas-Foton - H 2" { D (i) } 3" { H (i) }. ~2' { G (i) }. 1" { B|F (i) }. 5.9' { E (i) }. 7' { A (i) }. 1" { B|F (i) }. 0.5" { C (i) }. {Which of the following may be characteristic of orbital theory? |type="[]"} + a hyperbolic pass + stellar association - may point away from a stellar association + eccentricity + obliquity + precession {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: Balloons - A Sounding rockets - B Aircraft assisted launches - C Orbital rocketry - D Shuttle payload - E Heliocentric rocketry - F Exploratory rocketry - G Lunar rover - H Ranger 5 { F (i) } microcalorimeter arrays { B (i) }. MeV Auroral X-ray Imaging and Spectroscopy { A (i) }. Lunokhod 2 { H (i) }. ALEXIS { C (i) }. Ulysses { G (i) }. Broad Band X-Ray Telescope { E (i) }. Solar Heliospheric Observatory { D (i) }. {Which of the following are associated with the McMath-Pierce Solar Telescope? |type="[]"} - a launch location + Kitt Peak National Observatory + a heliostat + a distinctive diagonal shaft that continues underground + a theoretical resolution of 0.07" - NOAA designations {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the possibilities below: superluminals - A radios - B radars - C microwaves - D submillimeters - E infrareds - F reds - G oranges - H deuterium enrichment of cometary water { F (i) } interstellar-comet connection { B (i) }. a macroscopic superstring { A (i) }. force of life { H (i) }. rings of Saturn { C (i) }. volcanic activity throughout Vesta { G (i) }. a silicon composite bolometer fed by a Winston cone { E (i) }. present-day fluctuations an order of magnitude larger { D (i) }. {Which of the following are phenomena associated with grid systems? |type="[]"} + geographic coordinates + the Royal Observatory in Greenwich + French Institut Géographique National (IGN) maps + a longitude meridian passing through Paris + a local center of civilization + altitude {In which of the following constellations does the ecliptic and the Galaxy or the galactic plane occur? |type="[]"} + Sagittarius + Ophiuchus - Aries - Ursa Minor + Scorpius or Scorpio - Draco + Taurus {Which of the following may be the first astronomical source of the Earth? |type="[]"} + the Sun - a meteor - the Moon + Saturn - the Zodiacal Light - the International Space Station + the former protoplanetary disc {Using HIFI instrument aboard the ''Herschel'' Space Observatory, the first detection of what ion occurred on March 1 and March 23, 2010? |type="{}"} { chloronium|H2Cl+|H₂Cl⁺|H₂Cl¹⁺ (i) } {A first astronomical source has? |type="[]"} + a temporal distribution with at least one datum - a spectral distribution - a spatial distribution + a position or location - a geognosy + scientific or observational investigations {Which of the following are X-radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the Crab Nebula? |type="[]"} - a core which emits neutrinos + low-energy X-rays detected by the Chandra X-ray Observatory - ²⁶Al - undetectable with balloon-borne detectors + hard X-rays + steady enough emission to be used as a standard for X-ray emission - observed with X-rays in 1731 + Taurus X-1 {Which of the following are associated with the IceCube Neutrino Observatory? |type="[]"} + under ice + the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station + Digital Optical Modules + the counting house is on the surface above the array - the baryon neutrino + the electron neutrino {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the observatory facility with the observatory: Ondrejov Observatory - A Okayama Astrophysical Observatory - B Orbiting Astronomical Observatory - C Metsähovi Radio Observatory - D Tortugas Mountain Planetary Observatory - E Pierre Auger Observatory - F [[Image:MetsahoviRadioObservatory 2009 12.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Observed quasar 3C 454.3 in the spring of 2005.]] { D (i) }. [[Image:Solar Telescope3, Ondřejov Astronomical.jpg|thumb|left|100px|A solar telescope.]] { A (i) }. [[Image:PierreAugerObservatory DetectorComponents.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Detector components.]] { F (i) }. [[Image:OAO.jpg|thumb|left|100px|Data on AG Peg were obtained with the ultraviolet broad-band photometers on the second one.]] { C (i) }. [[Image:Tortugas Planetary Observatory.jpg|thumb|left|100px|The 0.6 m monitors cloud decks and equatorial activity.]] { E (i) } [[Image:NOAO 188cm telescope.jpg|thumb|left|100px|A 188 cm telescope.]] { B (i) }. {{clear}} {Which phenomena are associated with the heliosphere? |type="[]"} + a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by the solar wind + a bubble in space + virtually all the material emanates from the Sun itself - Voyager 2 + Voyager 1 + the termination shock {Electromagnetic radiation emitted by accelerating charged particles? |type="{}"} { bremsstrahlung radiation|bremsstrahlung (i) } {The Las Cumbres Observatory Global Telescope Network, provides? |type="()"} - students in the United States with free access + the Faulkes Telescope Project - a high-powered robotic telescope in Jamaica - a high-powered robotic telescope in Tasmania - on-site use of two high-powered telescopes - scientific investigations {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the distance-time phenomena with the image: line of sight - A an origin - B a displacement - C one billion light years - D measuring - E acceleration - F [[Image:Superclusters atlasoftheuniverse.gif|thumb|left|100px|Celestial swiss cheese.]] { D (i) }. [[Image:Sig07-009.jpg|thumb|left|100px|A beautiful galaxy.]] { A (i) }. [[Image:Classical Kepler orbit e0.6.gif|thumb|left|100px|An elliptical orbit.]] { F (i) }. [[Image:Distancedisplacement.svg|thumb|left|100px|Closer than a route.]] { C (i) }. [[Image:Measuring Tape Inch+CM.jpg|thumb|left|100px|It's about the chains.]] { E (i) } [[Image:Cartesian-coordinate-system-with-circle.svg|thumb|left|100px|Getting the numbers.]] { B (i) }. {{clear}} {If energy is the impetus behind all motion and activity, which of the following are associated with power? |type="[]"} - a launch location + a rate of change of the impetus with time - photon density - an acceleration of the impetus - neutrinos dynamically dominating baryons + a rate of change of mass {Which phenomenon are associated with acceleration? |type="[]"} + a region of space where the interstellar medium is blown away by a supernova - a bubble + decreasing time - displacement + orbiting + rotation {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the type of cosmic-ray detector with each of the possibilities below: visible tracks - A diffusion cloud chamber - B bubbles - C a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D similar to the Haverah Park experiment - E fluorescence detectors - F spark chamber { D (i) }. continuously sensitized to radiation { B (i) }. Pierre Auger Observatory { F (i) }. bubble chamber { C (i) }. Cherenkov detector { E (i) } expansion cloud chamber { A (i) }. {Which of the following are astronomical observatory phenomena associated with the Sun? |type="[]"} + pyranometer + actinometer + Radiation Observatory, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway - neutron irradiation + the World Radiation Reference Scale (WRR) - meteor orbits + pyrheliometer {Which geological phenomena are associated with Earth? |type="[]"} + lava-spewing volcanoes - sulfur volcanoes + plate tectonics + water oceans - liquid methane oceans + silicate minerals {Phenomena associated with Kepler-36b? |type="[]"} - has a gaseous surface + about 30% of its mass is iron + about 4.5 times the mass of Earth + has a rocky surface + discovered by the Kepler spacecraft + about 1.5 times as large as the Earth {Which of the following is a phenomenon associated historically with Titania? |type="()"} - Jupiter + a large, trenchlike feature - a relatively light surface - few or no canyons and scarps - very few impact craters - helium ice {Which of the following is associated with Pluto? |type="[]"} + a dwarf planet - a member of the Oort belt + the northern polar region has brightened + the southern polar region has darkened - its overall redness has decreased + extreme axial tilt {Observations of Io have benefited greatly from what phenomenon? |type="()"} - a dense, opaque atmosphere - lightning - extensive meteorite cratering - a flattening out - liquid hydrocarbon lakes + the reflected light of allotropes and compounds of sulfur {Which of the following is characteristic of the scattered disc |type="[]"} + a distant region of the solar system + the dwarf planet Eris + orbital eccentricites ranging up to 0.8 - inclinations as high as 50° + perihelia greater than 30 AU + Dysnomia {Which of the following is not a characteristic of a control group? |type="()"} - catching a beam + one more degree of freedom than can be measured or controlled - it may appear as a dome over a small portion of the Earth your standing on - impervious to some traveling rays - a secondary-object hazard {A terrestrial planet is composed primarily of? |type="{}"} { silicate rocks|metals|silicates (i) } {Which of the following is not a studied characteristic of a planet? |type="()"} - an orbit around a star - a hydrostatic equilibrium (nearly round) shape + nucleosynthesis - has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit - an initially fractionated elemental composition {Which of the following is not a first astronomical source of rotation? |type="[]"} - early Jupiter - the solar wind + the diffuse X-ray background - early Saturn + Mount Redoubt in Alaska + the asteroid belt - the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun - the Sun - the Kuiper belt {Which of the following are characteristic of geomagnetic polar reversals? |type="[]"} + the longer the period for reversal the longer the surface irradiation + the ionosphere seems to reach the surface + life-forms may suffer from radiation sickness - asteroids may strike the Earth that otherwise would not - the rotation of the Earth slows to a halt - poles of ice completely melt {"The spectrum of gaseous methane at 77 K in the 1.1-2.6 µm region [is] a benchmark for" |type="{}"} { planetary astronomy (i) } {Which of the following is not an astronomical entity? |type="()"} - Johannes Kepler - the coronal cloud very near the Sun - the Moon + the question mark (?) - the Barrington Meteor Crater - Johannes Hevelius {The Sun as a planet has what property? |type="()"} - it's subject to lunar eclipses - it passes once a year through the Big Dipper - its interior structure has been studied with radar - optical reflectance studies have found evidence of magnesium - it has a surface temperature of ~700 K + it is a wanderer {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the celestial octant with the constellation: NQ1 - A NQ2 - B NQ3 - C NQ4 - D SQ1 - E SQ2 - F SQ3 - G SQ4 - H Musca { G (i) }. Sagitta { D (i) }. Lynx { B (i) }. Pyxis { F (i) }. Piscis Austrinus { H (i) }. Corona Borealis { C (i) }. Pictor { E (i) } Taurus { A (i) }. {Which of the following is not an electron volt? |type="()"} + the angular momentum of the planet Mercury around the Sun - a unit of energy - a quantity that denotes the ability to do work - 1.2 PeV - a unit dimensioned in mass, distance, and time - a unit not based on the [[w:Coulomb|Coulomb]] {Complete the text: |type="{}"} When imaged in visible light Venus appears like a gas { dwarf (i) } rather than a { rocky (i) } planet. {A natural rocky source of chemicals from the sky to the ground may originate from what astronomical source? |type="()"} - Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska + the asteroid belt - the International Space Station {That part of outer space between planets and their star(s) is called? |type="{}"} { interplanetary medium (i) } {What may be the first astronomical source referred to by the term "God"? |type="()"} - early Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background + early Saturn - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt - the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun - the Oort cloud - the Kuiper belt {Which of the following is not an idea? |type="()"} + 2 - the Sun - radius - sky - heavens - orbit {The use of the principle of line of sight allows what phenomenon to be determined? |type="()"} + the Moon is closer to the Earth than the Sun - the planet Mercury is nearer to the Earth than Venus - any cumulus cloud overhead follows the Sun across the sky - the plane of the Earth's orbit around the Sun is in the plane of the galaxy - the surface of the photosphere of the Sun is hotter than the surface of Mars - lightning always precedes rain {True or False, In the exosphere, temperature rises from around 1,500°C to 10⁵ K. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {The relative abundances of solar cosmic rays reflect those of the solar |type="{}"} { photosphere (i) } {Complete the text: |type="{}"} The majority of known asteroids orbit the Sun between the orbits of { Mars|Jupiter (i) } and { Jupiter|Mars (i) }. {The heliosphere might be the first astronomical source of? |type="[]"} - the interstellar medium - the solar wind + a bubble in space - virtually all the material emanating from the Sun itself - Voyager 2 - Voyager 1 + a termination shock {Ashen light is involved in which of the following? |type="[]"} + earthshine - glow of the bright part of the lunar disk + light from different parts of Earth are mixed together + mimics the Earth as a single dot - neutron astronomy - X-ray astronomy {Meteorites found on Earth may be from which of the following? |type="[]"} - Saturn - Mercury + the Moon + the asteroid belt - Jupiter + Mars {What may be the first astronomical cosmic-ray source? |type="()"} - Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + an active galactic nucleus {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the item letter with each of the cosmogonic possibilities below: interior models of the giant planets - A high interest for cosmogony, geophysics and nuclear physics - B hierarchical accumulation - C clouds and globular clusters - D cosmic helium abundance - E deuterium fusion - F a large deficiency of light elements - G after galactic sized systems had collapsed - H the motions of hydrogen { D (i) } formation of luminous quasars { H (i) }. stars with an initial mass less than the solar mass { G (i) }. rotating liquid drops { B|F (i) }. primordial is less than 26 per cent { E (i) }. a solar mixture of elements dominated by hydrogen and helium gas { A (i) }. around 13 Jupiter masses { F (i) }. smaller rocky objects { C (i) }. {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the theoretical astronomy idea with each of the possibilities below: astronomical object - A astronomical source - B astronomical entity - C star - D interstellar medium - E material - F natural luminous body visible in the sky { D (i) }. naturally from which something comes { B (i) }. matter which may be shaped or manipulated { F (i) }. an independent, separate, or self-contained existence { C (i) }. the matter that exists in the space between the star systems { E (i) } naturally in the sky especially at night { A (i) }. {If astronomy measures distances and speeds then what is mass? |type="()"} + an idea - a number - many distances - the sky - heavens - an orbit {An X-ray source has been located at B1950 right ascension 01^h 00^m 06.91^s and declination +62° 05' 45.5", which of the following constellations does this source occur in? |type="()"} - Mensa - Camelopardalis - Hydrus - Ursa Minor + Cassiopeia - Draco - Volans {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the radiation object with the likely source: [[Image:Crmo volcanic bomb 20070516123632.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - L [[Image:Circinus X-1.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - M [[Image:Moon egret.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - N [[Image:Neusun1 superk1.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - O [[Image:Earth in ultraviolet from the Moon (S72-40821).jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - P [[Image:PIA00072.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - Q [[Image:Io Color Eclipse Movie - PIA03450.gif|thumb|left|50px]] - R [[Image:NGC 7048.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - S [[Image:HST NGC 5728 -O III- emission-line image.jpg|thumb|left|50px]] - T a Craters of the Moon volcano { L (i) }. violet image of Venus { Q (i) }. active galactic nuclear region of NGC 5728 { T (i) }. cosmic-ray bombardment of the Moon's surface { N (i) }. blue lights from Io { R (i) }. neutrino profile of the solar octant { O (i) }. planetary nebula NGC 7048 { S (i) }. ultraviolet image of the Earth { P (i) }. a neutron star in a binary system { M (i) }. {{clear}} {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the type of source with each of the possibilities below: a source - A a source or apparent source detected or created at or near the time of the event or events - B a source or apparent source that transforms or transduces anything originating from a primary source - C a source or apparent source that selects (such as through selective absorption), distills, scatters, or reflects anything from a primary or secondary source - D the point of origin of a ray, beam, or stream of small cross section traveling in a line - E a natural source in the sky especially at night - F a tertiary source { D (i) }. a primary source { B (i) }. an astronomical source { F (i) }. a secondary source { C (i) }. a radiation source { E (i) } an entity from which something comes or is acquired { A (i) }. {Space radiation may be classified according to origin as? |type="[]"} + galactic cosmic radiation - charged particles in large clouds + solar particle radiation - interaction with the geo-electric field - protons and electrons + geomagnetically trapped particle radiation {What may be the first astronomical source of the rocky-object Mercury? |type="[]"} + Jupiter - the solar wind - the diffuse X-ray background + Saturn - Mount Redoubt in Alaska - the asteroid belt + the former protoplanetary disc around the Sun {Which of the following are theoretical radiation astronomy phenomena associated with space radiation? |type="[]"} + possible orbits + a hyperbolic orbit + nuclear fusion at a star's exposed core + nuclear fusion in a star's chromosphere - near the barycenter of its planetary system + accretion + electric arcs + non-water ice + cometary origin {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Diamond nanocrystals (size 100 nm) emit bright { luminescence (i) } at 600–800 nm when exposed to green and yellow photons. The photoluminescence, arising from excitation of the { nitrogen-vacancy|nitrogen vacancy (i) } defect centers created by proton-beam { irradiation (i) } and thermal annealing, closely resembles the extended red emission (ERE) bands observed in reflection nebulae and { planetary (i) } nebulae. The central wavelength of the emission is 700 nm. {The cosmic infrared background (CIB) causes a significant attenuation for very high energy protons through inverse Compton scattering, photopion and electron-positron pair production. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Background radiation may simply be any radiation that is? |type="{}"} { pervasive (i) } {Complete the text: |type="{}"} Match up the type of phenomenon with each of the possibilities below: visible tracks such as a star trail - A a cloud - B bubbles - C a grid of uninsulated electric wires - D octagon - E circumpolar trail - F quadrangles { D (i) }. hectare { B (i) }. rotational pole { F (i) }. diameters { C (i) }. polyhedron { E (i) } an arc { A (i) }. {Four scores in time is eighty |type="{}"} { years (i) }. {Which of the following are characteristic of a volume? |type="[]"} + polyhedra + globes - hectares + pyramid - pathway - furloughs </quiz> ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Essays such as for laboratories could be handled much like cases in [[Upper Limb Orthotics]] ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Green astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Planetary science/Quiz]] * [[Radiation chemistry/Quiz|Radiation astrochemistry/Quiz]] * [[Radiation geography/Quiz|Radiation astrogeography/Quiz]] * [[Radiation history/Quiz|Radiation astrohistory/Quiz]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Theoretical radiation astronomy/Quiz]] {{Div col end}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{Sisterlinks|Radiation astronomy}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astrophysics quizzes]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy quizzes]] [[Category:Radiation quizzes]] jrtcpewza6phyvumogkh0gmnzpsjhjb 6 156451 2416039 1145831 2022-08-18T05:59:45Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Licensing */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == This is an optical/visual image of NGC 6946 from Aladin at SIMBAD. [[Category:Galaxies]] == Licensing == {{Information1 |Description = This is an optical/visual image of NGC 6946 from Aladin at SIMBAD. |Source = The image appears on the SIMBAD data system, found by inputting "NGC 6946" without the quotes on a "Basic query" url=http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-basic?Ident=NGC+6946&submit=SIMBAD+search. |Date = February 8, 2014 |Author = Aladin at SIMBAD |Rationale = No free licensed or public domain alternatives known to exist to show an optical/visual image of NGC 6946 from Aladin at SIMBAD. |Permission = Fair Use, the image is likely Public Domain. }} {{Fairuse}} 2b4passz59klmzzklikz2ua0d6y7lu9 1 159077 2415921 2415630 2022-08-17T21:45:00Z Sylvain Ribault 2127778 WP as a bibliographic tool for researchers? wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:WikiJournal]] {{WikiJournal_discussions}} {{Archive box| [[/Archive 2014–2016|2014–2016]] <br>[[/Archive 2016 naming vote|2016 naming vote]] <br>[[/Archive 2017|2017]] <br>[[/Archive 2018|2018]] <br>[[/Archive 2019|2019]] <br>[[/Archive 2020|2020]] <br>[[/Archive 2021|2021]] <br>[[/Archive 2022|2022]] Discussions may also take place at the <br>'''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikijournal-en/ public mailing list]'' ([https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/wikijournal-en Join]) }} {{TOClimit|limit=3}} == Banner links must be accessible on smartphones == On smartphones, the banners are hard to tap/click on, especially the Preprint one. I have difficulty changing the banners' format. [[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 12:31, 29 January 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:George Ho|George Ho]]: Sorry for mising this earlier! Do you know if you were using the 'mobile view' or 'desktop view' on your smartphone? I've tried to make the tabs re-flow into a grid when on a mobie device, bit I think it only works in 'mobile view'. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 02:06, 21 July 2022 (UTC) :: @[[User:Evolution and evolvability|Shafee]]: Using 'mobile view' on Android, the Preprint banner is hard to tap, yet I can access that journal via tapping the icon on the left of the banner. Others are still clickable, yet larger text is annoying on mobile view. --[[User:George Ho|George Ho]] ([[User talk:George Ho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/George Ho|contribs]]) 06:27, 21 July 2022 (UTC) :::@[[User:George Ho|George Ho]]: Aha, now I see it. Thanks. I was looking at the top banner in grey rather than the list of journals. I'm also getting some of the text overlapping too. I'll aim to fix it up next week. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 23:13, 21 July 2022 (UTC) == Reference deposits == Hi all! I was taking a look at the [https://www.crossref.org/members/prep/6026 WikiJournal User Group participation report] over on Crossref's site. This is a useful tool for exploring how rich the metadata that WJUG submits to Crossref along with its DOIs is. It looks like there's lots of room for improvement, some of which would be fairly straightforward to accomplish: the License URLs category, for instance, measures how many articles' metadata include a link to the license under which the papers are distributed (either CC-BY 4.0 or CC-BY-SA 4.0 typically, right?). What I wanted to look at right now was the References category, in which WJUG is currently scoring 0%. What this means is that none of the 87 articles registered for DOIs by WJUG with Crossref include the references as part of their metadata. This matters for a few reasons. First, reference linking (i.e., including DOIs in references) is required by Crossref's terms of service, and reference depositing (i.e., submitting metadata with references) is strongly encouraged. Second, the inclusion of references in metadata is how Crossref tracks citations. When you see a journal article's "What Cites This" page, you'll often see a few numbers, frequently a Crossref citation count, a Web of Science citation count, and a Google Scholar citation count. On these pages, you are often able to view which articles are specifically citing the article in question too, and in some cases, publishers may preemptively set up modules that autodisplay the citing articles alongside the article itself. This brings up the third reason to begin depositing references: not only is it good practice for good metadata management's sake itself, but it also has the capability to improve visibility for WikiJournal articles. Consider the ''WJS'' article "[[WikiJournal of Science/Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease|Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease]]"; its first reference is the 1907 article "Parrakeets Moulting". If you visit the Taylor & Francis [https://doi.org/10.1071/MU906192f page for "Parrakeets Moulting"], however, you can see in the righthand "Related research" module in the "Cited by" tab that no articles cite this paper. Because references for WJUG articles haven't yet been deposited with Crossref, there's no way to link "Beak and feather disease virus" and "Parrakeets Moulting"; if references ''were'' deposited for this paper, then the ''WJS'' article would eventually appear as a citing article on the "Parrakeets Moulting" page. Thus, reference linking offers readers of the cited article another connection to the citing WikiJournal article, increasing the visibility of WJUG outputs. One final reason to consider depositing references is that doing so will grant WJUG eligibility for Crossref's [https://www.crossref.org/documentation/cited-by/ Cited-by service], which is essentially the tool that allows WJUG the ability to see what research is citing WikiJournal articles. Right now, WJUG can access the ''number'' of citations for each of its journals' articles through Crossref (''[http://data.crossref.org/depositorreport?pubid=J243966 WJM]'', ''[http://data.crossref.org/depositorreport?pubid=J310521 WJS]'', and ''[http://data.crossref.org/depositorreport?pubid=J310522 WJH]'') but can't actually see what those citing articles are. Depositing references will grant eligibility for Cited-by which WJUG can opt to enroll in (free!) and access said lists of citing materials for WikiJournal articles. If depositing references is of interest, the good news is that Crossref has made it pretty easy! References can be deposited manually via the [https://apps.crossref.org/SimpleTextQuery Simple Text Query] tool on Crossref's site. All one needs to do is copy the list of references from a WikiJournal article and paste it into the tool. (Note that for some articles, this will be easy; "[[WikiJournal of Science/Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease|Beak and feather disease virus: biology and resultant disease]]" has a unified reference list, but other articles like "[[WikiJournal of Humanities/Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies|Themes in Maya Angelou's autobiographies]]" have references split between a footnotes and a cited by list and may need to be manually trimmed to remove the repeated "[Author], [date], p. XX" footnotes when submitting.) Simple Text Query then parses the list and connects materials based on their DOIs. Once this is done, the depositor clicks ''Deposit'', enters their email, the Parent DOI (i.e., the DOI of the article for which references are being deposited), and their Crossref depositor credentials. I have been manually going through all articles in all three journals to make sure that all of them have relevant DOIs included in their references. I have completed ''WJS'', am almost done with ''WJH'', and will then start on ''WJM''. Once this is done, I would be happy to either guide someone interested through beginning to deposit references or take over the project myself, at least to work through the 87-article backlog of existing papers. (If someone with depositor access wants to try making a reference deposit, "Beak and feather disease virus" is in good shape and its reflist is ready to be deposited.) In either case, please let me know if this is something WJUG would be interested in pursuing and how I can help. Please let me know if you have any questions. Kindly —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)^{[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]} 01:02, 19 June 2022 (UTC) : Okay, all ''WJH'' articles now include all available DOIs. ''WJM'' is left to do. —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)^{[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]} 20:23, 19 June 2022 (UTC) ::Thanks Colin for the very informative post and your great work on adding DOIs. I will bring this up at our next monthly meeting. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 19:31, 20 June 2022 (UTC) :::Great points raised! I've added a step-wise summary process [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Submitting reference metadata|here]] and we're looking at organising going through and uploading the back-catalogue. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 01:50, 21 July 2022 (UTC) ::::Thanks {{u|Evolution and evolvability}}! I'm glad to hear it's of interest. I'm still working through adding DOIs to all references in ''WJM'' but I'll try to finish that by the end of the month so all articles in all three journals are ready to be deposited. Let me know if you have any other questions! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)^{[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]} 05:18, 21 July 2022 (UTC) :::::''WJM'' is now complete, so all existing articles are ready to have their references uploaded should you choose to do so. Thanks! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)^{[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]} 00:44, 26 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::Oh neat, I see references have already been deposited for "[https://doi.org/10.15347/WJM/2022.003 Parenting stress]" and it's already showing up in the cited articles' Cited By lists (e.g., [https://citations.springernature.com/item?doi=10.1007/s10826-017-0963-6 here]). Thanks for doing this! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)^{[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]} 01:44, 26 July 2022 (UTC) == Rabeprazole? == I was just taking a look at the [[WikiJournal User Group/Potential upcoming articles|potential upcoming articles]] and noticed the 2018 preprint "[[WikiJournal Preprints/Rabeprazole|Rabeprazole]]" which does not seem to be included on the tracking list despite having received two peer reviews. It also doesn't seem to have a Wikidata item, but I couldn't see anywhere that it had been declined. Just flagging it here to make sure it hasn't slipped through the cracks. Thanks! —[[User:Bobamnertiopsis|Collin]] (Bobamnertiopsis)^{[[User talk:Bobamnertiopsis|t]] [[Special:Contributions/Bobamnertiopsis|c]]} 20:45, 16 August 2022 (UTC) == Wikipedia as a bibliographic tool for researchers? == Wikijournals give incentives for researchers to write in Wikipedia, by allowing Wikipedia articles to be peer-reviewed and officially counted as academic publications. What if in some cases, researchers did not need incentives because writing in Wikipedia would be directly useful to their own work? The idea is that they would not write on their own results or subject, but on some related subject which they would need to learn. (See [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Sylvain_Ribault/WP_biblio_essay this short essay] for details.) Does anyone know examples of this modus operandi? If you are a researcher, does it seem applicable in your own field of research? [[User:Sylvain Ribault|Sylvain Ribault]] ([[User talk:Sylvain Ribault|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sylvain Ribault|contribs]]) 21:44, 17 August 2022 (UTC) l33lyfhx7tghhrn2f0gwfxsib3s08mr 6 166989 2416037 1236755 2022-08-18T05:33:59Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Licensing */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == Tributary C feeds the Northeast Branch of the Rio Quilcay, Peru. This tributary has abundant ochreous precipitates. [[Category:Glaciology images]] == Licensing == {{Information1 |Description = Tributary C feeds the Northeast Branch of the Rio Quilcay, Peru. This tributary has abundant ochreous precipitates. |Source = The image appears on a website entitled, "Elevated stream trace and minor element concentrations in the foreland of receding tropical glaciers" at url=http://www.geotop.ca/upload/files/publications/chercheur/McKenzieJ/Fortner%20et%20al_2011.pdf. |Date = July 2008 |Author = Sarah K. Fortner, Bryan G. Mark, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Jeffrey Bury, Annette Trierweiler, Michel Baraer, Patrick J. Burns, and LeeAnn Munk |Rationale = No free licensed or public domain alternatives known to exist to show that tributary C feeds the Northeast Branch of the Rio Quilcay, Peru. This tributary has abundant ochreous precipitates. |Permission = Fair Use }} {{Fairuse}} 8zdhka4062p0esscjv6nbh898s6wr2p 6 169956 2415890 1278558 2022-08-17T19:13:23Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Licensing */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == Turbidites (interbedded with mudstones/siltstones) from the Ross Sandstone Formation. [[Category:Sedimentology images]] == Licensing == {{Information1 |Description = Turbidites (interbedded with mudstones/siltstones) from the Ross Sandstone Formation. |Source = The image appears on a website entitled, "Earthquake Glossary - turbidites" at url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=turbidites. |Date = July 24, 2012 |Author = USGS |Rationale = No free licensed or public domain alternatives known to exist to show turbidites (interbedded with mudstones/siltstones) from the Ross Sandstone Formation. |Permission = Fair Use }} {{Fairuse}} 5wikmyphzw1xh0f6c6ljx6c81bju910 0 171005 2415840 2415576 2022-08-17T13:49:36Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.6.Application.6A.20220817.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] 0z36af8vag91jxxdpz1c54crxiu1zgh 6 172353 2415887 1811665 2022-08-17T18:39:16Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Licensing */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == Close view is of andesite lava flow from Brokeoff Volcano, California. [[Category:Rocks images]] == Licensing == {{Information1 |Description = Close view is of andesite lava flow from Brokeoff Volcano, California. |Source = The image appears on a website entitled, "VHP Photo Glossary: Andesite" at url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/andesite.php. |Date = 17 July 2008 |Author = United States of America Geological Survey |Rationale = No free use or Public Domain image known to show a close view of andesite lava flow from Brokeoff Volcano, California. |Permission = Fair Use }} {{Fairuse}} g0lfq63p09y9ie5gopn8fnlyxtovq93 1 206506 2415901 2305721 2022-08-17T19:55:57Z OhanaUnited 18921 /* Editorial board application of Roger M. Rosewall */ oppose, no open movement experience wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{WikiJournal editorial application top |archive box = {{Archive box|[[/Archive 2016]]<br>[[/Archive 2017]]<br>[[/Archive 2018]]<br>[[/Archive 2019]]<br>[[/Archive 2020]] }} }} </noinclude> ==Editorial board application of Roger M. Rosewall== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Roger M. Rosewall | qualifications =Doctor of Engineering (D.Eng.) | link =https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Roger_Rosewall | areas_of_expertise =Systems Engineering | professional_experience =30+ years professional employment | publishing_experience =Reviewer for International Council on Systems Engineering (INCOSE) | open_experience =Currently using MediaWiki to collaborate on a Raytheon project | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Science. [[User:Rosewall2020|Rosewall2020]] ([[User talk:Rosewall2020|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Rosewall2020|contribs]]) 15:51, 6 January 2021 (UTC) }} :::''Additional note'': "My systems engineering experience is fairly broad, but I claim particular domain expertise in defense, intelligence, and homeland security." - Roger M. Rosewall by email :::''Additional note'': "As a volunteer organization, INCOSE depends on the time and effort graciously contributed by individuals like yourself, supported by your organization, to make its programs a success. Through this leadership, we develop and share information that improves the practice of systems engineering by member individuals and their companies. Again, thank you for your time and commitment to INCOSE and the Systems Engineering community." - Excerpt from thankyou letter forwarded by Roger M. Rosewall by email * {{support}} We occasionally get submissions using applied systems that may need your expertise and review. I hope you would be willing to do this. When you write "using MediaWiki to collaborate on a Raytheon project" I assume you mean the Raytheon DOMino program. Have you uploaded a copy of MediaWiki for this use or are you using the WMF projects? Have you considered contributing to the various Wikipedia articles on Systems Engineering? --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 02:29, 5 April 2021 (UTC) * {{support}} Certainly we could do with some more engineering knowledge on board and appreciate that professional engineering generates different outputs than academic engineering. Some more information would be useful though, e.g.: What does being a reviewer for INCOSE entail? Do you maintain a broad systems engineering knowledge or are you specialised in a particular aspect? [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:37, 18 April 2021 (UTC) * {{support}} I agree with the other editor comments and would love to hear more about INCOSE. --[[User:Saguaromelee|Saguaromelee]] ([[User talk:Saguaromelee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saguaromelee|contribs]]) 17:23, 9 August 2021 (UTC) * {{oppose}} Not enough detail in the application, not enough reactivity to the questions here. Apply again when more experienced with MediaWiki? [[User:Sylvain Ribault|Sylvain Ribault]] ([[User talk:Sylvain Ribault|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sylvain Ribault|contribs]]) 20:53, 13 August 2021 (UTC) * {{oppose}} I agree with Sylvain Ribault. There is very little evidence to support open experience aside from "using MediaWiki to collaborate on a Raytheon project", which I would assume is military-related and closed access. That example demonstrates poor (or mis)understanding of the open movement. This individual had [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:CentralAuth/Rosewall2020 no meaningful contribution] on WMF projects. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 19:55, 17 August 2022 (UTC) ==Editorial board application of Michel BAKNI== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Michel BAKNI | qualifications =Ph.D. | areas_of_expertise =Electronics & Computer science | professional_experience =research, teaching ::*At [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ESTIA_Institute_of_Technology ESTIA Institute of Technology]: 4 years, starting from 2017, including the following subjects: Automatism, Radiofrequency, Basics of electricity, microcontrollers and electrical machines ::*At [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EFREI EFRI Engineering School of Information and Digital Technologies] 1 year starting from 2020 including Cybersecurity ::* At [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar_University_(Venezuela) Simón Bolívar University], 2 years 2018-2020 including the following subjects: Wireless sensor networks, Modelling and simulation and basics of electronics. ::* Huawei ICT Academy in France: 1 year starting from 2021 including Internet of Things. ::* A member of [https://www.iaria.org/conferences2020/ComSENSORCOMM20.html SENSORCOMM 2020 Technical Program Committee] | publishing_experience =Author for books: ::* See [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100600916 Q100600916] and [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q100601027 Q100601027]. ::* For articles: see: ([https://scholar.google.fr/citations?user=h5UJI0AAAAAJ&hl=en here]) | open_experience =I am currently an Admin on Arabic Wikipedia, with more than 60K edits on Wikimedia wikis (see [[Special:CentralAuth/Michel Bakni|CentralAuth]]). Member of [[:m:Wikimedians_of_the_Levant|Wikimedians of the Levant user group]]. | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Science. [[User:Michel Bakni|Michel Bakni]] ([[User talk:Michel Bakni|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Michel Bakni|contribs]]) 15:38, 4 April 2021 (UTC) }} * {{support}} Most of your experience appears to be with Wireless Sensor Networks which would be great to have available! If there are Wikipedia articles that you believe could benefit from being reviewed for the WikiJournal of Science, I hope you will consider suggesting submittal to their contributors. --[[User:Marshallsumter|Marshallsumter]] ([[User talk:Marshallsumter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Marshallsumter|contribs]]) 02:55, 5 April 2021 (UTC) * FYI: {{ping|Evolution and evolvability}} (Editor-in-Chief) '''--'''[[User:علاء |<span style="color:black;font-family:Script MT Bold;font-size:16px;">Alaa</span> ]] [[User_talk:علاء |:)..!]] 12:02, 14 April 2021 (UTC) *{{comment}} I think that it would be ideal to have some more information. E.g. for teaching, how long & what topics. Are you still involved in research since your phd? For research, is there anything in addition your the items [https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2963-8799 listed on ORCID] that people should be aware of? (also, thank you to {{u|علاء }} for pinging me). [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:41, 18 April 2021 (UTC) **{{support}} Thank you for the updated details on the application. That seems to be highly useful mix of academic and technical work and an expertise range that complements the current board's topics well. Wikimedia admin experience is, or course, always a valuable skillset to have bon board as well. [[User:Evolution and evolvability|T.Shafee(Evo&#65120;Evo)]]^{[[User talk:Evolution and evolvability|talk]]} 11:05, 25 April 2021 (UTC) *{{support}} Your experience on Wireless Sensor Networks is interesting and would be very welcome in the team. I agree with Thomas Shafee that it would be nice to have some more information about your research; and if possible a website link. [[User:Chiswick Chap|Chiswick Chap]] ([[User talk:Chiswick Chap|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Chiswick Chap|contribs]]) 07:49, 19 April 2021 (UTC) *{{support}} Good background with Wikipedia and another area to enhance subject knowledge in our group. --[[User:Saguaromelee|Saguaromelee]] ([[User talk:Saguaromelee|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Saguaromelee|contribs]]) 17:27, 9 August 2021 (UTC) *{{support}} Per the reasons given above. [[User:Sylvain Ribault|Sylvain Ribault]] ([[User talk:Sylvain Ribault|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sylvain Ribault|contribs]]) 21:00, 13 August 2021 (UTC) fmfd4nutzhl3ek0phwwrkgqhr8lli0h 0 215163 2415854 2415618 2022-08-17T14:07:07Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/136.228.254.55|136.228.254.55]] ([[User_talk:136.228.254.55|talk]]) to last version by [[User:MaintenanceBot|MaintenanceBot]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox |title = '''Toby Fox''' |image = [[File:TobyFox.png]] |headerstyle = background:#ccf; |labelstyle = background:#ddf; |label2 = Nationality |data2 = {{{item_one|American}}} |label3 = Born |data3 = {{{item_two|October 11, 1991}}} |label4 = Known For |data4 = {{{item_three| ''Undertale''}}} |label5 = Birth Place |data5 = {{{item_Four|Massachussetts}}} }} '''Toby Fox''' (born October 11, 1991) video game developer, composer, and musician most known for developing and composing the soundtrack for the critically acclaimed roleplaying game ''Undertale''. == History == Fox was a fan of the game ''EarthBound'' and began as a forum member on its fansite, Starmen.net, under the username Radiation. He would be an active member on the site and managed one of the site's forums up until 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://forum.starmen.net/members/473|title= Starmen.net}}</ref> Before starting work on ''Undertale'', he had little experience in actual game development except for the incomplete games he often made with his three brothers using the proprietary game engine RPG Maker 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seagaia.wordpress.com/2013/05/25/toby-foxs-undertale-dev-2-dev-interview-1/|title= Seagaia}}</ref> For a while, Fox developed ''Undertale'' in the basement of webcomic artist Andrew Hussie, known for creating the popular comic ''Homestuck'', for which Fox also composed tracks for.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/14293468/homestuck-adventure-game/posts/1453119|title= Homestuck Kickstarter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/themes/blogs/generic/post.aspx?WeblogApp=podcasts&y=2015&m=10&d=15&WeblogPostName=gi-show-_1320_-yoshis-woolly-world_2c00_-star-wars_3a00_-battlefront_2c00_-undertale-toby-fox&GroupKeys=|title= Game Informer}}</ref> == Games == === Undertale === Undertale was the first major game completely developed by Toby. He worked on the project independently, with only artwork and sprites being supplied by other creators, mainly freelance artist Temmie Chang.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/1002143342/undertale/description|title= Undertale Kickstarter}}</ref> Fox began creating ''Undertale'' after already making a battle system using the engine GameMaker: Studio.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://existentialgamer.com/interview-toby-fox-undertale|title= Existential Gamer}}</ref> The original game was meant to be released in 2014 but production was delayed. ''Undertale'' was praised for its writing, for which Fox claims he was inspired by internet culture, comedy shows such as ''Mr. Bean'' and the game ''EarthBound''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/themes/blogs/generic/post.aspx?WeblogApp=podcasts&y=2015&m=10&d=15&WeblogPostName=gi-show-_1320_-yoshis-woolly-world_2c00_-star-wars_3a00_-battlefront_2c00_-undertale-toby-fox&GroupKeys=|title= Game Informer}}</ref> When it came to developing the game itself Fox said he wanted to develop a role-playing game that was non-traditional, had "interesting characters", and that "utilizes the medium as a storytelling device ... instead of having the story and gameplay abstractions be completely separate".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://seagaia.wordpress.com/2013/05/25/toby-foxs-undertale-dev-2-dev-interview-1/|title= Seagaia}}</ref>''Undertale'' took 2.7 years to completely develop and was financed through a crowdfunding effort on Kickstarter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/themes/blogs/generic/post.aspx?WeblogApp=podcasts&y=2015&m=10&d=15&WeblogPostName=gi-show-_1320_-yoshis-woolly-world_2c00_-star-wars_3a00_-battlefront_2c00_-undertale-toby-fox&GroupKeys=|title= Game Informer}}</ref> The game was released on September 15, 2015 for Windows and OS X, and July 17, 2016 for Linux. ==Musical Contributions== Fox is a self-taught musician and has composed soundtracks for many games and comics including ''Midnight Crew: Drawing Dead'', ''Pokémon Sword/Pokémon Shield'', ''Alternia'' and ''Homestuck''. He composed all of the soundtrack for ''Undertale'' as well. When it comes to his influences for producing music, Fox states that he tries to be inspired by everything he listens to, especially tracks in video games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.themarysue.com/interview-undertale-game-creator-toby-fox/|title= The Mary Sue}}</ref> ==Discography== {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;" |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! colspan="2" style="background: LightSteelBlue;" | Discography |- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;" ! Album ! Tracks Composed |- | Midnight Crew: Drawing Dead (February 4, 2010) <ref name="MC: DD">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/midnight-crew-drawing-dead-2 |title = Midnight Crew: Drawing Dead}}</ref> | "Liquid Negrocity", "The Ballad of Jack Noir" (Original Version) |- | Homestuck Vol. 4 (April 13, 2010) <ref name="Homestuck 4">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/homestuck-vol-1-4| title= Homestuck Vol. 4}}</ref> | "John Sleeps / Skaian Magicant", "Carefree Victory", "Atomyk Ebonpyre", "Black" |- |Homestuck Vol. 5 (June 13, 2010) <ref name="Homestuck 5">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/homestuck-vol-5| title= Homestuck Vol. 5}}</ref> | "Skaian Skirmish", "Savior of the Waking World", "Happy Cat Song!", "Hardchorale", "White", "Octoroon Rangoon", "Lotus Land Story", "Versus", "Dupliblaze COMAGMA", "Moonshatter", "Sunsetter", "Get Up", "Vertical Motion", "Amphibious Subterrain", "Snow Pollen", "Descend" |- | Alternia (July 18, 2010) <ref name="Alternia">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/alternia| title= Alternia}}</ref> | "Crustacean", "Showdown", "mIrAcLeS", "The Lemonsnout Turnabout", "Phaze and Blood", "psych0ruins", "Walls Covered In Blood", "dESPERADO ROCKET CHAIRS,", "Death of the Lusii", "Virgin Orb", "The La2t Frontiier", "Skaian Summoning", "Spider's Claw (Bonus)", "Staring (Bonus)", "Keepers (Bonus)" |- | Squiddles! (August 26, 2010) <ref name="Squiddles">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/squiddles| title = Squiddles!}}</ref> | "Squiddles the Movie Trailer - The Day the Unicorns Couldn't Play" |- | The Baby Is You (October 13, 2010) | "THROGUH SONG", "IM HAVING A BABY, AND THE BABY IS YOU", "bootes", "ROSE PRAGNET (feat. ????)", "the rose rap (feat. von fawn)", "uh oh", "vs. bros", "A BABY IS BORN (feat. artemis251 as luigi, chorus singer, kid, and hella jeff)" |- | The Felt (December 2, 2010) <ref name="The Felt">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/the-felt| title= The Felt}}</ref> | "Humphrey's Lullaby", "English" |- | Homestuck for the Holidays (December 25, 2010) <ref name="Homestuck Holidays">{{cite web |url=https://homestuckgaiden.bandcamp.com/album/homestuck-for-the-holidays-unofficial-album| title = Homestuck for the Holidays }}</ref> | "Carefree Perigee" |- | Homestuck Vol. 6: Heir Transparent (January 5, 2011) <ref name="Homestuck 6">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/homestuck-vol-6-heir-transparent| title = Homestuck Vol. 6: Heir Transparent}}</ref> | "Umbral Ultimatum", "MeGaLoVania", "Gaia Queen", "Wacky Antics", "Nic Cage Song", "A Tender Moment" |- | AlterniaBound (March 14, 2011) <ref name="AB">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/alterniabound| title= AlterniaBound}}</ref> | "Karkat's Theme", "Terezi's Theme", "Vriska's Theme", "FIDUSPAWN, GO!", "Darling Kanaya", "Eridan's Theme", "Nautical Nightmare", "Nepeta's Theme", "Killed by BR8K Spider!!!!!!!!", "Catapult Capuchin", "Science Seahorse", "A Fairy Battle", "The Blind Prophet", "AlterniaBound", "You Won A Combat", "Rest A While" |- | Homestuck Vol. 7: At the Price of Oblivion (May 31, 2011) <ref name="Homestuck 7">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/homestuck-vol-7-at-the-price-of-oblivion| title= Homestuck Vol. 7: At the Price of Oblivion}}</ref> | "Terezi Owns", "Rumble at the Rink", "Earthsea Borealis" |- | The Wanderers (July 14, 2011) <ref name="Wanderers">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/the-wanderers| title= The Wanderers}}</ref> | "Mayor Maynot", "Riches to Ruins Movements I & II", "Tomahawk Head" |- | Homestuck Vol. 8 (October 25, 2011) <ref name="Homestuck 8">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/homestuck-vol-8| title= Homestuck Vol. 8}}</ref> | "Love You (Feferi's Theme)", "Davesprite", "Frostbite", "The Lost Child", "Judgement Day", "Penumbra Phantasm" (featured in the third part of "Cascade") |- | Improvised Touhou Music with Annoying Commentary (November 29, 2011) <ref name="ITM">{{cite web |url=http://fwugradiation.tumblr.com/post/13528293577/improvised-touhou-music-with-annoying-commentary |title= Improvised Touhou Music with Annoying Commentary}}</ref> | "Girl's Pretty Dress Dress, Do Your Best Now", "Magical Hopalong Cassidy Station", "An Apple Disaster!" |- | I Miss You - EarthBound 2012 (January 1, 2012) <ref name="E 2012">{{cite web |url=https://sleepytimejesse.bandcamp.com/album/i-miss-you-earthbound-2012|title= I Miss You - EarthBound 2012}}</ref> | "Fallen Down", "A New Line", "Megalo Strike Back", "Checkerboard Memories" |- | coloUrs and mayhem: Universe A (April 2, 2012) <ref name="CAMA">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/colours-and-mayhem-universe-a| title= coloUrs and mayhem: Universe A}}</ref> | "~~SIDE 1~~", "~~SIDE 2~~", "~~ADDITIONAL MAYHEM~~" |- | coloUrs and mayhem: Universe B (April 13, 2012) <ref name="CAMB">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/colours-and-mayhem-universe-b| title= coloUrs and mayhem: Universe B}}</ref> | "~~SIDE 1~~", "~~SIDE 2~~", "~~ADDITIONAL MAYHEM~~" |- | Cherubim (March 14, 2013) <ref name="Cherubim">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/cherubim|title= Cherubim}}</ref> | "The Lordling" |- | Undertale Demo OST (May 21, 2013) | "Once Upon a Time", "Menu", "Your Best Friend", "Fallen Down", "Ruins", "Anticipation", "Unnecessary Tension", "Enemy Approaching", "Ghost Fight", "Determination", "Home", "Heartache", "End", "Nyeh Heh Heh!", "Home (Music Box)", "Empty House" |- |UNDERTALE Soundtrack (September 15, 2015) | "Once Upon a Time", "Start Menu", 'Your Best Friend", "Fallen Down", "Ruins", "Uwa!! So Temperate♫", "Anticipation", "Unnecessary Tension", "Enemy Approaching", "Ghost Fight", "Determination", "Home", "Home (Music Box)", "Heartache", "sans.", "Nyeh Heh Heh!", "Snowy", "Uwa!! So Holiday♫", "Dogbass", "Mysterious Place", "Dogsong", "Snowdin Town", "Shop", "Bonetrousle", "Dating Start!", "Dating Tense!", "Dating Fight!", "Premonition", "Danger Mystery", "Undyne", "Waterfall", "Run!", "Quiet Water", "Memory", "Bird That Carries You Over A Disproportionately Small Gap", "Dummy!", "Pathetic House", "Spooktune", "Spookwave", "Ghouliday", "Chill", "Thundersnail", "Temmie Village", "Tem Shop", "NGAHHH!!", "Spear of Justice", "Ooo", "Alphys", "It's Showtime!", "Metal Crusher", "Another Medium", "Uwa!! So HEATS!!♫", "Stronger Monsters", "Hotel", "Can You Really Call This A Hotel, I Didn't Receive A Mint On My Pillow Or Anything", "Confession", "Live Report", "Death Report", "Spider Dance", "Wrong Enemy !?", "Oh! One True Love", "Oh! Dungeon", "It's Raining Somewhere Else", "CORE Approach", "CORE (Soundtrack)", "Last Episode!", "Oh My...", "Death by Glamour", "For The Fans", "Long Elevator", "Undertale", "Song That Might Play When You Fight Sans", "The Choice", "Small Shock", "Barrier", "Bergentrückung", "ASGORE", "You Idiot", "Your Best Nightmare", "Finale", "An Ending", "She's Playing Piano", "Here We Are", "Amalgam", "Fallen Down (Reprise)", "Don't Give Up", "Hopes and Dreams", "Burn in Despair!", "SAVE the World", "His Theme", "Final Power", "Reunited", "Menu (Full)", "Respite", "Bring It In, Guys!", "Last Goodbye", "But the Earth Refused to Die", "Battle Against a True Hero", "Power of "NEO"", "MEGALOVANIA", "Good Night" |- | [S] Collide. (April 6, 2016) <ref name="S Collide">{{cite web |url=https://homestuck.bandcamp.com/album/s-collide|title= [S] Collide.}}</ref> | "Oppa Toby Style" |} ==Awards and Nominations== ===Reception=== ''Undertale'' was released to rave reviews by many magazines and publications. The game and Toby Fox himself was nominated for and won many awards such as Game of the Year, Best Debut, and Best Game Ever. As for Fox's reaction to the massive success of his own game he stated that it overwhelmed him and caused a lot of stress, as he did not want the game to be tiring or spoiled for anyone. He also stated that he is perfectly comfortable if he never makes a game as successful again.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://undertale.tumblr.com/post/150397346860/retrospective-on-undertales-popularity|title= Undertale Blog}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;" ! List of awards and nominations for ''Undertale'' |- | style="padding:0; border:none;"| {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="border:none; margin:0; width:100%;" |- ! scope="col"| Date !! scope="col"| Award !! scope="col"| Category !! scope="col"| Recipient(s) and Nominee(s) !! scope="col"| Result !! scope="col" class="unsortable" | Ref. |- | align="center"| October 30, 2015 ! scope="row"| ''Rock, Paper, Shotgun'' Game of the Month: October | Game of the Month | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="RPS GOTM">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/10/13/undertale-game-of-the-month/ |title=Game of the Month: October – Undertale |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |date=October 30, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egCag9iE |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| November 27, 2015 ! scope="row"| Global Game Awards 2015 | Best Indie | ''Undertale'' | Runner-Up | align="center"| <ref name="Global Game Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.game-debate.com/awards/2015 |title=Global Game Awards 2015 |website=Game-Debate |date=November 27, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6eaF8iirs |archivedate=January 16, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 1, 2015 ! scope="row"| ''Time's Top 10 Video Games'' | Best Game | ''Undertale'' | Ninth | align="center"| <ref name="Time">{{cite web |url=http://time.com/4106659/top-10-video-games/ |title=Top 10 Video Games |last=Peckham |first=Matt |website=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |publisher=[[Time Inc.]] |date=December 1, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egtDVkOF |archivedate=December 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 3, 2015 ! scope="row"| The Game Awards 2015 | Best Independent Game | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="The Game Awards">{{cite web |url=https://www.vg247.com/2015/12/04/the-game-awards-2015-winners/ |title=The Game Awards 2015 – Game of the Year goes to The Witcher 3 |last=Nunneley |first=Stephany |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=[[Videogaming247]] |date=December 4, 2015 |accessdate=January 15, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6eYOBjjTo |archivedate=January 15, 2016}}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 3, 2015 ! scope="row"| The Game Awards 2015 | Games for Change | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="The Game Awards" /> |- | align="center"| December 3, 2015 ! scope="row"| The Game Awards 2015 | Best Role-Playing Game | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="The Game Awards" /> |- | align="center"| December 4, 2015 ! scope="row"| ''Vice's Best 20 Video Games of 2015'' | Best Game | ''Undertale'' | Eighth | align="center"| <ref name="Vice Best">{{cite web |url=http://www.vice.com/en_ca/read/the-top-20-video-games-of-2015-according-to-vice-999 |title=The Best 20 Video Games of 2015 |last=Diver |first=Mike |website=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |publisher=[[Vice Media]] |date=December 4, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6eaDGw7q0 |archivedate=January 16, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 15, 2015 ! scope="row"| ''Rock, Paper, Shotgun's'' Best PC Games of 2015 | Funniest Game on PC | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="rps funniest">{{cite web |url=https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/12/16/funniest-pc-game-2015/ |title=The RPS Advent Calendar, Dec 16th: Undertale |date=December 16, 2015 |website=[[Rock, Paper, Shotgun]] |accessdate=May 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151226135527/http://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2015/12/16/funniest-pc-game-2015/ |archivedate=December 26, 2015 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 15, 2015 ! scope="row"| ''Good Game'' Awards 2015 | Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="Good Game Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/tv/goodgame/stories/s4371946.htm |title=Game of the Year - Part 1 |last1=O'Donnell |first=Steven |authorlink1=Steven O'Donnell (Australian actor) |last2=Bendixsen |first2=Stephanie |authorlink2=Stephanie Bendixsen |website=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation]] |date=December 15, 2015 |accessdate=January 17, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ea5CWKoh |archivedate=January 16, 2016}}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 16, 2015 ! scope="row"| GameFAQs' Best Game Ever | Best Game Ever | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="GameFAQs">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2015/12/16/10323192/undertale-gamefaqs-best-game-ever |title=Undertale wins GameFAQs' Best Game Ever contest |last=Frank |first=Allegra |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=December 16, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egsbSNsX |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 18, 2015 ! scope="row"| GameSpot Game of the Year | Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Nineteenth | align="center"| <ref name="GameSpot GOTY">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/articles/game-of-the-year-2015-countdown-20-16/1100-6432501/ |title=Game of the Year 2015 Countdown: #20 - #16 |website=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 18, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egsAMSDq |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 21, 2015 ! scope="row"| ''The Jimquisition'' Game of the Year Awards 2015 | Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="Jimquisition Awards">{{cite web |url=http://www.thejimquisition.com/2015/12/the-jimquisition-game-of-the-year-awards-2015/ |title=The Jimquisition Game of the Year Awards 2015 |last=Sterling |first=Jim |authorlink=Jim Sterling |website=[[The Jimquisition]] |date=December 21, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egFRv1KT |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 22, 2015 ! scope="row"| Destructoid Game of the Year | Best PC Game | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="Destructoid Award">{{cite web |url=http://www.destructoid.com/destructoid-s-award-for-best-pc-game-of-2015-goes-to--328410.phtml |title=Destructoid's award for Best PC Game of 2015 goes to... |last=Hansen |first=Steven |website=[[Destructoid]] |publisher=[[ModernMethod]] |date=December 22, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egF81TT0 |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 25, 2015 ! scope="row"| ''The Escapist's'' Best Games of 2015 | Best Game | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="Escapist Best Game">{{cite web |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/articles/view/video-games/features/15167-Best-Games-of-2015.3 |title=The Escapist's Best Games of 2015 |page=3 |website=[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] |publisher=[[Defy Media]] |date=December 25, 2015 |accessdate=February 17, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMQCMr0P |archivedate=February 17, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 28, 2015 ! scope="row"| Ars Technica best video games of 2015 | Best Game | ''Undertale'' | Fifth | align="center"| <ref name="Ars Technica 2015">{{cite web |url=http://arstechnica.com/gaming/2015/12/the-best-video-games-of-2015-as-picked-by-the-ars-editors/4/ |title=The best video games of 2015, as picked by the Ars editor |page=4 |last=Orland |first=Kyle |website=[[Ars Technica]] |publisher=[[Condé Nast]] |date=December 28, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egDgThLD |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 28, 2015 ! scope="row"| Giant Bomb's 2015 Game of the Year Awards | Best Surprise | ''Undertale'' | Runner-Up | align="center"| <ref name="Giant Bomb 1">{{cite web |url=http://www.giantbomb.com/articles/giant-bombs-2015-game-of-the-year-awards-day-one-t/1100-5316/ |title=Giant Bomb's 2015 Game of the Year Awards: Day One Text Recap |website=[[Giant Bomb]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 28, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egFb7Yri |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| December 30, 2015 ! scope="row"| Giant Bomb's 2015 Game of the Year Awards | Best Debut | Toby Fox | Runner-Up | align="center"| <ref name="Giant Bomb 3">{{cite web |url=http://www.giantbomb.com/articles/giant-bombs-2015-game-of-the-year-awards-day-three/1100-5318/ |title=Giant Bomb's 2015 Game of the Year Awards: Day Three Text Recap |website=[[Giant Bomb]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=December 30, 2015 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egFkFhrG |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| January 1, 2016 ! scope="row"| Giant Bomb's 2015 Game of the Year Awards | Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Seventh | align="center"| <ref name="Giant Bomb 5">{{cite web |url=http://www.giantbomb.com/articles/giant-bombs-2015-game-of-the-year-awards-day-five-/1100-5320/ |title=Giant Bomb's 2015 Game of the Year Awards: Day Five Text Recap |website=[[Giant Bomb]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |date=January 1, 2016 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egFsYZfi |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| January 7, 2016 ! scope="row"| ''Zero Punctuation'' Top 5 Games of 2015 | Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="Zero Punctuation">{{cite web |url=http://www.escapistmagazine.com/videos/view/zero-punctuation/116617-Top-5-Best-and-Worst-Games-of-2015 |title=Top 5 Games of 2015 |website=[[The Escapist (magazine)|The Escapist]] |publisher=[[Defy Media]] |date=January 7, 2016 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egG6ajZK |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| January 12, 2016 ! scope="row"| IGN's Best of 2015 | PC Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="IGN PC">{{cite web |url=http://ign.com/wikis/best-of-2015/PC_Game_of_the_Year |title=PC Game of the Year |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment]] |date=January 12, 2016 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6egGeCTFF |archivedate=January 20, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| January 12, 2016 ! scope="row"| IGN's Best of 2015 | Best Story | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="IGN Story">{{cite web |url=http://au.ign.com/wikis/best-of-2015/Best_Story |title=Best Story |website=[[IGN]] |publisher=[[IGN Entertainment]] |date=January 12, 2016 |accessdate=February 17, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6fMKuWJ4e |archivedate=February 17, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| February 18, 2016 ! scope="row"| 19th Annual DICE Awards | Outstanding Achievement in Game Direction | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="DICE">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/1/13/10760412/dice-awards-2016-nominees |title=DICE Awards finalists include Fallout 4, Witcher 3, Life is Strange and more |last=Frank |first=Allegra |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=January 13, 2016 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6eaEctq4U |archivedate=January 16, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| February 18, 2016 ! scope="row"| 19th Annual DICE Awards | DICE Sprite Award | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="DICE" /> |- | align="center"| February 18, 2016 ! scope="row"| 19th Annual DICE Awards | Role-Playing/Massive Multiplayer Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="DICE" /> |- | align="center"| March 16, 2016 ! scope="row"| 2016 Game Developers Choice Awards | Innovation Award | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="GDC">{{cite web |url=http://www.vg247.com/2016/01/08/the-witcher-3-metal-gear-solid-5-lead-nominees-for-2016-game-developers-choice-awards/ |title=The Witcher 3, Metal Gear Solid 5 lead nominees for GDC 2016 Awards |last=Nunneley |first=Stephany |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=[[Videogaming247]] |date=January 8, 2016 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6eYOOuRrZ |archivedate=January 15, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| March 16, 2016 ! scope="row"| 2016 Game Developers Choice Awards | Best Debut | {{sort|Fox|Toby Fox}} | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="GDC" /> |- | align="center"| March 16, 2016 ! scope="row"| 2016 Game Developers Choice Awards | Best Narrative | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="GDC" /> |- | align="center"| March 16, 2016 ! scope="row"| 2016 Independent Games Festival Awards | Seumas McNally Grand Prize | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="IGF">{{cite web |url=http://www.vg247.com/2016/01/06/her-story-2016-igf-awards/ |title=Her Story, Undertale, Darkest Dungeon receive multiple 2016 IGF Award nominations |last=Nunneley |first=Stephany |website=[[VG247]] |publisher=[[Videogaming247]] |date=January 6, 2016 |accessdate=January 21, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6eYOWqOA1 |archivedate=January 15, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| March 16, 2016 ! scope="row"| 2016 Independent Games Festival Awards | Excellence in Audio | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="IGF" /> |- | align="center"| March 16, 2016 ! scope="row"| 2016 Independent Games Festival Awards | Excellence in Narrative | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="IGF" /> |- | align="center"| March 16, 2016 ! scope="row"| 2016 Independent Games Festival Awards | Audience Award | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="IGFwinners">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/268277/Her_Story_takes_home_top_honors_at_the_18th_annual_IGF_Awards.php |title=Her Story takes home top honors at the 18th annual IGF Awards |website=[[Gamasutra]] |publisher=[[UBM TechWeb]] |date=March 16, 2016 |accessdate=March 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160411213833/http://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/268277/Her_Story_takes_home_top_honors_at_the_18th_annual_IGF_Awards.php |archive-date=April 11, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| March 19, 2016 ! scope="row"| South by Southwest Gaming Awards | Game of the Year | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="SXSW nom">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/1/25/10830286/sxsw-gaming-award-nominees-2016 |title=Bloodborne, Metal Gear Solid 5 among SXSW Gaming Award nominees |last=Frank |first=Allegra |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=January 25, 2016 |accessdate=February 17, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6eoMvq8Nt |archivedate=January 25, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| March 19, 2016 ! scope="row"| South by Southwest Gaming Awards | Excellence in Gameplay | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="SXSW nom" /> |- | align="center"| March 19, 2016 ! scope="row"| South by Southwest Gaming Awards | Most Fulfilling Crowdfunded Game | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="SXSW">{{cite web |url=http://www.polygon.com/2016/3/21/11277046/sxsw-gaming-awards-winners-2016 |title=The Witcher 3 takes top honors at yet another award show, the SXSW Gaming Awards |last=Sarkar |first=Samit |work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]] |publisher=[[Vox Media]] |date=March 21, 2016 |accessdate=June 5, 2016 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6gZ6BMatY |archivedate=April 6, 2016 }}</ref> |- | align="center"| March 19, 2016 ! scope="row"| South by Southwest Gaming Awards | Most Promising New Intellectual Property | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="SXSW nom" /> |- | align="center"| March 19, 2016 ! scope="row"| South by Southwest Gaming Awards | Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award | ''Undertale'' | Won | align="center"| <ref name="SXSW" /> |- | align="center"| April 7, 2016 ! scope="row"| British Academy Games Awards | Story | ''Undertale'' | Nominated | align="center"| <ref name="bafta noms">{{cite web | url = http://www.vg247.com/2016/03/10/rocket-league-the-witcher-3-fallout-4-others-up-for-bafta-best-game-award/ | title = Rocket League, The Witcher 3, Fallout 4, others up for BAFTA Best Game Award | website = [[VG247]] | first = Stephany | last = Nunnely | date = March 10, 2016 | accessdate = March 10, 2016 | publisher = [[Videogaming247]] |archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6hCnIWJHb |archive-date=May 2, 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2016-04-07-fallout-4-wins-best-game-at-baftas |website = [[GamesIndustry.biz]] | first = Rachel | last = Weber | title = Fallout 4 wins best game at BAFTAs | date = April 7, 2016 | accessdate = April 7, 2016 | publisher = [[Gamer Network]] |archive-url=http://www.webcitation.org/6hCmxLahf |archive-date=May 2, 2016 }}</ref> |} |} == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Digital art]] p1hf9j2k21uu16mtg7vu7werj3lgdag 0 217668 2415886 2405677 2022-08-17T17:29:38Z OhanaUnited 18921 update stage for Melioidosis wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{WikiJMed top menu}}{{WikiJMed right menu}} {{:WikiJournal User Group/Potential upcoming articles}} ---- The table below is generated from the records on Wikidata, with the exception of the <span style="color:#006930">'''''Notes'''''</span> column, which can be <span class="plainlinks">[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/{{PAGENAMEE}}?veaction=edit '''edited in Visual Editor''']</span> </noinclude> {| class="wikitable sortable" ! style="border-top:1px solid transparent;border-left:1px solid transparent;border-bottom:1px solid transparent; background-color:white;"| Stage ! Wikidata !style="width:300px"| Article ! Submission ! Editors ! Reviewers ! DOI ! PDF ! WP !style="background:#99DFB9"|''Notes'' <span class="plainlinks" style="font-weight:normal;">[[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles?veaction=edit edit]]</span> |- |{{Article in processing|Q100400590}} ||2 reviews in, RW has asked MB to see if this is ready to be accepted |- |{{Article in processing|Q99676829}} ||[[User:Eyoungstrom]] is stepping in as additional author to help respond to revisions, as senior author had an illness. Anticipate having revised version ready by June 2022. |- |{{Article in processing|Q100400594|stage=7}} ||2 reviews in, RW has asked CM to see if this is ready to be accepted |- |{{Article in processing|Q100400597}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q99522133|stage=5; 5}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q100737840}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q102344224}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q102436685}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q103896036}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q104417487}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q105411509}} ||This has now been published |- |{{Article in processing|Q107287286}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q107303937}} ||This has now been published |- |{{Article in processing|Q110552280}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q109667656}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q110552292}} || |- |{{Article in processing|Q111013524}} || 50 Reviews requested to date without result<!------- insert new row above this line -------> |} + <span class="plainlinks">[[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_of_Medicine/Potential_upcoming_articles?action=edit add]]</span> an article using Q number (via source editor)<noinclude> '''{{#tag:CategoryTree|Articles currently submitted to {{ROOTPAGENAME}} for peer review‎|depth=0|showcount=on|mode=all}}''' '''{{#tag:CategoryTree|Article preprints not yet submitted to {{ROOTPAGENAME}} for peer review|depth=0|showcount=on|mode=all}}''' [[Category:Article preprints not yet included in {{ROOTPAGENAME}}]] [[Category:WikiJournal Preprints]] [[Category:{{ROOTPAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> by2ohoxs4fky7e26vmoxxf22k8469co 1 228878 2415889 2388115 2022-08-17T18:49:33Z OhanaUnited 18921 move from [[Talk:WikiJournal of Humanities/Editorial board]] wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{WikiJournal editorial application top |archive box = {{Archive box|[[/Archive 2017]] <br>[[/Archive 2018]] <br>[[/Archive 2019]] <br>[[/Archive 2020]] }} }} </noinclude> ==Editorial board application of Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav | qualifications =PhD | link =http://cup.edu.in/rajkumaryadav.php | areas_of_expertise =Criminal Law, Clinical Legal Education | professional_experience =14 Years | publishing_experience =11 Years | open_experience =Wikipedia | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Humanities. [[User:HariSinghw|HariSinghw]] ([[User talk:HariSinghw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/HariSinghw|contribs]]) 13:29, 19 July 2022 (UTC) }} t6jdv0rup80jq1vmzkbkraczmsts0f6 2415897 2415889 2022-08-17T19:48:02Z OhanaUnited 18921 /* Editorial board application of Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav */ questions about your identity wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{WikiJournal editorial application top |archive box = {{Archive box|[[/Archive 2017]] <br>[[/Archive 2018]] <br>[[/Archive 2019]] <br>[[/Archive 2020]] }} }} </noinclude> ==Editorial board application of Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav | qualifications =PhD | link =http://cup.edu.in/rajkumaryadav.php | areas_of_expertise =Criminal Law, Clinical Legal Education | professional_experience =14 Years | publishing_experience =11 Years | open_experience =Wikipedia | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Humanities. [[User:HariSinghw|HariSinghw]] ([[User talk:HariSinghw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/HariSinghw|contribs]]) 13:29, 19 July 2022 (UTC) }} * {{comment}} Experience editing on wiki [https://guc.toolforge.org/?by=date&user=HariSinghw looks solid]. My concern is that your [[User:HariSinghw|userpage]] states that you are Hari Singh Yadav. But your application and the faculty website that you have provided says your name is Raj Kumar Yadav. Can you clarify this discrepancy? I want to note that similar issue was brought up in July 2022 at [[:w:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raj Kumar Yadav (academic)|en.wp AfD for your page]] over who you really are. Are you Raj Kumar Yadav? Or are you Hari Singh Yadav editing on behalf Raj Kumar Yadav? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 19:47, 17 August 2022 (UTC) ooazi5as65ksevx4pwc0gy2jikz7a54 2415968 2415897 2022-08-18T00:40:57Z HariSinghw 2937420 /* Editorial board application of Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> {{WikiJournal editorial application top |archive box = {{Archive box|[[/Archive 2017]] <br>[[/Archive 2018]] <br>[[/Archive 2019]] <br>[[/Archive 2020]] }} }} </noinclude> ==Editorial board application of Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav== {{WikiJournal editor application submitted | position =Editorial board | name =Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav | qualifications =PhD | link =http://cup.edu.in/rajkumaryadav.php | areas_of_expertise =Criminal Law, Clinical Legal Education | professional_experience =14 Years | publishing_experience =11 Years | open_experience =Wikipedia | policy_confirm =I confirm that I will act in accordance with the policies of the WikiJournal of Humanities. [[User:HariSinghw|HariSinghw]] ([[User talk:HariSinghw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/HariSinghw|contribs]]) 13:29, 19 July 2022 (UTC) }} * {{comment}} Experience editing on wiki [https://guc.toolforge.org/?by=date&user=HariSinghw looks solid]. My concern is that your [[User:HariSinghw|userpage]] states that you are Hari Singh Yadav. But your application and the faculty website that you have provided says your name is Raj Kumar Yadav. Can you clarify this discrepancy? I want to note that similar issue was brought up in July 2022 at [[:w:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Raj Kumar Yadav (academic)|en.wp AfD for your page]] over who you really are. Are you Raj Kumar Yadav? Or are you Hari Singh Yadav editing on behalf Raj Kumar Yadav? [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 19:47, 17 August 2022 (UTC) *:Sir, previously this account was handled by my father now I Dr. Raj Kumar Yadav operate this account because creation of double account may declare us sock puppet as it happened years back.[[User:HariSinghw|HariSinghw]] ([[User talk:HariSinghw|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/HariSinghw|contribs]]) 00:40, 18 August 2022 (UTC) ix1hvtd659q5x6sbphbtrdpicjo5ywn 0 234440 2415936 2401127 2022-08-17T23:34:58Z Marshallsumter 311529 /* Minerals */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Pitchblende schlema-alberoda.JPG|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of the mineral pitchblende, or uraninite. Credit: [[c:User:Geomartin|Geomartin]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Uraninite-usa32abg.jpg|thumb|left|150px|These crystals are uraninite from Trebilcock Pit, Topsham, Maine. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Uraninite''' is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore with a chemical composition that is largely [uranium dioxide] UO₂, but also contains [uranium trioxide] UO₃ and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements. It is most commonly known as '''pitchblende''' (from ''pitch'', because of its black color. All uraninite minerals contain a small amount of radium as a radioactive decay product of uranium. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes ²⁰⁶Pb and ²⁰⁷Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes ²³⁸U and ²³⁵U respectively. The extremely rare element technetium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 0.2 ng/kg), produced by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238. The image at left shows well-formed crystals of uraninite. The image at right shows botryoidal uraninite. Because of the uranium decay products, both sources are gamma-ray emitters. {{clear}} ==Minerals== [[Image:Serandite-Aegirine-20264.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This fine specimen from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada, is one of the more sculptural and dramatic serandite clusters. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. Ice is naturally occurring, given a temperature below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). It is homogenous (of one material), formed inorganically, and has an ordered atomic structure. Ice has a definite chemical composition (H₂0), with hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonding in a specific manner."<ref name=Beitler>{{ cite web |author=Jane Beitler |title=All About Snow |publisher=National Snow and Ice Data Center |location= |date=2014 |url=http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow/index.html |accessdate=2014-09-17 }}</ref> Serandite<ref name=WebmineralSerandites>{{cite web|title=Serandite|url=http://www.webmineral.com/data/Serandite.shtml|publisher=Webmineral|accessdate=July 25, 2012}}</ref> is a mineral with formula Na{{chem|(Mn|2+|,Ca)|2|Si|3|O|8}}(OH). Serandite is transparent to translucent and is normally salmon-pink, light pink, rose-red, orange, brown, black, or colorless; in thin section, it is colorless.<ref name=HandbookSerandites>{{cite web|title=Sérandite |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/serandite.pdf |work=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineral Data Publishing |accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> It is a triclinic inosilicate with vitreous to greasy; fibrous aggregates dull to silky<ref name=HandbookSerandites/> Octahedrally bonded Mn(II) is the primary contributor to the mineral's pink colors.<ref name=ManningSerandites>{{cite journal|last=Manning|first=P. G.|title=Absorption spectra of the manganese-bearing chain silicates pyroxmangite, rhodonite, bustamite and serandite|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|date=June 1968|volume=9|issue=3|pages=348–357|url=http://rruff.info/uploads/CM9_348.pdf|publisher=Mineralogical Association of Canada}}</ref> Crystals of the mineral can be prismatic to acicular and elongated along [010], bladed, blocky, or tabular and flattened on {100}, occur as a radiating aggregate, or have massive habit.<ref name=HandbookSerandites/> Sérandite is a member of the wollastonite group and is the manganese analogue of pectolite.<ref name=MindatSerandites>{{cite web|title=Sérandite|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-3622.html|publisher=Mindat|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> It is sometimes used as a gemstone.<ref name=Sinkankas>Gemstones of North America - Volume 3 - Page 417 John Sinkankas - 1959</ref> In the image on the right, the dark mineral is Aegirine. {{clear}} ==Theoretical geochemistry== '''Def.''' the "branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets, and with the chemical processes that occur in the formation of rocks and minerals etc"<ref name=SemperBlotto>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=geochemistry |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=November 23, 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geochemistry |accessdate=2013-08-29 }}</ref> is called '''geochemistry'''. ==Magnetism== [[Image:Mineral magnetite (lodestone), from Tortola, British Virgin Islands.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mineral magnetite (lodestone), from Tortola, British Virgin Islands is magnetic. Credit: [[c:User:Chris Oxford|Chris Oxford]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a mineral that is weakly attracted by the poles of a magnet but does not retain any permanent magnetism is called a '''paramagnet''', or a '''paramagnetic mineral'''. '''Def.''' a mineral that is weakly attracted by the poles of a magnet tending to become magnetized in a direction at 180° to the applied magnetic field but does not retain any permanent magnetism is called a '''diamagnet''', or a '''diamagnetic mineral'''. '''Def.''' a mineral that is exhibits the poles of a magnet even in zero applied magnetic field is called a '''ferromagnet''', or a '''ferromagnetic mineral'''. '''Def.''' a mineral that is exhibits the poles of a magnet even in zero applied magnetic field but with opposite directions is called a '''antiferromagnet''', or a '''antiferromagnetic mineral'''. '''Def.''' a mineral that is exhibits the poles of a magnet even in zero applied magnetic field with opposite directions but a net magnetic moment is called a '''ferrimagnet''', or a '''ferrimagnetic mineral'''. {{clear}} ==Flame emission spectroscopy== [[Image:Flame photometry calcium.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A flame is created during the assessment of calcium ions in a flame photometer. Credit: [[c:User:Panek|Panek]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Die Flammenfärbung des Rubidium.jpg|thumb|left|150px|This image shows the flame test for Rubidium. Credit: [[c:User:Didaktische.Medien|Didaktische.Medien]].{{tlx|free media}}]] In flame emission spectroscopy, as shown in the image on the right, a small mineral sample is put into the flame as either a gas, sprayed solution, or on a small loop of wire, usually platinum. The flame evaporates the mineral and breaks chemical bonds to create free atoms. Each element emits light at a characteristic wavelength. These emissions are dispersed by a grating or prism and detected in the spectrometer. If a Bunsen burner is available where you are trying to chemically analyze a mineral sample, inserting a small piece safely in the flame could prove helpful as the second image down on the right shows. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" class="wikitable" !Symbol !Name !Color !Image |- |Al |Aluminium |Silver-white, in very hot such as an electric arc, light blue |[[File:Aluminum flame.png|30px]] |- |As |Arsenic |Blue |[[File:FlammenfärbungAs.jpg|30px]] |- |B |[[Boron]] |Bright green |[[File:FlammenfärbungB.png|30px]] |- |Ba |Barium |Pale/Apple green |[[File:Barium flame.png|30px]] |- |Be |Beryllium |White | |- |Bi |Bismuth |Azure | |- |Ca |Calcium |Orange |[[File:FlammenfärbungCa.png|30px]] |- |Cd |Cadmium |Brick red | |- |Ce |Cerium |Blue | |- |Co |Cobalt |Silver-white | |- |Cr |Chromium |Silver-white | |- |Cs |Caesium |Blue-Violet |[[File:Caesium flame.png|30px]] |- |Cu(I) |Copper(I) |Bluish-green |[[File:Copper (I) blue flame.png|30px]] |- |Cu(II) |Copper(II) (non-halide) |Green |[[File:Flametest--Cu.swn.jpg|30px|Flame test on copper sulfate]] |- |Cu(II) |Copper(II) (halide) |Blue-green |[[File:Cu+2 (CuCl2)-Blue.jpg|30px]] |- |Ge |Germanium |Pale blue | |- |Fe(II) |Iron(II) |Gold, when very hot such as an electric arc, bright blue, or green turning to orange-brown | |- |Fe(III) |Iron(III) |Orange-brown |[[File:Iron III Flame Thermite Reaction.jpg|50px|An iron (III) flame, generated using the thermite reaction]] |- |Hf |Hafnium |White | |- |Hg |Mercury |Red | |- |In |Indium |Indigo/Blue | |- |K |Potassium |Lilac |[[File:Potassium flame.png|30px]] |- |Li |[[Lithium]] |crimson red; invisible through green glass |[[File:FlammenfärbungLi.png|30px]] |- |Mg |Magnesium |(none), but for burning Mg metal Intense White |[[File:Mg-flame.jpg|30px]] |- |Mn (II) |Manganese (II) |Yellowish green | |- |Mo |Molybdenum |Yellowish green | |- |Na |Sodium |Intense yellow; invisible through cobalt blue glass |[[File:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|30px]] |- |Nb |Niobium |Green or blue | |- |Ni |Nickel |Silver-white (sometimes reported as colorless) | |- |P |Phosphorus |Pale bluish green | |- |Pb |[[Lead]] |Blue/white |[[File:FlammenfärbungPb.png|30px]] |- |Ra |Radium |Crimson red |[[File:Radium flame.png|30px]] |- |Rb |Rubidium |Red-violet |[[File:Die Flammenfärbung des Rubidium.jpg|50px]] |- |Sb |Antimony |Pale green |[[File:FlammenfärbungSb.png|30px]] |- |Sc |Scandium |Orange | |- |Se |Selenium |Azure blue | |- |Sn |Tin |Blue-white | |- |Sr |Strontium |Crimson to Scarlet, yellowish through green glass and violet through blue cobalt glass |[[File:Plamenná zkouška kationt Sr+2.jpg|30px]] |- |Ta |Tantalum |Blue | |- |Te |Tellurium |Pale green | |- |Ti |Titanium |Silver-white | |- |Tl |Thallium |Pure green |[[File:Thallium flame.png|30px]] |- |V |Vanadium |Yellowish Green | |- |W |Tungsten |Green | |- |Y |Yttrium |Carmine, Crimson, or Scarlet | |- |Zn |Zinc |Colorless (sometimes reported as bluish-green) |[[File:Zinc burning.JPG|100px]] |- |Zr |Zirconium |Mild red | |} From a flame analysis of a small mineral sample that easily dissolved in water, the chemical sodium was detected. "Halide ions in solutions are detected using silver nitrate solutions. The test solution is acidified using a few drops of dilute nitric acid, and then a few drops of silver nitrate solution are added. Different coloured silver halide precipitates form, depending on the halide ions present:"<ref name=Cdm>{{ cite web |author=cdm |title=Tests for negative ions |publisher=BBC |location=UK |date=2017 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z27ycdm/revision/5 |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> * chloride ions give a white precipitate of silver chloride * bromide ions give a cream precipitate of silver bromide * iodide ions give a yellow precipitate of silver iodide {{clear}} ==Luminescences== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Luminescences}} '''Def.''' any "emission of light that cannot be attributed merely to the temperature of the emitting body"<ref name=LuminescenceWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=luminescence |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 April 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luminescence |accessdate=2016-09-22 }}</ref> is called '''luminescence'''. {{clear}} ==Charoites== [[Image:Czaroit1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Charoite is weakly fluorescent. Credit: [[c:user:Kosioryt|Piotr Sosnowski]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Luminescence of charoite in ultraviolet light.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Luminescence is shown for charoite in ultraviolet light. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Charoite {{chem|K|(Ca,Na)|2|Si|4|O|10|(O|H,F)|•H|2|O}}<ref name=HandbookCharoites>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/charoite.pdf Mineral Handbook]</ref> is a rare silicate mineral, first described in 1978 and named for the Chara River.<ref name=Mindat/> It has been reported only from the Aldan Shield, Sakha Republic, Siberia, Russia.<ref name=HandbookCharoites/> It is found where a syenite of the Murunskii Massif has intruded into and altered limestone deposits producing a potassium feldspar metasomatite.<ref name=WebminCharoites>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Charoite.shtml Charoite info at WebMineral]</ref><ref name=MindatCharoites>[http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=972&ld=2&pho= Mindat]</ref> Charoite occurs in association with tinaksite and canasite.<ref name=HandbookCharoites/> {{clear}} ==Corundums== [[Image:Corundum-215330.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A ruby crystal is from Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Luminescence of natural ruby crystals in ultraviolet rays.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Luminescence of natural ruby crystals is in ultraviolet rays. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond.<ref>{{ cite book |title=Precious Stones |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218182752/https://books.google.com/books?id=crc7ZtRHItgC&pg=PA1 |date=December 18, 2017 }}, Max Bauer, p. 2</ref> Using UV light is one of the most effective ways to determine the authenticity of a ruby. Under the influence of ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 365 nanometers, ruby gives a uniform red fluorescence. This applies to both transparent and any other types of rubies. Artificial stones emit orange light in this UV spectrum. {{clear}} ==Diopsides== [[Image:Luminescence of diopside (violan) in ultraviolet rays.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Luminescence of diopside (violan) is shown in ultraviolet rays, macrophotography, magnification 3.7 X. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Diopside-177506.jpg|thumb|upright|left|200px|A green diopside is found in Outokumpu, Finland. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Diopside is a precursor of chrysotile (white asbestos) by hydrothermal alteration and magmatic differentiation;<ref name=Boettcher>{{ cite journal | author=A L Boettcher | title=The Rainy Creek alkaline-ultramafic igneous complex near Libby, Montana. I: Ultramafic rocks and fenite | journal=Journal of Geology | volume=75 | pages=536–553 | year=1967 | doi=10.1086/627280 }}</ref> it can react with hydrous solutions of magnesium and chlorine to yield chrysotile by heating at 600&nbsp;°C for three days.<ref name=Barrese>{{ cite journal |author1=Eugenio Barrese |author2=Elena Belluso |author3=Francesco Abbona | title=On the transformation of synthetic diopside into chrysotile | journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |date=1 February 1997 | issue=1 | pages=83–87 | url=http://eurjmin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/83 | volume=9 | doi=10.1127/ejm/9/1/0083 }}</ref> Some vermiculite deposits, most notably those in Libby, Montana, are contaminated with chrysotile (as well as other forms of asbestos) that formed from diopside.<ref>{{ cite web |title=Asbestos in Your Home |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |year=2003 |access-date=2007-11-20 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008231840/http://epa.gov/region8/sf/libby/inhome.html |archive-date=October 8, 2006 }}</ref> Much chromian diopside from the Green River Basin localities and several of the State Line Kimberlites have been gem in character.<ref>{{ cite book |last=Hausel|first=W. Dan |title=Geology and Geochemistry of the Leucite Hills Lamproitic field, Rocks Springs Uplift, Wyoming |year=2006 |publisher=Wyoming geological survey |location=Laramie, Wyoming }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Nephrites== [[Image:Nephrite jordanow slaski.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This nephrite is from Jordanów Śląski, Poland. Credit: [[c:user:Kasioryt|Piotr Sosnowski]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Defects of nephrite in ultraviolet rays.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Defects of nephrite show in ultraviolet rays, where luminescence of surface areas indicates the presence of chips and cracks in them. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Nephrite is an inosilicate variety of the calcium, magnesium, and iron-rich amphibole minerals tremolite or actinolite (aggregates of which also make up one form of asbestos), with the chemical formula of Ca₂(Mg,Fe)₅Si₈O₂₂(OH)₂.<ref name="GRG">{{ cite book |title=Gem Reference Guide |year=1988 |publisher=Gemological Institute of America |isbn=0-87311-019-6 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Fluorescences== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Fluorescences}} [[Image:Halit mit grüner Fluoreszenz - Erongo, Namibia.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Halite shows green fluorescence. Credit: [[c:User:Ra'ike|Ra'ike]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' the "emission of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) by a material when stimulated by the absorption of radiation or of a subatomic particle"<ref name=FluorescenceWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=fluorescence |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=10 September 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fluorescence |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''fluorescence'''. Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. It is a form of [[w:luminescence|luminescence]]. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy, than the absorbed radiation. However, when the absorbed electromagnetic radiation is intense, it is possible for one electron to absorb two [[w:photon|photon]]s; this [[w:two-photon absorption|two-photon absorption]] can lead to emission of radiation having a shorter wavelength than the absorbed radiation. The emitted radiation may also be of the same wavelength as the absorbed radiation, termed "resonance fluorescence".<ref name=Holler>''Principles Of Instrumental Analysis'' F.James Holler, Douglas A. Skoog & Stanley R. Crouch 2006</ref> The most striking examples of fluorescence occur when the absorbed radiation is in the [[w:ultraviolet|ultraviolet]] region of the spectrum, and thus invisible to the human eye, and the emitted light is in the visible region. The common [[w:fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lamp]] relies on fluorescence. Inside the glass tube is a partial vacuum and a small amount of [[w:mercury (element)|mercury]]. An electric discharge in the tube causes the mercury atoms to emit ultraviolet light. The tube is lined with a coating of a fluorescent material, called the ''[[w:phosphor|phosphor]]'', which absorbs the ultraviolet and re-emits visible light. Fluorescent [[w:lighting|lighting]] is more energy-efficient than incandescent lighting elements. However, the uneven [[w:spectrum|spectrum]] of traditional fluorescent lamps may cause certain colors to appear different than when illuminated by incandescent light or [[w:daylight|daylight]]. The mercury vapor emission spectrum is dominated by a short-wave UV line at 254&nbsp;nm (which provides most of the energy to the phosphors), accompanied by visible light emission at 436&nbsp;nm (blue), 546&nbsp;nm (green) and 579&nbsp;nm (yellow-orange). These three lines can be observed superimposed on the white continuum using a hand spectroscope, for light emitted by the usual white fluorescent tubes. These same visible lines, accompanied by the emission lines of trivalent europium and trivalent terbium, and further accompanied by the emission continuum of divalent europium in the blue region, comprise the more discontinuous light emission of the modern trichromatic phosphor systems used in many [[w:compact fluorescent lamp|compact fluorescent lamp]] and traditional lamps where better color rendition is a goal.<ref name="How Fluorescent Lamps Work">{{ cite web |author=Tom Harris |title=How Fluorescent Lamps Work |url=http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp.htm |publisher=Discovery Communications |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Reflectivity== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reflections}} [[Image:Albedo-e hg.svg|right|thumb|250px|Percentage of diffusely reflected sunlight is shown in relation to various surface conditions. Credit: [[commons:User:Wereon|Wereon]].]] [[Image:Lambert2.gif|right|thumb|250px|Diffuse and specular reflection can occur from a glossy surface.<ref> {{ cite book | title = Photoelectric sensors and controls: selection and application | edition = | author = Scott M. Juds | publisher = CRC Press | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-8247-7886-6 | page = 29 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BkdBo1n_oO4C&pg=PA29#v=onepage&f=false }}</ref> The rays represent luminous intensity the reflectivity of which varies uniformly for an ideal diffuse reflector. Credit: [[c:User:GianniG46|GianniG46]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Baumharz resin cherry.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The image shows cherry tree resin. Credit: [[c:User:Darkone|Darkone]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Amber - Bernstein 03.jpg|left|thumb|250px|This piece of polished amber, a resin, exhibits a resinous luster. Credit: [[c:User:Oxfordian Kissuth|Oxfordian Kissuth]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Muenchen-Herz-Jesu-bjs-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The image shows a glassy or vitreous building. Credit: [[c:User:Bjs|Bjs]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' hue of a smooth surface of a mineral exhibited when sunlight reflects is called its '''color'''. '''Def.''' the fraction of incident light or radiation reflected by a surface or body, commonly expressed as a percentage is called an '''albedo'''. '''Def.''' reflectivity pertaining "to mirrors; mirror-like"<ref name=SpecularWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Widsith|Widsith]] |title=specular |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=7 May 2011 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/specular |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called '''specular''' reflectivity. '''Def.''' shine, "polish or sparkle"<ref name=LusterWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Dvortygirl|Dvortygirl]] |title=luster |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=23 March 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luster |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''luster''', or '''lustre'''. '''Def.''' the manner in which the surface of a mineral reflects light is called '''luster'''. '''Def.''' having a shine, polish or sparkle comparable to resin is called a '''resinous luster''', or is '''resinous'''. '''Def.''' "in particular smooth and (partly) reflective"<ref name=GlassyWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Kevin Ryde~enwiktionary|Kevin Ryde~enwiktionary]] |title=glassy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=14 January 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glassy |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''vitreous''', or '''glassy'''. '''Def.''' "having a matte [diffuse] finish or no particular luster or brightness"<ref name=DullWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Dvortygirl|Dvortygirl]] |title=dull |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=14 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dull |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called a '''dull''' luster. '''Def.''' luster made "of, appearing to be made of, resembling, or related to metal"<ref name=MetallicWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Ncik|Ncik]] |title=metallic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 March 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metallic |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called a '''metallic''' luster. '''Def.''' a luster, or reflectivity, "to maximize light return"<ref name=BrilliantWikt>{{ cite web |title=brilliant |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 February 2017 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brilliant |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called a '''brilliant''' luster. {{clear}} ==Transmissivity== [[Image:Opacity Translucency Transparency.svg|thumb|250px|right|Comparisons of 1. opacity, 2. translucency, and 3. transparency; where behind each panel is a star, are shown. Credit: [[c:User:Anynobody|Anynobody]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' the property that light passes through it almost undisturbed, such that one can see through it clearly is called '''transparency'''. '''Def.''' the property that light passes through a mineral but detailed images do not is called '''translucency'''. '''Def.''' not "allowing light to pass through"<ref name=OpaqueWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Paul G|Paul G]] |title=opaque |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=29 November 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opaque |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''opaque'''. {{clear}} ==Neutrons== {{main|Radiation/Neutrons}} [[Image:Gabon Geology Oklo.svg|right|thumb|200px|The geological situation in Gabon leading to natural nuclear fission reactors is described<br>1. Nuclear reactor zones<br>2. Sandstone<br>3. Uranium ore layer<br>4. Granite. Credit: [[c:User:MesserWoland|MesserWoland]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gadolinitas.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The gadolinium in gadolinite is a natural neutron absorber. Credit: [[:lt:User:WesternDevil|WesternDevil]].]] [[Image:Aigue-marine Pakistan 180308.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.5|Aquamarine is a blue or [[w:Turquoise (color)|turquoise]] variety of beryl. Credit: [[commons:User:Vassil|Vassil]].]] A '''natural nuclear fission reactor''' is a uranium mineral deposit where self-sustaining [[w:nuclear chain reaction|nuclear chain reaction]]s have occurred. This can be examined by analysis of isotope ratios. The existence of this phenomenon was discovered in 1972 at Oklo in Gabon, Africa. Oklo is the only known location for this in the world and consists of 16 sites at which self-sustaining nuclear fission reactions took place approximately 1.7 billion years ago, and ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging 100 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]] of thermal power during that time.<ref name=Meshik>{{ cite journal |author=A. P. Meshik |year=2005 |month=November |title=The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor |journal=Scientific American |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-nuclear-reactor |accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Gauthier-Lafaye1996">{{ cite journal |author=F. Gauthier-Lafaye; P. Holliger; P.-L. Blanc |year=1996 |month= |title=Natural fission reactors in the Franceville Basin, Gabon: a review of the conditions and results of a "critical event" in a geologic system |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=60 |issue=25 |pages=4831–52 |doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00245-1 |url= |bibcode=1996GeCoA..60.4831G }}</ref> Gadolinium as a metal or salt has exceptionally high absorption of neutrons and therefore is used for shielding in neutron radiography and in nuclear reactors. "The report by Hoffman ''et al.'' (1971) of 8.2 x 10⁷ y ²⁴⁴Pu in terrestrial bastnesite is supported by some unpublished evidence at Argonne National Laboratory for ²⁴⁴Pu in terrestrial gadolinite (Metta ''et al.'', 1971)."<ref name=Fields>{{ cite journal |author=P. R. Fields |author2=H. Diamond |author3=D. N. Metta |author4=D. J. Rokop |author5=C. M. Stevens |title=²³⁷Np, ²³⁶U, and other actinides on the moon |journal=Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference |month= |year=1972 |volume=3 |issue= |pages=1637-44 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972LPSC....3.1637F |arxiv= |bibcode=1972LPSC....3.1637F |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-11-01 }}</ref> The deep blue version of aquamarine is called ''maxixe''. Maxixe is commonly found in the country of Madagascar. Its color fades to white when exposed to sunlight or is subjected to heat treatment, though the color returns with irradiation. Dark-blue maxixe color can be produced in green, pink or yellow beryl by irradiating it with high-energy particles (gamma rays, neutrons or even X-rays).<ref name=Nassau>{{ cite journal | url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM61/AM61_100.pdf | author = K. Nassau | journal=American Mineralogist | volume =61 |title=The deep blue Maxixe-type color center in beryl |year =1976 |page =100 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Beta particles== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Beta particles}} Excessive "²⁶Mg [has] been reported in meteoritic carbonaceous chondrites [...] which demonstrate an excess of ²⁶Mg of up to 40% combined with essentially solar concentrations of ²⁴Mg and ²⁵Mg. Many of the data are well correlated with the ²⁷Al content of the samples, and this is interpreted as evidence that the excess ²⁶Mg has arisen from the ''in situ'' decay (via positron emission and electron capture) of the ground state of ²⁶Al in these minerals."<ref name=Champagne>{{ cite journal |author=A. E. Champagne |author2=A. J. Howard |author3=P. D. Parker |title=Nucleosynthesis of ²⁶Al at low stellar temperatures |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=June 15, |year=1983 |volume=269 |issue=06 |pages=686-9 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983ApJ...269..686C |arxiv= |bibcode=1983ApJ...269..686C |doi=10.1086/161077 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-02-01 }}</ref> ==Gamma rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Gamma rays|Gamma-ray astronomy}} [[Image:Gammaspektrum Uranerz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gamma-ray spectrum contains the typical isotopes of the uranium-radium decay line. Credit: [[commons:User:Wusel007|Wusel007]].]] The peak at 40 keV is not from the mineral. From the color of the rock shown the yellowish mineral is likely to be autunite. Autunite occurs as an oxidizing product of uranium minerals in granite pegmatites and hydrothermal deposits. {{clear}} ==Ultraviolets== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets}} [[Image:Fluorescent minerals hg.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This image exhibits forty-seven minerals that fluoresce in the visible while being irradiated in the ultraviolet. Credit: Hannes Grobe [[c:User:Hgrobe|Hgrobe]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:FluoriteUV.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Fluorescing fluorite is from Boltsburn Mine [[w:Weardale|Weardale]], [[w:North Pennines|North Pennines]], [[w:County Durham|County Durham]], England, UK. Credit: .]] [[Image:Calcite LongWaveUV HAGAM.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Calcite fluoresces pink under long wave ultraviolet light. Credit: .]] [[Image:Calcite ShortwaveUV HAGAM.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Calcite fluoresces blue under short wave ultraviolet light. Credit: .]] Ultraviolet lamps are also used in analyzing minerals and gems. Materials may look the same under visible light, but fluoresce to different degrees under ultraviolet light, or may fluoresce differently under short wave ultraviolet versus long wave ultraviolet. Ultraviolet lamps may cause certain minerals to fluoresce, and is a key tool in prospecting for tungsten mineralisation. Many samples of fluorite exhibit [[w:fluorescence|fluorescence]] under ultraviolet light, a property that takes its name from fluorite.<ref name=Stokes>{{ cite journal |title=On the Change of Refrangibility of Light |author=Stokes, G. G. |year=1852 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=142 |pages=463–562 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1852.0022 }}</ref> Many minerals, as well as other substances, fluoresce. Fluorescence involves the elevation of electron energy levels by quanta of ultraviolet light, followed by the progressive falling back of the electrons into their previous energy state, releasing quanta of visible light in the process. In fluorite, the visible light emitted is most commonly blue, but red, purple, yellow, green and white also occur. The fluorescence of fluorite may be due to mineral impurities such as [[w:yttrium|yttrium]], [[w:ytterbium|ytterbium]], or organic matter in the crystal lattice. In particular, the blue fluorescence seen in fluorites from certain parts of Great Britain responsible for the naming of the phenomenon of fluorescence itself, has been attributed to the presence of inclusions of divalent [[w:europium|europium]] in the crystal.<ref name=Przibram>{{ cite journal |author=K. Przibram |title=Fluorescence of Fluorite and the Bivalent Europium Ion |journal=Nature |volume=135 |pages=100 |year=1935 |doi=10.1038/135100a0 |issue=3403 |bibcode=1935Natur.135..100P }}</ref> "Between 190 and 1700&nbsp;nm, the ordinary refractive index varies roughly between 1.9 and 1.5, while the extraordinary refractive index varies between 1.6 and 1.4.<ref name=Thompson>{{ cite journal |author = D.W. Thompson |year=1998 |title=Determination of optical anisotropy in calcite from ultraviolet to mid-infrared by generalized ellipsometry |journal= Thin Solid Films |volume=313–4 |issue= 1-2 |pages=341–6 |doi=10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00843-2 |bibcode=1998TSF...313..341T }}</ref> Under longwave (365 nm) ultraviolet light, diamond may fluoresce a blue, yellow, green, mauve, or red of varying intensity. The most common fluorescence is blue, and such stones may also phosphoresce yellow—this is thought to be a unique combination among gemstones. There is usually little if any response to shortwave ultraviolet. {{clear}} ==Visuals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Visuals}} [[Image:Tephroite-Andradite-290004.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Although tephroite on the right, a nesosilicate, is gray, this specimen shows some brown color. Credit: [[c:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:KaolinUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Kaolin is a white phyllosilicate. Credit: USGS and the Minerals Information Institute.]] [[Image:Biotite sliceUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Biotite is a black phyllosilicate mineral. Credit: United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute.]] [[Image:Asbestos with muscovite.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Anthophyllite (or asbestos) commonly occurs as a gray or white, double-chain inosilicate mineral. Credit: [[c:User:Aramgutang|Aramgutang]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Augite Rwanda.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Augite is a black, single-chain inosilicate mineral, a pyroxene. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Leucophanite,_sérandite,_albite,_polylithionite_(Mont_Saint-Hilaire,_Québec_-_Canada).JPG|thumb|right|250px|At the center of this image are yellowish crystals of the sorosilicate mineral leucophanite. Credit: [[c:User:Parent Géry|Parent Géry]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Zrost beryli, Namibia3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colorless beryl, a cyclosilicate, is called goshenite. Credit: Piotr Menducki]] [[Image:Feldspar-Group-291254.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This feldspar crystal is stark white showing excellent symmetry with appropriate faces. Credit: [[commons:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].]] [[Image:Quartzite 2 jpg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a visual image of a piece of quartzite, a common rocky-object mode of occurrence for the tectosilicate mineral [[w:Quartz|quartz]]. Credit: United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Mineral Information Institute.]] Beryl of various colors is found most commonly in granitic pegmatites, but also occurs in mica schists. Goshenite [a beryl clear to white cyclosilicate] is found to some extent in almost all beryl localities. '''Quartzite''' (from [[w:German language|German]] '''Quarzit'''<ref>[http://german.about.com/library/blvoc_gerloan.htm German Loan Words in English]. German.about.com (2010-06-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-05.</ref>) is a hard, non-foliated [[w:metamorphic rock|metamorphic rock]] which was originally pure [[w:quartz|quartz]] [[w:sandstone|sandstone]].<ref name=Marshak>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak, p 182</ref><ref name="MII">{{ cite book |url=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoquartzite.html |title=Quartzite |author=Darryl Powell |publisher=Mineral Information Institute |accessdate=2009-09-09 }}</ref> Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to [[w:tectonics|tectonic]] compression within [[w:orogeny|orogenic belts]]. Pure quartzite is usually white to gray, though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃). Other colors, such as yellow and orange, are due to other mineral impurities. The great majority of silicates are [[w:oxide|oxide]]s which comprise the majority of the [[w:earth's crust|earth's crust]], as well as the other [[w:terrestrial planets|terrestrial planets]], rocky [[w:moons|moons]], and [[w:asteroids|asteroids]]. Sand, [[w:Portland cement|Portland cement]], and thousands of [[w:minerals|minerals]] are examples of silicates. [[w:Mineralogy|Mineralogically]], [[w:silicate minerals|silicate minerals]] are divided according to structure of their silicate anion into the following groups:<ref name=Deer>Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1992). ''An introduction to the rock forming minerals'' (2nd edition ed.). London: Longman {{ISBN|0-582-30094-0}}</ref><ref name=Hurlbut>Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). ''Manual of Mineralogy'', Wiley, (20th edition ed.). {{ISBN|0-471-80580-7}}</ref> {{clear}} * [[w:Silicate_minerals#Nesosilicates_or_Isosilicates|Nesosilicate]]s (lone tetrahedron) - [SiO₄]⁴⁻, e.g. [[w:olivine|olivine]], [[w:Tephroite|tephroite]]. * Sorosilicates (double tetrahedra) - [Si₂O₇]⁶⁻, e.g. [[w:epidote|epidote]], [[w:melilite|melilite]] group, leucophanite. * Cyclosilicates (rings) - [Si_nO_3n]²ⁿ⁻, e.g. [[w:tourmaline|tourmaline]] group. * Inosilicates (single chain) - [Si_nO_3n]²ⁿ⁻, e.g. [[w:pyroxene|pyroxene]] group. * Inosilicates(double chain) - [Si_4nO_11n]⁶ⁿ⁻, e.g. [[w:amphibole|amphibole]] group. * [[w:Phyllosilicates|Phyllosilicates]] (sheets) - [Si_2nO_5n]²ⁿ⁻, e.g. [[w:mica|mica]]s and [[w:clay|clay]]s like Kaolin. * Tectosilicates (3D framework) - [Al_xSi_yO_2(x+y)]^x−, e.g. [[w:quartz|quartz]], [[w:feldspar|feldspar]]s, [[w:zeolite|zeolite]]s. {{clear}} == Violets == {{main|Radiation astronomy/Violets}} [[Image:Axinite-Oisan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Axinite is a calcium aluminum borosilicate mineral that can occur in violet. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fluorapatite 170308 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This fluorapatite specimen is primarily violet. Credit: [[c:User:Vassil|Vassil]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fluorapatite-Quartz-d05-140b.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The color of the purple apatites (which are to almost 1 cm in size) leaps out at you. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Zoïsite (Tanzanite).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The tanzanite shown is a rough stone and a cut stone. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Tansanit nature.jpg|250px|left|thumb|A rough sample of tanzanite is pictured. Credit: [[c:User:Wela49|Wela49]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:1szafir Madagaskar.jpg|right|thumb|250px|This raw sapphire is from Madagascar. Credit: Kluka.]] [[Image:Lepidolite-208658.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Lavender lepidolite has been found in the Himalaya Mine, Mesa Grande District, San Diego County, California, USA. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Axinite-(Mg) or magnesioaxinite, Ca₂MgAl₂BOSi₄O₁₅(OH) magnesium rich, [can be] pale blue to pale violet<ref>[http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/magnesioaxinite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy: Magnesioaxinite]</ref> Fluorapatite a sample of which is shown at right is a mineral with the formula Ca₅(PO₄)₃F (calcium fluorophosphate). Fluorapatite as a mineral is the most common phosphate mineral. It occurs widely as an accessory mineral in [[w:igneous rocks|igneous rocks]] and in calcium rich [[w:metamorphic rocks|metamorphic rocks]]. It commonly occurs as a detrital or [[w:diagenesis|diagenic]] mineral in [[w:sedimentary rocks|sedimentary rocks]] and is an essential component of [[w:phosphorite|phosphorite]] ore deposits. It occurs as a residual mineral in [[w:Laterite|lateritic soils]].<ref name=Handbook>http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/fluorapatite.pdf Mineral Handbook</ref> At lower left is another fluorapatite example that is violet in color on quartz crystals. Lower right shows both a rough stone and a cut stone of tanzanite. "'''Tanzanite''' is the blue/purple variety of the mineral [[w:zoisite|zoisite]] (a calcium aluminium hydroxy [[w:Silicate minerals|silicate]]) with the formula (Ca₂Al₃(SiO₄)(Si₂O₇)O(OH))]. Tanzanite is noted for its remarkably strong [[w:trichroism|trichroism]], appearing alternately sapphire blue, violet and burgundy depending on crystal orientation.<ref name=Skalwold>{{cite book |author=E. Skalwold |url=http://www.nordskip.com/pleochroism.html |title=Pleochroism: trichroism and dichroism in gems |publisher=Nordskip.com |accessdate=2011-08-29 }}</ref> Tanzanite can also appear differently when viewed under alternate lighting conditions. The blues appear more evident when subjected to [[w:fluorescent light|fluorescent light]] and the violet hues can be seen readily when viewed under [[w:incandescent light|incandescent]] illumination. A rough violet sample of tanzanite is third down at left. Tanzanite in its rough state is usually a reddish brown color. It requires artificial heat treatment to 600 °C in a gemological oven to bring out the blue violet of the stone.<ref>{{ cite book |url=http://www.yourgemologist.com/heattreatment.html |title=YourGemologist / International School of Gemology Study of Heat Treatment |publisher=Yourgemologist.com |accessdate=2011-08-29 }}</ref> Tanzanite is found only in the foothills of [[w:Mount Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]]. Tanzanite is universally heat treated in a furnace, with a temperature between 550 and 700 degrees Celsius, to produce a range of hues between bluish-violet to violetish-blue. Some stones found close to the surface in the early days of the discovery were gem-quality blue without the need for heat treatment. Perhaps the most common violet mineral is sapphire. A sample of uncut natural sapphire is at lowest right. "Sapphires may be found naturally, by searching through certain sediments (due to their resistance to being eroded compared to softer stones) or rock formations. '''Lepidolite''' (KLi₂Al(Al,Si)₃O₁₀(F,OH)₂ is a lilac-gray or rose-colored member of the [[w:mica|mica]] group that is a secondary source of [[w:lithium|lithium]]. It is a [[w:silicate minerals|phyllosilicate]] mineral<ref name=Hurlbut/> It is associated with other lithium-bearing minerals like [[w:spodumene|spodumene]] in [[w:pegmatite|pegmatite]] bodies. It is one of the major sources of the rare [[w:alkali metal|alkali metal]]s [[w:rubidium|rubidium]] and [[w:caesium|caesium]].<ref name=Nechamkin>H. Nechamkin, ''The Chemistry of the Elements'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.</ref> It occurs in [[w:granite|granite]] pegmatites, in some high-temperature quartz veins, [[w:greisen|greisen]]s and granites. Associated minerals include [[w:quartz|quartz]], [[w:feldspar|feldspar]], spodumene, [[w:amblygonite|amblygonite]], [[w:tourmaline|tourmaline]], [[w:columbite|columbite]], [[w:cassiterite|cassiterite]], [[w:topaz|topaz]] and [[w:beryl|beryl]].<ref name=Handbook/> {{clear}} ==Blues== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Blues|Blue astronomy}} "Nine out of 10 well-characterized Apollo 17 breccia matrices fall into Group 2, and this includes both the blue-grey breccias which are the dominant rock type at this site"<ref name=Morgan>{{ cite journal |author=John W. Morgan |author2=H. Higuchi |author3=Edward Anders |title=Meteoritic material in a boulder from the Apollo 17 site - Implications for its origin |journal=The Moon |month=November-December |year=1975 |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=373-83 |url= |bibcode=1975Moon...14..373M |doi=10.1007/BF00569671 |pmid= |accessdate=2011-08-07 }}</ref>. "A 1953 telescopic photograph of a flash on the Moon is the only unequivocal record of the rare crash of an asteroid-sized body onto the lunar surface. ... A search of images from the Clementine mission reveals an ∼1.5-km high-albedo, blue, fresh-appearing crater with an associated ejecta blanket at the location of the flash."<ref name=Buratti>{{ cite journal |author=Bonnie J Buratti, Lane L Johnson |title=Identification of the lunar flash of 1953 with a fresh crater on the moon’s surface |journal=Icarus |month=January |year=2003 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=192-7 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103502000271 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00027-1 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> In terms of reflectance from the lunar surface, "the very dark 'blue' maria [are] such as found in Mare Tranquillitatis."<ref name=McCord>{{ cite journal |author=Thomas B. McCord |author2=John B. Adams |title=Progress in remote optical analysis of lunar surface composition |journal=The Moon |month=September |year=1973 |volume=7 |issue=3-4 |pages=453-74 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1973Moon....7..453M |doi=10.1007/BF00564646 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> "[T]he slope of the reflectance spectrum in the blue and ultraviolet ... is directly related to the percent TiO₂ in the [lunar] surface soil (Charette ''et al.'', 1974)."<ref name=Pieters>{{ cite journal |author=Carle Pieters |author2=Thomas B. McCord |title=Characterization of lunar mare basalt types. I - A remote sensing study using reflection spectroscopy of surface soils, In: ''Proceedings Lunar Science Conference, 7th'' |volume=3 |publisher=Pergamon Press, Inc. |location=New York |month=April |year=1976 |editor= |pages=2677-90 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1976LPSC....7.2677P |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> {{clear}} ===Hibonites=== [[Image:Hibonite - Esiva eluvials, Tulear Province, Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An example of common occurring brownish hibonite. Credit: [http://www.mindat.org/user-10773.html#0 Kelly Nash].]] [[Image:Blue hibonite.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|This specimen from Madagascar has a bluish cast that may indicate a composition similar to those grains found in meteorites. Credit: Rock Currier.]] Usually, '''Hibonite''' ((Ca,Ce)(Al,Ti,Mg)₁₂O₁₉) as shown at right is a brownish black mineral. It is rare, but is found in high-grade metamorphic rocks on Madagascar. Some presolar grains in primitive [[meteorites]] consist of hibonite. Hibonite also is a common mineral in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) found in some chondrite chondritic meteorites. Hibonite is closely related to hibonite-Fe (IMA 2009-027, ((Fe,Mg)Al₁₂O₁₉)) an alteration mineral from the Allende meteorite.<ref>[http://rruff.info/ima/ IMA Mineral List with Database of Mineral Properties]</ref> Hibonite is blue perhaps like the image at left in meteorite occurrence. Often a mineral appears blue due to the presence of copper or sulfur. Glaucophane is a blue silicate that owes its color to its characteristic formation. {{clear}} ===Sodalite=== [[Image:Sodalite peg.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A sample of '''sodalite'''-carbonate [[w:pegmatite|pegmatite]] from Bolivia has a polished rock surface. Credit: .]] '''Sodalite''' is a rich royal blue mineral massive sodalite samples are opaque, crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Occurring typically in massive form, sodalite is found as vein fillings in plutonic igneous rocks such as nepheline syenites. {{clear}} ===Covellite=== [[Image:Covellin - Grube Clara.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This covellite specimen is from the Black Forest of Germany. Credit: .]] Covellite has been found in veins at depths of 1,150 meters, as the primary mineral. Covellite formed as clusters in these [[w:Vein (geology)|veins]] reaching one meter across. {{clear}} ===Lazurite=== [[Image:Lazurite.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Lazurite is a deep blue tectosilicate. Credit: .]] '''Lazurite''' is a tectosilicate mineral with sulfate, sulfur and chloride with formula: (Na,Ca)₈[(S,Cl,SO₄,OH)₂<nowiki>|</nowiki>(Al₆Si₆O₂₄)]. It is a [[w:feldspathoid|feldspathoid]] and a member of the sodalite group. The colour is due to the presence of S^3- anions. Lazurite is a product of contact metamorphism of limestone. {{clear}} ===Blueschist facies=== [[Image:Schistes bleus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This blueschist example is from Ile de Groix, France. Credit: .]] {|style="float: right; margin: 10px; border: 1px #CCCCCC solid; background:#F9F9F9" |{{metamorphic facies to click}} |- |<small>Diagram showing metamorphic facies in [[pressure]]-[[temperature]] space. The domain of the graph corresponds to circumstances within the Earth's crust and upper mantle.</small> |} A '''metamorphic facies''' is a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages that were formed under similar [[pressure]]s and [[temperature]]s.<ref name = EG>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak</ref> The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram at right).<ref name = EG/> Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain [[w:tectonics|tectonic]] settings, times and places in geological history of the area.<ref name = EG/> The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph), are wide, because they are gradational and approximate.<ref name = EG/> The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure, is the range of formation of [[sedimentary rock]]s, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called [[w:diagenesis|diagenesis]].<ref name = EG/> '''Blueschist''' is a [[w:metavolcanic rock|metavolcanic rock]] that forms by the [[w:metamorphism|metamorphism]] of [[w:basalt|basalt]] and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures, approximately corresponding to a depth of 15 to 30 kilometers and 200 to ~500 degrees Celsius. The blue color of the rock comes from the presence of the mineral [[w:glaucophane|glaucophane]]. Blueschists are typically found within [[w:orogeny|orogenic belts]] as [[w:terrane|terrane]]s of lithology in faulted contact with [[w:greenschist|greenschist]] or rarely [[w:eclogite|eclogite]] facies rocks. ... '''Blueschist''', as a rock type, is defined by the presence of the minerals glaucophane + ( lawsonite or epidote ) +/- jadeite +/- albite or [[w:Chlorite group|chlorite]] +/- garnet +/- [[w:white mica|muscovite]] in a rock of roughly basaltic composition. Blueschist often has a lepidoblastic, nematoblastic or schistose [[w:Texture (crystalline)|rock microstructure]] defined primarily by chlorite, phengitic white mica, glaucophane, and other minerals with an elongate or platy shape. Grain size is rarely coarse, as mineral growth is retarded by the swiftness of the rock's metamorphic trajectory and perhaps more importantly, the low temperatures of metamorphism and in many cases the anhydrous state of the basalts. However, coarse varieties do occur. Blueschists may appear blue, black, gray, or blue-green in outcrop. {{clear}} ===Glaucophane=== [[Image:Glaucophane bleu de Groix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a specimen of glaucophane with fuchsite. Credit: .]] '''Glaucophane''' is a mineral belonging to the amphibole group, chemical formula [[w:sodium|Na]]₂[[w:magnesium|Mg]]₃[[w:aluminum|Al]]₂[[w:silicon|Si]]₈[[w:oxygen|O]]₂₂(OH)₂. The blue color is very diagnostic for this species. It, along with the closely related mineral [[w:riebeckite|riebeckite]] are the only common amphibole minerals that are typically blue. Glaucophane forms in metamorphic rocks that are either particularly rich in sodium or that have experienced low temperature-high pressure metamorphism such as would occur along a [[w:subduction|subduction]] zone. This material has undergone intense pressure and moderate heat as it was subducted downward toward the [[w:Mantle (geology)|mantle]]. It is glaucophane's color that gives the blueschist facies its name. Glaucophane is also found in eclogites that have undergone retrograde metamorphism.<ref name=HandbookGlaucophane>http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/glaucophane.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy</ref> {{clear}} ===Hauyne=== [[Image:Haüyne.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a specimen of Haüyne on augite from the Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Italy. Credit: .]] '''Hauyne''', '''haüyne''' or '''hauynite''' [occurs] in Vesuvian lavas in Monte Somma, Italy,<ref name=MRF>Farndon and Parker (2009). Minerals, Rocks and Fossils of the World. Lorenz Books</ref> ... It is a tectosilicate mineral with sulfate, with [[w:endmember|endmember]] formula Na₃Ca(Si₃Al₃)O₁₂(SO₄).<ref name=IMA>http://rruff.info/ima</ref> ... It is a feldspathoid and a member of the sodalite group.<ref name=Dana>{{ cite book |author=Gaines |date=1997 |title=Dana’s New Mineralogy Eighth Edition |publisher=Wiley |location=New York }}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{ cite web | url = http://www.mindat.org/min-1833.html | title = Hauyne | accessdate = 11 August 2011| publisher = Mindat.org}}</ref> Haüyne occurs in [[w:phonolite|phonolite]]s and related leucite- or nepheline-rich, silica-poor, igneous rocks; less commonly in nepheline-free [[w:extrusive|extrusive]]s<ref name=Webmin>{{cite web | url = http://webmineral.com/data/Hauyne.shtml | title = Hauyne | accessdate = 11 August 2011 | publisher = Webminerals }}</ref><ref name = Dana/><ref name=Mindat/><ref name=HOM>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/hauyne.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref> and metamorphic rocks (marble).<ref name=Dana/> {{clear}} ===Water ice=== [[Image:Argentina - Bariloche trekking 013 - Glacier Castaño Overo spilling water and ice over the cliff on Cerro Tronador (6797419529).jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the blue water ice, or blue ice, of a glacier. Credit: .]] '''Blue ice''' occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of a [[w:glacier|glacier]] blue ice was observed in [[w:Tasman Glacier|Tasman Glacier]], New Zealand in January 2011.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10699700">{{ cite book |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10699700 |title=NZ blue ice sighting an unexpected treat for tourists, In: ''The New Zealand Herald'' |author=Harvey, Eveline |date=14 January 2011 |accessdate=21 September 2011 }}</ref> Ice is blue for the same reason water is blue: it is a result of an [[w:overtone|overtone]] of an oxygen-hydrogen (O-H) bond stretch in water which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum.<ref name=Dartmouth>[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm Why Is Water Blue]</ref> {{clear}} ==Cyans== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Cyans}} [[Image:Aigue-marine Pakistan 180308.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|250px|Aquamarine is a blue or [[w:Turquoise (color)|turquoise]] variety of beryl. Credit: [[c:User:Vassil|Vassil]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[w:turquoise|turquoise]] gemstone is the namesake for the color. Credit: Adrian Pingstone.]] [[Image:Fluorine.jpg|thumb|left|250px|These are cyan colored fluorite crystals from Rogerley Mine, Frosterley, Weardale, North Pennines, Co. Durham, England, UK. Credit: [[c:User:Parent Géry|Parent Géry]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The gem-gravel [[w:Placer mining|placer]] deposits of [[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] contain aquamarine. The deep blue version of aquamarine is called ''maxixe''. Maxixe is commonly found in the country of Madagascar. Its color fades to white when exposed to sunlight or is subjected to heat treatment, though the color returns with irradiation. "The pale blue color of aquamarine is attributed to Fe²⁺. The Fe³⁺ ions produce golden-yellow color, and when both Fe²⁺ and Fe³⁺ are present, the color is a darker blue as in maxixe. Decoloration of maxixe by light or heat thus may be due to the charge transfer Fe³⁺ and Fe²⁺.<ref name=color>{{ cite web |url=http://minerals.caltech.edu/FILES/Visible/BERYL/Index.htm | title = Color in the Beryl group | accessdate = 2009-06-06 }}</ref><ref name=ibragim>{{ cite journal | doi =10.1134/S0020168509020101 | title =Correlations between admixtures and color centers created upon irradiation of natural beryl crystals | year =2009 | author =Ibragimova, E. M., Mukhamedshina, N. M., A. Kh. Islamov | journal =Inorganic Materials | volume =45 | page =162 | issue =2 }}</ref><ref name=viana1>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1007/s002690100210 |title=Characterization of beryl (aquamarine variety) by Mössbauer spectroscopy |year=2002 |author=Viana, R. R. |author2=G. M. Da Costa |author3=E. De Grave |author4=W. B. Stern |author5=H. Jordt-Evangelista |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |volume=29 |page=78 |bibcode = 2002PCM....29...78V }}</ref><ref name=blak>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00309581 |title=Optical absorption and electron spin resonance in blue and green natural beryl: A reply |year=1983 |author=Ana Regina Blak |author2=Sadao Isotani |author3=Shigueo Watanabe |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |volume=9 |page=279 |issue=6 |bibcode = 1983PCM.....9..279B }}</ref> Dark-blue maxixe color can be produced in green, pink or yellow beryl by irradiating it with high-energy particles (gamma rays, neutrons or even X-rays).<ref name=Nassau>{{ cite journal | url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM61/AM61_100.pdf | author = K. Nassau | journal=American Mineralogist | volume =61 |title=The deep blue Maxixe-type color center in beryl |year =1976 |page =100 }}</ref> Turquoise at right is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a [[w:hydrate|hydrous]] phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula [[w:copper|Cu]][[w:aluminium|Al]]₆([[w:phosphorus|P]][[w:oxygen|O]]₄)₄(O[[w:hydrogen|H]])₈'''·'''4[[w:water|H₂O]]. Although fluorite usually appears violet or purple in color, the crystals at left are cyan with some blue or violet fluorite mixed in suggesting slight variations in composition. {{clear}} ==Greens== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Greens}} [[Image:Azurite-Malachite-23ub.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Malachite is a mineral occurring on Earth, like many greens, is colored by the presence of copper, specifically by basic copper(II) carbonate.<ref name=Malachite>{{ cite web | url = http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/malachite.html | title = Malachite | publisher = WebExhibits | date = 2001 | accessdate = 2007-12-08 }}</ref> Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Green is the color of emeralds and jade.<ref name=Oxford>(Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.) See also first definition in ''Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language'', The World Publishing Company, New York, 1962.</ref> "Olivines are described by Mg_2yFe_2-2ySiO₄, with y in the range [0, 1]."<ref name=Bertini>{{ cite journal |author=I. Bertini |author2=N. Thomas |author3=C. Barbieri |title=Modeling of the light scattering properties of cometary dust using fractal aggregates |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |month=January |year=2007 |volume=461 |issue=1 |pages=351-64 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full/2007/01/aa5461-06/aa5461-06.html |arxiv= |bibcode=2007A&A...461..351B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065461 |pmid= |pdf=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2007/01/aa5461-06.pdf |accessdate=2011-12-08 }}</ref> Substituting values for y from 0 to 1 produce ideal compositions from forsterite Mg₂SiO₄ to fayalite Fe₂SiO₄. "Laboratory studies of the evolution of a magnesium silicate smoke from an amorphous condensate to a crystalline mineral by annealing in vacuum provide a foundation for the development of a silicate evolution index (SEI)."<ref name=Hallenbeck>{{ cite journal |author=Susan L. Hallenbeck |author2=Joseph A. Nuth III |author3=Robert N. Nelson |title=Evolving Optical Properties of Annealing Silicate Grains: from Amorphous Condensate to Crystalline Mineral |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=May 20, |year=2000 |volume=535 |issue=1 |pages=247-55 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/535/1/247 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-11-19 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Yellows== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Yellows}} ===Carnotites=== {{main|Minerals/Actinides}} [[Image:Carnotite-BYU.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Carnotite is from the Happy Jack Mine, Utah. Credit: USGS.]] '''Carnotite''' is a potassium uranium [[w:vanadate|vanadate]] [[w:radioactive|radioactive]] mineral with [[w:chemical formula|chemical formula]]: [[w:potassium|K]]₂([[w:uranium|U]][[w:oxygen|O]]₂)₂([[w:vanadium|V]]O₄)₂'''·'''3H₂O. The water content can vary and small amounts of calcium, barium, magnesium, iron, and sodium are often present. ... Carnotite is a bright to greenish yellow mineral that occurs typically as crusts and flakes in sandstones. Amounts as low as one percent will color the sandstone a bright yellow. The high uranium content makes carnotite an important uranium ore and also radioactive. It is a secondary vanadium and uranium mineral usually found in [[w:sedimentary rocks|sedimentary rocks]] in arid climates. It is an important ore of uranium in the [[w:Colorado Plateau|Colorado Plateau]] region of the [[w:United States|United States]] where it occurs as disseminations in [[w:sandstone|sandstone]] and concentrations around [[w:petrified|petrified]] logs. {{clear}} ===Cubanites=== [[Image:Cubanite-47299.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These are bronze to brass-yellow, striated, cyclically-twinned cubanite crystals from the Chibougamau mines of Quebec. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Cubanite''' is a yellow mineral of copper, iron, and sulfur, CuFe₂S₃.<ref name="Webmineral">[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Cubanite.shtml Webmineral]</ref> Cubanite occurs in high temperature [[w:hydrothermal|hydrothermal]] deposits with [[w:pyrrhotite|pyrrhotite]] and [[w:pentlandite|pentlandite]] as intergrowths with [[w:chalcopyrite|chalcopyrite]]. It results from [[w:exsolution|exsolution]] from chalcopyrite at temperatures below 200 to 210 °C.<ref name="HBM">[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/cubanite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref> It has also been reported from [[w:carbonaceous chondrite|carbonaceous chondrite]] [[meteorites]].<ref name="HBM"/> {{clear}} ===Golds=== {{main|Minerals/Metals/Precious}} [[Image:GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of a naturally occurring gold nugget. Credit: USGS.]] At right is an image of a piece of native gold discovered as part of a placer deposit, a gold nugget. {{clear}} ===Limonites=== {{main|Chemicals/Mineraloids}} [[Image:LimoniteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Limonite is an amorphous mineraloid of a range of hydrated iron oxides. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Limonite''' is an [[w:iron ore|iron ore]] consisting of a mixture of hydrated [[w:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide|iron(III) oxide-hydroxide]]s in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·nH₂O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the two principle iron ores, the other being [[w:hematite|hematite]], and has been [[w:mining|mined]] for the production of iron since at least 2500 BCE.<ref name="MacEachern">MacEachern, Scott (1996) [http://www.panafprehistory.org/images/papers/IRON_AGE_BEGINNINGS_NORTH_OF_THE_MANDARA_MOUNTAINS_CAMEROON_AND_NIGERIA_Scott_MacEachern.pdf "Iron Age beginnings north of the Mandara Mountains, Cameroon and Nigeria"] pp. 489&ndash;496 ''In'' Pwiti, Gilbert and Soper, Robert (editors) (1996) ''Aspects of African Archaeology: Proceedings of the Tenth Pan-African Congress'' University of Zimbabwe Press, Harare, Zimbabwe, {{ISBN|978-0-908307-55-5}}; archived [http://liveweb.archive.org/http://www.panafprehistory.org/images/papers/IRON_AGE_BEGINNINGS_NORTH_OF_THE_MANDARA_MOUNTAINS_CAMEROON_AND_NIGERIA_Scott_MacEachern.pdf here] by Internet Archive on 11 March 2012</ref><ref name="Maes">Diop-Maes, Louise Marie (1996) [http://www.ankhonline.com/revue/diop_lm_metallurgie_fer_afrique.htm "La question de l'Âge du fer en Afrique" ("The question of the Iron Age in Africa")] ''Ankh'' 4/5: pp. 278&ndash;303, in French; archived [http://web.archive.org/web/20080125103929/http://www.ankhonline.com/revue/diop_lm_metallurgie_fer_afrique.htm here] by Internet Archive on 25 January 2008</ref> Although originally defined as a single mineral, limonite is now recognized as a mixture of related hydrated [[w:iron oxide|iron oxide]] minerals, among them [[w:goethite|goethite]], [[w:akaganeite|akaganeite]], [[w:lepidocrocite|lepidocrocite]], and [[w:jarosite|jarosite]]. Individual minerals in limonite may form crystals, but limonite does not, although specimens may show a fibrous or microcrystalline structure,<ref name="Boswell">Boswell, P. F. and Blanchard, Roland (1929) "Cellular structure in limonite" ''Economic Geology'' 24(8):&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;791&ndash;796</ref> and limonite often occurs in concretionary forms or in compact and earthy masses; sometimes mammillary, [[w:botryoidal|botryoidal]], reniform or stalactitic. Because of its amorphous nature, and occurrence in hydrated areas limonite often presents as a clay or mudstone. However there are limonite [[w:pseudomorph|pseudomorph]]s after other minerals such as pyrite.<ref name="Northrop">Northrop, Stuart A. (1959) "Limonite" ''Minerals of New Mexico'' (revised edition) University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, pp. 329&ndash;333 }}</ref> This means that chemical weathering transforms the crystals of pyrite into limonite by hydrating the molecules, but the external shape of the pyrite crystal remains. Limonite pseudomorphs have also been formed from other iron oxides, hematite and magnetite; from the carbonate [[w:siderite|siderite]] and from iron rich silicates such as [[w:Almandine|almandine garnets]]. Limonite usually forms from the hydration of hematite and magnetite, from the oxidation and hydration of iron rich sulfide minerals, and chemical weathering of other iron rich minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. It is often the major iron component in [[w:Laterite|lateritic soils]]. One of the first uses was as a [[w:pigment|pigment]]. The yellow form produced yellow [[w:ochre|ochre]] for which [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]] was famous.<ref name="Constantinou">Constantinou, G. and Govett, G. J. S. (1972) "Genesis of sulphide deposits, ochre and umber of Cyprus" ''Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy'' 81:&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;34&ndash;46</ref> {{clear}} ===Microlites=== [[Image:Microlite-Lepidolite-21663.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image shows pale-yellow microlite on lepidolite. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Microlite''' is composed of sodium calcium tantalum oxide with a small amount of fluorine (Na,Ca)₂Ta₂O₆(O,OH,F). Microlite is a mineral in the [[w:pyrochlore|pyrochlore]] group that occurs in [[w:pegmatite|pegmatite]]s and constitutes an [[w:ore|ore]] of tantalum. It has a [[w:Mohs hardness|Mohs hardness]] of 5.5 and a variable [[w:specific gravity|specific gravity]] of 4.2 to 6.4. It occurs as disseminated microscopic subtranslucent to opaque octahedral [[w:crystal|crystal]]s with a [[w:refractive index|refractive index]] of 2.0 to 2.2. Microlite is also called djalmaite. Microlite occurs as a primary mineral in lithium-bearing granite pegmatites, and in miarolitic cavities in granites. {{clear}} ===Orpiments=== [[Image:Orpiment mineral.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Orpiment is a yellow to orange mineral on Earth. Credit: USGS.]] '''Orpiment''', [Arsenic trisulfide] As₂S₃, is a common monoclinic arsenic sulfide mineral. Orpiment is an orange to yellow mineral that is found worldwide [on Earth], and occurs as a sublimation product in volcanic fumaroles, low temperature hydrothermal veins, hot springs and as a byproduct of the decay of another arsenic mineral, realgar. {{clear}} ===Pyrites=== [[Image:2780M-pyrite1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pyrite cubic crystals are on marl from Navajún, Rioja, Spain. Credit: [[c:User:CarlesMillan|CarlesMillan]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The mineral '''pyrite''', or '''iron pyrite''', is an iron sulfide with the [[w:chemical formula|formula]] [[w:iron|Fe]][[w:sulfur|S]]₂. This mineral's metallic [[w:Luster (mineralogy)|luster]] and pale brass-yellow hue have earned it the nickname '''fool's gold''' because of its superficial resemblance to gold. Pyrite is the most common of the [[w:sulfide mineral|sulfide mineral]]s on Earth. Pyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in quartz [[w:Vein (geology)|veins]], [[w:sedimentary rock|sedimentary rock]], and [[w:metamorphic rock|metamorphic rock]], as well as in [[w:coal|coal]] beds, and as a replacement mineral in [[w:fossil|fossil]]s. Despite being nicknamed fool's gold, pyrite is sometimes found in association with small quantities of gold. Gold and arsenic occur as a coupled substitution in the pyrite structure. In the [[w:Carlin–type gold deposit|Carlin–type gold deposit]]s, arsenian pyrite contains up to 0.37 wt% gold.<ref name="Fleet">M. E. Fleet and A. Hamid Mumin, [http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Articles_Free/1997/Fleet_p182-193_97.pdf Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin Trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis], American Mineralogist 82 (1997) pp. 182–193</ref> {{clear}} ===Satterlyites=== [[Image:Satterlyite - Rapid Creek.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This Satterlyite sample is from the Rapid Creek area of northern [[w:Yukon|Yukon]], Canada. Credit: [[c:User:Chris857|Chris857]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Satterlyite''' is a [[w:hydroxyl|hydroxyl]] bearing iron [[w:phosphate mineral|phosphate mineral]]. The mineral can be found in phosphetic [[w:shale|shale]]s. Satterlyite is part of the phosphate mineral group. Satterlyite is a transparent, light brown to light yellow mineral. Satterlyite has a formula of (Fe²⁺,Mg,Fe³⁺)₂(PO₄)(OH). Satterlyite occurs in nodules in shale in the Big Fish River (Mandarino, 1978). These nodules were about 10 cm in diameter, some would consist of satterlyite only and others would show satterlyite with quartz, pyrite, wolfeite or maricite. "[[w:Holtedahlite|Holtedahlite]], a mineral that was found in Tingelstadtjern quarry in Norway, with the formula (Mg₁₂PO₄)₅(PO₃OH,CO₃)(OH,O)₆ is isostructural with satterlyite (Raade, 1979). [[w:Infrared absorption|Infrared absorption]] powder spectra show that satterlyite is different than natural haltedahlite in that there is no carbonate for phosphate substitution (Kolitsch, 2002). Satterlyite is also structurally related to [[w:phosphoellenbergerite|phosphoellenbergerite]], a mineral that was discovered in Modum, Norway; near San Giocomo Vallone Di Gilba, in Western Alps of Italy (Palache, 1951); the minerals formula is Mg₁₄(PO₄)₅(PO₃OH)₂(OH)₆ (Kolitsch, 2002). {{clear}} ===Spurrites=== {{main|Minerals/Silicates}} [[Image:Spurrite Calcium silicate and carbonate Luna county New mexico 1873.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows yellow-brown spurrite from New Mexico, USA. Credit: Dave Dyet.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Spurrite''' is a [[w:Nesosilicate|nesosilicate]] that can occur naturally as a yellow mineral. "Its [[w:chemical formula|chemical formula]] is [[w:calcium|Ca]]₅([[w:silicon|Si]][[w:oxygen|O]]₄)₂[[w:carbon|C]]O₃.<ref name="Gaines">Richard V. Gaines, H. Catherine W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason, and Abraham Rosenzweig: ''Dana's new mineralogy'', p. 1106. John Wiley & Sons, 1997</ref> Spurrite is generally formed in [[w:contact metamorphism|contact metamorphism]] zones as [[w:mafic|mafic magma]]s are intruded into [[w:carbonate rock|carbonate rock]]s.<ref name="Smith">Smith, J.V. (1960) "The Crystal structure of Spurrite, Ca₅(SiO₄)₂CO₃". ''Acta. Cryst.'' 13, 454</ref> {{clear}} ===Sulfurs=== {{main|Minerals/Chalcogens}} [[Image:Soufresicile3.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The image shows native sulfur, yellow, and calcite crystals, clear or white. Credit: [[c:User:Didier Descouens|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Sulfur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This shows sulfur crystals from the Smithsonian Institution. Credit: [[w:User:Deglr6328|Deglr6328]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Sulfur occurs [[w:nature|naturally]] as the pure [[w:element|element]] (native sulfur) and as [[w:Sulfide minerals|sulfide]] and [[w:sulfate minerals|sulfate minerals]]. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in [[w:ancient India|ancient India]], [[w:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]], [[w:History of China#Ancient China|China]] and [[w:ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. Octasulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid with only a faint odor, similar to that of [[w:match|match]]es. {{clear}} ==Oranges== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Oranges}} [[Image:Orpiment mineral.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The mineral orpiment from an arsenic mine in southern Russia is a source of yellow and orange pigments and is highly toxic. Credit: United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute.]] [[Image:Realgar09.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Realgar, an arsenic sulfide mineral 1.5-2.5 Mohs hardness, is highly toxic and is used to make red-orange pigment. Credit: [[w:User:Reno Chris|Reno Chris]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Crocoite from the Dundas extended mine, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A sample of crocoite crystals from Dundas extended mine in Tasmania and is used to make the first synthetic orange pigment, chrome orange. Credit: [[c:User:JJ Harrison|JJ Harrison]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Calcite jaune (Chine).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Calcite is a common calcium carbonate mineral that occurs as orange. Credit: Parent Géry.]] The mineral orpiment [at top right] is a source of yellow and orange pigments. Realgar is an arsenic sulfide mineral of 1.5-2.5 Mohs hardness is used to make red-orange pigment. Crocoite crystals from Dundas extended mine in Tasmania is used to make the first synthetic orange pigment, chrome orange. Calcite [at second left] is a common calcium carbonate mineral that occurs in orange. {{clear}} ==Reds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reds}} [[Image:Rhodolite in Matrix-Garnet Group Magnesium iron aluminum silicate Macon County North Carolina 2904.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rhodolite is the rose-pink to red mineral, a type of garnet, in this magnesium iron aluminum silicate mineral. Credit: Dave Dyet.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Breithauptite-229669.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is a specimen of Breithauptite on calcite from the Samson Mine, St Andreasberg, [[w:Harz Mountains|Harz Mountains]], Lower Saxony, Germany. Credit: Leon Hupperichs.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cinnabarit 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cinnabar is a naturally occurring cochineal-red, towards brownish red and lead-gray, mercury-sulfide mineral. Credit: H. Zell.]] [[Image:Crocoite from Tasmania.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This Crocoite specimen is from the Red Lead Mine, [[w:Tasmania|Tasmania]], [[w:Australia|Australia]]. Credit: Eric Hunt.]] [[Image:Eudialyte.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Eudialyte is a somewhat rare, red silicate mineral. Credit: [[w:user:Baryonyx|Baryonyx]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Hematite.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Hematite is a blood colored ore. Credit: [[c:user:DanielCD~commonswiki|DanielCD~commonswiki]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:MichiganBIF.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a close-up of hematitic [[w:banded iron formation|banded iron formation]] specimen from Upper Michigan. Scale bar is 5.0 mm. Credit: [[c:user:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Rhodolite''' is a varietal name for rose-pink to red mineral [[w:pyrope|pyrope]], a species in the [[w:garnet|garnet]] group. Chemically, rhodolite is an iron-magnesium-aluminium silicate, [(Mg,Fe)₃Al₂(SiO₄)₃,] part of the pyrope-[[w:almandine|almandine]] [[w:solid solution|solid-solution]] series, with an approximate garnet composition of ''Py₇₀Al₃₀''. '''Breithauptite''' is a nickel [[w:antimonide mineral|antimonide mineral]] with the simple formula NiSb. Breithauptite is a metallic opaque copper-red mineral crystallizing in the [[w:Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] - dihexagonal dipyramidal [[w:crystal system|crystal system]]. It is typically massive to reniform in habit, but is observed as tabular crystals. It has a [[w:Mohs hardness|Mohs hardness]] of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 8.23. It occurs in hydrothermal calcite veins associated with cobalt–nickel–silver ores. '''Cinnabar''' or '''cinnabarite''' (red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), native vermilion), is the common ore of mercury. Its color is cochineal-red, towards brownish red and lead-gray. Cinnabar may be found in a massive, granular or earthy form and is bright scarlet to brick-red in color.<ref name=King>{{ cite journal | journal = Geology Today | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 195–9 |title = Minerals Explained 37: Cinnabar | author = R. J. King | doi = 10.1046/j.0266-6979.2003.00366.x | year = 2002 }}</ref> Generally cinnabar occurs as a vein-filling mineral associated with recent volcanic activity and alkaline hot springs. Cinnabar is deposited by epithermal ascending aqueous solutions (those near surface and not too hot) far removed from their igneous source. '''Crocoite''' is a mineral consisting of [[w:lead chromate|lead chromate]], [[w:Lead|Pb]][[w:Chromium|Cr]][[w:Oxygen|O]]₄. Crystals are of a bright hyacinth-red color. Relative rarity of crocoite is connected with specific conditions required for its formation: an oxidation zone of lead ore bed and presence of ultramafic rocks serving as the source of chromium (in [[w:chromite|chromite]]). '''Eudialyte''' is a somewhat rare, red [[w:silicate|silicate]] mineral, which forms in alkaline [[w:igneous|igneous]] rocks, such as [[w:nepheline|nepheline]] [[w:syenite|syenite]]s. '''Hematite''' is the mineral form of [[w:iron(III) oxide|iron(III) oxide]] (Fe₂O₃), one of several [[w:iron oxide|iron oxide]]s. Hematite is colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish brown, or red. Huge deposits of hematite are found in [[w:banded iron formation|banded iron formation]]s. {{clear}} ==Infrareds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Infrareds}} "On October 7, 2009, the presence of [[w:ice|water ice]] was confirmed on the surface of [24 Themis] using NASA’s [[w:Infrared Telescope Facility|Infrared Telescope Facility]]. The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is [[w:Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimated]], it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface. Organic compounds were also detected on the surface.<ref name=Cowen>{{ cite book | author=Ron Cowen | date=8 October 2009 | title=Ice confirmed on an asteroid | publisher=Science News | url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48174/title/Ice_confirmed_on_an_asteroid | accessdate=9 October 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Atkinson>{{cite book | author = Nancy Atkinson | date = 8 October 2009 | title = More water out there, ice found on an asteroid, In: ''International Space Fellowship'' | accessdate = 11 October 2009 | url = http://spacefellowship.com/2009/10/08/more-water-out-there-ice-found-on-an-asteroid/ }}</ref><ref name=Campins>{{ cite journal |last=Campins |first=Humberto |last2=Hargrove |first2=K |last3=Pinilla-Alonso |first3=N |last4=Howell |first4=ES |last5=Kelley |first5=MS |last6=Licandro |first6=J |last7=Mothé-Diniz |first7=T |last8=Fernández |first8=Y |last9=Ziffer |first9=J |title=Water ice and organics on the surface of the asteroid 24 Themis |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |page=1320–1 |year=2010 |doi=10.1039/nature09029 |pmid=20428164 }}</ref><ref name=Rivkin>{{ cite journal |last=Rivkin |first=Andrew S. |last2=Emery |first2=Joshua P. |title=Detection of ice and organics on an asteroidal surface |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1322–3 |year=2010 |doi=10.1038/nature09028 |pmid=20428165 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1322R }}</ref> Trace amounts of water would be continuously produced by high-energy solar protons impinging [[w:oxide|oxide]] minerals present at the surface of the [[w:asteroid|asteroid]]. The [[w:hydroxyl|hydroxyl]] surface groups (S–OH) formed by the collision of protons (H⁺) with [[w:oxygen|oxygen]] atoms present at oxide surface (S=O) can further be converted in water molecules (H₂O) adsorbed onto the oxide minerals surface. The chemical rearrangement supposed at the oxide surface could be schematically written as follows: :<big>2 S-OH → S=O + S + H₂O</big> or, <br> :<big>2 S-OH → S–O–S + H₂O</big> where S represents the oxide surface.<ref>[http://spacefellowship.com/2009/10/08/more-water-out-there-ice-found-on-an-asteroid/ More Water Out There, Ice Found on an Asteroid &#124; International Space Fellowship]</ref> Portable infrared mineral analyzer (PIMA) and Hunter color analyses were conducted on the "Westbrook Figurine" to determine the pipe was made from a cookeite-boehmite phosphate (CBP) flint clay from Missouri that may have come from a quarry near Cahokia in St. Louis County.<ref name=PIMA>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727082436/http://www.isas.illinois.edu/atam/research/pima/analysisreport1.pdf |archive-date=July 27, 2010|title=PIMA and Hunter Color Analyses on the Westbrook Cahokia Figurine and Bound Warrior Pipe|last1=Emerson|first1=Thomas|last2=Hughes|first2=Randall E.|year=2003|publisher=Midcontinental Archaeometry Working Group, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}}</ref> ==Submillimeters== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Submillimeters}} "Optical constants of natural minerals [using millimeter and submillimeter wavelength spectroscopy] are of interest for characterizing interstellar dust, for remote sensing of terrain and for light scattering in the atmosphere by soil particles."<ref name=Alexander>{{ cite journal |author=R.W. Alexander Jr |author2=R.J. Bell |author3=M.A. Ordal |author4=L.L. Long |author5=M. Querry |title=Millimeter and submillimeter wavelength spectroscopy of natural minerals and metals |journal=Applied Physics Communications |month=January 1, |year=1986 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages= |url=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6649643 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-10-20 }}</ref> ==Hydrogens== {{main|Chemicals/Hydrogens}} "Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses have been made on a variety of clay minerals of sedimentary and diagenetic origins. The interlayer water of clay minerals was found to exchange rapidly with atmospheric water. Conditions under which the interlayer water could be removed from the clays without affecting the isotopic compositions of their aluminosilicate oxygen and hydrogen were therefore determined, and the interlayer water was routinely removed and discarded prior to isotopic analysis."<ref name=Savin>{{ cite journal |author=Samuel M Savin |author2=Samuel Epstein |title=The oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of clay minerals |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |date=January 1970 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=25-42 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016703770901493 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(70)90149-3 |pmid= |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> ==Magnesiums== [[Image:Magnesium Spectra.jpg|thumb|center|400px|This image shows the optical emission lines of magnesium. Credit: [[w:User:teravolt|teravolt]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:CSIRO ScienceImage 2893 Crystalised magnesium.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Crystalized magnesium is shown. Credit: Mark Fergus, CSIRO.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Green sand close up.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image is a visual close up of green sand which is actually olivine crystals that have been eroded from lava rocks. Credit: [https://sites.google.com/site/thebrockeninglory/ Brocken Inaglory].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Peridot2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is a visual image of a forsterite crystal. Credit: [[c:User:Azuncha|Azuncha]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Basanite&Dunite bomb.JPG|thumb|right|250px|This is a small volcanic bomb of (black) basanite with (green) dunite. Credit: [[c:User:B.navez|B.navez]].{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is a visual close up of green sand which is actually olivine crystals that have been eroded from lava rocks. Some olivine crystals are still inside the lava rock. '''Forsterite''' (Mg₂SiO₄) is the magnesium rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series. Forsterite is associated with igneous and metamorphic rocks and has also been found in [[meteorites]]. In 2005 it was also found in cometary dust returned by the Stardust probe.<ref name=Lauretta>{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1109602 | author = Ds. Lauretta, L.P. Keller, S. Messenger | year = 2005 | title = Supernova olivine from cometary dust | url = | journal = Science | volume = 309 | issue = 5735 | pages = 737–741 | pmid = 15994379 |bibcode = 2005Sci...309..737M }}</ref> In 2011 it was observed as tiny crystals in the dusty clouds of gas around a forming star.<ref name=Clavin>[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-05-spitzer-crystal-outer-clouds-infant.html Spitzer sees crystal 'rain' in outer clouds of infant star], Whitney Clavin and Trent Perrotto, Physorg.com, May 27, 2011 . Accessed May 2011</ref> Two polymorphs of forsterite are known: wadsleyite (also orthorhombic) and ringwoodite (isometric). Both are mainly known from meteorites. At lower right is an image of a small volcanic bomb of (black) basanite with (green) dunite. '''Dunite''' is an igneous, plutonic rock, of ultramafic composition, with coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. The mineral assemblage is greater than 90% olivine, with minor amounts of other minerals such as pyroxene, chromite and pyrope. Dunite is the olivine-rich end-member of the peridotite group of mantle-derived rocks. Dunite and other peridotite rocks are considered the major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found within continental rocks, but where it is found, it typically occurs at the base of ophiolite sequences where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust by obduction during continental or island arc collisions (orogeny). It is also found in alpine peridotite massifs that represent slivers of sub-continental mantle exposed during collisional orogeny. Dunite typically undergoes retrograde metamorphism in near-surface environments and is altered to serpentinite and soapstone. Magnesium (Mg I) has an absorption band at 416.727±2.9 nm with an excitation potential of 4.33 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Magnesium (Mg II) has an absorption band at 439.059±6.6 nm with an excitation potential of 9.96 eV.<ref name=Sadakane>{{ cite journal |author=Kozo Sadakane |author2=Minoru Ueta |title=Abundance Analysis of Sirius in the Blue-Violet Region |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |month=August |year=1989 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=279-88 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1989PASJ...41..279S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> "Glaciers in the Karakoram and western Himalaya (site 2 and 3) show high annual snow accumulation rates and high annual fluxes of calcium, sodium, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate."<ref name=Wake>{{ cite journal |author=Cameron P. Wake |author2=Paul Andrew Mayewski |author3=Xie Zichu |author4=Wang Ping |author5=Li Zhongquin |title=Regional Distribution of Monsoon and Desert Dust Signals Recorded in Asian Glaciers |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |month=July 23 |year=1993 |volume=20 |issue=14 |pages=1411-4 |url=http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1190&context=ers_facpub&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dsodium%2Bglaciers%2B-acetic%2B-apples%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C3#search=%22sodium%20glaciers%20-acetic%20-apples%22 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-29 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Aluminums== {{main|Chemicals/Aluminums}} [[Image:Aluminium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Aluminium spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Andean glacial sites.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Sampling locations are in and along the upper 12 km of the Rio Quilcay, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Main stream samples are labeled 1–24, tributaries A–F. Credit: Sarah K. Fortner, Bryan G. Mark, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Jeffrey Bury, Annette Trierweiler, Michel Baraer, Patrick J. Burns, and LeeAnn Munk.]] [[Image:Tributary C Andean glaciers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tributary C feeds the Northeast Branch of the Rio Quilcay, Peru. This tributary has abundant ochreous precipitates. Credit: Sarah K. Fortner, Bryan G. Mark, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Jeffrey Bury, Annette Trierweiler, Michel Baraer, Patrick J. Burns, and LeeAnn Munk.]] [[Image:Aluminium-4.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Chunk of aluminium is 2.6 grams, 1 x 2 cm, cut from a melted ingot. Credit: Unknown.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The aluminium abundance was derived from the resonance line at 394.4nm, and Al is underabundant by ∼ −0.7 dex with respect to iron."<ref name=Sivarani>{{ cite journal |author=T. Sivarani |author2=P. Bonifacio |author3=P. Molaro |author4=R. Cayrel |author5=M. Spite |author6=F. Spite |author7=B. Plez |author8=J. Andersen |author9=B. Barbuy |author10=T. C. Beers |author11=E. Depagne |author12=V. Hill |author13=P. François |author14=B. Nordström |author15=F. Primas |title=First stars IV. CS 29497-030: Evidence for operation of the ''s''-process at very low metallicity |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=January |year=2004 |volume=413 |issue=1 |pages=1073-85 |url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0310291.pdf |arxiv=astro-ph/0310291 |bibcode=2004A&A...413.1073S |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20031590 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-06-02 }}</ref> "These abundances are the LTE values; no NLTE corrections, as prescribed by Baumüller and Gehren (1997) and Baumüller et al. (1998), have been applied. The prescribed NLTE corrections for T_eff = 6500K, log g = 4.0, [Fe/H] = –3.0 are –0.11 ... for ... Al .... If we assume these values to apply for our lower-gravity star [CS 29497-030], then Al follows iron"<ref name=Sivarani/>. The elemental abundance ratios for CS 29497-030 of aluminum are [Al/H] = -3.37, [Al/Fe] = -0.67.<ref name=Sivarani/> Both Al I absorption lines at 394.401±8.5 and 396.152±6.5 have been measured for Sirius.<ref name=Sadakane/> "As Andean glaciers recede, there has been an increase in seasonal discharge and in catchments with the least glacierized area and a decrease in total annual discharge [...] Dry season examinations, including this study, are particularly important because during this period glacial melt provides up to 40% of the total discharge in the Cordillera Blanca (Mark et al., 2005). The dry season thus provides the greatest potential opportunity to evaluate water quality deterioration related to glacial retreat. [...] In the Cordillera Blanca, the exposure of fresh sulfide-rich lithologies by retreating glaciers (Wilson et al., 1967) is thus integral to the biogeochemistry of proglacial streams. [...] the dry season geochemistry of trace and minor elements was examined in the proglacial Rio Quilcay from within 1 km of its glacier origins to 12 km downstream."<ref name=Fortner>{{ cite journal |author=Sarah K. Fortner |author2=Bryan G. Mark |author3=Jeffrey M. McKenzie |author4=Jeffrey Bury |author5=Annette Trierweiler |author6=Michel Baraer |author7=Patrick J. Burns |author8=LeeAnn Munk |title=Elevated stream trace and minor element concentrations in the foreland of receding tropical glaciers |journal=Applied Geochemistry |month= |year=2011 |volume=26 |issue= |pages=1792-1801 |url=http://www.geotop.ca/upload/files/publications/chercheur/McKenzieJ/Fortner%20et%20al_2011.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-30 }}</ref> The "Rio Quilcay [is] a glacial-fed tributary to the Upper Rio Santa in the uppermost 12 km at elevations ranging from approximately 4800 to ~3800 m.a.s.l. [...] The sampled region of the Rio Quilcay receives glacial melt directly and indirectly from two proglacial lakes: Cuchillacocha and Tulpacocha. Geology in this region of the Cordillera Blanca includes pyrite schists and phyllite and pyrite-bearing quartzite intruded by a central granodiorite-tonalite batholith all overlain by clastic sediments deposited during glacial retreat (Wilson et al., 1967). Sulfide-rich lithologies are prevalent especially in the north-eastern high-altitude regions of the Cordillera Blanca (e.g. the Rio Quilcay Valley) with fresh exposures resulting from glacial scour (Wilson et al., 1967). Many headwaters in the Cordillera Blanca, including the Rio Quilcay and its tributaries, have ochreous precipitates"<ref name=Fortner/> "Aluminum, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Na, and Si were determined using an Optima 3000 DV Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) using five calibration standards that bracketed the range of concentrations within the samples, excepting the three highest samples which were diluted 1:10 before analyses. Cobalt, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined on a Perkin–Elmer Sciex Elan 6000^Ⓡ Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectromenter (ICP-MS) also using five calibration standards, however with no sample dilution. All element results were drift corrected. Sulfate and NO₃^- were determined using a Dionex DX-120 ion chromatograph (IC). Only SO₄^2- is reported because other anions fall near detections limits (DLs) in the higher elevation samples, or represent less than 5% of the charge balance in the pH < 4 streams."<ref name=Fortner/> It "is likely that both the sulfide-rich lithology underlying the Rio Quilcay and the near-glacier sample locations enhanced sulfide weathering, and generated exceptionally high cation loads."<ref name=Fortner/> "Elevated dissolved Al, Fe and Cu concentrations (6.1mg/L, 21.4 mg/L, 6.1 lg/L) were observed at site 11, 0.3 km immediately downstream of a moraine. Concentrations of these elements increased by more than four times the concentrations at site 10. Concentration gains were likely associated with glacier melt rapidly weathering minerals within the moraine (Brown, 2002)."<ref name=Fortner/> "Tributary C also influenced the chemical composition of the stream immediately below its inflow at site 13. In fact, Fe reached the second highest concentration reported (12.8 mg/L) and dissolved Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations also increased above their upstream values. Tributary C overlays a region with enhanced sulfide mineral oxidation [image at the right]. Evidence for this includes a major cation: SO₄^2- equivalent ratio of 1, and abundant algal mats covered with yellow and orange precipitates (Bigham et al., 1996). In addition, dissolved Al and Zn increased an additional 270% and 160% relative to site 13–14, respectively, and after the inflow of tributary D."<ref name=Fortner/> {{clear}} ==Calciums== [[Image:Calcium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is a calcium emission spectrum covering the range: 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Pure calcium is in a protective argon atmosphere. Credit: Matthias Zepper.{{tlx|free media}}]] Calcium (Ca) has green emission lines at 526.170 nm and 526.556 nm as observed in solar limb faculae.<ref name=Stellmacher>{{ cite journal |author=G. Stellmacher |author2=E. Wiehr |title=Geometric line elevation in solar limb faculae |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=August |year=1991 |volume=248 |issue=1 |pages=227-31 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1991A&A...248..227S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> As of 1977, "model calculations cannot reproduce the observed breadth of the Ca II λ3933 line in Da,F stars like Ross 627 without appealing to an unknown line-broadening mechanism".<ref name=Shipman>{{ cite journal |author=H. L. Shipman |title=Masses, radii, and model atmospheres for cool white-dwarf stars |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=April |year=1977 |volume=213 |issue=4 |pages=138-44 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1977ApJ...213..138S |doi=10.1086/155138 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-11 }}</ref> Calcium has a line occurring in the solar corona at 408.63 nm of Ca XIII.<ref name=Swings>{{ cite journal |author=P. Swings |title=Edlén's Identification of the Coronal Lines with Forbidden Lines of Fe X, XI, XIII, XIV, XV; Ni XII, XIII, XV, XVI; Ca XII, XIII, XV; a X, XIV |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=July |year=1943 |volume=98 |issue=07 |pages=116-28 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1943ApJ....98..116S |doi=10.1086/144550 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-01-18 }}</ref> Calcium (Ca I) has two absorption bands, 422.673±4.5 nm and 430.253±0.6.<ref name=Sadakane/> The second has an excitation potential of 1.89 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Calcium (Ca II) has an absorption band, 393.366±55.0.<ref name=Sadakane/> "Heinrich Layers are found in the North Atlantic Ocean as well-constrained markers of catastrophic iceberg surges from the Pan-Atlantic ice sheets during the last glacial cycle. Their physical and geochemical characteristics [...] are predominantly due to the source sediments of the ice-rafted debris (IRD) on the one hand (magnetic susceptibility, color, carbonate content) and the response of the palaeo-environment on the other hand (carbonate content, foraminiferal assemblage)."<ref name=Rooij>{{ cite journal |author=D. Van Rooij |author2=N. Zaazi |author3=N. Fagel |author4=M. Boone |author5=V. Cnudde |author6=J. Dewanckele |author7=H. Pirlet |author8=U. Rohl |author9=D. Blamart |author10=J.-P. Henriet |author11=P. Jacobs |author12=H. Houbrechts |author13=P. Duyck |author14=R. Swennen |title=3D anatomy of Heinrich Layer 2 |journal=Geophysical Research Abstracts |month= |year=2009 |volume=11 |issue=EGU2009-4809-1 |pages=1 |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2009/EGU2009-4809-1.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-29 }}</ref> "Sediment cores in the Porcupine Seabight (West off Ireland) have shown the presence of Heinrich Events without the diagnostic changes in magnetic susceptibility (MS) [...] the concentration of ice-rafted debris (commonly referred to as the fraction > 150 μm) increases towards the culmination of HL2, marked by an increase in MS, [X-ray fluorescence] XRF Ca and the percentage of ''N. pachyderma s''."<ref name=Rooij/> The "zone where the density increases is marked by a cloud of fine and highly dense particles surrounding the IRD. [The] fine clayey “background” matrix throughout the core [consists] of zoned dolomites. [...] the mineralogical analyses [suggest] a predominant volcanic source for the magnetic susceptibility. [Both] XRF Fe and Ti show significant decreases near the HL culmination".<ref name=Rooij/> {{clear}} ==Titaniums== [[Image:Titanium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is an emission spectrum that covers the visible range: 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[commons:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ti,22.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Titanium strips inside a glass jar are part of the Everest Element Set from Russia. Credit: [[w:user:RTC|RTC]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Titanium (Ti) has green emission lines at 521.97, 522.268, 522.413, 524.729, and 526.596 nm as observed in solar limb faculae.<ref name=Stellmacher/> Titanium (Ti II) has an absorption band, 391.346-441.108 nm, with an excitation potential range of 0.60-3.08 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Titanium has two emission lines at 456.3757 and 457.1971 nm from Ti II.<ref name=Catanzaro>{{ cite journal |author=G. Catanzaro |title=First spectroscopic analysis of β Scorpii C and β Scorpii E Discovery of a new HgMn star in the multiple system β Scorpii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |month=January |year=2010 |volume=509 |issue= |pages=7 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2010/01/aa13332-09.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200913332 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-01-18 }}</ref> "Till collected from surface exposures within the valley of the Hudson River south of the Sanford Hill magnetite-ilmenite ore deposit in the Adirondack Mountains of New York is composed primarily of plagioclase, pyroxene, garnet, magnetite, and ilmenite [FeTiO₃]. The concentration of magnetite and ilmenite in bulk till both decrease exponentially with increasing distance south of the ore bodies because of dilution by the entrainment of plagioclase and garnet + pyroxene from the bedrock and from older till deposits in the valley. Evidence for comminution of magnetite and ilmenite is provided by decreasing abundances of these minerals in the coarse fractions (1000-125 µm) and corresponding increases in the fine fraction (<125 µm). The apparent rate of comminution of ilmenite as a function of transport distance is significantly greater than that of magnetite, which causes ilmenite to be concentrated in the fine fraction of till compared to magnetite."<ref name=Whiting>{{ cite journal |author=Kent S. Whiting |author2=Gunter Faure |title=Transport of Magnetite and Ilmenite by Glaciers in the Adirondack Mountains of New York |journal=The Journal of Geology |month=May |year=1991 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=482-92 |url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30062630?uid=3739552&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104257622971 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-10-01 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Isotope geochemistry== [[Image:NuclideMap stitched small preview.png|thumb|left|400px|These are the known nuclides in chart form. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory.]] {{legend|#feff41|alpha decay}} {{legend|#000000|stable nuclide}} {{legend|#e78cc7|beta⁺/EC decay}} {{legend|#63c5de|beta^- decay}} {{legend|#ff9472|proton decay}} {{legend|#53b552|spontaneous fission}} {{legend|#9b7bbc|neutron emission}} [[Image:NuclideMap small preview.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Here the above chart is cut into three sections. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory.]] A '''table of nuclides''' or '''chart of nuclides''' is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus. Each point plotted on the graph thus represents the nuclide of a real or hypothetical [[chemical element]]. Hydrogen is at the lower left. Isotope geochemistry involves the determination of the relative and absolute concentrations of the [chemical] elements and their isotopes in the earth and on earth's surface. For most stable isotopes, the magnitude of fractionation from kinetic and equilibrium fractionation is very small; for this reason, enrichments are typically reported in "per mil" (‰, parts per thousand).<ref name="drever_2002">{{cite book | title = The Geochemistry of Natural Waters | last = Drever | first=James | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 2002 | location = New Jersey | isbn = 0-13-272790-0 | pages = 311–322 }}</ref> Enrichments (<math>\delta</math>) represent the ratio of heavy isotope to light isotope in the sample over the ratio of a standard. :<math>\delta ^{A}isotope = \Biggl( \frac{\bigl( \frac{^{A}isotope}{^{B}isotope} \bigr)_{sample}}{\bigl( \frac{^{A}isotope}{^{B}isotope} \bigr)_{standard}} -1 \Biggr) * 1000\ ^{o}\!/\!_{oo}</math> "The depletion of total [boron] B [in the Victorian volcanic-crater lakes of southeastern Australia] and the high positive δ ¹¹B values relative to seawater (B/Cl ratio = 7.9 x 10^-4; δ ¹¹B = 39%.) are attributed to a marine (cyclic) salt origin together with adsorption processes in closed systems with low water/sediment (W/R) ratios."<ref name=Vengosh>{{ cite journal |author=Avner Vengosh |author2=Allan R Chivas |author3=Malcolm T McCulloch |author4=Abraham Starinsky |author5=Yehoshua Kolodny |title=Boron isotope geochemistry of Australian salt lakes |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |month=September |year=1991 |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=2591-606 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379190375F |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-29 }}</ref> "Although the δ [¹¹B] value of borate minerals may be a discriminant of marine or non-marine origin, boron isotopes are less distinctive in evaporative environments where boron is not an abundant component and where water/sediment interaction occurs."<ref name=Vengosh/> The incidence of ¹⁸O (the heavy isotope of oxygen) can be used as an indicator of polar ice sheet extent, and boron isotopes are key indicators of the pH and CO₂ content of oceans in the geologic past. Although rubidium is monoisotopic, naturally occurring rubidium is composed of two isotopes: the stable ⁸⁵Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive ⁸⁷Rb (27.8%).<ref name="Audi">{{ cite journal | author =Georges Audi, O. Bersillon,J. Blachot, and A.H. Wapstra |title = The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties |journal = Nuclear Physics A |volume = 729 | issue = 1 |pages = 3–128 | publisher = Atomic Mass Data Center |year = 2003 | doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 | bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A }}</ref> Natural rubidium is radioactive with specific activity of about 670 (Becquerel) Bq/g, enough to significantly expose a photographic film in 110 days.<ref name=Strong>{{ cite journal | author = W. W. Strong | title = On the Possible Radioactivity of Erbium, Potassium and Rubidium | journal = Physical Review (Series I) | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 170–3 | year = 1909 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.29.170 |bibcode = 1909PhRvI..29..170S }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6khCAQAAIAAJ | pages = 4–25 | title = CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data | isbn = 978-0-8493-0476-7 | author = David R Lide, H. P. R. Frederikse | date = June 1995 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Photogeochemistry== [[Image:Ancienne carrière d'ocre.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Iron(III) oxides and oxyhydroxides, such as these cliffs of ochre, are common catalysts in photogeochemical reactions. Credit: [[c:user:Mirandacherry|Mirandacherry]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Photogeochemistry is the study of light-induced chemical reactions that occur or may occur among natural components of the earth's surface.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 5307419 | pmid=28246525 | doi=10.1186/s12932-017-0039-y | volume=18 | title=A survey of photogeochemistry | journal=Geochem Trans | page=1 | last1 = Doane | first1 = TA | year=2017 }}</ref> If a certain compound is produced by an organism, and the organism dies but the compound remains, this compound may still participate independently in a photogeochemical reaction even though its origin is biological (e.g. biogenic mineral precipitates<ref>{{Cite journal |url = |title = Biogeochemical properties of bacteriogenic iron oxides |last = Ferris |first = F.G. |date = 2005 |journal = Geomicrobiology Journal |doi = 10.1080/01490450590945861 |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 22 |pages = 79–85 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url = |title = Bacteriogenic manganese oxides |last = Spiro |first = T.G. |date = 2010 |journal = Accounts of Chemical Research |doi = 10.1021/ar800232a |pmid = |access-date = |last2 = Bargar |first2 = J.R. |last3 = Sposito |first3 = G |last4 = Tebo |first4 = B.M. |volume = 43 |pages = 2–9 }}</ref> or organic compounds released from plants into water<ref>{{Cite book |title = Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter |publisher = Academic Press |date = 2002 |isbn = |location = |pages = }}</ref> The "inorganic colloid must possess the property of transforming sunlight, or some other form of radiant energy, into chemical energy."<ref>{{Cite book |title = The Origin and Nature of Life |last = Moore |first = Benjamin |publisher = Williams and Norgate |date = 1912 |isbn = |location = |pages = 182 }}</ref> Many naturally occurring minerals are semiconductors that absorb some portion of solar radiation.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = Y | last2 = Schoonen | first2 = MAA | year = 2000 | title = The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals | url = | journal = American Mineralogist | volume = 85 | issue = | pages = 543–556 | doi=10.2138/am-2000-0416 | bibcode = 2000AmMin..85..543X }}</ref> Semiconducting minerals with appropriate band gaps and appropriate band energy levels can catalyze a vast array of reactions,<ref>{{Cite book |title = Semiconductor photocatalysis: principles and applications |last = Kisch |first = Horst |publisher = Wiley |date = 2015 |isbn = 978-3-527-33553-4 |location = |pages = }}</ref> most commonly at mineral-water or mineral-gas interfaces. {{clear}} ==Mercury== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Mercury}} [[Image:A Patch of Black On Mercury.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The crater in the lower right-hand corner of this image has a patch of very dark material located near its centre. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.]] [[Image:Mercury Double-Ring Impact Basin.png|thumb|right|250px|This image shows a double-ring impact basin, with another large impact crater on its south-south-western side. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.]] [[Image:Mercury's 'Weird Terrain'.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The so-called 'Weird terrain' on Mercury, at the antipodal point of the en:Caloris Basin. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.]] [[Image:PIA02446 Discovery Scarp.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Discovery Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury. Credit: NASA/JPL/Northwestern University.]] [[Image:Rupes Discovery schematic.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Representation is of the thrust fault at Discovery Rupes. Credit: NASA.]] "The crater in the lower right-hand corner of this image [on the right] has a patch of very dark material located near its center. The region of this image has been seen only with the Sun high overhead in the sky. Such lighting conditions are good for recognizing color differences of rocks but not well suited for ascertaining the topography of surface features from shadows. The shape of the surface in this area is difficult to resolve given the lighting angle, but the dark patch is not in shadow. Dark surfaces have also been seen on other regions of Mercury, including this dark halo imaged during the second Mercury flyby (PIA11357) and near such named craters as Nawahi, Atget, and Basho seen during MESSENGER's first Mercury encounter. The example here is particularly striking, however, and from this NAC image the material may appear even darker than in other example areas. The dark color is likely due to rocks that have a different mineralogical composition from that of the surrounding surface. Understanding why these patches of dark rocks are found on Mercury's surface is a question of interest to the MESSENGER Science Team. The right edge of the image here aligns with this previously released NAC image (see PIA11763), where other dark surface material, as well as patches of light-colored rocks, can be seen."<ref name=Lavoie2008>{{ cite book |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA11389: A Patch of Black |publisher=NASA/JPL |location=Pasadena, California USA |date=6 October 2008 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11389 |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> The second lower image on the right from the top shows "a double-ring impact basin, with another large impact crater on its south-south-western side. Double-ring basins are formed naturally when a large meteoroid strikes the surface of a rocky planet. Smaller, more recent impacts also formed comparatively fresh craters across the entire surface visible in this image. The floor within the inner or peak ring appears to be smoother than the floor between the peak ring and the outer rim, possibly the result of lava flows that partially flooded the basin some time after impact."<ref name=Dorr>{{ cite book |author=Christina Dorr |author2=Julie Taylor |title=Seeing Double? |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=29 September 2009 |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=338 |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> The lowest image from the top on the right is a closeup of the weird terrain of Mercury. "Weird terrain best describes this hilly, lineated region of Mercury. Scientists note that this area is at the antipodal point to the large Caloris basin. The shock wave produced by the Caloris impact may have been reflected and focused to the antipodal point, thus jumbling the crust and breaking it into a series of complex blocks. The area covered is about 800 km (497 mi) on a side."<ref name=Schroeder>{{ cite book |author=Colleen Schroeder |title=Hills of Mercury |publisher=NASA/JPL |location=Pasadena, California USA |date=10 May 2005 |url=http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mercury/mercter.htm |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> "One of the most prominent lobate scarps (Discovery Scarp) [on the left], photographed by Mariner 10 during it's first encounter with Mercury, is located at the center of this image (extending from the top to near bottom). This scarp is about 350 kilometers long and transects two craters 35 and 55 kilometers in diameter. The maximum height of the scarp south of the 55-kilometer crater is about 3 kilometers. Notice the shallow older crater (near the center of the image) perched on the crest of the scarp."<ref name=Northwestern>{{ cite web |author=Northwestern University |title=PIA02446: Discovery Scarp |publisher=Northwestern University |location= |date=18 January 2000 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02446 |accessdate=2016-11-07 }}</ref> "The Mariner 10 mission [...] explored Venus in February 1974 on the way to three encounters with Mercury-in March and September 1974 and in March 1975."<ref name=Northwestern/> "Optical reflectance studies of Mercury provide evidence for Mg silicates."<ref name=Madey>{{ cite journal |author=Theodore E. Madey |author2=Robert E. Johnson |author3=Thom M. Orlando |title=Far-out surface science: radiation-induced surface processes in the solar system |journal=Surface Science |month=March |year=2002 |volume=500 |issue=1-3 |pages=838-58 |url=http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~madey/Publications/Full_Publications/PDF/madey_SS_2002.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01556-4 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-09 }}</ref> The MESSENGER X-ray spectrometer (XRS) maps mineral composition within the top millimeter of the surface on Mercury by detecting X-ray spectral lines from magnesium, aluminum, sulphur, calcium, titanium, and iron, in the 1-10&nbsp;keV range.<ref name=Schlemm>{{cite journal | title = The X-Ray Spectrometer on the MESSENGER Spacecraft | journal = Space Science Reviews | year = 2007 | author = Charles Schlemm, Richard D. Starr, George C. Ho, Kathryn E. Bechtold, Sarah A. Hamilton, John D. Boldt, William V. Boynton, Walter Bradley, Martin E. Fraeman and Robert E. Gold | volume = 131 | issue = 1 | pages = 393–415 | accessdate = 2011-01-26 | doi=10.1007/s11214-007-9248-5 |bibcode = 2007SSRv..131..393S }}</ref><ref name="NSSDCXRS">{{cite book |url= http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-03 |title= X-ray Spectrometer (XRS) |publisher= NASA / National Space Science Data Center |accessdate= 2011-02-19}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Earth== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Earth}} [[Image:Earthquake wave paths.svg|thumb|right|250px|Seismic velocities and boundaries are diagrammed for the interior of the Earth sampled by seismic waves. Credit: [[w:user:SEWilco|SEWilco]], USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Earth poster.svg|thumb|right|250px|Diagram is of the Earth. Credit: [[c:User:Kelvinsong|Kelvinsong]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Evidence from geoseismology, heat flow at the surface, and mineral physics is combined with the Earth's mass and moment of inertia to infer models of the Earth's interior - its composition, density, temperature, pressure. For example, the Earth's mean specific gravity (5.515) is far higher than the typical specific gravity of rocks at the surface (2.7&ndash;3.3), implying that the deeper material is denser. This is also implied by its low moment of inertia (0.33 ''M'' ''R''², compared to 0.4 ''M'' ''R''² for a sphere of constant density). However, some of the density increase is compression under the enormous pressures inside the Earth. The effect of pressure can be calculated using the Adams–Williamson equation. The conclusion is that pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density. Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust. The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the geotherm must also be determined. This requires physical theory for thermal conduction and convection and the heat contribution of [radionuclides] radioactive elements. The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see post-perovskite) and supplemented by seismic tomography. {{clear}} ==Inner cores== We know that the Earth's core is composed of an alloy of iron and other minerals.<ref name=Poirier>{{ cite book |author = Jean-Paul Poirier |title = Introduction to the Physics of the Earth's Interior |series = Cambridge Topics in Mineral Physics & Chemistry |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = 2000 |isbn = 0-521-66313-X }}</ref> "A PKJKP [P wave, traversing the outer core K, and the inner core J, to emerge again as the P wave] traverses the inner core as a shear wave, so this is the direct evidence that the inner core is solid, because only in the solid material the shear wave can exist. In the liquid material, say water, only the compressional wave can travel through."<ref name=Cao>{{ cite book |author=Aimin Cao |title=Finally, a Solid Look at Earth's Core |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=April 14, 2005 |url=http://www.livescience.com/6980-finally-solid-earth-core.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> Studying "archived data from about 20 large earthquakes, all monitored by an array of German seismic detectors back in the 1980s and '90s" has "reliably detected" a PKJKP wave in 2005, demonstrating that the inner core is solid.<ref name=Britt>{{ cite book |author=Robert Roy Britt |title=Finally, a Solid Look at Earth's Core |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=April 14, 2005 |url=http://www.livescience.com/6980-finally-solid-earth-core.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> The inner core, however, is solid because of the enormous pressure.<ref name=Lowrie>{{cite book |author=William Lowrie |title = Fundamentals of Geophysics |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = 2004 |isbn=0-521-46164-2 }}</ref> The inner core "is a solid ball of superhot iron and nickel alloy about 760 miles (1,220 kilometers) in diameter. ... the inner core is, at 10,800 degrees Fahrenheit (6,000 degrees Celsius), as hot as the surface of the sun."<ref name=Choi/> "We know the Earth's inner core is composed mostly of iron".<ref name=Gleason>{{ cite book |author=Arianna Gleason |title=Earth's Rotating Inner Core Shifts Its Speed |publisher=Yahoo! News |location= |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/earths-rotating-inner-core-shifts-speed-184844196.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "The metal [iron] was subjected to more than 200 billion pascals of pressure".<ref name=Choi/> "[M]aterial within Earth's inner core is apparently distributed in a lopsided way ... The weakness of iron might lead crystallites in the inner core to flow and line up a certain way".<ref name=Choi/> "[T]he speed at which the inner core spun apparently fluctuated over the course of approximately decades between 1961 and 2007."<ref name=Choi>{{ cite book |author=Charles Q. Choi |title=Earth's Rotating Inner Core Shifts Its Speed |publisher=Yahoo! News |location= |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/earths-rotating-inner-core-shifts-speed-184844196.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "As the inner core cools, crystallizing iron releases impurities, sending lighter molten material into the liquid outer core. This upwelling, combined with the Earth's rotation, drives convection, forcing the molten metal into whirling vortices. These vortices stretch and twist magnetic field lines, creating Earth’s magnetic field. Currently, the center of the field, called an axis, emerges in the Arctic Ocean west of Ellesmere Island, about 300 miles (500 kilometers) from the geographic North Pole."<ref name=Oskin>{{ cite book |author=Becky Oskin |title=Why Earth's Magnetic Field Is Wonky |publisher=LiveScience |location= |date=July 18, 2012 |url=http://www.livescience.com/21668-why-earth-magnetic-field-wonky.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "In the last decade, seismic waves from earthquakes revealed the inner core looks like a navel orange, bulging slightly more on its western half. Geoscientists recently explained the asymmetry by proposing a convective loop: The inner core might be crystallizing on one half and melting on the other."<ref name=Oskin/> "The lopsided growth of the inner core makes convection in the outer core a little bit lopsided, and that then induces the geomagnetic field to have this lopsided or eccentric character too".<ref name=Olson>{{ cite book |author=Peter Olson |title=Why Earth's Magnetic Field Is Wonky |publisher=LiveScience |location= |date=July 18, 2012 |url=http://www.livescience.com/21668-why-earth-magnetic-field-wonky.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "Magnetic particles trapped and aligned in rocks reveal that the magnetic north pole wandered around the Western Hemisphere over the past 10,000 years, and circled the Eastern Hemisphere before that — a result mirrored by the numerical test."<ref name=Oskin/> "The key question for interesting ideas like translational instability is, 'Can we test it?' ... What we're doing is proposing a test, and we think it's a good test because people can go out and look for eccentricity in the rock record and that will either confirm or shoot down this idea."<ref name=Olson/> "Within less than 100 million years, everything that has been crystallized on the west will have melted on the east"<ref name=Alboussiere>{{ cite book |author=Thierry Alboussiere |title=Earth's Inner Core Might Be on the Move |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=August 4, 2010 |url=http://www.livescience.com/8409-earth-core-move.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> Seismic "waves appear to travel faster through the inner core from north to south than from west to east. Seismic properties also seemed to vary between the Eastern and Western hemispheres of the globe."<ref name=Peeples>{{ cite book |author=Lynne Peeples |title=Earth's Inner Core Might Be on the Move |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=August 4, 2010 |url=http://www.livescience.com/8409-earth-core-move.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> There is a "124-mile (200-km) thick layer of dense material detected on its surface."<ref name=Peeples/> "[T]he inner core [may be] shifted slightly off-center, just to the east. This would put more pressure on the western side, where it would be closer to the center of the planet, and less pressure on the eastern side. The result could be a perpetually denser Western hemisphere and a continual flow of dense fluid from the east that eventually spreads out atop the entire inner core."<ref name=Peeples/> "The inner core is basically regenerating itself. And superimposed on that is this overall cooling that makes the inner core bigger and bigger over time".<ref name=Bergman>{{ cite book |author=Michael Bergman |title=Earth's Inner Core Might Be on the Move |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=August 4, 2010 |url=http://www.livescience.com/8409-earth-core-move.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "It is the first observational evidence that the inner core rotates at a variety of speeds with respect to the mantle...It also reconciles old discrepancies".<ref name=Tkalcic>{{ cite book |author=Hrvoje Tkalcic |title=Earth's Rotating Inner Core Shifts Its Speed |publisher=Yahoo! News |location= |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/earths-rotating-inner-core-shifts-speed-184844196.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "The inner core, on average, rotates eastward. At the speeds it travels, it might, on average, complete a revolution every 750 to 1,440 years. However, these speeds appear unstable, which makes it uncertain just how long it actually takes to finish a turn on its axis".<ref name=Choi/> ==Ceres== [[Image:Ceres Cutaway.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a theoretical cutaway view of asteroid 1 Ceres. Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI).]] "Observations of 1 Ceres, the largest known asteroid, have revealed that the object may be a "mini planet," and may contain large amounts of pure water ice beneath its surface."<ref name=McFadden>{{ cite book |author=Lucy A. McFadden |title=Largest Asteroid May Be 'Mini Planet' with Water Ice |publisher=HubbleSite |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=7 September 2005 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/27/text/ |accessdate=2015-02-04 }}</ref> "The observations by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope also show that Ceres shares characteristics of the rocky, terrestrial planets like Earth. Ceres' shape is almost round like Earth's, suggesting that the asteroid may have a "differentiated interior," with a rocky inner core and a thin, dusty outer crust."<ref name=McFadden/> "Ceres is an embryonic planet."<ref name=McFadden/> "Gravitational perturbations from Jupiter billions of years ago prevented Ceres from accreting more material to become a full-fledged planet."<ref name=McFadden/> "Hubble snapped 267 images of Ceres. From those snapshots, the astronomers determined that the asteroid has a nearly round body. The diameter at its equator is wider than at its poles. Computer models show that a nearly round object like Ceres has a differentiated interior, with denser material at the core and lighter minerals near the surface. All terrestrial planets have differentiated interiors. Asteroids much smaller than Ceres have not been found to have such interiors."<ref name=McFadden/> {{clear}} ==Europa== {{main|Rocks/Ice sheets/Europa}} [[Image:PIA01295 Europa Global Views in Natural and Enhanced Colors.jpg|275px|thumb|right|Approximate natural color (left) and enhanced color (right) is shown in these ''Galileo'' views of the leading hemisphere. Credit: NASA / JPL / University of Arizona.]] [[Image:Ruddy "Freckles" on Europa.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Reddish spots and shallow pits pepper the enigmatic ridged surface of Europa in this view combining information from images taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft during two different orbits around Jupiter. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona/University of Colorado.]] [[Image:PIA01092 - Evidence of Internal Activity on Europa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mosaic of ''Galileo'' images shows features indicative of internal geologic activity: lineae, lenticulae (domes, pits) and Conamara Chaos. Credit: NASA / JPL / Arizona State University.]] [[Image:europa g1 true.jpg|left|thumb|260px|Approximately natural color image of Europa by the ''Galileo'' spacecraft, shows lineae. Credit: NASA/JPL.]] [[Image:Europa chaotic terrain.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Craggy, 250&nbsp;m high peaks and smooth plates are jumbled together in a close-up of Conamara Chaos. Credit: NASA/JPL.]] [[Image:PIA01640 Europa chaotic mitten.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This view of Jupiter's icy moon Europa shows a region shaped like a mitten. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona.]] The darker regions are areas where Europa's primarily water ice surface has a higher mineral content. This surface is striated by cracks and streaks, while cratering is relatively infrequent. Other features present on Europa are circular and elliptical ''lenticulae'' (Latin for "freckles", reddish spots in the first image at left). Many are domes, some are pits and some are smooth, dark spots. Others have a jumbled or rough texture. The dome tops look like pieces of the older plains around them, suggesting that the domes formed when the plains were pushed up from below.<ref name="diapir">{{ cite web |title=Europa: Tidal heating of upwelling thermal plumes and the origin of lenticulae and chaos melting |author=Sotin, Christophe |author2=Head III, James W. |author3=Tobie, Gabriel |date=2001 |url=http://planetary.brown.edu/planetary/documents/2685.pdf |accessdate=2007-12-20 }}</ref> The prominent markings crisscrossing the moon seem to be mainly albedo features, which emphasize low topography. "Reddish spots and shallow pits pepper the enigmatic ridged surface of Europa in this view combining information from images taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft during two different orbits around Jupiter."<ref name=Lavoie2002>{{ cite web |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA03878: Ruddy "Freckles" on Europa |publisher=NASA's Office of Space Science |location=Washington, D.C. USA |date=October 30, 2002 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03878 |accessdate=2013-06-24 }}</ref> "The spots and pits visible in this region of Europa's northern hemisphere are each about 10 kilometers (6 miles) across. The dark spots are called "lenticulae," the Latin term for freckles. Their similar sizes and spacing suggest that Europa's icy shell may be churning away like a lava lamp, with warmer ice moving upward from the bottom of the ice shell while colder ice near the surface sinks downward. Other evidence has shown that Europa likely has a deep melted ocean under its icy shell. Ruddy ice erupting onto the surface to form the lenticulae may hold clues to the composition of the ocean and to whether it could support life."<ref name=Lavoie2002/> "The image combines higher-resolution information obtained when Galileo flew near Europa on May 31, 1998, during the spacecraft's 15th orbit of Jupiter, with lower-resolution color information obtained on June 28, 1996, during Galileo's first orbit."<ref name=Lavoie2002/> Europa's most striking surface features are a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe, called ''lineae'' (lines). Close examination shows that the edges of Europa's crust on either side of the cracks have moved relative to each other. The larger bands are more than 20 km (12 mi) across, often with dark, diffuse outer edges, regular striations, and a central band of lighter material.<ref name="Geissler1998">{{cite web |title=Evolution of Lineaments on Europa: Clues from Galileo Multispectral Imaging Observations |author=Geissler, Paul E. |author2=Greenberg, Richard |date=1998 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-45K1008-2F&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e07fc794760364108153faa049c4b4cf |accessdate=2007-12-20 }}</ref> The third image at the right is a "view of the Conamara Chaos region on Jupiter's moon Europa taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft shows an area where the icy surface has been broken into many separate plates that have moved laterally and rotated. These plates are surrounded by a topographically lower matrix. This matrix material may have been emplaced as water, slush, or warm flowing ice, which rose up from below the surface. One of the plates is seen as a flat, lineated area in the upper portion of the image. Below this plate, a tall twin-peaked mountain of ice rises from the matrix to a height of more than 250 meters (800 feet). The matrix in this area appears to consist of a jumble of many different sized chunks of ice. Though the matrix may have consisted of a loose jumble of ice blocks while it was forming, the large fracture running vertically along the left side of the image shows that the matrix later became a hardened crust, and is frozen today. The Brooklyn Bridge in New York City would be just large enough to span this fracture."<ref name=Lavoie1998>{{ cite web |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA01177: Chaotic Terrain on Europa in Very High Resolution |publisher=NASA's Office of Space Science |location=Washington, DC USA |date=March 2, 1998 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01177 |accessdate=2013-06-24 }}</ref> "North is to the top right of the picture, and the sun illuminates the surface from the east. This image, centered at approximately 8 degrees north latitude and 274 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 4 kilometers by 7 kilometers (2.5 miles by 4 miles). The resolution is 9 meters (30 feet) per picture element. This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 900 kilometers (540 miles) by Galileo's solid state imaging system."<ref name=Lavoie1998/> "This view [third down on the left] of Jupiter's icy moon Europa shows a region shaped like a mitten that has a texture similar to the matrix of chaotic terrain, which is seen in medium and high resolution images of numerous locations across Europa's surface. Development of such terrain may be one of the major processes for resurfacing the moon. North is to the top and the sun illuminates the surface from the left. The material in the "catcher's mitt" has the appearance of frozen slush and seems to bulge upward from the adjacent surface, which has been bent downward and cracked, especially along the southwest (lower left) margins. Scientists on the Galileo imaging team are exploring various hypotheses for the formation of such terrain including solid-state convection (vertical movement between areas which differ in density due to heating), upwelling of viscous icy "lava," or liquid water melting through from a subsurface ocean."<ref name=Lavoie10131998>{{ cite web |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA01640: Mitten shaped region of Chaotic Terrain on Europa |publisher=NASA's Office of Space Science |location=Washington, DC USA |date=October 13, 1998 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01640 |accessdate=2013-06-24 }}</ref> "The image, centered at 20 degrees north latitude, 80 degrees west longitude covers an area approximately 175 by 180 kilometers (108 by 112 miles). The resolution is 235 meters per picture element. The images were taken on 31 May, 1998 Universal Time at a range of 23 thousand kilometers (14 thousand miles) by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft."<ref name=Lavoie10131998/> {{clear}} ==Protoplanetary disks== In December 2006, seven papers were published in the scientific journal, ''Science'', discussing initial details of the sample analysis. Among the findings are: a wide range of organic compounds, including two that contain biologically usable nitrogen; indigenous aliphatic hydrocarbons with longer chain lengths than those observed in the diffuse [[interstellar medium]]; abundant amorphous silicates in addition to crystalline silicates such as olivine and pyroxene, proving consistency with the mixing of solar system and interstellar matter, previously deduced spectroscopically from ground observations;<ref name=Nottingham>{{ cite book |title=The building blocks of planets within the `terrestrial' region of protoplanetary disks |url=http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004Natur.432..479V&amp;db_key=AST |publisher=nottingham.ac.uk |accessdate=2008-03-04 }}</ref> hydrous silicates and carbonate minerals were found to be absent, suggesting a lack of aqueous processing of the cometary dust; limited pure carbon (CHON) was also found in the samples returned; methylamine and ethylamine was found in the aerogel but was not associated with specific particles. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Asteroids|Asteroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Comets|Cometary astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Cryometeors|Cryometeor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Fieries|Fiery meteor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Lithometeors|Lithometeor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Meteoroids|Meteoroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Showers|Meteor-shower astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Particles|Particle astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Rocks|Rock astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] <!-- footer templates --> {{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Minerals radiation astronomy}} <!-- footer categories --> [[Category:Astrochemistry/Lectures]] [[Category:Minerals/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] 6ogrrdqts08o431z906l40qy66q7ntt 2416038 2415936 2022-08-18T05:50:13Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Pitchblende schlema-alberoda.JPG|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of the mineral pitchblende, or uraninite. Credit: [[c:User:Geomartin|Geomartin]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Uraninite-usa32abg.jpg|thumb|left|150px|These crystals are uraninite from Trebilcock Pit, Topsham, Maine. Credit: [[c:User:Robert Lavinsky|Robert Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Uraninite''' is a radioactive, uranium-rich mineral and ore with a chemical composition that is largely [uranium dioxide] UO<sub>2</sub>, but also contains [uranium trioxide] UO<sub>3</sub> and oxides of lead, thorium, and rare earth elements. It is most commonly known as '''pitchblende''' (from ''pitch'', because of its black color. All uraninite minerals contain a small amount of radium as a radioactive decay product of uranium. Uraninite also always contains small amounts of the lead isotopes <sup>206</sup>Pb and <sup>207</sup>Pb, the end products of the decay series of the uranium isotopes <sup>238</sup>U and <sup>235</sup>U respectively. The extremely rare element technetium can be found in uraninite in very small quantities (about 0.2 ng/kg), produced by the spontaneous fission of uranium-238. The image at left shows well-formed crystals of uraninite. The image at right shows botryoidal uraninite. Because of the uranium decay products, both sources are gamma-ray emitters. {{clear}} ==Minerals== [[Image:Serandite-Aegirine-20264.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This fine specimen from Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada, is one of the more sculptural and dramatic serandite clusters. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "A mineral is a naturally occurring homogeneous solid, inorganically formed, with a definite chemical composition and an ordered atomic arrangement. Ice is naturally occurring, given a temperature below 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). It is homogenous (of one material), formed inorganically, and has an ordered atomic structure. Ice has a definite chemical composition (H<sub>2</sub>0), with hydrogen and oxygen atoms bonding in a specific manner."<ref name=Beitler>{{ cite web |author=Jane Beitler |title=All About Snow |publisher=National Snow and Ice Data Center |location= |date=2014 |url=http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/snow/index.html |accessdate=2014-09-17 }}</ref> Serandite<ref name=WebmineralSerandites>{{cite web|title=Serandite|url=http://www.webmineral.com/data/Serandite.shtml|publisher=Webmineral|accessdate=July 25, 2012}}</ref> is a mineral with formula Na{{chem|(Mn|2+|,Ca)|2|Si|3|O|8}}(OH). Serandite is transparent to translucent and is normally salmon-pink, light pink, rose-red, orange, brown, black, or colorless; in thin section, it is colorless.<ref name=HandbookSerandites>{{cite web|title=Sérandite |url=http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/serandite.pdf |work=Handbook of Mineralogy |publisher=Mineral Data Publishing |accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> It is a triclinic inosilicate with vitreous to greasy; fibrous aggregates dull to silky<ref name=HandbookSerandites/> Octahedrally bonded Mn(II) is the primary contributor to the mineral's pink colors.<ref name=ManningSerandites>{{cite journal|last=Manning|first=P. G.|title=Absorption spectra of the manganese-bearing chain silicates pyroxmangite, rhodonite, bustamite and serandite|journal=The Canadian Mineralogist|date=June 1968|volume=9|issue=3|pages=348–357|url=http://rruff.info/uploads/CM9_348.pdf|publisher=Mineralogical Association of Canada}}</ref> Crystals of the mineral can be prismatic to acicular and elongated along [010], bladed, blocky, or tabular and flattened on {100}, occur as a radiating aggregate, or have massive habit.<ref name=HandbookSerandites/> Sérandite is a member of the wollastonite group and is the manganese analogue of pectolite.<ref name=MindatSerandites>{{cite web|title=Sérandite|url=http://www.mindat.org/min-3622.html|publisher=Mindat|accessdate=July 11, 2012}}</ref> It is sometimes used as a gemstone.<ref name=Sinkankas>Gemstones of North America - Volume 3 - Page 417 John Sinkankas - 1959</ref> In the image on the right, the dark mineral is Aegirine. {{clear}} ==Theoretical geochemistry== [[Image:Cassiterite - Mt Bischoff mine, Waratah, Tasmania, Australia.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Crystals of cassiterite, a commercially valuable ore mineral, are in a matrix of quartz, the gangue mineral. Credit: [http://www.mindat.org/user-10.html#0 Ralph Bottrill].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Zinkblende-banderz badgrund hg.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Banded Zn-Pb ore sample with sphalerite (brown) and galena as main ore minerals and calcite is the main gangue mineral (old Bad Grund mine, Germany). Credit: Hannes Grobe.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' the "branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical composition of the Earth and other planets, and with the chemical processes that occur in the formation of rocks and minerals etc"<ref name=SemperBlotto>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=geochemistry |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=November 23, 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/geochemistry |accessdate=2013-08-29 }}</ref> is called '''geochemistry'''. Gangue minerals, once separated by mineral dressing processes of (most of) the valuable ore minerals and dumped in mine tailings may be a significant environmental impact; in particular, oxidation of pyrite, a common gangue mineral,<ref name=Clout>Clout, J.M.F., Manuel, R.J. (2015) Mineralogical, chemical, and physical characteristics of iron ore. In: Iron ore, mineralogy, processing, and environmental sustainability, p. 45-84.</ref> is one of the main geochemistry sources of acid mine drainage.<ref name=Blowes>Blowes, D. W., Ptacek, C. J., Jambor, J. L., & Weisener, C. G. (2003). The geochemistry of acid mine drainage. In B. S. Lollar (Ed.), Environmental geochemistry (Vol. 9, pp. 149–204). Oxford: Elsevier.</ref><ref name=Dold>Dold, Bernhard (2014). Evolution of Acid Mine Drainage Formation in Sulphidic Mine Tailings, Minerals, v. 4, p. 621-641.</ref> {{clear}} ==Magnetism== [[Image:Mineral magnetite (lodestone), from Tortola, British Virgin Islands.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Mineral magnetite (lodestone), from Tortola, British Virgin Islands is magnetic. Credit: [[c:User:Chris Oxford|Chris Oxford]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "piece of material that attracts some metals by"<ref name=MagnetWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:187.65.188.42|187.65.188.42]] |title=magnet |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 May 2012 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnet |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> [the] property of being<ref name=MagnetismWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Hippietrail|Hippietrail]] |title=magnetism |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=21 September 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnetism |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> [able] to [attract]<ref name=MagneticWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Hippietrail|Hippietrail]] |title=magnetic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=21 September 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnetic |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> draw or pull"<ref name=MagneticWikt1>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Patrik Stridvall|Patrik Stridvall]] |title=magnetic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=29 March 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/magnetic |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> is called a '''magnet'''. {{clear}} ===Paramagnetism=== [[Image:Wüstite-110970.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Black crust of wustite on surface of meteorite particle, formed during its moving through atmosphere. Credit: [http://www.mindat.org/user-2490.html#0 Pavel M. Kartashov].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "any [...] material"<ref name=ParamagnetWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=paramagnet |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=2 May 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paramagnet |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> "exhibiting<ref name=ParamagneticWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=paramagnetic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paramagnetic |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> the tendency of magnetic dipoles to align with an external magnetic field"<ref name=ParamagnetiismWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=paramagnetism |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/paramagnetism |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> is called a '''paramagnet'''. '''Def.''' a mineral that is weakly attracted by the poles of a magnet but does not retain any permanent magnetism is called a '''paramagnet''', or a '''paramagnetic mineral'''. Paramagnetic materials include aluminium, oxygen, titanium, and iron oxide (FeO): iron(II) oxide, wüstite. {{clear}} ===Diamagnetism=== [[Image:Goslarita. Gostar.Hartz,Sajonia.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Goslarite is on display at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales. Credit: [[c:user:Copydays|Copydays]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' any "material that exhibits<ref name=DiamagnetWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=diamagnet |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=19 February 2010 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diamagnet |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> a weak form of magnetism that is only observed in the presence of an external magnetic field; due to an induced magnetic field in an opposite direction"<ref name=DiamagnetismWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=diamagnetism |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diamagnetism |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> is called a '''diamagnet''' '''Def.''' a mineral that is weakly attracted by the poles of a magnet tending to become magnetized in a direction at 180° to the applied magnetic field but does not retain any permanent magnetism is called a '''diamagnet''', or a '''diamagnetic mineral'''. {{clear}} ===Ferromagnetism=== [[Image:Magnetite-118736.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A recent batch of magnetite specimens from Bolivia included this specimen. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a magnet made from<ref name=FerromagnetWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=ferromagnet |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferromagnet |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> [a material that is] "exhibiting<ref name=FerromagneticWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Fytcha|Fytcha]] |title=ferromagnetic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 October 2021 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferromagnetic |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> the phenomenon whereby certain substances can become permanent magnets when subjected to a magnetic field"<ref name=FerromagnetismWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=ferromagnetism |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ferromgnetism |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> is called a '''ferromagnet'''. '''Def.''' a mineral that is exhibits the poles of a magnet even in zero applied magnetic field is called a '''ferromagnet''', or a '''ferromagnetic mineral'''. {{clear}} ===Antiferromagnetism=== [[Image:Andradite-Mali.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Andradite : single crystal (4.2 cm) is from Sibinndi, Nioro du Sahel Circle, Kayes Region, Mali. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "material<ref name=AntiferromagnetWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=antiferromagnet |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 May 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiferromagnet |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> exhibiting<ref name=AntiferromagneticWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=antiferromagnetic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiferromagnetic |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> a phenomenon, similar to ferromagnetism, in which magnetic domains line up in a regular pattern, but with neighbouring electron spins pointing in opposite directions; materials showing this effect are either ferrimagnetic or diamagnetic, and become paramagnetic above the Neel temperature"<ref name=AntiferromagnetismWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=antiferromagnetism |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 October 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/antiferromagnetism |accessdate=17 August 2022 }}</ref> is called an '''antiferromagnet'''. '''Def.''' a mineral that is exhibits the poles of a magnet even in zero applied magnetic field but with opposite directions is called a '''antiferromagnet''', or a '''antiferromagnetic mineral'''. {{clear}} ==Flame emission spectroscopy== [[Image:Flame photometry calcium.jpg|right|thumb|250px|A flame is created during the assessment of calcium ions in a flame photometer. Credit: [[c:User:Panek|Panek]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Die Flammenfärbung des Rubidium.jpg|thumb|left|150px|This image shows the flame test for Rubidium. Credit: [[c:User:Didaktische.Medien|Didaktische.Medien]]. {{tlx|free media}}]] In flame emission spectroscopy, as shown in the image on the right, a small mineral sample is put into the flame as either a gas, sprayed solution, or on a small loop of wire, usually platinum. The flame evaporates the mineral and breaks chemical bonds to create free atoms. Each element emits light at a characteristic wavelength. These emissions are dispersed by a grating or prism and detected in the spectrometer. If a Bunsen burner is available where you are trying to chemically analyze a mineral sample, inserting a small piece safely in the flame could prove helpful as the second image down on the right shows. {| border="1" cellpadding="2" class="wikitable" !Symbol !Name !Color !Image |- |Al |Aluminium |Silver-white, in very hot such as an electric arc, light blue |[[File:Aluminum flame.png|30px]] |- |As |Arsenic |Blue |[[File:FlammenfärbungAs.jpg|30px]] |- |B |[[Boron]] |Bright green |[[File:FlammenfärbungB.png|30px]] |- |Ba |Barium |Pale/Apple green |[[File:Barium flame.png|30px]] |- |Be |Beryllium |White | |- |Bi |Bismuth |Azure | |- |Ca |Calcium |Orange |[[File:FlammenfärbungCa.png|30px]] |- |Cd |Cadmium |Brick red | |- |Ce |Cerium |Blue | |- |Co |Cobalt |Silver-white | |- |Cr |Chromium |Silver-white | |- |Cs |Caesium |Blue-Violet |[[File:Caesium flame.png|30px]] |- |Cu(I) |Copper(I) |Bluish-green |[[File:Copper (I) blue flame.png|30px]] |- |Cu(II) |Copper(II) (non-halide) |Green |[[File:Flametest--Cu.swn.jpg|30px|Flame test on copper sulfate]] |- |Cu(II) |Copper(II) (halide) |Blue-green |[[File:Cu+2 (CuCl2)-Blue.jpg|30px]] |- |Ge |Germanium |Pale blue | |- |Fe(II) |Iron(II) |Gold, when very hot such as an electric arc, bright blue, or green turning to orange-brown | |- |Fe(III) |Iron(III) |Orange-brown |[[File:Iron III Flame Thermite Reaction.jpg|50px|An iron (III) flame, generated using the thermite reaction]] |- |Hf |Hafnium |White | |- |Hg |Mercury |Red | |- |In |Indium |Indigo/Blue | |- |K |Potassium |Lilac |[[File:Potassium flame.png|30px]] |- |Li |[[Lithium]] |crimson red; invisible through green glass |[[File:FlammenfärbungLi.png|30px]] |- |Mg |Magnesium |(none), but for burning Mg metal Intense White |[[File:Mg-flame.jpg|30px]] |- |Mn (II) |Manganese (II) |Yellowish green | |- |Mo |Molybdenum |Yellowish green | |- |Na |Sodium |Intense yellow; invisible through cobalt blue glass |[[File:Flametest--Na.swn.jpg|30px]] |- |Nb |Niobium |Green or blue | |- |Ni |Nickel |Silver-white (sometimes reported as colorless) | |- |P |Phosphorus |Pale bluish green | |- |Pb |[[Lead]] |Blue/white |[[File:FlammenfärbungPb.png|30px]] |- |Ra |Radium |Crimson red |[[File:Radium flame.png|30px]] |- |Rb |Rubidium |Red-violet |[[File:Die Flammenfärbung des Rubidium.jpg|50px]] |- |Sb |Antimony |Pale green |[[File:FlammenfärbungSb.png|30px]] |- |Sc |Scandium |Orange | |- |Se |Selenium |Azure blue | |- |Sn |Tin |Blue-white | |- |Sr |Strontium |Crimson to Scarlet, yellowish through green glass and violet through blue cobalt glass |[[File:Plamenná zkouška kationt Sr+2.jpg|30px]] |- |Ta |Tantalum |Blue | |- |Te |Tellurium |Pale green | |- |Ti |Titanium |Silver-white | |- |Tl |Thallium |Pure green |[[File:Thallium flame.png|30px]] |- |V |Vanadium |Yellowish Green | |- |W |Tungsten |Green | |- |Y |Yttrium |Carmine, Crimson, or Scarlet | |- |Zn |Zinc |Colorless (sometimes reported as bluish-green) |[[File:Zinc burning.JPG|100px]] |- |Zr |Zirconium |Mild red | |} From a flame analysis of a small mineral sample that easily dissolved in water, the chemical sodium was detected. "Halide ions in solutions are detected using silver nitrate solutions. The test solution is acidified using a few drops of dilute nitric acid, and then a few drops of silver nitrate solution are added. Different coloured silver halide precipitates form, depending on the halide ions present:"<ref name=Cdm>{{ cite web |author=cdm |title=Tests for negative ions |publisher=BBC |location=UK |date=2017 |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/education/guides/z27ycdm/revision/5 |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> * chloride ions give a white precipitate of silver chloride * bromide ions give a cream precipitate of silver bromide * iodide ions give a yellow precipitate of silver iodide {{clear}} ==Luminescences== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Luminescences}} [[Image:Fluorite luminescence in ultraviolet rays.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Fluorite luminescence is produced in ultraviolet rays, macrophotography, magnification 3.7 X. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' any "emission of light that cannot be attributed merely to the temperature of the emitting body"<ref name=LuminescenceWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=luminescence |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 April 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luminescence |accessdate=2016-09-22 }}</ref> is called '''luminescence'''. {{clear}} ==Charoites== [[Image:Czaroit1.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Charoite is weakly fluorescent. Credit: [[c:user:Kosioryt|Piotr Sosnowski]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Luminescence of charoite in ultraviolet light.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Luminescence is shown for charoite in ultraviolet light. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Charoite {{chem|K|(Ca,Na)|2|Si|4|O|10|(O|H,F)|•H|2|O}}<ref name=HandbookCharoites>[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/charoite.pdf Mineral Handbook]</ref> is a rare silicate mineral, first described in 1978 and named for the Chara River.<ref name=Mindat/> It has been reported only from the Aldan Shield, Sakha Republic, Siberia, Russia.<ref name=HandbookCharoites/> It is found where a syenite of the Murunskii Massif has intruded into and altered limestone deposits producing a potassium feldspar metasomatite.<ref name=WebminCharoites>[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Charoite.shtml Charoite info at WebMineral]</ref><ref name=MindatCharoites>[http://www.mindat.org/show.php?id=972&ld=2&pho= Mindat]</ref> Charoite occurs in association with tinaksite and canasite.<ref name=HandbookCharoites/> {{clear}} ==Corundums== [[Image:Corundum-215330.jpg|thumb|left|200px|A ruby crystal is from Dodoma Region, Tanzania. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Luminescence of natural ruby crystals in ultraviolet rays.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Luminescence of natural ruby crystals is in ultraviolet rays. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Ruby is one of the traditional cardinal gems, together with amethyst, sapphire, emerald, and diamond.<ref>{{ cite book |title=Precious Stones |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171218182752/https://books.google.com/books?id=crc7ZtRHItgC&pg=PA1 |date=December 18, 2017 }}, Max Bauer, p. 2</ref> Using UV light is one of the most effective ways to determine the authenticity of a ruby. Under the influence of ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 365 nanometers, ruby gives a uniform red fluorescence. This applies to both transparent and any other types of rubies. Artificial stones emit orange light in this UV spectrum. {{clear}} ==Diopsides== [[Image:Luminescence of diopside (violan) in ultraviolet rays.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Luminescence of diopside (violan) is shown in ultraviolet rays, macrophotography, magnification 3.7 X. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Diopside-177506.jpg|thumb|upright|left|200px|A green diopside is found in Outokumpu, Finland. Credit: [[c:user:Robert M. Lavinsky|Robert M. Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Diopside is a precursor of chrysotile (white asbestos) by hydrothermal alteration and magmatic differentiation;<ref name=Boettcher>{{ cite journal | author=A L Boettcher | title=The Rainy Creek alkaline-ultramafic igneous complex near Libby, Montana. I: Ultramafic rocks and fenite | journal=Journal of Geology | volume=75 | pages=536–553 | year=1967 | doi=10.1086/627280 }}</ref> it can react with hydrous solutions of magnesium and chlorine to yield chrysotile by heating at 600&nbsp;°C for three days.<ref name=Barrese>{{ cite journal |author1=Eugenio Barrese |author2=Elena Belluso |author3=Francesco Abbona | title=On the transformation of synthetic diopside into chrysotile | journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |date=1 February 1997 | issue=1 | pages=83–87 | url=http://eurjmin.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/9/1/83 | volume=9 | doi=10.1127/ejm/9/1/0083 }}</ref> Some vermiculite deposits, most notably those in Libby, Montana, are contaminated with chrysotile (as well as other forms of asbestos) that formed from diopside.<ref>{{ cite web |title=Asbestos in Your Home |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency |year=2003 |access-date=2007-11-20 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008231840/http://epa.gov/region8/sf/libby/inhome.html |archive-date=October 8, 2006 }}</ref> Much chromian diopside from the Green River Basin localities and several of the State Line Kimberlites have been gem in character.<ref>{{ cite book |last=Hausel|first=W. Dan |title=Geology and Geochemistry of the Leucite Hills Lamproitic field, Rocks Springs Uplift, Wyoming |year=2006 |publisher=Wyoming geological survey |location=Laramie, Wyoming }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Nephrites== [[Image:Nephrite jordanow slaski.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This nephrite is from Jordanów Śląski, Poland. Credit: [[c:user:Kasioryt|Piotr Sosnowski]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Defects of nephrite in ultraviolet rays.jpg|thumb|right|300px|Defects of nephrite show in ultraviolet rays, where luminescence of surface areas indicates the presence of chips and cracks in them. Credit: [[c:user:Dr Anatoly|Dr Anatoly]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Nephrite is an inosilicate variety of the calcium, magnesium, and iron-rich amphibole minerals tremolite or actinolite (aggregates of which also make up one form of asbestos), with the chemical formula of Ca<sub>2</sub>(Mg,Fe)<sub>5</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>.<ref name="GRG">{{ cite book |title=Gem Reference Guide |year=1988 |publisher=Gemological Institute of America |isbn=0-87311-019-6 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Fluorescences== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Fluorescences}} [[Image:Halit mit grüner Fluoreszenz - Erongo, Namibia.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Halite shows green fluorescence. Credit: [[c:User:Ra'ike|Ra'ike]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' the "emission of light (or other electromagnetic radiation) by a material when stimulated by the absorption of radiation or of a subatomic particle"<ref name=FluorescenceWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=fluorescence |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=10 September 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fluorescence |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''fluorescence'''. Fluorescence is the emission of light by a substance that has absorbed light or other [[w:electromagnetic radiation|electromagnetic radiation]]. It is a form of [[w:luminescence|luminescence]]. In most cases, the emitted light has a longer wavelength, and therefore lower energy, than the absorbed radiation. However, when the absorbed electromagnetic radiation is intense, it is possible for one electron to absorb two [[w:photon|photon]]s; this [[w:two-photon absorption|two-photon absorption]] can lead to emission of radiation having a shorter wavelength than the absorbed radiation. The emitted radiation may also be of the same wavelength as the absorbed radiation, termed "resonance fluorescence".<ref name=Holler>''Principles Of Instrumental Analysis'' F.James Holler, Douglas A. Skoog & Stanley R. Crouch 2006</ref> The most striking examples of fluorescence occur when the absorbed radiation is in the [[w:ultraviolet|ultraviolet]] region of the spectrum, and thus invisible to the human eye, and the emitted light is in the visible region. The common [[w:fluorescent lamp|fluorescent lamp]] relies on fluorescence. Inside the glass tube is a partial vacuum and a small amount of [[w:mercury (element)|mercury]]. An electric discharge in the tube causes the mercury atoms to emit ultraviolet light. The tube is lined with a coating of a fluorescent material, called the ''[[w:phosphor|phosphor]]'', which absorbs the ultraviolet and re-emits visible light. Fluorescent [[w:lighting|lighting]] is more energy-efficient than incandescent lighting elements. However, the uneven [[w:spectrum|spectrum]] of traditional fluorescent lamps may cause certain colors to appear different than when illuminated by incandescent light or [[w:daylight|daylight]]. The mercury vapor emission spectrum is dominated by a short-wave UV line at 254&nbsp;nm (which provides most of the energy to the phosphors), accompanied by visible light emission at 436&nbsp;nm (blue), 546&nbsp;nm (green) and 579&nbsp;nm (yellow-orange). These three lines can be observed superimposed on the white continuum using a hand spectroscope, for light emitted by the usual white fluorescent tubes. These same visible lines, accompanied by the emission lines of trivalent europium and trivalent terbium, and further accompanied by the emission continuum of divalent europium in the blue region, comprise the more discontinuous light emission of the modern trichromatic phosphor systems used in many [[w:compact fluorescent lamp|compact fluorescent lamp]] and traditional lamps where better color rendition is a goal.<ref name="How Fluorescent Lamps Work">{{ cite web |author=Tom Harris |title=How Fluorescent Lamps Work |url=http://home.howstuffworks.com/fluorescent-lamp.htm |publisher=Discovery Communications |accessdate=27 June 2010}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Reflectivity== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reflections}} [[Image:Albedo-e hg.svg|right|thumb|250px|Percentage of diffusely reflected sunlight is shown in relation to various surface conditions. Credit: [[c:User:Wereon|Wereon]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Lambert2.gif|left|thumb|250px|Diffuse and specular reflection can occur from a glossy surface.<ref> {{ cite book | title = Photoelectric sensors and controls: selection and application | edition = | author = Scott M. Juds | publisher = CRC Press | date = 1988 | isbn = 978-0-8247-7886-6 | page = 29 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=BkdBo1n_oO4C&pg=PA29#v=onepage&f=false }}</ref> The rays represent luminous intensity the reflectivity of which varies uniformly for an ideal diffuse reflector. Credit: [[c:User:GianniG46|GianniG46]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Baumharz resin cherry.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The image shows cherry tree resin. Credit: [[c:User:Darkone|Darkone]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Amber - Bernstein 03.jpg|left|thumb|250px|This piece of polished amber, a resin, exhibits a resinous luster. Credit: [[c:User:Oxfordian Kissuth|Oxfordian Kissuth]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Muenchen-Herz-Jesu-bjs-1.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The image shows a glassy or vitreous building. Credit: [[c:User:Bjs|Bjs]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' hue of a smooth surface of a mineral exhibited when sunlight reflects is called its '''color'''. '''Def.''' the fraction of incident light or radiation reflected by a surface or body, commonly expressed as a percentage is called an '''albedo'''. '''Def.''' reflectivity pertaining "to mirrors; mirror-like"<ref name=SpecularWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Widsith|Widsith]] |title=specular |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=7 May 2011 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/specular |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called '''specular''' reflectivity. '''Def.''' shine, "polish or sparkle"<ref name=LusterWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Dvortygirl|Dvortygirl]] |title=luster |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=23 March 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/luster |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''luster''', or '''lustre'''. '''Def.''' the manner in which the surface of a mineral reflects light is called '''luster'''. '''Def.''' having a shine, polish or sparkle comparable to resin is called a '''resinous luster''', or is '''resinous'''. '''Def.''' "in particular smooth and (partly) reflective"<ref name=GlassyWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Kevin Ryde~enwiktionary|Kevin Ryde~enwiktionary]] |title=glassy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=14 January 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/glassy |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''vitreous''', or '''glassy'''. '''Def.''' "having a matte [diffuse] finish or no particular luster or brightness"<ref name=DullWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Dvortygirl|Dvortygirl]] |title=dull |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=14 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dull |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called a '''dull''' luster. '''Def.''' luster made "of, appearing to be made of, resembling, or related to metal"<ref name=MetallicWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Ncik|Ncik]] |title=metallic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 March 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metallic |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called a '''metallic''' luster. '''Def.''' a luster, or reflectivity, "to maximize light return"<ref name=BrilliantWikt>{{ cite book |title=brilliant |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 February 2017 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/brilliant |accessdate=2017-04-11 }}</ref> is called a '''brilliant''' luster. {{clear}} ==Transmissivity== [[Image:Opacity Translucency Transparency.svg|thumb|250px|right|Comparisons of 1. opacity, 2. translucency, and 3. transparency; where behind each panel is a star, are shown. Credit: [[c:User:Anynobody|Anynobody]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' the property that light passes through it almost undisturbed, such that one can see through it clearly is called '''transparency'''. '''Def.''' the property that light passes through a mineral but detailed images do not is called '''translucency'''. '''Def.''' not "allowing light to pass through"<ref name=OpaqueWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Paul G|Paul G]] |title=opaque |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=29 November 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/opaque |accessdate=2017-04-10 }}</ref> is called '''opaque'''. {{clear}} ==Neutrons== {{main|Radiation/Neutrons}} [[Image:Gabon Geology Oklo.svg|right|thumb|200px|The geological situation in Gabon leading to natural nuclear fission reactors is described<br>1. Nuclear reactor zones<br>2. Sandstone<br>3. Uranium ore layer<br>4. Granite. Credit: [[c:User:MesserWoland|MesserWoland]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Gadolinitas.jpg|thumb|left|200px|The gadolinium in gadolinite is a natural neutron absorber. Credit: [[:lt:User:WesternDevil|WesternDevil]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Aigue-marine Pakistan 180308.jpg|thumb|right|upright=0.5|Aquamarine is a blue or [[w:Turquoise (color)|turquoise]] variety of beryl. Credit: [[c:User:Vassil|Vassil]].{{tlx|free media}}]] A '''natural nuclear fission reactor''' is a uranium mineral deposit where self-sustaining [[w:nuclear chain reaction|nuclear chain reaction]]s have occurred. This can be examined by analysis of isotope ratios. The existence of this phenomenon was discovered in 1972 at Oklo in Gabon, Africa. Oklo is the only known location for this in the world and consists of 16 sites at which self-sustaining nuclear fission reactions took place approximately 1.7 billion years ago, and ran for a few hundred thousand years, averaging 100 [[Watt#Kilowatt|kW]] of thermal power during that time.<ref name=Meshik>{{ cite journal |author=A. P. Meshik |year=2005 |month=November |title=The Workings of an Ancient Nuclear Reactor |journal=Scientific American |volume= |issue= |pages= |url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=ancient-nuclear-reactor |accessdate= }}</ref><ref name="Gauthier-Lafaye1996">{{ cite journal |author=F. Gauthier-Lafaye; P. Holliger; P.-L. Blanc |year=1996 |month= |title=Natural fission reactors in the Franceville Basin, Gabon: a review of the conditions and results of a "critical event" in a geologic system |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |volume=60 |issue=25 |pages=4831–52 |doi=10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00245-1 |url= |bibcode=1996GeCoA..60.4831G }}</ref> Gadolinium as a metal or salt has exceptionally high absorption of neutrons and therefore is used for shielding in neutron radiography and in nuclear reactors. "The report by Hoffman ''et al.'' (1971) of 8.2 x 10<sup>7</sup> y <sup>244</sup>Pu in terrestrial bastnesite is supported by some unpublished evidence at Argonne National Laboratory for <sup>244</sup>Pu in terrestrial gadolinite (Metta ''et al.'', 1971)."<ref name=Fields>{{ cite journal |author=P. R. Fields |author2=H. Diamond |author3=D. N. Metta |author4=D. J. Rokop |author5=C. M. Stevens |title=<sup>237</sup>Np, <sup>236</sup>U, and other actinides on the moon |journal=Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference |month= |year=1972 |volume=3 |issue= |pages=1637-44 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972LPSC....3.1637F |arxiv= |bibcode=1972LPSC....3.1637F |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-11-01 }}</ref> The deep blue version of aquamarine is called ''maxixe''. Maxixe is commonly found in the country of Madagascar. Its color fades to white when exposed to sunlight or is subjected to heat treatment, though the color returns with irradiation. Dark-blue maxixe color can be produced in green, pink or yellow beryl by irradiating it with high-energy particles (gamma rays, neutrons or even X-rays).<ref name=Nassau>{{ cite journal | url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM61/AM61_100.pdf | author = K. Nassau | journal=American Mineralogist | volume =61 |title=The deep blue Maxixe-type color center in beryl |year =1976 |page =100 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Beta particles== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Beta particles}} [[Image:Orthit 12.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Orthite and melilite (bluish) occur with quartz. Credit: [[c:user:Amphibol|Gunnar Ries]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Excessive "<sup>26</sup>Mg [has] been reported in meteoritic carbonaceous chondrites [...] which demonstrate an excess of <sup>26</sup>Mg of up to 40% combined with essentially solar concentrations of <sup>24</sup>Mg and <sup>25</sup>Mg. Many of the data are well correlated with the <sup>27</sup>Al content of the samples, and this is interpreted as evidence that the excess <sup>26</sup>Mg has arisen from the ''in situ'' decay (via positron emission and electron capture) of the ground state of <sup>26</sup>Al in these minerals."<ref name=Champagne>{{ cite journal |author=A. E. Champagne |author2=A. J. Howard |author3=P. D. Parker |title=Nucleosynthesis of <sup>26</sup>Al at low stellar temperatures |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=June 15, |year=1983 |volume=269 |issue=06 |pages=686-9 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983ApJ...269..686C |arxiv= |bibcode=1983ApJ...269..686C |doi=10.1086/161077 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-02-01 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Gamma rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Gamma rays|Gamma-ray astronomy}} [[Image:Gammaspektrum Uranerz.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This gamma-ray spectrum contains the typical isotopes of the uranium-radium decay line. Credit: [[c:User:Wusel007|Wusel007]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The peak at 40 keV is not from the mineral. From the color of the rock shown the yellowish mineral is likely to be autunite. Autunite occurs as an oxidizing product of uranium minerals in granite pegmatites and hydrothermal deposits. {{clear}} ==Ultraviolets== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets}} [[Image:Fluorescent minerals hg.jpg|thumb|right|200px|This image exhibits forty-seven minerals that fluoresce in the visible while being irradiated in the ultraviolet. Credit: Hannes Grobe [[c:User:Hgrobe|Hgrobe]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:FluoriteUV.jpg|thumb|150px|left|Fluorescing fluorite is from Boltsburn Mine Weardale, North Pennines, County Durham, England, UK. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Calcite LongWaveUV HAGAM.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Calcite fluoresces pink under long wave ultraviolet light. Credit: Sparky Marmot.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Calcite ShortwaveUV HAGAM.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Calcite fluoresces blue under short wave ultraviolet light. Credit: Sparky Marmot.{{tlx|free media}}]] Ultraviolet lamps are also used in analyzing minerals and gems. Materials may look the same under visible light, but fluoresce to different degrees under ultraviolet light, or may fluoresce differently under short wave ultraviolet versus long wave ultraviolet. Ultraviolet lamps may cause certain minerals to fluoresce, and is a key tool in prospecting for tungsten mineralisation. Many samples of fluorite exhibit [[w:fluorescence|fluorescence]] under ultraviolet light, a property that takes its name from fluorite.<ref name=Stokes>{{ cite journal |title=On the Change of Refrangibility of Light |author=Stokes, G. G. |year=1852 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |volume=142 |pages=463–562 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1852.0022 }}</ref> Many minerals, as well as other substances, fluoresce. Fluorescence involves the elevation of electron energy levels by quanta of ultraviolet light, followed by the progressive falling back of the electrons into their previous energy state, releasing quanta of visible light in the process. In fluorite, the visible light emitted is most commonly blue, but red, purple, yellow, green and white also occur. The fluorescence of fluorite may be due to mineral impurities such as [[w:yttrium|yttrium]], [[w:ytterbium|ytterbium]], or organic matter in the crystal lattice. In particular, the blue fluorescence seen in fluorites from certain parts of Great Britain responsible for the naming of the phenomenon of fluorescence itself, has been attributed to the presence of inclusions of divalent [[w:europium|europium]] in the crystal.<ref name=Przibram>{{ cite journal |author=K. Przibram |title=Fluorescence of Fluorite and the Bivalent Europium Ion |journal=Nature |volume=135 |pages=100 |year=1935 |doi=10.1038/135100a0 |issue=3403 |bibcode=1935Natur.135..100P }}</ref> "Between 190 and 1700&nbsp;nm, the ordinary refractive index varies roughly between 1.9 and 1.5, while the extraordinary refractive index varies between 1.6 and 1.4.<ref name=Thompson>{{ cite journal |author = D.W. Thompson |year=1998 |title=Determination of optical anisotropy in calcite from ultraviolet to mid-infrared by generalized ellipsometry |journal= Thin Solid Films |volume=313–4 |issue= 1-2 |pages=341–6 |doi=10.1016/S0040-6090(97)00843-2 |bibcode=1998TSF...313..341T }}</ref> Under longwave (365 nm) ultraviolet light, diamond may fluoresce a blue, yellow, green, mauve, or red of varying intensity. The most common fluorescence is blue, and such stones may also phosphoresce yellow—this is thought to be a unique combination among gemstones. There is usually little if any response to shortwave ultraviolet. {{clear}} ==Visuals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Visuals}} [[Image:Tephroite-Andradite-290004.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Although tephroite on the right, a nesosilicate, is gray, this specimen shows some brown color. Credit: [[c:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:KaolinUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|200px|Kaolin is a white phyllosilicate. Credit: USGS and the Minerals Information Institute.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Biotite sliceUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Biotite is a black phyllosilicate mineral. Credit: United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Asbestos with muscovite.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Anthophyllite (or asbestos) commonly occurs as a gray or white, double-chain inosilicate mineral. Credit: [[c:User:Aramgutang|Aramgutang]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Augite Rwanda.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Augite is a black, single-chain inosilicate mineral, a pyroxene. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Leucophanite,_sérandite,_albite,_polylithionite_(Mont_Saint-Hilaire,_Québec_-_Canada).JPG|thumb|right|250px|At the center of this image are yellowish crystals of the sorosilicate mineral leucophanite. Credit: [[c:User:Parent Géry|Parent Géry]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Zrost beryli, Namibia3.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Colorless beryl, a cyclosilicate, is called goshenite. Credit: Piotr Menducki.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Feldspar-Group-291254.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This feldspar crystal is stark white showing excellent symmetry with appropriate faces. Credit: [[c:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Quartzite 2 jpg.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a visual image of a piece of quartzite, a common rocky-object mode of occurrence for the tectosilicate mineral quartz. Credit: United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Mineral Information Institute.{{tlx|free media}}]] Beryl of various colors is found most commonly in granitic pegmatites, but also occurs in mica schists. Goshenite [a beryl clear to white cyclosilicate] is found to some extent in almost all beryl localities. '''Quartzite''' (from German '''Quarzit'''<ref>[http://german.about.com/library/blvoc_gerloan.htm German Loan Words in English]. German.about.com (2010-06-22). Retrieved on 2011-06-05.</ref>) is a hard, non-foliated metamorphic rock which was originally pure quartz sandstone.<ref name=Marshak>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak, p 182</ref><ref name="MII">{{ cite book |url=http://www.mii.org/Minerals/photoquartzite.html |title=Quartzite |author=Darryl Powell |publisher=Mineral Information Institute |accessdate=2009-09-09 }}</ref> Sandstone is converted into quartzite through heating and pressure usually related to tectonic compression within orogenic belts. Pure quartzite is usually white to gray, though quartzites often occur in various shades of pink and red due to varying amounts of iron oxide (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>). Other colors, such as yellow and orange, are due to other mineral impurities. The great majority of silicates are oxides which comprise the majority of the earth's crust, as well as the other terrestrial planets, rocky moons, and asteroids. Sand, Portland cement, and thousands of minerals are examples of silicates. Mineralogically, silicate minerals are divided according to structure of their silicate anion into the following groups:<ref name=Deer>Deer, W.A.; Howie, R.A., & Zussman, J. (1992). ''An introduction to the rock forming minerals'' (2nd edition ed.). London: Longman {{ISBN|0-582-30094-0}}</ref><ref name=Hurlbut>Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). ''Manual of Mineralogy'', Wiley, (20th edition ed.). {{ISBN|0-471-80580-7}}</ref> {{clear}} * Nesosilicates (lone tetrahedron) - [SiO<sub>4</sub>]<sup>4−</sup>, e.g. olivine, tephroite. * Sorosilicates (double tetrahedra) - [Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>]<sup>6−</sup>, e.g. epidote, melilite group, leucophanite. * Cyclosilicates (rings) - [Si<sub>n</sub>O<sub>3n</sub>]<sup>2n−</sup>, e.g. tourmaline group. * Inosilicates (single chain) - [Si<sub>n</sub>O<sub>3n</sub>]<sup>2n−</sup>, e.g. pyroxene group. * Inosilicates(double chain) - [Si<sub>4n</sub>O<sub>11n</sub>]<sup>6n−</sup>, e.g. amphibole group. * Phyllosilicates (sheets) - [Si<sub>2n</sub>O<sub>5n</sub>]<sup>2n−</sup>, e.g. micas and clays like Kaolin. * Tectosilicates (3D framework) - [Al<sub>x</sub>Si<sub>y</sub>O<sub>2(x+y)</sub>]<sup>x−</sup>, e.g. quartz, feldspars, zeolites. {{clear}} == Violets == {{main|Radiation astronomy/Violets}} [[Image:Axinite-Oisan.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Axinite is a calcium aluminum borosilicate mineral that can occur in violet. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fluorapatite 170308 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This fluorapatite specimen is primarily violet. Credit: [[c:User:Vassil|Vassil]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fluorapatite-Quartz-d05-140b.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The color of the purple apatites (which are to almost 1 cm in size) leaps out at you. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Zoïsite (Tanzanite).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The tanzanite shown is a rough stone and a cut stone. Credit: [[c:User:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Tansanit nature.jpg|250px|left|thumb|A rough sample of tanzanite is pictured. Credit: [[c:User:Wela49|Wela49]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:1szafir Madagaskar.jpg|right|thumb|250px|This raw sapphire is from Madagascar. Credit: Kluka.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Lepidolite-208658.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Lavender lepidolite has been found in the Himalaya Mine, Mesa Grande District, San Diego County, California, USA. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Axinite-(Mg) or magnesioaxinite, Ca<sub>2</sub>MgAl<sub>2</sub>BOSi<sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub>(OH) magnesium rich, [can be] pale blue to pale violet<ref>[http://rruff.info/doclib/hom/magnesioaxinite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy: Magnesioaxinite]</ref> Fluorapatite a sample of which is shown at right is a mineral with the formula Ca<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>F (calcium fluorophosphate). Fluorapatite as a mineral is the most common phosphate mineral. It occurs widely as an accessory mineral in [[w:igneous rocks|igneous rocks]] and in calcium rich [[w:metamorphic rocks|metamorphic rocks]]. It commonly occurs as a detrital or [[w:diagenesis|diagenic]] mineral in [[w:sedimentary rocks|sedimentary rocks]] and is an essential component of [[w:phosphorite|phosphorite]] ore deposits. It occurs as a residual mineral in [[w:Laterite|lateritic soils]].<ref name=Handbook>http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/fluorapatite.pdf Mineral Handbook</ref> At lower left is another fluorapatite example that is violet in color on quartz crystals. Lower right shows both a rough stone and a cut stone of tanzanite. "'''Tanzanite''' is the blue/purple variety of the mineral [[w:zoisite|zoisite]] (a calcium aluminium hydroxy [[w:Silicate minerals|silicate]]) with the formula (Ca<sub>2</sub>Al<sub>3</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)(Si<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub>)O(OH))]. Tanzanite is noted for its remarkably strong [[w:trichroism|trichroism]], appearing alternately sapphire blue, violet and burgundy depending on crystal orientation.<ref name=Skalwold>{{cite book |author=E. Skalwold |url=http://www.nordskip.com/pleochroism.html |title=Pleochroism: trichroism and dichroism in gems |publisher=Nordskip.com |accessdate=2011-08-29 }}</ref> Tanzanite can also appear differently when viewed under alternate lighting conditions. The blues appear more evident when subjected to [[w:fluorescent light|fluorescent light]] and the violet hues can be seen readily when viewed under [[w:incandescent light|incandescent]] illumination. A rough violet sample of tanzanite is third down at left. Tanzanite in its rough state is usually a reddish brown color. It requires artificial heat treatment to 600 °C in a gemological oven to bring out the blue violet of the stone.<ref>{{ cite book |url=http://www.yourgemologist.com/heattreatment.html |title=YourGemologist / International School of Gemology Study of Heat Treatment |publisher=Yourgemologist.com |accessdate=2011-08-29 }}</ref> Tanzanite is found only in the foothills of [[w:Mount Kilimanjaro|Mount Kilimanjaro]]. Tanzanite is universally heat treated in a furnace, with a temperature between 550 and 700 degrees Celsius, to produce a range of hues between bluish-violet to violetish-blue. Some stones found close to the surface in the early days of the discovery were gem-quality blue without the need for heat treatment. Perhaps the most common violet mineral is sapphire. A sample of uncut natural sapphire is at lowest right. "Sapphires may be found naturally, by searching through certain sediments (due to their resistance to being eroded compared to softer stones) or rock formations. '''Lepidolite''' (KLi<sub>2</sub>Al(Al,Si)<sub>3</sub>O<sub>10</sub>(F,OH)<sub>2</sub> is a lilac-gray or rose-colored member of the [[w:mica|mica]] group that is a secondary source of [[w:lithium|lithium]]. It is a [[w:silicate minerals|phyllosilicate]] mineral<ref name=Hurlbut/> It is associated with other lithium-bearing minerals like [[w:spodumene|spodumene]] in [[w:pegmatite|pegmatite]] bodies. It is one of the major sources of the rare [[w:alkali metal|alkali metal]]s [[w:rubidium|rubidium]] and [[w:caesium|caesium]].<ref name=Nechamkin>H. Nechamkin, ''The Chemistry of the Elements'', McGraw-Hill, New York, 1968.</ref> It occurs in [[w:granite|granite]] pegmatites, in some high-temperature quartz veins, [[w:greisen|greisen]]s and granites. Associated minerals include [[w:quartz|quartz]], [[w:feldspar|feldspar]], spodumene, [[w:amblygonite|amblygonite]], [[w:tourmaline|tourmaline]], [[w:columbite|columbite]], [[w:cassiterite|cassiterite]], [[w:topaz|topaz]] and [[w:beryl|beryl]].<ref name=Handbook/> {{clear}} ==Blues== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Blues|Blue astronomy}} "Nine out of 10 well-characterized Apollo 17 breccia matrices fall into Group 2, and this includes both the blue-grey breccias which are the dominant rock type at this site"<ref name=Morgan>{{ cite journal |author=John W. Morgan |author2=H. Higuchi |author3=Edward Anders |title=Meteoritic material in a boulder from the Apollo 17 site - Implications for its origin |journal=The Moon |month=November-December |year=1975 |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=373-83 |url= |bibcode=1975Moon...14..373M |doi=10.1007/BF00569671 |pmid= |accessdate=2011-08-07 }}</ref>. "A 1953 telescopic photograph of a flash on the Moon is the only unequivocal record of the rare crash of an asteroid-sized body onto the lunar surface. ... A search of images from the Clementine mission reveals an ∼1.5-km high-albedo, blue, fresh-appearing crater with an associated ejecta blanket at the location of the flash."<ref name=Buratti>{{ cite journal |author=Bonnie J Buratti, Lane L Johnson |title=Identification of the lunar flash of 1953 with a fresh crater on the moon’s surface |journal=Icarus |month=January |year=2003 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=192-7 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103502000271 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00027-1 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> In terms of reflectance from the lunar surface, "the very dark 'blue' maria [are] such as found in Mare Tranquillitatis."<ref name=McCord>{{ cite journal |author=Thomas B. McCord |author2=John B. Adams |title=Progress in remote optical analysis of lunar surface composition |journal=The Moon |month=September |year=1973 |volume=7 |issue=3-4 |pages=453-74 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1973Moon....7..453M |doi=10.1007/BF00564646 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> "[T]he slope of the reflectance spectrum in the blue and ultraviolet ... is directly related to the percent TiO<sub>2</sub> in the [lunar] surface soil (Charette ''et al.'', 1974)."<ref name=Pieters>{{ cite journal |author=Carle Pieters |author2=Thomas B. McCord |title=Characterization of lunar mare basalt types. I - A remote sensing study using reflection spectroscopy of surface soils, In: ''Proceedings Lunar Science Conference, 7th'' |volume=3 |publisher=Pergamon Press, Inc. |location=New York |month=April |year=1976 |editor= |pages=2677-90 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1976LPSC....7.2677P |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> {{clear}} ===Hibonites=== [[Image:Hibonite - Esiva eluvials, Tulear Province, Madagascar.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An example of common occurring brownish hibonite. Credit: [http://www.mindat.org/user-10773.html#0 Kelly Nash].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Blue hibonite.jpeg|thumb|left|200px|This specimen from Madagascar has a bluish cast that may indicate a composition similar to those grains found in meteorites. Credit: Rock Currier.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Usually, '''Hibonite''' ((Ca,Ce)(Al,Ti,Mg)<sub>12</sub>O<sub>19</sub>) as shown at right is a brownish black mineral. It is rare, but is found in high-grade metamorphic rocks on Madagascar. Some presolar grains in primitive [[meteorites]] consist of hibonite. Hibonite also is a common mineral in the Ca-Al-rich inclusions (CAIs) found in some chondrite chondritic meteorites. Hibonite is closely related to hibonite-Fe (IMA 2009-027, ((Fe,Mg)Al<sub>12</sub>O<sub>19</sub>)) an alteration mineral from the Allende meteorite.<ref>[http://rruff.info/ima/ IMA Mineral List with Database of Mineral Properties]</ref> Hibonite is blue perhaps like the image at left in meteorite occurrence. Often a mineral appears blue due to the presence of copper or sulfur. Glaucophane is a blue silicate that owes its color to its characteristic formation. {{clear}} ===Sodalite=== [[Image:Sodalite peg.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A sample of '''sodalite'''-carbonate pegmatite from Bolivia has a polished rock surface. Credit: [[w:user:Tillman|Tillman]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Sodalite''' is a rich royal blue mineral massive sodalite samples are opaque, crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Occurring typically in massive form, sodalite is found as vein fillings in plutonic igneous rocks such as nepheline syenites. {{clear}} ===Covellite=== [[Image:Covellin - Grube Clara.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This covellite specimen is from the Black Forest of Germany. Credit: [[c:user:Ra'ike|Ra'ike]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Covellite has been found in veins at depths of 1,150 meters, as the primary mineral. Covellite formed as clusters in these veins reaching one meter across. {{clear}} ===Lazurite=== [[Image:Lazurite.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Lazurite is a deep blue tectosilicate. Credit: [[c:user:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Lazurite''' is a tectosilicate mineral with sulfate, sulfur and chloride with formula: (Na,Ca)<sub>8</sub>[(S,Cl,SO<sub>4</sub>,OH)<sub>2</sub><nowiki>|</nowiki>(Al<sub>6</sub>Si<sub>6</sub>O<sub>24</sub>)]. It is a [[w:feldspathoid|feldspathoid]] and a member of the sodalite group. The colour is due to the presence of S<sup>3-</sup> anions. Lazurite is a product of contact metamorphism of limestone. {{clear}} ===Blueschist facies=== [[Image:Schistes bleus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This blueschist example is from Ile de Groix, France. Credit: [[c:user:Arlette1|Arlette1]].{{tlx|free media}}]] {|style="float: right; margin: 10px; border: 1px #CCCCCC solid; background:#F9F9F9" |{{metamorphic facies to click}} |- |<small>Diagram showing metamorphic facies in [[pressure]]-[[temperature]] space. The domain of the graph corresponds to circumstances within the Earth's crust and upper mantle. Credit: [[c:user:Woudloper|Woudloper]].{{tlx|free media}}</small> |} A '''metamorphic facies''' is a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages that were formed under similar [[pressure]]s and [[temperature]]s.<ref name = EG>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak</ref> The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram at right).<ref name = EG/> Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain tectonic settings, times and places in geological history of the area.<ref name = EG/> The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph), are wide, because they are gradational and approximate.<ref name = EG/> The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure, is the range of formation of [[sedimentary rock]]s, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called diagenesis.<ref name = EG/> '''Blueschist''' is a [[w:metavolcanic rock|metavolcanic rock]] that forms by the [[w:metamorphism|metamorphism]] of [[w:basalt|basalt]] and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures, approximately corresponding to a depth of 15 to 30 kilometers and 200 to ~500 degrees Celsius. The blue color of the rock comes from the presence of the mineral [[w:glaucophane|glaucophane]]. Blueschists are typically found within [[w:orogeny|orogenic belts]] as [[w:terrane|terrane]]s of lithology in faulted contact with [[w:greenschist|greenschist]] or rarely [[w:eclogite|eclogite]] facies rocks. ... '''Blueschist''', as a rock type, is defined by the presence of the minerals glaucophane + ( lawsonite or epidote ) +/- jadeite +/- albite or [[w:Chlorite group|chlorite]] +/- garnet +/- [[w:white mica|muscovite]] in a rock of roughly basaltic composition. Blueschist often has a lepidoblastic, nematoblastic or schistose [[w:Texture (crystalline)|rock microstructure]] defined primarily by chlorite, phengitic white mica, glaucophane, and other minerals with an elongate or platy shape. Grain size is rarely coarse, as mineral growth is retarded by the swiftness of the rock's metamorphic trajectory and perhaps more importantly, the low temperatures of metamorphism and in many cases the anhydrous state of the basalts. However, coarse varieties do occur. Blueschists may appear blue, black, gray, or blue-green in outcrop. {{clear}} ===Glaucophane=== [[Image:Glaucophane bleu de Groix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a specimen of glaucophane with fuchsite. Credit: [[c:user:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Glaucophane''' is a mineral belonging to the amphibole group, chemical formula Na<sub>2</sub>Mg<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>Si<sub>8</sub>O<sub>22</sub>(OH)<sub>2</sub>. The blue color is very diagnostic for this species. It, along with the closely related mineral riebeckite are the only common amphibole minerals that are typically blue. Glaucophane forms in metamorphic rocks that are either particularly rich in sodium or that have experienced low temperature-high pressure metamorphism such as would occur along a subduction zone. This material has undergone intense pressure and moderate heat as it was subducted downward toward the mantle. It is glaucophane's color that gives the blueschist facies its name. Glaucophane is also found in eclogites that have undergone retrograde metamorphism.<ref name=HandbookGlaucophane>http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/glaucophane.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy</ref> {{clear}} ===Hauyne=== [[Image:Haüyne.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a specimen of Haüyne on augite from the Somma-Vesuvius Complex, Naples Province, Italy. Credit: [[c:user:Archaeodontosaurus|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Hauyne''', '''haüyne''' or '''hauynite''' [occurs] in Vesuvian lavas in Monte Somma, Italy,<ref name=MRF>Farndon and Parker (2009). Minerals, Rocks and Fossils of the World. Lorenz Books</ref> ... It is a tectosilicate mineral with sulfate, with [[w:endmember|endmember]] formula Na<sub>3</sub>Ca(Si<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>3</sub>)O<sub>12</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>).<ref name=IMA>http://rruff.info/ima</ref> ... It is a feldspathoid and a member of the sodalite group.<ref name=Dana>{{ cite book |author=Gaines |date=1997 |title=Dana’s New Mineralogy Eighth Edition |publisher=Wiley |location=New York }}</ref><ref name=Mindat>{{ cite web | url = http://www.mindat.org/min-1833.html | title = Hauyne | accessdate = 11 August 2011| publisher = Mindat.org}}</ref> Haüyne occurs in [[w:phonolite|phonolite]]s and related leucite- or nepheline-rich, silica-poor, igneous rocks; less commonly in nepheline-free [[w:extrusive|extrusive]]s<ref name=Webmin>{{cite web | url = http://webmineral.com/data/Hauyne.shtml | title = Hauyne | accessdate = 11 August 2011 | publisher = Webminerals }}</ref><ref name = Dana/><ref name=Mindat/><ref name=HOM>[http://www.handbookofmineralogy.com/pdfs/hauyne.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref> and metamorphic rocks (marble).<ref name=Dana/> {{clear}} ===Water ice=== [[Image:Argentina - Bariloche trekking 013 - Glacier Castaño Overo spilling water and ice over the cliff on Cerro Tronador (6797419529).jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the blue water ice, or blue ice, of a glacier. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/56796376@N00 McKay Savage from London, UK].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Blue ice''' occurs when snow falls on a glacier, is compressed, and becomes part of a [[w:glacier|glacier]] blue ice was observed in [[w:Tasman Glacier|Tasman Glacier]], New Zealand in January 2011.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10699700">{{ cite book |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/travel/news/article.cfm?c_id=7&objectid=10699700 |title=NZ blue ice sighting an unexpected treat for tourists, In: ''The New Zealand Herald'' |author=Harvey, Eveline |date=14 January 2011 |accessdate=21 September 2011 }}</ref> Ice is blue for the same reason water is blue: it is a result of an [[w:overtone|overtone]] of an oxygen-hydrogen (O-H) bond stretch in water which absorbs light at the red end of the visible spectrum.<ref name=Dartmouth>[http://www.dartmouth.edu/~etrnsfer/water.htm Why Is Water Blue]</ref> {{clear}} ==Cyans== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Cyans}} [[Image:Aigue-marine Pakistan 180308.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.5|250px|Aquamarine is a blue or [[w:Turquoise (color)|turquoise]] variety of beryl. Credit: [[c:User:Vassil|Vassil]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:turquoise.pebble.700pix.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The [[w:turquoise|turquoise]] gemstone is the namesake for the color. Credit: Adrian Pingstone.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fluorine.jpg|thumb|left|250px|These are cyan colored fluorite crystals from Rogerley Mine, Frosterley, Weardale, North Pennines, Co. Durham, England, UK. Credit: [[c:User:Parent Géry|Parent Géry]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The gem-gravel [[w:Placer mining|placer]] deposits of [[w:Sri Lanka|Sri Lanka]] contain aquamarine. The deep blue version of aquamarine is called ''maxixe''. Maxixe is commonly found in the country of Madagascar. Its color fades to white when exposed to sunlight or is subjected to heat treatment, though the color returns with irradiation. "The pale blue color of aquamarine is attributed to Fe<sup>2+</sup>. The Fe<sup>3+</sup> ions produce golden-yellow color, and when both Fe<sup>2+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> are present, the color is a darker blue as in maxixe. Decoloration of maxixe by light or heat thus may be due to the charge transfer Fe<sup>3+</sup> and Fe<sup>2+</sup>.<ref name=color>{{ cite web |url=http://minerals.caltech.edu/FILES/Visible/BERYL/Index.htm | title = Color in the Beryl group | accessdate = 2009-06-06 }}</ref><ref name=ibragim>{{ cite journal | doi =10.1134/S0020168509020101 | title =Correlations between admixtures and color centers created upon irradiation of natural beryl crystals | year =2009 | author =Ibragimova, E. M., Mukhamedshina, N. M., A. Kh. Islamov | journal =Inorganic Materials | volume =45 | page =162 | issue =2 }}</ref><ref name=viana1>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1007/s002690100210 |title=Characterization of beryl (aquamarine variety) by Mössbauer spectroscopy |year=2002 |author=Viana, R. R. |author2=G. M. Da Costa |author3=E. De Grave |author4=W. B. Stern |author5=H. Jordt-Evangelista |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |volume=29 |page=78 |bibcode = 2002PCM....29...78V }}</ref><ref name=blak>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00309581 |title=Optical absorption and electron spin resonance in blue and green natural beryl: A reply |year=1983 |author=Ana Regina Blak |author2=Sadao Isotani |author3=Shigueo Watanabe |journal=Physics and Chemistry of Minerals |volume=9 |page=279 |issue=6 |bibcode = 1983PCM.....9..279B }}</ref> Dark-blue maxixe color can be produced in green, pink or yellow beryl by irradiating it with high-energy particles (gamma rays, neutrons or even X-rays).<ref name=Nassau>{{ cite journal | url = http://www.minsocam.org/ammin/AM61/AM61_100.pdf | author = K. Nassau | journal=American Mineralogist | volume =61 |title=The deep blue Maxixe-type color center in beryl |year =1976 |page =100 }}</ref> Turquoise at right is an opaque, blue-to-green mineral that is a [[w:hydrate|hydrous]] phosphate of copper and aluminium, with the chemical formula [[w:copper|Cu]][[w:aluminium|Al]]<sub>6</sub>([[w:phosphorus|P]][[w:oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>)<sub>4</sub>(O[[w:hydrogen|H]])<sub>8</sub>'''·'''4[[w:water|H<sub>2</sub>O]]. Although fluorite usually appears violet or purple in color, the crystals at left are cyan with some blue or violet fluorite mixed in suggesting slight variations in composition. {{clear}} ==Greens== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Greens}} [[Image:Azurite-Malachite-23ub.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Malachite is a mineral occurring on Earth, like many greens, is colored by the presence of copper, specifically by basic copper(II) carbonate.<ref name=Malachite>{{ cite web | url = http://webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/malachite.html | title = Malachite | publisher = WebExhibits | date = 2001 | accessdate = 2007-12-08 }}</ref> Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Green is the color of emeralds and jade.<ref name=Oxford>(Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd Edition, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.) See also first definition in ''Webster's New World Dictionary of the American Language'', The World Publishing Company, New York, 1962.</ref> "Olivines are described by Mg<sub>2y</sub>Fe<sub>2-2y</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>, with y in the range [0, 1]."<ref name=Bertini>{{ cite journal |author=I. Bertini |author2=N. Thomas |author3=C. Barbieri |title=Modeling of the light scattering properties of cometary dust using fractal aggregates |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |month=January |year=2007 |volume=461 |issue=1 |pages=351-64 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/full/2007/01/aa5461-06/aa5461-06.html |arxiv= |bibcode=2007A&A...461..351B |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20065461 |pmid= |pdf=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2007/01/aa5461-06.pdf |accessdate=2011-12-08 }}</ref> Substituting values for y from 0 to 1 produce ideal compositions from forsterite Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub> to fayalite Fe<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>. "Laboratory studies of the evolution of a magnesium silicate smoke from an amorphous condensate to a crystalline mineral by annealing in vacuum provide a foundation for the development of a silicate evolution index (SEI)."<ref name=Hallenbeck>{{ cite journal |author=Susan L. Hallenbeck |author2=Joseph A. Nuth III |author3=Robert N. Nelson |title=Evolving Optical Properties of Annealing Silicate Grains: from Amorphous Condensate to Crystalline Mineral |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=May 20, |year=2000 |volume=535 |issue=1 |pages=247-55 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/535/1/247 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-11-19 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Yellows== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Yellows}} ===Carnotites=== {{main|Minerals/Actinides}} [[Image:Carnotite-BYU.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Carnotite is from the Happy Jack Mine, Utah. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Carnotite''' is a potassium uranium [[w:vanadate|vanadate]] [[w:radioactive|radioactive]] mineral with [[w:chemical formula|chemical formula]]: [[w:potassium|K]]<sub>2</sub>([[w:uranium|U]][[w:oxygen|O]]<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>([[w:vanadium|V]]O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>'''·'''3H<sub>2</sub>O. The water content can vary and small amounts of calcium, barium, magnesium, iron, and sodium are often present. ... Carnotite is a bright to greenish yellow mineral that occurs typically as crusts and flakes in sandstones. Amounts as low as one percent will color the sandstone a bright yellow. The high uranium content makes carnotite an important uranium ore and also radioactive. It is a secondary vanadium and uranium mineral usually found in [[w:sedimentary rocks|sedimentary rocks]] in arid climates. It is an important ore of uranium in the [[w:Colorado Plateau|Colorado Plateau]] region of the United States where it occurs as disseminations in sandstone and concentrations around petrified logs. {{clear}} ===Cubanites=== [[Image:Cubanite-47299.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These are bronze to brass-yellow, striated, cyclically-twinned cubanite crystals from the Chibougamau mines of Quebec. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Cubanite''' is a yellow mineral of copper, iron, and sulfur, CuFe<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>.<ref name="Webmineral">[http://www.webmineral.com/data/Cubanite.shtml Webmineral]</ref> Cubanite occurs in high temperature [[w:hydrothermal|hydrothermal]] deposits with [[w:pyrrhotite|pyrrhotite]] and [[w:pentlandite|pentlandite]] as intergrowths with [[w:chalcopyrite|chalcopyrite]]. It results from [[w:exsolution|exsolution]] from chalcopyrite at temperatures below 200 to 210 °C.<ref name="HBM">[http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/doclib/hom/cubanite.pdf Handbook of Mineralogy]</ref> It has also been reported from [[w:carbonaceous chondrite|carbonaceous chondrite]] [[meteorites]].<ref name="HBM"/> {{clear}} ===Golds=== {{main|Minerals/Metals/Precious}} [[Image:GoldNuggetUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of a naturally occurring gold nugget. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is an image of a piece of native gold discovered as part of a placer deposit, a gold nugget. {{clear}} ===Limonites=== {{main|Chemicals/Mineraloids}} [[Image:LimoniteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Limonite is an amorphous mineraloid of a range of hydrated iron oxides. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Limonite''' is an [[w:iron ore|iron ore]] consisting of a mixture of hydrated [[w:iron(III) oxide-hydroxide|iron(III) oxide-hydroxide]]s in varying composition. The generic formula is frequently written as FeO(OH)·nH<sub>2</sub>O, although this is not entirely accurate as the ratio of oxide to hydroxide can vary quite widely. Limonite is one of the two principle iron ores, the other being [[w:hematite|hematite]], and has been [[w:mining|mined]] for the production of iron since at least 2500 BCE.<ref name="MacEachern">MacEachern, Scott (1996) [http://www.panafprehistory.org/images/papers/IRON_AGE_BEGINNINGS_NORTH_OF_THE_MANDARA_MOUNTAINS_CAMEROON_AND_NIGERIA_Scott_MacEachern.pdf "Iron Age beginnings north of the Mandara Mountains, Cameroon and Nigeria"] pp. 489&ndash;496 ''In'' Pwiti, Gilbert and Soper, Robert (editors) (1996) ''Aspects of African Archaeology: Proceedings of the Tenth Pan-African Congress'' University of Zimbabwe Press, Harare, Zimbabwe, {{ISBN|978-0-908307-55-5}}; archived [http://liveweb.archive.org/http://www.panafprehistory.org/images/papers/IRON_AGE_BEGINNINGS_NORTH_OF_THE_MANDARA_MOUNTAINS_CAMEROON_AND_NIGERIA_Scott_MacEachern.pdf here] by Internet Archive on 11 March 2012</ref><ref name="Maes">Diop-Maes, Louise Marie (1996) [http://www.ankhonline.com/revue/diop_lm_metallurgie_fer_afrique.htm "La question de l'Âge du fer en Afrique" ("The question of the Iron Age in Africa")] ''Ankh'' 4/5: pp. 278&ndash;303, in French; archived [http://web.archive.org/web/20080125103929/http://www.ankhonline.com/revue/diop_lm_metallurgie_fer_afrique.htm here] by Internet Archive on 25 January 2008</ref> Although originally defined as a single mineral, limonite is now recognized as a mixture of related hydrated [[w:iron oxide|iron oxide]] minerals, among them [[w:goethite|goethite]], [[w:akaganeite|akaganeite]], [[w:lepidocrocite|lepidocrocite]], and [[w:jarosite|jarosite]]. Individual minerals in limonite may form crystals, but limonite does not, although specimens may show a fibrous or microcrystalline structure,<ref name="Boswell">Boswell, P. F. and Blanchard, Roland (1929) "Cellular structure in limonite" ''Economic Geology'' 24(8):&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;791&ndash;796</ref> and limonite often occurs in concretionary forms or in compact and earthy masses; sometimes mammillary, [[w:botryoidal|botryoidal]], reniform or stalactitic. Because of its amorphous nature, and occurrence in hydrated areas limonite often presents as a clay or mudstone. However there are limonite [[w:pseudomorph|pseudomorph]]s after other minerals such as pyrite.<ref name="Northrop">Northrop, Stuart A. (1959) "Limonite" ''Minerals of New Mexico'' (revised edition) University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, New Mexico, pp. 329&ndash;333 }}</ref> This means that chemical weathering transforms the crystals of pyrite into limonite by hydrating the molecules, but the external shape of the pyrite crystal remains. Limonite pseudomorphs have also been formed from other iron oxides, hematite and magnetite; from the carbonate [[w:siderite|siderite]] and from iron rich silicates such as [[w:Almandine|almandine garnets]]. Limonite usually forms from the hydration of hematite and magnetite, from the oxidation and hydration of iron rich sulfide minerals, and chemical weathering of other iron rich minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, and biotite. It is often the major iron component in [[w:Laterite|lateritic soils]]. One of the first uses was as a [[w:pigment|pigment]]. The yellow form produced yellow [[w:ochre|ochre]] for which [[w:Cyprus|Cyprus]] was famous.<ref name="Constantinou">Constantinou, G. and Govett, G. J. S. (1972) "Genesis of sulphide deposits, ochre and umber of Cyprus" ''Transactions of the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy'' 81:&nbsp;pp.&nbsp;34&ndash;46</ref> {{clear}} ===Microlites=== [[Image:Microlite-Lepidolite-21663.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image shows pale-yellow microlite on lepidolite. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Microlite''' is composed of sodium calcium tantalum oxide with a small amount of fluorine (Na,Ca)<sub>2</sub>Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>6</sub>(O,OH,F). Microlite is a mineral in the [[w:pyrochlore|pyrochlore]] group that occurs in [[w:pegmatite|pegmatite]]s and constitutes an [[w:ore|ore]] of tantalum. It has a [[w:Mohs hardness|Mohs hardness]] of 5.5 and a variable [[w:specific gravity|specific gravity]] of 4.2 to 6.4. It occurs as disseminated microscopic subtranslucent to opaque octahedral [[w:crystal|crystal]]s with a [[w:refractive index|refractive index]] of 2.0 to 2.2. Microlite is also called djalmaite. Microlite occurs as a primary mineral in lithium-bearing granite pegmatites, and in miarolitic cavities in granites. {{clear}} ===Orpiments=== [[Image:Orpiment mineral.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Orpiment is a yellow to orange mineral on Earth. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Orpiment''', [Arsenic trisulfide] As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub>, is a common monoclinic arsenic sulfide mineral. Orpiment is an orange to yellow mineral that is found worldwide [on Earth], and occurs as a sublimation product in volcanic fumaroles, low temperature hydrothermal veins, hot springs and as a byproduct of the decay of another arsenic mineral, realgar. {{clear}} ===Pyrites=== [[Image:2780M-pyrite1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Pyrite cubic crystals are on marl from Navajún, Rioja, Spain. Credit: [[c:User:CarlesMillan|CarlesMillan]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The mineral '''pyrite''', or '''iron pyrite''', is an iron sulfide with the [[w:chemical formula|formula]] [[w:iron|Fe]][[w:sulfur|S]]<sub>2</sub>. This mineral's metallic [[w:Luster (mineralogy)|luster]] and pale brass-yellow hue have earned it the nickname '''fool's gold''' because of its superficial resemblance to gold. Pyrite is the most common of the [[w:sulfide mineral|sulfide mineral]]s on Earth. Pyrite is usually found associated with other sulfides or oxides in quartz [[w:Vein (geology)|veins]], [[w:sedimentary rock|sedimentary rock]], and [[w:metamorphic rock|metamorphic rock]], as well as in [[w:coal|coal]] beds, and as a replacement mineral in [[w:fossil|fossil]]s. Despite being nicknamed fool's gold, pyrite is sometimes found in association with small quantities of gold. Gold and arsenic occur as a coupled substitution in the pyrite structure. In the [[w:Carlin–type gold deposit|Carlin–type gold deposit]]s, arsenian pyrite contains up to 0.37 wt% gold.<ref name="Fleet">M. E. Fleet and A. Hamid Mumin, [http://www.minsocam.org/msa/AmMin/toc/Articles_Free/1997/Fleet_p182-193_97.pdf Gold-bearing arsenian pyrite and marcasite and arsenopyrite from Carlin Trend gold deposits and laboratory synthesis], American Mineralogist 82 (1997) pp. 182–193</ref> {{clear}} ===Satterlyites=== [[Image:Satterlyite - Rapid Creek.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This Satterlyite sample is from the Rapid Creek area of northern [[w:Yukon|Yukon]], Canada. Credit: [[c:User:Chris857|Chris857]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Satterlyite''' is a [[w:hydroxyl|hydroxyl]] bearing iron [[w:phosphate mineral|phosphate mineral]]. The mineral can be found in phosphetic [[w:shale|shale]]s. Satterlyite is part of the phosphate mineral group. Satterlyite is a transparent, light brown to light yellow mineral. Satterlyite has a formula of (Fe<sup>2+</sup>,Mg,Fe<sup>3+</sup>)<sub>2</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)(OH). Satterlyite occurs in nodules in shale in the Big Fish River (Mandarino, 1978). These nodules were about 10 cm in diameter, some would consist of satterlyite only and others would show satterlyite with quartz, pyrite, wolfeite or maricite. "[[w:Holtedahlite|Holtedahlite]], a mineral that was found in Tingelstadtjern quarry in Norway, with the formula (Mg<sub>12</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>3</sub>OH,CO<sub>3</sub>)(OH,O)<sub>6</sub> is isostructural with satterlyite (Raade, 1979). [[w:Infrared absorption|Infrared absorption]] powder spectra show that satterlyite is different than natural haltedahlite in that there is no carbonate for phosphate substitution (Kolitsch, 2002). Satterlyite is also structurally related to [[w:phosphoellenbergerite|phosphoellenbergerite]], a mineral that was discovered in Modum, Norway; near San Giocomo Vallone Di Gilba, in Western Alps of Italy (Palache, 1951); the minerals formula is Mg<sub>14</sub>(PO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>5</sub>(PO<sub>3</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub>(OH)<sub>6</sub> (Kolitsch, 2002). {{clear}} ===Spurrites=== {{main|Minerals/Silicates}} [[Image:Spurrite Calcium silicate and carbonate Luna county New mexico 1873.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows yellow-brown spurrite from New Mexico, USA. Credit: Dave Dyet.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Spurrite''' is a [[w:Nesosilicate|nesosilicate]] that can occur naturally as a yellow mineral. "Its [[w:chemical formula|chemical formula]] is [[w:calcium|Ca]]<sub>5</sub>([[w:silicon|Si]][[w:oxygen|O]]<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>[[w:carbon|C]]O<sub>3</sub>.<ref name="Gaines">Richard V. Gaines, H. Catherine W. Skinner, Eugene E. Foord, Brian Mason, and Abraham Rosenzweig: ''Dana's new mineralogy'', p. 1106. John Wiley & Sons, 1997</ref> Spurrite is generally formed in [[w:contact metamorphism|contact metamorphism]] zones as [[w:mafic|mafic magma]]s are intruded into [[w:carbonate rock|carbonate rock]]s.<ref name="Smith">Smith, J.V. (1960) "The Crystal structure of Spurrite, Ca<sub>5</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>". ''Acta. Cryst.'' 13, 454</ref> {{clear}} ===Sulfurs=== {{main|Minerals/Chalcogens}} [[Image:Soufresicile3.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The image shows native sulfur, yellow, and calcite crystals, clear or white. Credit: [[c:User:Didier Descouens|Didier Descouens]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Sulfur.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This shows sulfur crystals from the Smithsonian Institution. Credit: [[w:User:Deglr6328|Deglr6328]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Sulfur occurs [[w:nature|naturally]] as the pure [[w:element|element]] (native sulfur) and as [[w:Sulfide minerals|sulfide]] and [[w:sulfate minerals|sulfate minerals]]. Being abundant in native form, sulfur was known in ancient times, mentioned for its uses in [[w:ancient India|ancient India]], [[w:ancient Greece|ancient Greece]], [[w:History of China#Ancient China|China]] and [[w:ancient Egypt|Egypt]]. Octasulfur is a soft, bright-yellow solid with only a faint odor, similar to that of [[w:match|match]]es. {{clear}} ==Oranges== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Oranges}} [[Image:Orpiment mineral.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The mineral orpiment from an arsenic mine in southern Russia is a source of yellow and orange pigments and is highly toxic. Credit: United States Geological Survey and the Mineral Information Institute.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Realgar09.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Realgar, an arsenic sulfide mineral 1.5-2.5 Mohs hardness, is highly toxic and is used to make red-orange pigment. Credit: [[w:User:Reno Chris|Reno Chris]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Crocoite from the Dundas extended mine, Dundas, Tasmania, Australia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|A sample of crocoite crystals from Dundas extended mine in Tasmania and is used to make the first synthetic orange pigment, chrome orange. Credit: [[c:User:JJ Harrison|JJ Harrison]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Calcite jaune (Chine).jpg|thumb|left|250px|Calcite is a common calcium carbonate mineral that occurs as orange. Credit: Parent Géry.{{tlx|free media}}]] The mineral orpiment [at top right] is a source of yellow and orange pigments. Realgar is an arsenic sulfide mineral of 1.5-2.5 Mohs hardness is used to make red-orange pigment. Crocoite crystals from Dundas extended mine in Tasmania is used to make the first synthetic orange pigment, chrome orange. Calcite [at second left] is a common calcium carbonate mineral that occurs in orange. {{clear}} ==Reds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reds}} [[Image:Rhodolite in Matrix-Garnet Group Magnesium iron aluminum silicate Macon County North Carolina 2904.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Rhodolite is the rose-pink to red mineral, a type of garnet, in this magnesium iron aluminum silicate mineral. Credit: Dave Dyet.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Breithauptite-229669.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is a specimen of Breithauptite on calcite from the Samson Mine, St Andreasberg, [[w:Harz Mountains|Harz Mountains]], Lower Saxony, Germany. Credit: Leon Hupperichs.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Cinnabarit 01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Cinnabar is a naturally occurring cochineal-red, towards brownish red and lead-gray, mercury-sulfide mineral. Credit: H. Zell.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Crocoite from Tasmania.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This Crocoite specimen is from the Red Lead Mine, Tasmania, Australia. Credit: Eric Hunt.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Eudialyte.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Eudialyte is a somewhat rare, red silicate mineral. Credit: [[w:user:Baryonyx|Baryonyx]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Hematite.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Hematite is a blood colored ore. Credit: [[c:user:DanielCD~commonswiki|DanielCD~commonswiki]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:MichiganBIF.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a close-up of hematitic [[w:banded iron formation|banded iron formation]] specimen from Upper Michigan. Scale bar is 5.0 mm. Credit: [[c:user:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Rhodolite''' is a varietal name for rose-pink to red mineral [[w:pyrope|pyrope]], a species in the [[w:garnet|garnet]] group. Chemically, rhodolite is an iron-magnesium-aluminium silicate, [(Mg,Fe)<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>2</sub>(SiO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>,] part of the pyrope-[[w:almandine|almandine]] [[w:solid solution|solid-solution]] series, with an approximate garnet composition of ''Py<sub>70</sub>Al<sub>30</sub>''. '''Breithauptite''' is a nickel [[w:antimonide mineral|antimonide mineral]] with the simple formula NiSb. Breithauptite is a metallic opaque copper-red mineral crystallizing in the [[w:Hexagonal (crystal system)|hexagonal]] - dihexagonal dipyramidal [[w:crystal system|crystal system]]. It is typically massive to reniform in habit, but is observed as tabular crystals. It has a [[w:Mohs hardness|Mohs hardness]] of 3.5 to 4 and a specific gravity of 8.23. It occurs in hydrothermal calcite veins associated with cobalt–nickel–silver ores. '''Cinnabar''' or '''cinnabarite''' (red mercury(II) sulfide (HgS), native vermilion), is the common ore of mercury. Its color is cochineal-red, towards brownish red and lead-gray. Cinnabar may be found in a massive, granular or earthy form and is bright scarlet to brick-red in color.<ref name=King>{{ cite journal | journal = Geology Today | volume = 18 | issue = 5 | pages = 195–9 |title = Minerals Explained 37: Cinnabar | author = R. J. King | doi = 10.1046/j.0266-6979.2003.00366.x | year = 2002 }}</ref> Generally cinnabar occurs as a vein-filling mineral associated with recent volcanic activity and alkaline hot springs. Cinnabar is deposited by epithermal ascending aqueous solutions (those near surface and not too hot) far removed from their igneous source. '''Crocoite''' is a mineral consisting of lead chromate, PbCrO<sub>4</sub>. Crystals are of a bright hyacinth-red color. Relative rarity of crocoite is connected with specific conditions required for its formation: an oxidation zone of lead ore bed and presence of ultramafic rocks serving as the source of chromium (in chromite). '''Eudialyte''' is a somewhat rare, red [[w:silicate|silicate]] mineral, which forms in alkaline [[w:igneous|igneous]] rocks, such as [[w:nepheline|nepheline]] [[w:syenite|syenite]]s. '''Hematite''' is the mineral form of [[w:iron(III) oxide|iron(III) oxide]] (Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>), one of several [[w:iron oxide|iron oxide]]s. Hematite is colored black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish brown, or red. Huge deposits of hematite are found in [[w:banded iron formation|banded iron formation]]s. {{clear}} ==Infrareds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Infrareds}} "On October 7, 2009, the presence of [[w:ice|water ice]] was confirmed on the surface of [24 Themis] using NASA’s [[w:Infrared Telescope Facility|Infrared Telescope Facility]]. The surface of the asteroid appears completely covered in ice. As this ice layer is [[w:Sublimation (chemistry)|sublimated]], it may be getting replenished by a reservoir of ice under the surface. Organic compounds were also detected on the surface.<ref name=Cowen>{{ cite book | author=Ron Cowen | date=8 October 2009 | title=Ice confirmed on an asteroid | publisher=Science News | url=http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/48174/title/Ice_confirmed_on_an_asteroid | accessdate=9 October 2009 }}</ref><ref name=Atkinson>{{cite book | author = Nancy Atkinson | date = 8 October 2009 | title = More water out there, ice found on an asteroid, In: ''International Space Fellowship'' | accessdate = 11 October 2009 | url = http://spacefellowship.com/2009/10/08/more-water-out-there-ice-found-on-an-asteroid/ }}</ref><ref name=Campins>{{ cite journal |last=Campins |first=Humberto |last2=Hargrove |first2=K |last3=Pinilla-Alonso |first3=N |last4=Howell |first4=ES |last5=Kelley |first5=MS |last6=Licandro |first6=J |last7=Mothé-Diniz |first7=T |last8=Fernández |first8=Y |last9=Ziffer |first9=J |title=Water ice and organics on the surface of the asteroid 24 Themis |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |page=1320–1 |year=2010 |doi=10.1039/nature09029 |pmid=20428164 }}</ref><ref name=Rivkin>{{ cite journal |last=Rivkin |first=Andrew S. |last2=Emery |first2=Joshua P. |title=Detection of ice and organics on an asteroidal surface |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue=7293 |pages=1322–3 |year=2010 |doi=10.1038/nature09028 |pmid=20428165 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464.1322R }}</ref> Trace amounts of water would be continuously produced by high-energy solar protons impinging [[w:oxide|oxide]] minerals present at the surface of the [[w:asteroid|asteroid]]. The [[w:hydroxyl|hydroxyl]] surface groups (S–OH) formed by the collision of protons (H<sup>+</sup>) with [[w:oxygen|oxygen]] atoms present at oxide surface (S=O) can further be converted in water molecules (H<sub>2</sub>O) adsorbed onto the oxide minerals surface. The chemical rearrangement supposed at the oxide surface could be schematically written as follows: :<big>2 S-OH → S=O + S + H<sub>2</sub>O</big> or, <br> :<big>2 S-OH → S–O–S + H<sub>2</sub>O</big> where S represents the oxide surface.<ref>[http://spacefellowship.com/2009/10/08/more-water-out-there-ice-found-on-an-asteroid/ More Water Out There, Ice Found on an Asteroid &#124; International Space Fellowship]</ref> Portable infrared mineral analyzer (PIMA) and Hunter color analyses were conducted on the "Westbrook Figurine" to determine the pipe was made from a cookeite-boehmite phosphate (CBP) flint clay from Missouri that may have come from a quarry near Cahokia in St. Louis County.<ref name=PIMA>{{cite web |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100727082436/http://www.isas.illinois.edu/atam/research/pima/analysisreport1.pdf |archive-date=July 27, 2010|title=PIMA and Hunter Color Analyses on the Westbrook Cahokia Figurine and Bound Warrior Pipe|last1=Emerson|first1=Thomas|last2=Hughes|first2=Randall E.|year=2003|publisher=Midcontinental Archaeometry Working Group, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign}}</ref> ==Submillimeters== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Submillimeters}} "Optical constants of natural minerals [using millimeter and submillimeter wavelength spectroscopy] are of interest for characterizing interstellar dust, for remote sensing of terrain and for light scattering in the atmosphere by soil particles."<ref name=Alexander>{{ cite journal |author=R.W. Alexander Jr |author2=R.J. Bell |author3=M.A. Ordal |author4=L.L. Long |author5=M. Querry |title=Millimeter and submillimeter wavelength spectroscopy of natural minerals and metals |journal=Applied Physics Communications |month=January 1, |year=1986 |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages= |url=http://www.osti.gov/energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=6649643 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-10-20 }}</ref> ==Hydrogens== {{main|Chemicals/Hydrogens}} "Oxygen and hydrogen isotope analyses have been made on a variety of clay minerals of sedimentary and diagenetic origins. The interlayer water of clay minerals was found to exchange rapidly with atmospheric water. Conditions under which the interlayer water could be removed from the clays without affecting the isotopic compositions of their aluminosilicate oxygen and hydrogen were therefore determined, and the interlayer water was routinely removed and discarded prior to isotopic analysis."<ref name=Savin>{{ cite journal |author=Samuel M Savin |author2=Samuel Epstein |title=The oxygen and hydrogen isotope geochemistry of clay minerals |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |date=January 1970 |volume=34 |issue=1 |pages=25-42 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0016703770901493 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0016-7037(70)90149-3 |pmid= |accessdate=28 May 2019 }}</ref> ==Magnesiums== [[Image:Magnesium Spectra.jpg|thumb|center|400px|This image shows the optical emission lines of magnesium. Credit: [[w:User:teravolt|teravolt]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:CSIRO ScienceImage 2893 Crystalised magnesium.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Crystalized magnesium is shown. Credit: Mark Fergus, CSIRO.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Green sand close up.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image is a visual close up of green sand which is actually olivine crystals that have been eroded from lava rocks. Credit: [https://sites.google.com/site/thebrockeninglory/ Brocken Inaglory].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Peridot2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is a visual image of a forsterite crystal. Credit: [[c:User:Azuncha|Azuncha]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Basanite&Dunite bomb.JPG|thumb|right|250px|This is a small volcanic bomb of (black) basanite with (green) dunite. Credit: [[c:User:B.navez|B.navez]].{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is a visual close up of green sand which is actually olivine crystals that have been eroded from lava rocks. Some olivine crystals are still inside the lava rock. '''Forsterite''' (Mg<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>4</sub>) is the magnesium rich end-member of the olivine solid solution series. Forsterite is associated with igneous and metamorphic rocks and has also been found in [[meteorites]]. In 2005 it was also found in cometary dust returned by the Stardust probe.<ref name=Lauretta>{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1109602 | author = Ds. Lauretta, L.P. Keller, S. Messenger | year = 2005 | title = Supernova olivine from cometary dust | url = | journal = Science | volume = 309 | issue = 5735 | pages = 737–741 | pmid = 15994379 |bibcode = 2005Sci...309..737M }}</ref> In 2011 it was observed as tiny crystals in the dusty clouds of gas around a forming star.<ref name=Clavin>[http://www.physorg.com/news/2011-05-spitzer-crystal-outer-clouds-infant.html Spitzer sees crystal 'rain' in outer clouds of infant star], Whitney Clavin and Trent Perrotto, Physorg.com, May 27, 2011 . Accessed May 2011</ref> Two polymorphs of forsterite are known: wadsleyite (also orthorhombic) and ringwoodite (isometric). Both are mainly known from meteorites. At lower right is an image of a small volcanic bomb of (black) basanite with (green) dunite. '''Dunite''' is an igneous, plutonic rock, of ultramafic composition, with coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. The mineral assemblage is greater than 90% olivine, with minor amounts of other minerals such as pyroxene, chromite and pyrope. Dunite is the olivine-rich end-member of the peridotite group of mantle-derived rocks. Dunite and other peridotite rocks are considered the major constituents of the Earth's mantle above a depth of about 400 kilometers. Dunite is rarely found within continental rocks, but where it is found, it typically occurs at the base of ophiolite sequences where slabs of mantle rock from a subduction zone have been thrust onto continental crust by obduction during continental or island arc collisions (orogeny). It is also found in alpine peridotite massifs that represent slivers of sub-continental mantle exposed during collisional orogeny. Dunite typically undergoes retrograde metamorphism in near-surface environments and is altered to serpentinite and soapstone. Magnesium (Mg I) has an absorption band at 416.727±2.9 nm with an excitation potential of 4.33 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Magnesium (Mg II) has an absorption band at 439.059±6.6 nm with an excitation potential of 9.96 eV.<ref name=Sadakane>{{ cite journal |author=Kozo Sadakane |author2=Minoru Ueta |title=Abundance Analysis of Sirius in the Blue-Violet Region |journal=Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan |month=August |year=1989 |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=279-88 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1989PASJ...41..279S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> "Glaciers in the Karakoram and western Himalaya (site 2 and 3) show high annual snow accumulation rates and high annual fluxes of calcium, sodium, chloride, sulfate, and nitrate."<ref name=Wake>{{ cite journal |author=Cameron P. Wake |author2=Paul Andrew Mayewski |author3=Xie Zichu |author4=Wang Ping |author5=Li Zhongquin |title=Regional Distribution of Monsoon and Desert Dust Signals Recorded in Asian Glaciers |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |month=July 23 |year=1993 |volume=20 |issue=14 |pages=1411-4 |url=http://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1190&context=ers_facpub&sei-redir=1&referer=http%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fscholar%3Fq%3Dsodium%2Bglaciers%2B-acetic%2B-apples%26btnG%3D%26hl%3Den%26as_sdt%3D0%252C3#search=%22sodium%20glaciers%20-acetic%20-apples%22 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-29 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Aluminums== {{main|Chemicals/Aluminums}} [[Image:Aluminium spectrum visible.png|center|thumb|400px|Aluminium spectrum is for 400 nm - 700 nm Credit: [[c:user:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Andean glacial sites.jpg|thumb|center|400px|Sampling locations are in and along the upper 12 km of the Rio Quilcay, Cordillera Blanca, Peru. Main stream samples are labeled 1–24, tributaries A–F. Credit: Sarah K. Fortner, Bryan G. Mark, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Jeffrey Bury, Annette Trierweiler, Michel Baraer, Patrick J. Burns, and LeeAnn Munk.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Tributary C Andean glaciers.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Tributary C feeds the Northeast Branch of the Rio Quilcay, Peru. This tributary has abundant ochreous precipitates. Credit: Sarah K. Fortner, Bryan G. Mark, Jeffrey M. McKenzie, Jeffrey Bury, Annette Trierweiler, Michel Baraer, Patrick J. Burns, and LeeAnn Munk.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Aluminium-4.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Chunk of aluminium is 2.6 grams, 1 x 2 cm, cut from a melted ingot. Credit: Unknown.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The aluminium abundance was derived from the resonance line at 394.4nm, and Al is underabundant by ∼ −0.7 dex with respect to iron."<ref name=Sivarani>{{ cite journal |author=T. Sivarani |author2=P. Bonifacio |author3=P. Molaro |author4=R. Cayrel |author5=M. Spite |author6=F. Spite |author7=B. Plez |author8=J. Andersen |author9=B. Barbuy |author10=T. C. Beers |author11=E. Depagne |author12=V. Hill |author13=P. François |author14=B. Nordström |author15=F. Primas |title=First stars IV. CS 29497-030: Evidence for operation of the ''s''-process at very low metallicity |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=January |year=2004 |volume=413 |issue=1 |pages=1073-85 |url=http://arxiv.org/pdf/astro-ph/0310291.pdf |arxiv=astro-ph/0310291 |bibcode=2004A&A...413.1073S |doi=10.1051/0004-6361:20031590 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-06-02 }}</ref> "These abundances are the LTE values; no NLTE corrections, as prescribed by Baumüller and Gehren (1997) and Baumüller et al. (1998), have been applied. The prescribed NLTE corrections for T<sub>eff</sub> = 6500K, log g = 4.0, [Fe/H] = –3.0 are –0.11 ... for ... Al .... If we assume these values to apply for our lower-gravity star [CS 29497-030], then Al follows iron"<ref name=Sivarani/>. The elemental abundance ratios for CS 29497-030 of aluminum are [Al/H] = -3.37, [Al/Fe] = -0.67.<ref name=Sivarani/> Both Al I absorption lines at 394.401±8.5 and 396.152±6.5 have been measured for Sirius.<ref name=Sadakane/> "As Andean glaciers recede, there has been an increase in seasonal discharge and in catchments with the least glacierized area and a decrease in total annual discharge [...] Dry season examinations, including this study, are particularly important because during this period glacial melt provides up to 40% of the total discharge in the Cordillera Blanca (Mark et al., 2005). The dry season thus provides the greatest potential opportunity to evaluate water quality deterioration related to glacial retreat. [...] In the Cordillera Blanca, the exposure of fresh sulfide-rich lithologies by retreating glaciers (Wilson et al., 1967) is thus integral to the biogeochemistry of proglacial streams. [...] the dry season geochemistry of trace and minor elements was examined in the proglacial Rio Quilcay from within 1 km of its glacier origins to 12 km downstream."<ref name=Fortner>{{ cite journal |author=Sarah K. Fortner |author2=Bryan G. Mark |author3=Jeffrey M. McKenzie |author4=Jeffrey Bury |author5=Annette Trierweiler |author6=Michel Baraer |author7=Patrick J. Burns |author8=LeeAnn Munk |title=Elevated stream trace and minor element concentrations in the foreland of receding tropical glaciers |journal=Applied Geochemistry |month= |year=2011 |volume=26 |issue= |pages=1792-1801 |url=http://www.geotop.ca/upload/files/publications/chercheur/McKenzieJ/Fortner%20et%20al_2011.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-30 }}</ref> The "Rio Quilcay [is] a glacial-fed tributary to the Upper Rio Santa in the uppermost 12 km at elevations ranging from approximately 4800 to ~3800 m.a.s.l. [...] The sampled region of the Rio Quilcay receives glacial melt directly and indirectly from two proglacial lakes: Cuchillacocha and Tulpacocha. Geology in this region of the Cordillera Blanca includes pyrite schists and phyllite and pyrite-bearing quartzite intruded by a central granodiorite-tonalite batholith all overlain by clastic sediments deposited during glacial retreat (Wilson et al., 1967). Sulfide-rich lithologies are prevalent especially in the north-eastern high-altitude regions of the Cordillera Blanca (e.g. the Rio Quilcay Valley) with fresh exposures resulting from glacial scour (Wilson et al., 1967). Many headwaters in the Cordillera Blanca, including the Rio Quilcay and its tributaries, have ochreous precipitates"<ref name=Fortner/> "Aluminum, Ca, Fe, K, Mn, Na, and Si were determined using an Optima 3000 DV Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometer (ICP-OES) using five calibration standards that bracketed the range of concentrations within the samples, excepting the three highest samples which were diluted 1:10 before analyses. Cobalt, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined on a Perkin–Elmer Sciex Elan 6000<sup>Ⓡ</sup> Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectromenter (ICP-MS) also using five calibration standards, however with no sample dilution. All element results were drift corrected. Sulfate and NO<sub>3</sub><sup>-</sup> were determined using a Dionex DX-120 ion chromatograph (IC). Only SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> is reported because other anions fall near detections limits (DLs) in the higher elevation samples, or represent less than 5% of the charge balance in the pH < 4 streams."<ref name=Fortner/> It "is likely that both the sulfide-rich lithology underlying the Rio Quilcay and the near-glacier sample locations enhanced sulfide weathering, and generated exceptionally high cation loads."<ref name=Fortner/> "Elevated dissolved Al, Fe and Cu concentrations (6.1mg/L, 21.4 mg/L, 6.1 lg/L) were observed at site 11, 0.3 km immediately downstream of a moraine. Concentrations of these elements increased by more than four times the concentrations at site 10. Concentration gains were likely associated with glacier melt rapidly weathering minerals within the moraine (Brown, 2002)."<ref name=Fortner/> "Tributary C also influenced the chemical composition of the stream immediately below its inflow at site 13. In fact, Fe reached the second highest concentration reported (12.8 mg/L) and dissolved Al, Mn, Co, Cu, Ni and Zn concentrations also increased above their upstream values. Tributary C overlays a region with enhanced sulfide mineral oxidation [image at the right]. Evidence for this includes a major cation: SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2-</sup> equivalent ratio of 1, and abundant algal mats covered with yellow and orange precipitates (Bigham et al., 1996). In addition, dissolved Al and Zn increased an additional 270% and 160% relative to site 13–14, respectively, and after the inflow of tributary D."<ref name=Fortner/> {{clear}} ==Calciums== [[Image:Calcium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is a calcium emission spectrum covering the range: 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Calcium unter Argon Schutzgasatmosphäre.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Pure calcium is in a protective argon atmosphere. Credit: Matthias Zepper.{{tlx|free media}}]] Calcium (Ca) has green emission lines at 526.170 nm and 526.556 nm as observed in solar limb faculae.<ref name=Stellmacher>{{ cite journal |author=G. Stellmacher |author2=E. Wiehr |title=Geometric line elevation in solar limb faculae |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |month=August |year=1991 |volume=248 |issue=1 |pages=227-31 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1991A&A...248..227S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-18 }}</ref> As of 1977, "model calculations cannot reproduce the observed breadth of the Ca II λ3933 line in Da,F stars like Ross 627 without appealing to an unknown line-broadening mechanism".<ref name=Shipman>{{ cite journal |author=H. L. Shipman |title=Masses, radii, and model atmospheres for cool white-dwarf stars |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=April |year=1977 |volume=213 |issue=4 |pages=138-44 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1977ApJ...213..138S |doi=10.1086/155138 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-03-11 }}</ref> Calcium has a line occurring in the solar corona at 408.63 nm of Ca XIII.<ref name=Swings>{{ cite journal |author=P. Swings |title=Edlén's Identification of the Coronal Lines with Forbidden Lines of Fe X, XI, XIII, XIV, XV; Ni XII, XIII, XV, XVI; Ca XII, XIII, XV; a X, XIV |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=July |year=1943 |volume=98 |issue=07 |pages=116-28 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1943ApJ....98..116S |doi=10.1086/144550 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-01-18 }}</ref> Calcium (Ca I) has two absorption bands, 422.673±4.5 nm and 430.253±0.6.<ref name=Sadakane/> The second has an excitation potential of 1.89 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Calcium (Ca II) has an absorption band, 393.366±55.0.<ref name=Sadakane/> "Heinrich Layers are found in the North Atlantic Ocean as well-constrained markers of catastrophic iceberg surges from the Pan-Atlantic ice sheets during the last glacial cycle. Their physical and geochemical characteristics [...] are predominantly due to the source sediments of the ice-rafted debris (IRD) on the one hand (magnetic susceptibility, color, carbonate content) and the response of the palaeo-environment on the other hand (carbonate content, foraminiferal assemblage)."<ref name=Rooij>{{ cite journal |author=D. Van Rooij |author2=N. Zaazi |author3=N. Fagel |author4=M. Boone |author5=V. Cnudde |author6=J. Dewanckele |author7=H. Pirlet |author8=U. Rohl |author9=D. Blamart |author10=J.-P. Henriet |author11=P. Jacobs |author12=H. Houbrechts |author13=P. Duyck |author14=R. Swennen |title=3D anatomy of Heinrich Layer 2 |journal=Geophysical Research Abstracts |month= |year=2009 |volume=11 |issue=EGU2009-4809-1 |pages=1 |url=http://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU2009/EGU2009-4809-1.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-29 }}</ref> "Sediment cores in the Porcupine Seabight (West off Ireland) have shown the presence of Heinrich Events without the diagnostic changes in magnetic susceptibility (MS) [...] the concentration of ice-rafted debris (commonly referred to as the fraction > 150 μm) increases towards the culmination of HL2, marked by an increase in MS, [X-ray fluorescence] XRF Ca and the percentage of ''N. pachyderma s''."<ref name=Rooij/> The "zone where the density increases is marked by a cloud of fine and highly dense particles surrounding the IRD. [The] fine clayey “background” matrix throughout the core [consists] of zoned dolomites. [...] the mineralogical analyses [suggest] a predominant volcanic source for the magnetic susceptibility. [Both] XRF Fe and Ti show significant decreases near the HL culmination".<ref name=Rooij/> {{clear}} ==Titaniums== [[Image:Titanium spectrum visible.png|thumb|center|400px|This is an emission spectrum that covers the visible range: 400 nm - 700 nm. Credit: [[c:User:McZusatz|McZusatz]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ti,22.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Titanium strips inside a glass jar are part of the Everest Element Set from Russia. Credit: [[w:user:RTC|RTC]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Titanium (Ti) has green emission lines at 521.97, 522.268, 522.413, 524.729, and 526.596 nm as observed in solar limb faculae.<ref name=Stellmacher/> Titanium (Ti II) has an absorption band, 391.346-441.108 nm, with an excitation potential range of 0.60-3.08 eV.<ref name=Sadakane/> Titanium has two emission lines at 456.3757 and 457.1971 nm from Ti II.<ref name=Catanzaro>{{ cite journal |author=G. Catanzaro |title=First spectroscopic analysis of β Scorpii C and β Scorpii E Discovery of a new HgMn star in the multiple system β Scorpii |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |month=January |year=2010 |volume=509 |issue= |pages=7 |url=http://www.aanda.org/articles/aa/pdf/2010/01/aa13332-09.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/200913332 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-01-18 }}</ref> "Till collected from surface exposures within the valley of the Hudson River south of the Sanford Hill magnetite-ilmenite ore deposit in the Adirondack Mountains of New York is composed primarily of plagioclase, pyroxene, garnet, magnetite, and ilmenite [FeTiO<sub>3</sub>]. The concentration of magnetite and ilmenite in bulk till both decrease exponentially with increasing distance south of the ore bodies because of dilution by the entrainment of plagioclase and garnet + pyroxene from the bedrock and from older till deposits in the valley. Evidence for comminution of magnetite and ilmenite is provided by decreasing abundances of these minerals in the coarse fractions (1000-125 µm) and corresponding increases in the fine fraction (<125 µm). The apparent rate of comminution of ilmenite as a function of transport distance is significantly greater than that of magnetite, which causes ilmenite to be concentrated in the fine fraction of till compared to magnetite."<ref name=Whiting>{{ cite journal |author=Kent S. Whiting |author2=Gunter Faure |title=Transport of Magnetite and Ilmenite by Glaciers in the Adirondack Mountains of New York |journal=The Journal of Geology |month=May |year=1991 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=482-92 |url=http://www.jstor.org/discover/10.2307/30062630?uid=3739552&uid=2&uid=4&uid=3739256&sid=21104257622971 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-10-01 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Isotope geochemistry== [[Image:NuclideMap stitched small preview.png|thumb|left|400px|These are the known nuclides in chart form. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory.{{tlx|free media}}]] {{legend|#feff41|alpha decay}} {{legend|#000000|stable nuclide}} {{legend|#e78cc7|beta<sup>+</sup>/EC decay}} {{legend|#63c5de|beta<sup>-</sup> decay}} {{legend|#ff9472|proton decay}} {{legend|#53b552|spontaneous fission}} {{legend|#9b7bbc|neutron emission}} [[Image:NuclideMap small preview.jpg|thumb|left|400px|Here the above chart is cut into three sections. Credit: Brookhaven National Laboratory.{{tlx|free media}}]] A '''table of nuclides''' or '''chart of nuclides''' is a two-dimensional graph in which one axis represents the number of neutrons and the other represents the number of protons in an atomic nucleus. Each point plotted on the graph thus represents the nuclide of a real or hypothetical [[chemical element]]. Hydrogen is at the lower left. Isotope geochemistry involves the determination of the relative and absolute concentrations of the [chemical] elements and their isotopes in the earth and on earth's surface. For most stable isotopes, the magnitude of fractionation from kinetic and equilibrium fractionation is very small; for this reason, enrichments are typically reported in "per mil" (‰, parts per thousand).<ref name="drever_2002">{{cite book | title = The Geochemistry of Natural Waters | last = Drever | first=James | publisher = Prentice Hall | date = 2002 | location = New Jersey | isbn = 0-13-272790-0 | pages = 311–322 }}</ref> Enrichments (<math>\delta</math>) represent the ratio of heavy isotope to light isotope in the sample over the ratio of a standard. :<math>\delta ^{A}isotope = \Biggl( \frac{\bigl( \frac{^{A}isotope}{^{B}isotope} \bigr)_{sample}}{\bigl( \frac{^{A}isotope}{^{B}isotope} \bigr)_{standard}} -1 \Biggr) * 1000\ ^{o}\!/\!_{oo}</math> "The depletion of total [boron] B [in the Victorian volcanic-crater lakes of southeastern Australia] and the high positive δ <sup>11</sup>B values relative to seawater (B/Cl ratio = 7.9 x 10<sup>-4</sup>; δ <sup>11</sup>B = 39%.) are attributed to a marine (cyclic) salt origin together with adsorption processes in closed systems with low water/sediment (W/R) ratios."<ref name=Vengosh>{{ cite journal |author=Avner Vengosh |author2=Allan R Chivas |author3=Malcolm T McCulloch |author4=Abraham Starinsky |author5=Yehoshua Kolodny |title=Boron isotope geochemistry of Australian salt lakes |journal=Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta |month=September |year=1991 |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=2591-606 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/001670379190375F |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-08-29 }}</ref> "Although the δ [<sup>11</sup>B] value of borate minerals may be a discriminant of marine or non-marine origin, boron isotopes are less distinctive in evaporative environments where boron is not an abundant component and where water/sediment interaction occurs."<ref name=Vengosh/> The incidence of <sup>18</sup>O (the heavy isotope of oxygen) can be used as an indicator of polar ice sheet extent, and boron isotopes are key indicators of the pH and CO<sub>2</sub> content of oceans in the geologic past. Although rubidium is monoisotopic, naturally occurring rubidium is composed of two isotopes: the stable <sup>85</sup>Rb (72.2%) and the radioactive <sup>87</sup>Rb (27.8%).<ref name="Audi">{{ cite journal | author =Georges Audi, O. Bersillon,J. Blachot, and A.H. Wapstra |title = The NUBASE Evaluation of Nuclear and Decay Properties |journal = Nuclear Physics A |volume = 729 | issue = 1 |pages = 3–128 | publisher = Atomic Mass Data Center |year = 2003 | doi=10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2003.11.001 | bibcode=2003NuPhA.729....3A }}</ref> Natural rubidium is radioactive with specific activity of about 670 (Becquerel) Bq/g, enough to significantly expose a photographic film in 110 days.<ref name=Strong>{{ cite journal | author = W. W. Strong | title = On the Possible Radioactivity of Erbium, Potassium and Rubidium | journal = Physical Review (Series I) | volume = 29 | issue = 2 | pages = 170–3 | year = 1909 | doi = 10.1103/PhysRevSeriesI.29.170 |bibcode = 1909PhRvI..29..170S }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=6khCAQAAIAAJ | pages = 4–25 | title = CRC handbook of chemistry and physics: a ready-reference book of chemical and physical data | isbn = 978-0-8493-0476-7 | author = David R Lide, H. P. R. Frederikse | date = June 1995 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Photogeochemistry== [[Image:Ancienne carrière d'ocre.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Iron(III) oxides and oxyhydroxides, such as these cliffs of ochre, are common catalysts in photogeochemical reactions. Credit: [[c:user:Mirandacherry|Mirandacherry]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Photogeochemistry is the study of light-induced chemical reactions that occur or may occur among natural components of the earth's surface.<ref>{{cite journal | pmc = 5307419 | pmid=28246525 | doi=10.1186/s12932-017-0039-y | volume=18 | title=A survey of photogeochemistry | journal=Geochem Trans | page=1 | last1 = Doane | first1 = TA | year=2017 }}</ref> If a certain compound is produced by an organism, and the organism dies but the compound remains, this compound may still participate independently in a photogeochemical reaction even though its origin is biological (e.g. biogenic mineral precipitates<ref>{{Cite journal |url = |title = Biogeochemical properties of bacteriogenic iron oxides |last = Ferris |first = F.G. |date = 2005 |journal = Geomicrobiology Journal |doi = 10.1080/01490450590945861 |pmid = |access-date = |volume = 22 |pages = 79–85 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url = |title = Bacteriogenic manganese oxides |last = Spiro |first = T.G. |date = 2010 |journal = Accounts of Chemical Research |doi = 10.1021/ar800232a |pmid = |access-date = |last2 = Bargar |first2 = J.R. |last3 = Sposito |first3 = G |last4 = Tebo |first4 = B.M. |volume = 43 |pages = 2–9 }}</ref> or organic compounds released from plants into water<ref>{{Cite book |title = Aquatic Ecosystems: Interactivity of Dissolved Organic Matter |publisher = Academic Press |date = 2002 |isbn = |location = |pages = }}</ref> The "inorganic colloid must possess the property of transforming sunlight, or some other form of radiant energy, into chemical energy."<ref>{{Cite book |title = The Origin and Nature of Life |last = Moore |first = Benjamin |publisher = Williams and Norgate |date = 1912 |isbn = |location = |pages = 182 }}</ref> Many naturally occurring minerals are semiconductors that absorb some portion of solar radiation.<ref name=":8">{{cite journal | last1 = Xu | first1 = Y | last2 = Schoonen | first2 = MAA | year = 2000 | title = The absolute energy positions of conduction and valence bands of selected semiconducting minerals | url = | journal = American Mineralogist | volume = 85 | issue = | pages = 543–556 | doi=10.2138/am-2000-0416 | bibcode = 2000AmMin..85..543X }}</ref> Semiconducting minerals with appropriate band gaps and appropriate band energy levels can catalyze a vast array of reactions,<ref>{{Cite book |title = Semiconductor photocatalysis: principles and applications |last = Kisch |first = Horst |publisher = Wiley |date = 2015 |isbn = 978-3-527-33553-4 |location = |pages = }}</ref> most commonly at mineral-water or mineral-gas interfaces. {{clear}} ==Mercury== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Mercury}} [[Image:A Patch of Black On Mercury.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The crater in the lower right-hand corner of this image has a patch of very dark material located near its centre. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Mercury Double-Ring Impact Basin.png|thumb|right|250px|This image shows a double-ring impact basin, with another large impact crater on its south-south-western side. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Mercury's 'Weird Terrain'.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The so-called 'Weird terrain' on Mercury, at the antipodal point of the en:Caloris Basin. Credit: NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Carnegie Institution of Washington.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:PIA02446 Discovery Scarp.jpg|250px|left|thumb|Discovery Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury. Credit: NASA/JPL/Northwestern University.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Rupes Discovery schematic.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Representation is of the thrust fault at Discovery Rupes. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "The crater in the lower right-hand corner of this image [on the right] has a patch of very dark material located near its center. The region of this image has been seen only with the Sun high overhead in the sky. Such lighting conditions are good for recognizing color differences of rocks but not well suited for ascertaining the topography of surface features from shadows. The shape of the surface in this area is difficult to resolve given the lighting angle, but the dark patch is not in shadow. Dark surfaces have also been seen on other regions of Mercury, including this dark halo imaged during the second Mercury flyby (PIA11357) and near such named craters as Nawahi, Atget, and Basho seen during MESSENGER's first Mercury encounter. The example here is particularly striking, however, and from this NAC image the material may appear even darker than in other example areas. The dark color is likely due to rocks that have a different mineralogical composition from that of the surrounding surface. Understanding why these patches of dark rocks are found on Mercury's surface is a question of interest to the MESSENGER Science Team. The right edge of the image here aligns with this previously released NAC image (see PIA11763), where other dark surface material, as well as patches of light-colored rocks, can be seen."<ref name=Lavoie2008>{{ cite book |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA11389: A Patch of Black |publisher=NASA/JPL |location=Pasadena, California USA |date=6 October 2008 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA11389 |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> The second lower image on the right from the top shows "a double-ring impact basin, with another large impact crater on its south-south-western side. Double-ring basins are formed naturally when a large meteoroid strikes the surface of a rocky planet. Smaller, more recent impacts also formed comparatively fresh craters across the entire surface visible in this image. The floor within the inner or peak ring appears to be smoother than the floor between the peak ring and the outer rim, possibly the result of lava flows that partially flooded the basin some time after impact."<ref name=Dorr>{{ cite book |author=Christina Dorr |author2=Julie Taylor |title=Seeing Double? |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=29 September 2009 |url=http://messenger.jhuapl.edu/gallery/sciencePhotos/image.php?gallery_id=2&image_id=338 |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> The lowest image from the top on the right is a closeup of the weird terrain of Mercury. "Weird terrain best describes this hilly, lineated region of Mercury. Scientists note that this area is at the antipodal point to the large Caloris basin. The shock wave produced by the Caloris impact may have been reflected and focused to the antipodal point, thus jumbling the crust and breaking it into a series of complex blocks. The area covered is about 800 km (497 mi) on a side."<ref name=Schroeder>{{ cite book |author=Colleen Schroeder |title=Hills of Mercury |publisher=NASA/JPL |location=Pasadena, California USA |date=10 May 2005 |url=http://pds.jpl.nasa.gov/planets/captions/mercury/mercter.htm |accessdate=2015-02-03 }}</ref> "One of the most prominent lobate scarps (Discovery Scarp) [on the left], photographed by Mariner 10 during it's first encounter with Mercury, is located at the center of this image (extending from the top to near bottom). This scarp is about 350 kilometers long and transects two craters 35 and 55 kilometers in diameter. The maximum height of the scarp south of the 55-kilometer crater is about 3 kilometers. Notice the shallow older crater (near the center of the image) perched on the crest of the scarp."<ref name=Northwestern>{{ cite web |author=Northwestern University |title=PIA02446: Discovery Scarp |publisher=Northwestern University |location= |date=18 January 2000 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA02446 |accessdate=2016-11-07 }}</ref> "The Mariner 10 mission [...] explored Venus in February 1974 on the way to three encounters with Mercury-in March and September 1974 and in March 1975."<ref name=Northwestern/> "Optical reflectance studies of Mercury provide evidence for Mg silicates."<ref name=Madey>{{ cite journal |author=Theodore E. Madey |author2=Robert E. Johnson |author3=Thom M. Orlando |title=Far-out surface science: radiation-induced surface processes in the solar system |journal=Surface Science |month=March |year=2002 |volume=500 |issue=1-3 |pages=838-58 |url=http://www.physics.rutgers.edu/~madey/Publications/Full_Publications/PDF/madey_SS_2002.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0039-6028(01)01556-4 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-02-09 }}</ref> The MESSENGER X-ray spectrometer (XRS) maps mineral composition within the top millimeter of the surface on Mercury by detecting X-ray spectral lines from magnesium, aluminum, sulphur, calcium, titanium, and iron, in the 1-10&nbsp;keV range.<ref name=Schlemm>{{cite journal | title = The X-Ray Spectrometer on the MESSENGER Spacecraft | journal = Space Science Reviews | year = 2007 | author = Charles Schlemm, Richard D. Starr, George C. Ho, Kathryn E. Bechtold, Sarah A. Hamilton, John D. Boldt, William V. Boynton, Walter Bradley, Martin E. Fraeman and Robert E. Gold | volume = 131 | issue = 1 | pages = 393–415 | accessdate = 2011-01-26 | doi=10.1007/s11214-007-9248-5 |bibcode = 2007SSRv..131..393S }}</ref><ref name="NSSDCXRS">{{cite book |url= http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/experimentDisplay.do?id=2004-030A-03 |title= X-ray Spectrometer (XRS) |publisher= NASA / National Space Science Data Center |accessdate= 2011-02-19}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Earth== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Earth}} [[Image:Earthquake wave paths.svg|thumb|right|250px|Seismic velocities and boundaries are diagrammed for the interior of the Earth sampled by seismic waves. Credit: [[w:user:SEWilco|SEWilco]], USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Earth poster.svg|thumb|right|250px|Diagram is of the Earth. Credit: [[c:User:Kelvinsong|Kelvinsong]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Evidence from geoseismology, heat flow at the surface, and mineral physics is combined with the Earth's mass and moment of inertia to infer models of the Earth's interior - its composition, density, temperature, pressure. For example, the Earth's mean specific gravity (5.515) is far higher than the typical specific gravity of rocks at the surface (2.7&ndash;3.3), implying that the deeper material is denser. This is also implied by its low moment of inertia (0.33 ''M'' ''R''<sup>2</sup>, compared to 0.4 ''M'' ''R''<sup>2</sup> for a sphere of constant density). However, some of the density increase is compression under the enormous pressures inside the Earth. The effect of pressure can be calculated using the Adams–Williamson equation. The conclusion is that pressure alone cannot account for the increase in density. Reconstruction of seismic reflections in the deep interior indicate some major discontinuities in seismic velocities that demarcate the major zones of the Earth: inner core, outer core, mantle, lithosphere and crust. The seismic model of the Earth does not by itself determine the composition of the layers. For a complete model of the Earth, mineral physics is needed to interpret seismic velocities in terms of composition. The mineral properties are temperature-dependent, so the geotherm must also be determined. This requires physical theory for thermal conduction and convection and the heat contribution of [radionuclides] radioactive elements. The main model for the radial structure of the interior of the Earth is the Preliminary Reference Earth Model (PREM). Some parts of this model have been updated by recent findings in mineral physics (see post-perovskite) and supplemented by seismic tomography. {{clear}} ==Inner cores== We know that the Earth's core is composed of an alloy of iron and other minerals.<ref name=Poirier>{{ cite book |author = Jean-Paul Poirier |title = Introduction to the Physics of the Earth's Interior |series = Cambridge Topics in Mineral Physics & Chemistry |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = 2000 |isbn = 0-521-66313-X }}</ref> "A PKJKP [P wave, traversing the outer core K, and the inner core J, to emerge again as the P wave] traverses the inner core as a shear wave, so this is the direct evidence that the inner core is solid, because only in the solid material the shear wave can exist. In the liquid material, say water, only the compressional wave can travel through."<ref name=Cao>{{ cite book |author=Aimin Cao |title=Finally, a Solid Look at Earth's Core |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=April 14, 2005 |url=http://www.livescience.com/6980-finally-solid-earth-core.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> Studying "archived data from about 20 large earthquakes, all monitored by an array of German seismic detectors back in the 1980s and '90s" has "reliably detected" a PKJKP wave in 2005, demonstrating that the inner core is solid.<ref name=Britt>{{ cite book |author=Robert Roy Britt |title=Finally, a Solid Look at Earth's Core |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=April 14, 2005 |url=http://www.livescience.com/6980-finally-solid-earth-core.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> The inner core, however, is solid because of the enormous pressure.<ref name=Lowrie>{{cite book |author=William Lowrie |title = Fundamentals of Geophysics |publisher = Cambridge University Press |date = 2004 |isbn=0-521-46164-2 }}</ref> The inner core "is a solid ball of superhot iron and nickel alloy about 760 miles (1,220 kilometers) in diameter. ... the inner core is, at 10,800 degrees Fahrenheit (6,000 degrees Celsius), as hot as the surface of the sun."<ref name=Choi/> "We know the Earth's inner core is composed mostly of iron".<ref name=Gleason>{{ cite book |author=Arianna Gleason |title=Earth's Rotating Inner Core Shifts Its Speed |publisher=Yahoo! News |location= |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/earths-rotating-inner-core-shifts-speed-184844196.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "The metal [iron] was subjected to more than 200 billion pascals of pressure".<ref name=Choi/> "[M]aterial within Earth's inner core is apparently distributed in a lopsided way ... The weakness of iron might lead crystallites in the inner core to flow and line up a certain way".<ref name=Choi/> "[T]he speed at which the inner core spun apparently fluctuated over the course of approximately decades between 1961 and 2007."<ref name=Choi>{{ cite book |author=Charles Q. Choi |title=Earth's Rotating Inner Core Shifts Its Speed |publisher=Yahoo! News |location= |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/earths-rotating-inner-core-shifts-speed-184844196.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "As the inner core cools, crystallizing iron releases impurities, sending lighter molten material into the liquid outer core. This upwelling, combined with the Earth's rotation, drives convection, forcing the molten metal into whirling vortices. These vortices stretch and twist magnetic field lines, creating Earth’s magnetic field. Currently, the center of the field, called an axis, emerges in the Arctic Ocean west of Ellesmere Island, about 300 miles (500 kilometers) from the geographic North Pole."<ref name=Oskin>{{ cite book |author=Becky Oskin |title=Why Earth's Magnetic Field Is Wonky |publisher=LiveScience |location= |date=July 18, 2012 |url=http://www.livescience.com/21668-why-earth-magnetic-field-wonky.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "In the last decade, seismic waves from earthquakes revealed the inner core looks like a navel orange, bulging slightly more on its western half. Geoscientists recently explained the asymmetry by proposing a convective loop: The inner core might be crystallizing on one half and melting on the other."<ref name=Oskin/> "The lopsided growth of the inner core makes convection in the outer core a little bit lopsided, and that then induces the geomagnetic field to have this lopsided or eccentric character too".<ref name=Olson>{{ cite book |author=Peter Olson |title=Why Earth's Magnetic Field Is Wonky |publisher=LiveScience |location= |date=July 18, 2012 |url=http://www.livescience.com/21668-why-earth-magnetic-field-wonky.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "Magnetic particles trapped and aligned in rocks reveal that the magnetic north pole wandered around the Western Hemisphere over the past 10,000 years, and circled the Eastern Hemisphere before that — a result mirrored by the numerical test."<ref name=Oskin/> "The key question for interesting ideas like translational instability is, 'Can we test it?' ... What we're doing is proposing a test, and we think it's a good test because people can go out and look for eccentricity in the rock record and that will either confirm or shoot down this idea."<ref name=Olson/> "Within less than 100 million years, everything that has been crystallized on the west will have melted on the east"<ref name=Alboussiere>{{ cite book |author=Thierry Alboussiere |title=Earth's Inner Core Might Be on the Move |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=August 4, 2010 |url=http://www.livescience.com/8409-earth-core-move.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> Seismic "waves appear to travel faster through the inner core from north to south than from west to east. Seismic properties also seemed to vary between the Eastern and Western hemispheres of the globe."<ref name=Peeples>{{ cite book |author=Lynne Peeples |title=Earth's Inner Core Might Be on the Move |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=August 4, 2010 |url=http://www.livescience.com/8409-earth-core-move.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> There is a "124-mile (200-km) thick layer of dense material detected on its surface."<ref name=Peeples/> "[T]he inner core [may be] shifted slightly off-center, just to the east. This would put more pressure on the western side, where it would be closer to the center of the planet, and less pressure on the eastern side. The result could be a perpetually denser Western hemisphere and a continual flow of dense fluid from the east that eventually spreads out atop the entire inner core."<ref name=Peeples/> "The inner core is basically regenerating itself. And superimposed on that is this overall cooling that makes the inner core bigger and bigger over time".<ref name=Bergman>{{ cite book |author=Michael Bergman |title=Earth's Inner Core Might Be on the Move |publisher=Live Science |location= |date=August 4, 2010 |url=http://www.livescience.com/8409-earth-core-move.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "It is the first observational evidence that the inner core rotates at a variety of speeds with respect to the mantle...It also reconciles old discrepancies".<ref name=Tkalcic>{{ cite book |author=Hrvoje Tkalcic |title=Earth's Rotating Inner Core Shifts Its Speed |publisher=Yahoo! News |location= |date=May 13, 2013 |url=http://news.yahoo.com/earths-rotating-inner-core-shifts-speed-184844196.html |accessdate=2013-05-14 }}</ref> "The inner core, on average, rotates eastward. At the speeds it travels, it might, on average, complete a revolution every 750 to 1,440 years. However, these speeds appear unstable, which makes it uncertain just how long it actually takes to finish a turn on its axis".<ref name=Choi/> ==Ceres== [[Image:Ceres Cutaway.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a theoretical cutaway view of asteroid 1 Ceres. Credit: NASA, ESA, and A. Feild (STScI).{{tlx|free media}}]] "Observations of 1 Ceres, the largest known asteroid, have revealed that the object may be a "mini planet," and may contain large amounts of pure water ice beneath its surface."<ref name=McFadden>{{ cite book |author=Lucy A. McFadden |title=Largest Asteroid May Be 'Mini Planet' with Water Ice |publisher=HubbleSite |location=Baltimore, Maryland USA |date=7 September 2005 |url=http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/releases/2005/27/text/ |accessdate=2015-02-04 }}</ref> "The observations by NASA's Hubble Space Telescope also show that Ceres shares characteristics of the rocky, terrestrial planets like Earth. Ceres' shape is almost round like Earth's, suggesting that the asteroid may have a "differentiated interior," with a rocky inner core and a thin, dusty outer crust."<ref name=McFadden/> "Ceres is an embryonic planet."<ref name=McFadden/> "Gravitational perturbations from Jupiter billions of years ago prevented Ceres from accreting more material to become a full-fledged planet."<ref name=McFadden/> "Hubble snapped 267 images of Ceres. From those snapshots, the astronomers determined that the asteroid has a nearly round body. The diameter at its equator is wider than at its poles. Computer models show that a nearly round object like Ceres has a differentiated interior, with denser material at the core and lighter minerals near the surface. All terrestrial planets have differentiated interiors. Asteroids much smaller than Ceres have not been found to have such interiors."<ref name=McFadden/> {{clear}} ==Europa== {{main|Rocks/Ice sheets/Europa}} [[Image:PIA01295 Europa Global Views in Natural and Enhanced Colors.jpg|275px|thumb|right|Approximate natural color (left) and enhanced color (right) is shown in these ''Galileo'' views of the leading hemisphere. Credit: NASA / JPL / University of Arizona.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ruddy "Freckles" on Europa.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Reddish spots and shallow pits pepper the enigmatic ridged surface of Europa in this view combining information from images taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft during two different orbits around Jupiter. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona/University of Colorado.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:PIA01092 - Evidence of Internal Activity on Europa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Mosaic of ''Galileo'' images shows features indicative of internal geologic activity: lineae, lenticulae (domes, pits) and Conamara Chaos. Credit: NASA / JPL / Arizona State University.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:europa g1 true.jpg|left|thumb|260px|Approximately natural color image of Europa by the ''Galileo'' spacecraft, shows lineae. Credit: NASA/JPL.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Europa chaotic terrain.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Craggy, 250&nbsp;m high peaks and smooth plates are jumbled together in a close-up of Conamara Chaos. Credit: NASA/JPL.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:PIA01640 Europa chaotic mitten.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This view of Jupiter's icy moon Europa shows a region shaped like a mitten. Credit: NASA/JPL/University of Arizona.{{tlx|free media}}]] The darker regions are areas where Europa's primarily water ice surface has a higher mineral content. This surface is striated by cracks and streaks, while cratering is relatively infrequent. Other features present on Europa are circular and elliptical ''lenticulae'' (Latin for "freckles", reddish spots in the first image at left). Many are domes, some are pits and some are smooth, dark spots. Others have a jumbled or rough texture. The dome tops look like pieces of the older plains around them, suggesting that the domes formed when the plains were pushed up from below.<ref name="diapir">{{ cite web |title=Europa: Tidal heating of upwelling thermal plumes and the origin of lenticulae and chaos melting |author=Sotin, Christophe |author2=Head III, James W. |author3=Tobie, Gabriel |date=2001 |url=http://planetary.brown.edu/planetary/documents/2685.pdf |accessdate=2007-12-20 }}</ref> The prominent markings crisscrossing the moon seem to be mainly albedo features, which emphasize low topography. "Reddish spots and shallow pits pepper the enigmatic ridged surface of Europa in this view combining information from images taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft during two different orbits around Jupiter."<ref name=Lavoie2002>{{ cite web |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA03878: Ruddy "Freckles" on Europa |publisher=NASA's Office of Space Science |location=Washington, D.C. USA |date=October 30, 2002 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA03878 |accessdate=2013-06-24 }}</ref> "The spots and pits visible in this region of Europa's northern hemisphere are each about 10 kilometers (6 miles) across. The dark spots are called "lenticulae," the Latin term for freckles. Their similar sizes and spacing suggest that Europa's icy shell may be churning away like a lava lamp, with warmer ice moving upward from the bottom of the ice shell while colder ice near the surface sinks downward. Other evidence has shown that Europa likely has a deep melted ocean under its icy shell. Ruddy ice erupting onto the surface to form the lenticulae may hold clues to the composition of the ocean and to whether it could support life."<ref name=Lavoie2002/> "The image combines higher-resolution information obtained when Galileo flew near Europa on May 31, 1998, during the spacecraft's 15th orbit of Jupiter, with lower-resolution color information obtained on June 28, 1996, during Galileo's first orbit."<ref name=Lavoie2002/> Europa's most striking surface features are a series of dark streaks crisscrossing the entire globe, called ''lineae'' (lines). Close examination shows that the edges of Europa's crust on either side of the cracks have moved relative to each other. The larger bands are more than 20 km (12 mi) across, often with dark, diffuse outer edges, regular striations, and a central band of lighter material.<ref name="Geissler1998">{{cite web |title=Evolution of Lineaments on Europa: Clues from Galileo Multispectral Imaging Observations |author=Geissler, Paul E. |author2=Greenberg, Richard |date=1998 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6WGF-45K1008-2F&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=e07fc794760364108153faa049c4b4cf |accessdate=2007-12-20 }}</ref> The third image at the right is a "view of the Conamara Chaos region on Jupiter's moon Europa taken by NASA's Galileo spacecraft shows an area where the icy surface has been broken into many separate plates that have moved laterally and rotated. These plates are surrounded by a topographically lower matrix. This matrix material may have been emplaced as water, slush, or warm flowing ice, which rose up from below the surface. One of the plates is seen as a flat, lineated area in the upper portion of the image. Below this plate, a tall twin-peaked mountain of ice rises from the matrix to a height of more than 250 meters (800 feet). The matrix in this area appears to consist of a jumble of many different sized chunks of ice. Though the matrix may have consisted of a loose jumble of ice blocks while it was forming, the large fracture running vertically along the left side of the image shows that the matrix later became a hardened crust, and is frozen today. The Brooklyn Bridge in New York City would be just large enough to span this fracture."<ref name=Lavoie1998>{{ cite web |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA01177: Chaotic Terrain on Europa in Very High Resolution |publisher=NASA's Office of Space Science |location=Washington, DC USA |date=March 2, 1998 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01177 |accessdate=2013-06-24 }}</ref> "North is to the top right of the picture, and the sun illuminates the surface from the east. This image, centered at approximately 8 degrees north latitude and 274 degrees west longitude, covers an area approximately 4 kilometers by 7 kilometers (2.5 miles by 4 miles). The resolution is 9 meters (30 feet) per picture element. This image was taken on December 16, 1997 at a range of 900 kilometers (540 miles) by Galileo's solid state imaging system."<ref name=Lavoie1998/> "This view [third down on the left] of Jupiter's icy moon Europa shows a region shaped like a mitten that has a texture similar to the matrix of chaotic terrain, which is seen in medium and high resolution images of numerous locations across Europa's surface. Development of such terrain may be one of the major processes for resurfacing the moon. North is to the top and the sun illuminates the surface from the left. The material in the "catcher's mitt" has the appearance of frozen slush and seems to bulge upward from the adjacent surface, which has been bent downward and cracked, especially along the southwest (lower left) margins. Scientists on the Galileo imaging team are exploring various hypotheses for the formation of such terrain including solid-state convection (vertical movement between areas which differ in density due to heating), upwelling of viscous icy "lava," or liquid water melting through from a subsurface ocean."<ref name=Lavoie10131998>{{ cite web |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA01640: Mitten shaped region of Chaotic Terrain on Europa |publisher=NASA's Office of Space Science |location=Washington, DC USA |date=October 13, 1998 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA01640 |accessdate=2013-06-24 }}</ref> "The image, centered at 20 degrees north latitude, 80 degrees west longitude covers an area approximately 175 by 180 kilometers (108 by 112 miles). The resolution is 235 meters per picture element. The images were taken on 31 May, 1998 Universal Time at a range of 23 thousand kilometers (14 thousand miles) by the Solid State Imaging (SSI) system on NASA's Galileo spacecraft."<ref name=Lavoie10131998/> {{clear}} ==Protoplanetary disks== In December 2006, seven papers were published in the scientific journal, ''Science'', discussing initial details of the sample analysis. Among the findings are: a wide range of organic compounds, including two that contain biologically usable nitrogen; indigenous aliphatic hydrocarbons with longer chain lengths than those observed in the diffuse [[interstellar medium]]; abundant amorphous silicates in addition to crystalline silicates such as olivine and pyroxene, proving consistency with the mixing of solar system and interstellar matter, previously deduced spectroscopically from ground observations;<ref name=Nottingham>{{ cite book |title=The building blocks of planets within the `terrestrial' region of protoplanetary disks |url=http://ukads.nottingham.ac.uk/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=2004Natur.432..479V&amp;db_key=AST |publisher=nottingham.ac.uk |accessdate=2008-03-04 }}</ref> hydrous silicates and carbonate minerals were found to be absent, suggesting a lack of aqueous processing of the cometary dust; limited pure carbon (CHON) was also found in the samples returned; methylamine and ethylamine was found in the aerogel but was not associated with specific particles. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Asteroids|Asteroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Comets|Cometary astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Cryometeors|Cryometeor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Fieries|Fiery meteor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Lithometeors|Lithometeor astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Meteoroids|Meteoroid astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Showers|Meteor-shower astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Particles|Particle astronomy]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Rocks|Rock astronomy]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] <!-- footer templates --> {{Principles of radiation astronomy}}{{tlx|Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Minerals radiation astronomy}} <!-- footer categories --> [[Category:Astrochemistry/Lectures]] [[Category:Minerals/Lectures]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] 2ycvm4htjpbgvpko4phiaunmjsr3ekf 0 234444 2415902 2415781 2022-08-17T20:02:43Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:BlueRock.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This Sin-Kamen (''Blue Rock'') near Lake Pleshcheyevo used to be a Meryan shrine Credit: Viktorianec.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Blue rock from Berkeley hills.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is a blue rock, probably various copper minerals, from the Berkeley hills near San Francisco, California. Credit: [[w:User:Looie496|Looie496]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:243 ida crop.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an approximately natural color picture of the asteroid 243 Ida on August 28, 1993. Credit: NASA/JPL.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Sin-Kamen''' ({{lang|ru|Синь-Камень}}, in Russian literally – '''Blue Stone''', or '''Blue Rock''') is a type of pagan sacred stones, widespread in Russia, in areas historically inhabited by both Eastern Slavic (Russian), and Uralic tribes (Merya, Muroma<ref>[http://www.bogorodsk-noginsk.ru/atlas/sinie_kamni.html И.Д. Маланин. Материалы разведки Синих камней Подмосковья в 2003 году // Краеведение и регионоведение. Межвузовский сборник научных трудов. ч.1. Владимир, 2004.] (Russian)</ref>). While in the majority of cases, the stones belonging to the ''Blue Stones'' type, have a black, or dark gray color, this particular stone [in the image] does indeed look dark blue, when wet.<ref name="berdnikov">[http://pki.botik.ru/dl.php?b=articles&a=n-sinii1985berd.pdf Бердников,&nbsp;В. Синий камень Плещеева озера] // Наука и жизнь. – 1985. – № 1. – С.&nbsp;134–139. (Russian)</ref> "Several types of rock surface materials can be recognized at the two sites [Viking Lander 1 and Viking Lander 2]; dark, relatively 'blue' rock surfaces are probably minimally weathered igneous rock, whereas bright rock surfaces, with a green/(blue + red) ratio higher than that of any other surface material, are interpreted as a weathering product formed in situ on the rock."<ref name="Strickland">{{cite book |author=Edwin L. Strickland III |title=Martian soil stratigraphy and rock coatings observed in color-enhanced Viking Lander images, In: ''Lunar and Planetary Science Conference Proceedings'' |publisher=Pergamon Press, Inc. |location=New York |date=March 19, 1979 |volume=3 |issue= |pages=3055-77 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1979LPSC...10.3055S |arxiv= |bibcode=1979LPSC...10.3055S |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2013-05-31 }}</ref> At second right is an approximately natural color image of the asteroid 243 Ida. "There are brighter areas, appearing bluish in the picture, around craters on the upper left end of Ida, around the small bright crater near the center of the asteroid, and near the upper right-hand edge (the limb). This is a combination of more reflected blue light and greater absorption of near infrared light, suggesting a difference in the abundance or composition of iron-bearing minerals in these areas."<ref name="Lavoie96">{{cite book |author=Sue Lavoie |title=PIA00069: Ida and Dactyl in Enhanced Color |publisher=NASA/JPL |location=Pasadena, California USA |date=January 29, 1996 |url=http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/?IDNumber=PIA00069 |accessdate=2013-06-01 }}</ref> "The [Sloan Digital Sky Survey] SDSS “blue” asteroids are related to the C-type (carbonaceous) asteroids, but not all of them are C-type. They are a mixture of C-, E-, M-, and P-types."<ref name="Yoshida">{{cite journal |author=F Yoshida, T Nakamura |title=Subaru main belt asteroid survey (SMBAS)—size and color distributions of small main-belt asteroids |journal=Planetary and Space Science |month=June |year=2007 |volume=55 |issue=9 |pages=1113-25 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0032063306003357 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.pss.2006.11.016 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-06-01 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Rocks== {{main|Chemicals/Rocks}} [[Image:DirkvdM rocks.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Rock outcrop occurs along a mountain creek near Orosí, Costa Rica. Credit: [[c:User:DirkvdM|Dirk van der Made]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Rocks are a bound aggregate of minerals with usually a large geographic extent. Occasionally, a rock is composed of only one mineral. But a crystal of the mineral fluorite in your hand is a stone rather than a rock. A '''rock''' is a naturally occurring solid aggregate of one or more [[Radiation astronomy/Minerals|minerals]] or [[Chemicals/Mineraloids|mineraloids]]. '''Def.''' any "natural material with a distinctive composition of minerals"<ref name=RockWikt>{{ cite book |title=rock |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=October 23, 2012 |url=http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rock |accessdate=2012-10-23 }}</ref> is called a '''rock'''. {{clear}} ==Beta particles== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Beta particles}} [[Image:Allende meteorite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A slice of the Allende meteorite shows circular chondrules. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/photos/33389938@N00 Shiny Things].{{tlx|free media}}]] Excessive "²⁶Mg [has] been reported in meteoritic carbonaceous chondrites [...] which demonstrate an excess of ²⁶Mg of up to 40% combined with essentially solar concentrations of ²⁴Mg and ²⁵Mg. Many of the data are well correlated with the ²⁷Al content of the samples, and this is interpreted as evidence that the excess ²⁶Mg has arisen from the ''in situ'' decay (via positron emission and electron capture) of the ground state of ²⁶Al in these minerals."<ref name=Champagne>{{ cite journal |author=A. E. Champagne |author2=A. J. Howard |author3=P. D. Parker |title=Nucleosynthesis of ²⁶Al at low stellar temperatures |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |month=June 15, |year=1983 |volume=269 |issue=06 |pages=686-9 |url=http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1983ApJ...269..686C |arxiv= |bibcode=1983ApJ...269..686C |doi=10.1086/161077 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-02-01 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==X-rays== {{main|Radiation astronomy/X-rays|X-ray astronomy}} [[Image:Carancas Meteorite 2.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image contains a 27.70 g fragment of the Carancas meteorite fall. The scale cube is 1 cm³. Credit: Meteorite Recon.{{tlx|free media}}]] On September 20, the X-Ray Laboratory at the Faculty of Geological Sciences, Mayor de San Andres University, [[w:La Paz, Bolivia|La Paz, Bolivia]], published a report of their analysis of a small sample of material recovered from the impact site. They detected iron, nickel, cobalt, and traces of iridium &mdash; elements characteristic of the elemental composition of meteorites. The quantitative proportions of silicon, aluminum, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are incompatible with rocks that are normally found at the surface of the Earth.<ref name="Blanco">Mario Blanco Cazas, [http://fcpn.umsa.bo/fcpn/app?service=external/PublicationDownload&sp=227 "Informe Laboratorio de Rayos X &mdash; FRX-DRX"] (in Spanish), Universidad Mayor de San Andres, Facultad de Ciencias Geologicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Geologicas y del Medio Ambiente, La Paz, Bolivia, September 20, 2007. Retrieved October 10, 2007.</ref> In X-ray wavelengths, many scientists are investigating the scattering of X-rays by interstellar dust, and some have suggested that [[w:Astrophysical X-ray source|astronomical X-ray sources]] would possess diffuse haloes, due to the dust.<ref name="RKSmith">{{cite journal |author=Smith RK |author2=Edgar RJ |author3=Shafer RA |title=The X-ray halo of GX 13+1 |journal=Ap J |month=Dec |year=2002 |volume=581 |issue=1 |pages=562–69 |doi=10.1086/344151 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/0004-637X/581/1/562 |bibcode=2002ApJ...581..562S |arxiv = astro-ph/0204267 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Ultraviolets== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Ultraviolets|Ultraviolet astronomy}} [[Image:PallasHST2007.jpg|right|thumb|300px|This is a black-and-white image of 2 Pallas taken with the Hubble Telescope in 2007 with UV filter. Credit: Hubble Space Telescope/STScI.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Aristarchus hst.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Clementine image of Aristarchus and surroundings is mapped onto simulated [[w:topography|topography]]. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Spectrally blue (B-type) asteroids are rare, with the second discovered asteroid, Pallas, being the largest and most famous example."<ref name=Yang>{{ cite journal |author=Bin Yang |author2=David Jewitt |title=Identification of Magnetite in B-type Asteroids |journal=The Astronomical Journal |month=September |year=2010 |volume=140 |issue=3 |pages=692 |url=http://iopscience.iop.org/1538-3881/140/3/692 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1088/0004-6256/140/3/692 |pmid= |accessdate=2013-06-01 }}</ref> "[T]he negative optical spectral slope of some B-type asteroids is due to the presence of a broad absorption band centered near 1.0 μm. The 1 μm band can be matched in position and shape using magnetite (Fe₃O₄), which is an important indicator of past aqueous alteration in the parent body. ... Observations of B-type asteroid (335) Roberta in the 3 μm region reveal an absorption feature centered at 2.9 μm, which is consistent with the absorption due to phyllosilicates (another hydration product) observed in CI chondrites. ... at least some B-type asteroids are likely to have incorporated significant amounts of water ice and to have experienced intensive aqueous alteration."<ref name=Yang/> In 1911, Professor [[w:Robert Williams Wood|Robert W. Wood]] used ultraviolet [[w:photography|photography]] to take images of the crater area. He discovered the plateau had an anomalous appearance in the ultraviolet, and an area to the north appeared to give indications of a sulfur deposit.<ref name=Darling>{{ cite book | author = David O. Darling | url = http://www.ltpresearch.org/aristarchus1.htm | title = Aristarchus: Lunar Transient Phenomenon History | publisher = L.T.P. Research | accessdate = 2006-08-08 }}</ref> This colorful area is sometimes referred to as "Wood's Spot", an alternate name for the Aristarchus Plateau. Spectra taken of this crater during the [[w:Clementine mission|Clementine mission]] were used to perform mineral mapping.<ref name="clementine">{{ cite book | url = http://www.lpi.usra.edu/resources/clemen/cmaris.html | title = Aristarchus Region: Multispectral Mosaic of the Aristarchus Crater and Plateau | publisher = Lunar and Planetary Institute |accessdate = 2006-08-08 }}</ref> The data indicated that the central peak is a type of rock called [[w:anorthosite|anorthosite]], which is a slow-cooling form of igneous rock composed of [[w:plagioclase|plagioclase]] [[w:feldspar|feldspar]]. By contrast the outer wall is [[w:troctolite|troctolite]], a rock composed of equal parts plagioclase and [[w:olivine|olivine]]. The Aristarchus region was part of a [[w:Hubble Space Telescope|Hubble Space Telescope]] study in 2005 that was investigating the presence of oxygen-rich glassy soils in the form of the mineral [[w:ilmenite|ilmenite]]. Baseline measurements were made of the [[w:Apollo 15|Apollo 15]] and [[w:Apollo 17|Apollo 17]] landing sites, where the chemistry is known, and these were compared to Aristarchus. The Hubble Advanced Camera for Surveys was used to photograph the crater in visual and ultraviolet light. The crater was determined to have especially rich concentrations of ilmenite, a [[w:titanium oxide|titanium oxide]] mineral that could potentially be used in the future by a [[w:Colonization of the Moon|lunar settlement]] for extracting oxygen.<ref name=Kluger>{{ cite book | title=Is There Oxygen on the Moon? | publisher=Time Online |url=http://www.time.com/time/health/article/0,8599,1120755,00.html | accessdate=October 24, 2005 | date=2005-10-20 | author=Jeffrey Kluger }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Opticals== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Opticals|Optical astronomy}} [[Image:ETypeChondrite-AbeeEH4-RoyalOntarioMuseum-Jan18-09.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Section of the Abee meteorite, an enstatite chondrite, is on display at the Royal Ontario Museum, Credit: [[c:user:Captmondo|Captmondo]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The analysis of high-resolution, near-infrared and [ultraviolet] UV spectra obtained by the ''Galileo'' spacecraft and from the ground has revealed various non-ice materials: magnesium- and iron-bearing hydrated silicates,<ref name=Moore2004/> carbon dioxide,<ref name=Brown2003>{{cite journal |last=Brown |first=R. H. |author2=Baines, K. H. |author3=Bellucci, G. |title=Observations with the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) during Cassini's Flyby of Jupiter |year=2003 |journal=Icarus |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=461&ndash;470 |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(03)00134-9 |bibcode=2003Icar..164..461B }}</ref> sulfur dioxide,<ref name=Noll1996>{{ cite book |last=Noll |first=K.S. |title=Detection of SO₂ on Callisto with the Hubble Space Telescope |year=1996 |publisher=Lunar and Planetary Science XXXI | url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc97/pdf/1852.PDF |page=1852 }}</ref> and possibly [[w:ammonia|ammonia]] and various organic compounds.<ref name=Moore2004/><ref name=Showman1999>{{cite journal |last=Showman |first=Adam P. |author2=Malhotra, Renu |title=The Galilean Satellites |year=1999 |journal=Science |volume=286 |pages=77&ndash;84 |doi=10.1126/science.286.5437.77 | url=http://www.lpl.arizona.edu/~showman/publications/showman-malhotra-1999.pdf |pmid=10506564 |issue=5437 }}</ref> Spectral data indicate that the moon's surface is extremely heterogeneous at the small scale. Small, bright patches of pure water ice are intermixed with patches of a rock–ice mixture and extended dark areas made of a non-ice material.<ref name=Moore2004>{{ cite book |author=Jeffrey M. Moore |author2=Clark R. Chapman |author3=Edward B. Bierhaus |entry=Callisto |title=Jupiter: The planet, Satellites and Magnetosphere |date=2004 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |editor=Bagenal, F. |editor2=Dowling, T.E. |editor3=McKinnon, W.B. | url=http://lasp.colorado.edu/~espoclass/homework/5830_2008_homework/Ch17.pdf|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name="Greeley 2000">{{cite journal |last=Greeley |first=R. |author2=Klemaszewski, J. E. |author3=Wagner, L. |author4=''et al.'' |title=Galileo views of the geology of Callisto |journal=Planetary and Space Science |year=2000 |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=829&ndash;853 | bibcode=2000P&SS...48..829G |doi=10.1016/S0032-0633(00)00050-7 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Violets== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Violets}} [[Image:PIA21256 - Color Variations on Mount Sharp, Mars (White Balanced), Figure 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The foreground of this scene from the Mast Camera (Mastcam) on NASA's Curiosity Mars rover shows purple-hued rocks near the rover's late-2016 location on lower Mount Sharp. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.{{tlx|free media}}]] The purple tone of the foreground rocks has been seen in other rocks where Curiosity's Chemical and Mineralogy (CheMin) instrument has detected hematite. {{clear}} ==Blues== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Blues|Blue astronomy}} [[Image:Pyroclastic breccia - geograph.org.uk - 478073.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The bluey grey tuffaceous matrix is probably mostly finely comminuted sediment, the local country rock is largely limestones and mudstones. Credit: Jim Bain.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Jake Matijevic Rock.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This natural color image is from NASA's Curiosity rover before it aimed two different instruments to study the rock known as "Jake Matijevic". Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.{{tlx|free media}}]] "Nine out of 10 well-characterized Apollo 17 breccia matrices fall into Group 2, and this includes both the blue-grey breccias which are the dominant rock type at this site"<ref name=Morgan>{{ cite journal |author=John W. Morgan |author2=H. Higuchi |author3=Edward Anders |title=Meteoritic material in a boulder from the Apollo 17 site - Implications for its origin |journal=The Moon |month=November-December |year=1975 |volume=14 |issue=12 |pages=373-83 |url= |bibcode=1975Moon...14..373M |doi=10.1007/BF00569671 |pmid= |accessdate=2011-08-07 }}</ref>. "A 1953 telescopic photograph of a flash on the Moon is the only unequivocal record of the rare crash of an asteroid-sized body onto the lunar surface. ... A search of images from the Clementine mission reveals an ∼1.5-km high-albedo, blue, fresh-appearing crater with an associated ejecta blanket at the location of the flash."<ref name=Buratti>{{ cite journal |author=Bonnie J Buratti, Lane L Johnson |title=Identification of the lunar flash of 1953 with a fresh crater on the moon’s surface |journal=Icarus |month=January |year=2003 |volume=161 |issue=1 |pages=192-7 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0019103502000271 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/S0019-1035(02)00027-1 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> In terms of reflectance from the lunar surface, "the very dark 'blue' maria [are] such as found in Mare Tranquillitatis."<ref name=McCord>{{ cite journal |author=Thomas B. McCord |author2=John B. Adams |title=Progress in remote optical analysis of lunar surface composition |journal=The Moon |month=September |year=1973 |volume=7 |issue=3-4 |pages=453-74 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1973Moon....7..453M |doi=10.1007/BF00564646 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> "[T]he slope of the reflectance spectrum in the blue and ultraviolet ... is directly related to the percent TiO₂ in the [lunar] surface soil (Charette ''et al.'', 1974)."<ref name=Pieters>{{ cite journal |author=Carle Pieters |author2=Thomas B. McCord |title=Characterization of lunar mare basalt types. I - A remote sensing study using reflection spectroscopy of surface soils, In: ''Proceedings Lunar Science Conference, 7th'' |volume=3 |publisher=Pergamon Press, Inc. |location=New York |month=April |year=1976 |editor= |pages=2677-90 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1976LPSC....7.2677P |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2012-11-27 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Cyans== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Cyans|Cyan astronomy}} [[Image:Moon-chemical-comp.png|thumb|right|250px|High-titanium lunar basalt is shown near Apollo 11 landing site. Credit: Michael A. Covington.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Mars electric blue sand dune2.jpg|center|thumb|400px|NASA discovers an electric blue sand dune on Mars. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] “[A]ll the blue basalt types (high in UV/VIS ratio [0.40/0.56 µm]) are also the darkest mare soils.”<ref name=Pieters1978>{{ cite book |author=Carle’ M. Pieters |title=Mare basalt types on the front side of the moon - A summary of spectral reflectance data, In: ''Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 9th, Houston, Tex., March 13-17, 1978, Proceedings'' |publisher=Pergamon Press, Inc. |location=New York |date= |editor= |volume=3 |pages=2825-49 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1978LPSC....9.2825P |doi= |pmid= |isbn= }}</ref> Both Luna 24 and Apollo 12 soil samples are from mare soils that reflect primarily cyan that is likely due to the presence of TiO₂ in the soils.<ref name=Pieters/> "Previous work has suggested that a cyan color in the multispectral frame represents highland material, and that yellows and greens are freshly excavated basalts. However, we have recently found that a cyan color can also result from a freshly excavated high-Ti basalt."<ref name=Heather>{{ cite book |author=D. J. Heather |author2=S. K. Dunkin |author3=P. D. Spudis |author4=D. B. J. Bussey |title=A Multispectral Analysis of the Flamsteed Region of Oceanus Procellarum, In: ''Workshop on New Views of the Moon 2: Understanding the Moon Through the Integration of Diverse Datasets'' |publisher= |location= |date=January 1999 |editor= |pages= |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1999nvm..conf...24H |doi= |pmid= }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Greens== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Greens|Green astronomy}} [[Image:Earth's Moon.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This colour mosaic was assembled from 18 images taken by Galileo's imaging system through a green filter. Credit: NASA/JPL/USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] "During its mission, the Galileo spacecraft returned a number of images of Earth's only natural satellite. Galileo surveyed the moon on Dec. 7, 1992, on its way to explore the Jupiter system in 1995-1997."<ref name=Smith09>{{ cite book |author=Yvette Smith |title=Earth's Moon |publisher=NASA |location= |date=December 8, 2009 |url=http://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1538.html |accessdate=2012-07-22 }}</ref> "This color mosaic was assembled from 18 images taken by Galileo's imaging system through a green filter. On the upperleft is the dark, lava-filled Mare Imbrium, Mare Serenitatis (middle left), Mare Tranquillitatis (lower left), and Mare Crisium, the dark circular feature toward the bottom of the mosaic. Also visible in this view are the dark lava plains of the Marginis and Smythii Basins at the lower right. The Humboldtianum Basin, a 400-mile impact structure partly filled with dark volcanic deposits, is seen at the center of the image."<ref name=Smith09/> {{clear}} ==Oranges== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Oranges|Orange astronomy}} [[Image:Apollo74220-samplingLocation.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Products of the ancient volcanic activity on the Moon include the submillimeter-sized orange glass beads which supplied the orange color to the soil exposed from a trench dug at the rim of Shorty Crater at the Apollo 17 site. Credit: Astronaut Harrison H. "Jack" Schmitt, Apollo 17, NASA.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "Crystallized spheres of orange glass from Shorty Crater at the Apollo 17 site are ... the characteristic ingredient of the dark mantling deposit of the Taurus-Littrow region."<ref name=Adams>{{ cite journal |author=John B. Adams |author2=Carle Pieters |author3=Thomas B. McCord |title=Orange glass: Evidence for regional deposits of pyroclastic origin on the moon, In: ''Proceedings of the Fifth Lunar Science Conference'' |publisher=Pergamon Press, Inc. |location=New York |month=March 18-22 |year=1974 |editor= |volume=1 |issue= |pages=171-86 |url= |arxiv= |bibcode=1974LPSC....5..171A |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=2012-11-02 }}</ref> "The reflectance properties of the orange glass are highly distinctive. There are two broad absorption bands, one near 1.15 µm and the other near 1.9 µm that arise from Fe²⁺ on octahedral and tetrahedral sites, respectively ... The weak absorption near 0.5 µm probably arises from Ti³⁺, and the absorption edge extending into the visible region is due largely to oxygen-titanium charge transfer".<ref name=Adams/> {{clear}} ==Reds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Reds}} [[Image:Lower Antelope Canyon 478.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Red sandstone interior of Lower Antelope Canyon, Arizona, is worn smooth by erosion from flash flooding over thousands of years. Credit: [[c:user:Meckimac|Meckimac]].{{tlx|free media}}]] "There is a general increase in 'redness' with heliocentric distance in the outer belt asteroids going from the moderately red P asteroids, through the redder D asteroids, to the much redder Z asteroids."<ref name=Britt>{{ cite book |author=Daniel T. Britt |author2=Larry A. Lebofsky |title=Meteorite parent bodies, In: ''Encyclopedia of Planetary Science'' |publisher=Springer |location= |date=1997 |editor= |pages=486-9 |url=http://link.springer.com/referenceworkentry/10.1007%2F1-4020-4520-4_258 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1007/1-4020-4520-4_258 |pmid= |isbn=978-0-412-06951-2 |accessdate=2016-10-10 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Infrareds== {{main|Radiation astronomy/Infrareds}} [[Image:Keck Observatory infrareds.jpg|thumb|right|250px|These images are of Io obtained at different infrared wavelengths (in microns, µm, or millionths of a meter). Credit: Imke de Pater and Katherine de Kleer, UC Berkeley.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] "One of Jupiter’s moons has unleashed a series of huge volcanic eruptions over a hellish 2 week period that were so bright they could be studied in detail by ground based observatories."<ref name=Neill>{{ cite web |author=Ian O'Neill |title=Jupiter Moon Io Unleashes Cataclysmic Eruptions |publisher=Discovery.com |location= |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/jupiter-moon-io-unleashes-cataclysmic-eruptions-140804.htm |accessdate=2015-05-10 }}</ref> “We typically expect one huge outburst every one or two years, and they’re usually not this bright.”<ref name=Pater>{{ cite web |author=Imke de Pater |title=Jupiter Moon Io Unleashes Cataclysmic Eruptions |publisher=Discovery.com |location= |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/jupiter-moon-io-unleashes-cataclysmic-eruptions-140804.htm |accessdate=2015-05-10 }}</ref> “Here [in the image on the right] we had three extremely bright outbursts, which suggest that if we looked more frequently we might see many more of them on Io.”<ref name=Pater/> “These new events are in a relatively rare class of eruptions on Io because of their size and astonishingly high thermal emission. The amount of energy being emitted by these eruptions implies lava fountains gushing out of fissures at a very large volume per second, forming lava flows that quickly spread over the surface of Io.”<ref name=Davies>{{ cite web |author=Ashley Davies |title=Jupiter Moon Io Unleashes Cataclysmic Eruptions |publisher=Discovery.com |location= |date=4 August 2014 |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/jupiter-moon-io-unleashes-cataclysmic-eruptions-140804.htm |accessdate=2015-05-10 }}</ref> "While recording the eruptions that occurred in the moon’s southern hemisphere on Aug. 15, 2013, the researchers saw the brightest emanate from a caldera called Rarog Patera, which produced a 50 square-mile, 30 foot-thick lava flow — enough lava to cover Manhattan Island. Another eruption that was generated by the caldera Heno Patera produced a flow covering 120 square miles. Both eruptions generated “curtains of fire” as lava blasted from long fissures in Io’s crust."<ref name=Neill/> "Images of Io obtained at different infrared wavelengths (in microns, μm, or millionths of a meter) with the W. M. Keck Observatory’s 10-meter Keck II telescope on Aug. 15, 2013 (a-c) and the Gemini North telescope on Aug. 29, 2013 (d). The bar on the right of each image indicates the intensity of the infrared emission. Note that emissions from the large volcanic outbursts on Aug. 15 at Rarog and Heno Paterae have substantially faded by Aug. 29. A second bright spot is visible to the north of the Rarog and Heno eruptions in c and to the west of the outburst in d. This hot spot was identified as Loki Patera, a lava lake that appeared to be particularly active at the same time."<ref name=Pater/> {{clear}} ==Moon== {{main|Liquids/Liquid objects/Moon}} [[Image:Moon-apollo17-schmitt boulder.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Planetary geologist and NASA astronaut Harrison "Jack" Schmitt collects lunar samples during the Apollo 17 mission. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Allan Hills 81005, lunar meteorite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This image shows the lunar meteorite ''Allan Hills 81005''. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] In the image at right, planetary geologist and NASA astronaut Harrison "Jack" Schmitt collects lunar samples during the Apollo 17 mission. "Recent scans of magnetized lunar rocks that show no evidence of effects from cosmic impacts now provide strong evidence that the moon had a magnetic field".<ref name=Choi04122014>{{ cite book |author=Charles Q. Choi |title=Moon's Long-Ago Magnetic Field May Have Trumped Earth's |publisher=Space.com |location= |date=4 December 2014 |url=http://www.space.com/27927-moon-magnetic-field-mystery.html |accessdate=2014-12-09 }}</ref> "Earth's magnetic field is currently 50 microteslas in strength. The early moon may have had a magnetic field that was bigger, maybe up to more than 70 microteslas."<ref name=Weiss>{{ cite book |author=Benjamin Weiss |title=Moon's Long-Ago Magnetic Field May Have Trumped Earth's |publisher=Space.com |location= |date=4 December 2014 |url=http://www.space.com/27927-moon-magnetic-field-mystery.html |accessdate=2014-12-09 }}</ref> Allan Hills A81005 or ALH A81005 (sometimes also named without the "A" in front of the number) was the first lunar meteorite found on Earth.<ref name="Marvin 1983">{{cite journal |last=Marvin |first=Ursula B. |title=The discovery and initial characterization of Allan Hills 81005: The first lunar meteorite |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |date=1 January 1983 |volume=10 |issue=9 |pages=775 |doi=10.1029/GL010i009p00775 |bibcode=1983GeoRL..10..775M }}</ref> It was found in 1982 in the Allan Hills at the end of the Transantarctic Mountains, during a meteorite gathering expedition (ANSMET).<ref name="MetDB ALH A81005">{{cite web |title=Allan Hills A81005 |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meteor/metbull.php?code=1965 |publisher=Meteoritical Society |accessdate=11 January 2013 }}</ref> ALH A81005 was found on 17 January 1982 by John Schutt and Ian Whillans.<ref name="LMC ALH 81005">{{cite web |title=Lunar Meteorite Compendium ALH A81005 |url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/lmc/F2%20ALHA81005.pdf |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 January 2013 |author=Kevin Righter |author2=John Gruener }}</ref><ref name="LMC">{{cite web |title=The Lunar Meteorite Compendium |url=http://curator.jsc.nasa.gov/antmet/lmc/ |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 January 2013 |author=Kevin Righter |author2=John Gruener }}</ref> It is named after the Allan Hills, a mountain chain in Antarctica where many meteorites are gathered by expeditions.<ref name="MetDB ALH A81005" /> The large number of meteorites collected in Antarctica and the lack of geographic terms that could be used for names have led to the adaption of the "Antarctic rules" for meteorite naming. Every meteorite found in Antarctica receives the names of the collection area (Allan Hills) and a number. The number consists of the year the expedition started "81" and a three digit number that is given out consecutively (005). The "A" in front of the number stands for meteorites collected by ANSMET expeditions and can be considered optional.<ref name="Antarctic Rules">{{cite web |title=Antarctic Rules |url=http://meteoriticalsociety.org/?page_id=60 |publisher=Meteoritical Society |accessdate=26 February 2013 }}</ref> The definition of the year is used because the year changes during the Austral summer season (December to March) and this avoids samples from one expedition having different years. This is the reason ALH A81005 has the year "81" in its name despite being found on 17 January 1982.<ref name="Antarctic Rules"/> ALH A81005 measures {{convert|3|xx|2.5|xx|3|cm|in}}. It has a dark fusion crust on the outside. The interior is made up of a black to dark grey groundmass (matrix) with larger grey and white angular crystals (clasts). This appearance is typical for breccias, including those originating on Earth. The size of the larger crystals ranges from sub-millimeter to {{convert|8|mm}} in diameter.<ref name="MetDB ALH A81005" /> Thin section analysis revealed that the crystals are mostly plagioclase, with some pyroxene and olivine. It was also discovered that the meteorite had similarities to terrestrial gabbro or basalt. Microprobe analysis showed that the plagioclase was very calcium-rich. The crystals are a solid solution of 97% anorthite and 3% albite. The pyroxenes have a variable composition lying between enstatite, ferrosilite and wollastonite. The olivine is a solid solution of 11 to 40% fayalite with the rest being forsterite]].<ref name="MetDB ALH A81005" /> ALH A81005 is classified as a "lunar anorthosite breccia" and belongto the group "lunar anorthosite" (abbreviated Lun-A).<ref name="MetDB ALH A81005" /> M³ found a rock dominated by Mg-[[w:spinel|spinel]] with no detectable [[w:pyroxene|pyroxene]] or [[w:olivine|olivine]] present (<5%) occurring along the western inner ring of Moscoviense Basin (as one of several discrete areas). The occurrence of this spinel does not easily fit with current lunar-crustal evolution models.<ref name=Pieters10>{{ cite book |last=Pieters|first=Carle |title=Identification of a new spinel-rich lunar rock type by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2010/pdf/1854.pdf |publisher=LPI |accessdate=12 April 2011 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Earth== {{main|Rocks/Rocky objects/Earth}} [[Image:Ice cap.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an aerial image of the ice cap on Ellesmere Island, Canada. Credit: National Snow and Ice Data Center.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Ash and Steam Plume, Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This oblique astronaut photograph from the International Space Station (ISS) captures a white-to-grey volcanic ash and steam plume extending westwards from the Soufriere Hills volcano. Credit: NASA Expedition 21 crew.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Barringer Crater aerial photo by USGS.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This is an aerial view of the Barringer Meteor Crater about 69 km east of Flagstaff, Arizona. Credit: D. Roddy, U.S. Geological Survey.{{tlx|free media}}]] The first image on the right is an aerial image of the ice cap on Ellesmere Island, Canada. Oblique images such as the one on the second lower right are taken by astronauts looking out from the ISS at an angle, rather than looking straight downward toward the [[Earth]] (a perspective called a nadir view), as is common with most remotely sensed data from satellites. An oblique view gives the scene a more three-dimension quality, and provides a look at the vertical structure of the volcanic plume. While much of the island is covered in green vegetation, grey deposits that include pyroclastic flows and volcanic mud-flows (lahars) are visible extending from the volcano toward the coastline. When compared to its extent in earlier views, the volcanic debris has filled in more of the eastern coastline. Urban areas are visible in the northern and western portions of the island; they are recognizable by linear street patterns and the presence of bright building rooftops. The silver-grey appearance of the Caribbean Sea surface is due to sun-glint, which is the mirror-like reflection of sunlight off the water surface back towards the hand-held camera on-board the ISS. The sun-glint highlights surface wave patterns around the island. The image on the left is an aerial view of the Barringer Meteor Crater. Fragments of an iron-nickel meteorite have been found in the crater confirming its origin as an impact crater. {{clear}} ==Rock forms== [[Image:MonumentValley 640px.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The (vertical)-De Chelly Sandstone is upon 'skirts' of the Organ Rock Formation. Credit: Jon Sullivan.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Canada geological map.JPG|left|thumb|250px|The Canadian Shield is a broad region of Precambrian rock (pictured in shades of red) that encircles Hudson Bay. Credit: [[c:User:Qyd|Qyd]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Rock forms are geomorphic land forms made of specific rock types. {{clear}} ==Arêtes== [[Image:Alp da pelvo sfondo viso.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an image of Punta dell'Alp from monte Pelvo. Credit: [[c:User:F Ceragioli|F Ceragioli]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "very thin ridge of rock"<ref name=AreteWikt>{{ cite web |title=arête |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=22 June 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arête |accessdate=2014-11-07 }}</ref> is called an '''arête'''. "An earlier [...] glacial episode, herein termed the Altonah Glaciation, is indicated by an extensive lateral moraine beyond the mouth of Yellowstone canyon as well as moraines in Lake Fork and Uinta River canyons. At higher elevations, alpine glacial landforms, including cirques, rock glaciers, arêtes, and hanging valleys are ubiquitous."<ref name=Laabs>{{ cite book |author=Benjamin J.C. Laabs |author2=Eric C. Carson |title=Glacial Geology of the Southern Uinta Mountains, In: ''Uinta Mountain geology'' |publisher=Utah Geological Association |location= |date=2005 |volume=33 |issue= |editor=Dehler, C.M. |editor2=Pederson, J.L. |editor3=Sprinkel, D.A. |editor4=Kowallis, B.J. |pages=235-53 |url=http://www.geology.wisc.edu/~davem/abstracts/05-20.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-11-08 }}</ref> "Arêtes and cols are most common in the south-central and southwestern Uinta Mountains, where accumulation areas of glaciers were largest and the development of ice caps that drained into multiple valleys was common. In the south-central Uintas, the most prominent arêtes have more than 450 m of relief and are more than 10 km in length. In the southeastern Uintas, rounded unglaciated divides locally termed “bollies” are more common than narrow arêtes. Examples of these features include broad divides that separate glacial valleys in the headwaters of Dry Fork and Ashley Creeks [...]."<ref name=Laabs/> {{clear}} ==Canyons== [[Image:Geomorphology.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a view of the Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA. Credit: Mike Buchheit.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] On the right is an example of a river canyon, specifically the Grand Canyon in Arizona, USA. '''Def.''' a "valley, especially a long, narrow, steep valley, cut in rock by a river"<ref name=CanyonWikt>{{ cite book |title=canyon |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=21 October 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/canyon |accessdate=2014-12-18 }}</ref> is called a '''canyon''', or a '''river canyon'''. '''Def.''' a deep gorge is called a '''canyon'''. {{clear}} ==Cliffs== [[Image:Dinaric calcareous fir-forest.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This cliff is part of a karst landscape formed by water and plants on calcareous (probably) limestone. Credit: Pavle Cikovac.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:An eroded boulder clay cliff - geograph.org.uk - 661846.jpg|thumb|left|250px|An eroded boulder clay cliff is shown. Credit: [https://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/7056 Eric Jones].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Red Cliff along US287 between Lander and Dubois in Wyoming.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A red cliff along US287 between Lander and Dubois in Wyoming, near Wind Canyon. Credit: [[c:User:Wingchi|Wing-Chi Poon]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Ireland cliffs of moher2.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Cliffs of Moher is in East, Ireland. Credit: Tobias Helfrich.{{tlx|free media}}]] The cliff in the image on the right is part of a karst landscape formed by water and plants on calcareous (probably) limestone. "This photo [on the left] shows clearly why these glacial deposits are called boulder clay, consisting as they are of clay and stones of various sizes up to and including large boulders. Till is another name for boulder clay."<ref name=Jones>{{ cite web |author=Eric Jones |title=An eroded boulder clay cliff |publisher=Geograph.org |location= |date=2008 |url=http://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/661846 |accessdate=2014-12-04 }}</ref> The image is of an eroded boulder-clay cliff near to Trefor, Gwynedd, Great Britain. '''Def.''' a "vertical (or nearly vertical) rock face"<ref name=CliffWikt>{{ cite web |title=cliff |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=9 October 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cliff |accessdate=2014-12-18 }}</ref> is called a '''cliff'''. {{clear}} ==Glaciers== {{main|Rocks/Glaciers|Glaciers}} [[Image:Briksdalsbreen.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Briksdalsbreen is a part of the Jostedalsbreen glacier in Norway. Credit: [[w:User:Donarreiskoffer|Donarreiskoffer]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a mass of ice that originates on land, usually having an area larger than one tenth of a square kilometer"<ref name=Beitler>{{ cite web |author=Jane Beitler |title=Cryosphere Glossary |publisher=National Snow and Ice Data Center |location= |date=19 September 2014 |url=http://nsidc.org/cryosphere/glossary/I |accessdate=2014-09-17 }}</ref> is called a '''glacier'''. {{clear}} ==Mountains== [[Image:Winter sun on Norwegian mountain.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Low winter sun reflects off Skopphornet and Sunnmøre alps (Sykkylven) in Norway. Credit: "color line".{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "large mass of earth and rock, rising above the common level of the earth or adjacent land, usually given by geographers as above 1000 feet in height (or 304.8 metres), though such masses may still be described as hills in comparison with larger mountains"<ref name=MountainWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:92.7.198.35|92.7.198.35]] |title=mountain |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=9 January 2011 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mountain |accessdate=2014-12-14 }}</ref> is called a '''mountain'''. {{clear}} ==Pavements== [[Image:Limestone pavement above Malham Cove.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Limestone pavement is above Malham Cove in the Yorkshire Dales. Credit: [[w:User:Lupin|Lupin]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Lapiaz P1070880.JPG|thumb|right|250px|This shows limestone pavement in Haute Savoie, France. Credit: f.corageoud.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:DesertPavementMojave2010.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Desert pavement is near Barstow, California. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Tessellated Pavement Sunrise Landscape.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The "Tesselated Pavement“ is the result of an orthogonal joint pattern in the rock. Credit: [[c:User:JJ Harrison|JJ Harrison]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Selwyn Rock 3.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Grooves and striations are on exhumed Permian glacial pavement. Credit: [[c:User:Bahudhara|Bahudhara]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a more or less horizontal, hard expanse of bare rock as a surface is called a '''pavement'''. On the right are two images of a limestone pavement which is part of a karst topography. On the left is a desert pavement in southeastern California. A pavement such as the one on the second left covered with pieces that are similarly shaped is referred to as a tessellated pavement. {{clear}} ==Volcanic bombs== [[Image:Puu Oo - boulder Royal Gardens 1983.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an accretionary lava ball. Credit: J. D. Griggs, USGS HVO.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:VolcanicBombMojaveDesert.JPG|thumb|right|250px|This is a smooth textured, aphanitic, basaltic volcanic bomb found in the Mojave Desert National Preserve by Rob McConnell. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Vulkanbombe strohn 20080722.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a picture of a lavabomb at Strohn, Germany. Credit: [[c:User:Jhintzbe|Jhintzbe]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "distinctively shaped [natural] projectiles ... which acquired their shape essentially before landing"<ref name=Walker>{{ cite journal |author=G. P. L. Walker |title=The breaking of magma |journal=Geological Magazine |month=April |year=1969 |volume=106 |issue=02 |pages=166-73 |url=http://journals.cambridge.org/production/action/cjoGetFulltext?fulltextid=4626560 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1017/S0016756800051979 |pmid= |accessdate=2012-10-13 }}</ref> are called '''bombs'''. '''Def.''' a bomb "ejected from a volcanic vent"<ref name=Walker/> is called a '''volcanic bomb'''. Volcanic bombs can be thrown many kilometres from an erupting vent, and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight. The image at top right is an "[a]ccretionary lava ball [coming] to rest on the grass after rolling off the top of an ‘a‘a flow in Royal Gardens subdivision. Accretionary lava balls form as viscous lava is molded around a core of already solidified lava."<ref name=Griggs>{{ cite web |author=J. D. Griggs |title=''File:Puu Oo - boulder Royal Gardens 1983.jpg'' |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=April 27, 2012 |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Puu_Oo_-_boulder_Royal_Gardens_1983.jpg |accessdate=2012-10-13 }}</ref> Volcanic bombs cool into solid fragments before they reach the ground. Because volcanic bombs cool after they leave the volcano, they do not have grains making them extrusive igneous rocks. Volcanic bombs can be thrown many kilometres from an erupting vent, and often acquire aerodynamic shapes during their flight. Volcanic bombs can be extremely large; the 1935 eruption of Mount Asama in Japan expelled bombs measuring 5–6 m in diameter up to 600 m from the vent. A large volcanic bomb is shown in the third image at right from Strohn, Germany. Volcanic bombs are known to occasionally explode from internal gas pressure as they cool, but explosions are rare. Bomb explosions are most often observed in 'bread-crust' type bombs. ''Ribbon or cylindrical bombs'' form from highly to moderately fluid magma, ejected as irregular strings and blobs. The strings break up into small segments which fall to the ground intact and look like ribbons. Hence, the name "ribbon bombs". These bombs are circular or flattened in cross section, are fluted along their length, and have tabular vesicles. ''Spherical bombs'' also form from high to moderately fluid magma. In the case of spherical bombs, surface tension plays a major role in pulling the ejecta into spheres. ''Spindle, fusiform, or almond/rotational bombs'' are formed by the same processes as spherical bombs, though the major difference being the partial nature of the spherical shape. Spinning during flight leaves these bombs looking elongated or almond shaped; the spinning theory behind these bombs' development has also given them the name 'fusiform bombs'. Spindle bombs are characterised by longitudinal fluting, one side slightly smoother and broader than the other. This smooth side represents the underside of the bomb as it fell through the air. ''Cow pie bombs'' are formed when highly fluid magma falls from moderate height; so the bombs do not solidify before impact (they are still liquid when they strike the ground). They consequently flatten or splash and form irregular roundish disks, which resemble cow-dung. ''Bread-crust bombs'' are formed if the outside of the lava bombs solidifies during their flights. They may develop cracked outer surfaces as the interiors continue to expand. ''Cored bombs'' are bombs that have rinds of lava enclosing a core of previously consolidated lava. The core consists of accessory fragments of an earlier eruption, accidental fragments of country rock or, in rare cases, bits of lava formed earlier during the same eruption. {{clear}} ==Rock structures== [[Image:Quebrada de Cafayate, Salta (Argentina).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image shows rock strata in Cafayate, Argentina. Credit: travelwayoflife.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:BarstowFormationAnticlineMarch2010.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The image shows an anticline in the Barstow Formation (Miocene) at Calico Ghost Town near Barstow, California USA. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The image at the right shows rock strata in Cafayate, Argentina, the subject of [[stratigraphy]]. '''Structural geology''' is the study of the three-dimensional distribution of rock units with respect to their deformational histories. {{clear}} ==Marginal marines== [[Image:Triassic Utah.JPG|thumb|right|250px|This is a marginal marine sequence from southwestern Utah, USA. Credit: [[w:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The marginal marine sequence on the right has been dated to the Middle Triassic. {{clear}} ==Rock types== [[Image:Granodiorite Common.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This rock shows a common facies of the Piégut-Pluviers granodiorite, northwestern Massif Central, France. Credit: [[c:User:Rudolf Pohl|Rudolf Pohl]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:The stones of the Dutch - Lleida Pyrenees 04.JPG|thumb|left|250px|A metamorphic rock deformed during the Variscan orogeny, Vall de Cardós, Lérida, Spain. Credit: [[c:user:PePeEfe|PePeEfe]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Sedimentary Rock Layers Zabriskie Point Death Valley USA.jpg|thumb|center|250px|This image shows the sedimentary rock layers at Zabriskie Point in Death Valley, USA. Credit: Brigitte Werner (werner22brigitte).{{tlx|free media}}]] Usually rock types consist of sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous. {{clear}} ==Meteorites== {{main|Rocks/Meteorites|Meteorites}} [[Image:EETA79001 S80-37631.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Martian meteorite EETA79001 is a shergottite. Credit: NASA.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a meteorite that is known to have originated on the Moon is called a '''lunar meteorite'''. The meteorite called Allan Hills 81005 resembled some rocks brought back from the Moon by the [[w:Apollo program|Apollo program]].<ref name=Marvin>{{ cite journal | doi = 10.1029/GL010i009p00775 | author = U. B. Marvin | year = 1983 | title = The discovery and initial characterization of Allan Hills 81005: The first lunar meteorite | url = | journal = Geophys. Res. Lett. | volume = 10 | issue = | pages = 775–8 | bibcode=1983GeoRL..10..775M }}</ref> [[w:Yamato 791197|Yamato 791197]] is another lunar meteorite. About 134 lunar meteorites have been discovered so far (as of October, 2010), perhaps representing more than 50 separate meteorite falls (i.e., many of the stones are "paired" fragments of the same meteoroid). The total mass is more than 46&nbsp;kg. Meteorites have been found on the Moon.<ref name=McSween>{{ cite journal |last=McSween Jr. |first=Harry Y. |year=1976 |title=A new type of chondritic meteorite found in lunar soil |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=193–9 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(76)90211-9 |bibcode=1976E&PSL..31..193M }}</ref><ref name=Rubin>{{ cite journal |last=Rubin |first=Alan E. |year=1997 |title=The Hadley Rille enstatite chondrite and its agglutinate-like rim: Impact melting during accretion to the Moon |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=135–41 |bibcode=1997M&PS...32..135R |doi=10.1111/j.1945-5100.1997.tb01248.x }}</ref> Many of the meteorites that are found on Earth turn out to be from the Moon. So far seifertite has only been found in [[w:Martian meteorite|Martian]]<ref name=Goresy>{{ cite journal |doi=10.1127/0935-1221/2008/0020-1812 |title=Seifertite, a dense orthorhombic polymorph of silica from the Martian meteorites Shergotty and Zagami |year=2008 |last1=Goresy|first1=Ahmed El|last2=Dera|first2=Przemyslaw|last3=Sharp|first3=Thomas G.|last4=Prewitt|first4=Charles T.|last5=Chen|first5=Ming|last6=Dubrovinsky|first6=Leonid|last7=Wopenka|first7=Brigitte|last8=Boctor|first8=Nabil Z.|last9=Hemley|first9=Russell J. |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |volume=20 |issue=4 |pages=523 |url=http://www.schweizerbart.de/resources/downloads/paper_previews/58172.pdf }}</ref><ref name=Dera>{{ cite journal |author=Dera P |author2=Prewitt C T |author3=Boctor N Z |author4=Hemley R J |journal=American Mineralogist |volume=87 |year=2002 |page=1018 |title=Characterization of a high-pressure phase of silica from the Martian meteorite Shergotty |url=http://rruff.geo.arizona.edu/AMS/authors/Boctor%20N%20Z }}</ref> and [[w:lunar meteorite|lunar meteorite]]s.<ref name=Aoudjehane>{{ cite journal |url=http://www.uair.arizona.edu/objectviewer?o=uadc%3A%2F%2Fazu_maps%2FVolume43%2FNumberSupplement%2Fea83b7e4-bcbb-44c2-af9e-a14b6d5ebdd4 |title=First evidence of high-pressure silica: stishovite and seifertite in lunar meteorite Northwest Africa 4734 |author=H. Chennaoui Aoudjehane |author2=A. Jambon |journal=Meteoritics & Planetary Science |volume=43 |issue=7, Supplement |page= A32 |year=2008 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Eucrites== [[Image:MillbillillieMeteorite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A 175g individual is of the Millbillillie meteorite shower, a eucrite achondrite that fell in Australia in 1960. Credit: [[c:User:Vesta|H. Raab]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' an "achondritic meteoritic rock consisting chiefly of pigeonite and anorthite"<ref name=EucriteWikt>{{ cite book |title=eucrite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 June 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eucrite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''eucrite'''. {{clear}} ==Igneous rocks== [[Image:Granodiorite Common.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This rock shows a common facies of the Piégut-Pluviers granodiorite, northwestern Massif Central, France. Credit: [[c:User:Rudolf Pohl|Rudolf Pohl]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Rocas Igneas.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Samples of various igneous rocks from the Arequipa region of Peru are shown. Credit: [[c:User:Rojinegro81|Rojinegro81]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "one of the major groups of rock that makes up the crust of the Earth; formed by the cooling of molten rock, either below the surface (intrusive) or on the surface (extrusive)"<ref name=IgneousRockWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=igneous rock |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=13 April 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/igneous_rock |accessdate=8 December 2018 }}</ref> is called an '''igneous rock'''. "An igneous rock is formed by the cooling and crystallization of molten rock."<ref name=Johnson>{{ cite web |author=J. Johnson |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Volcanic rocks |publisher=USGS |location=Menlo Park, California USA |date=29 December 2009 |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/VolRocks.php |accessdate=2015-03-15 }}</ref> Igneous "rocks [are divided] into two broad categories based on where the molten rock solidified."<ref name=Johnson/> The image on the left shows a collection of various igneous rocks: from top left to bottom right these are: granodiorite, andesite, syenite, gabbro, rhyolite, basalt, granite and an ignimbrite (a collective term for a special type of volcaniclastic sediment). {{clear}} ==Andesites== [[Image:And-Brokeoff med.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Close view is of andesite lava flow from Brokeoff Volcano, California. Credit: United States of America Geological Survey.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' a "class of fine-grained intermediate [..] rock [...] containing mostly plagioclase feldspar"<ref name=AndesiteWikt>{{ cite book |title=andesite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 April 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/andesite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called an '''andesite'''. "Andesite is a gray to black volcanic rock with between about 52 and 63 weight percent silica (SiO₂). Andesites contain crystals composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and one or more of the minerals pyroxene (clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene) and lesser amounts of hornblende. At the lower end of the silica range, andesite lava may also contain olivine. Andesite magma commonly erupts from stratovolcanoes as thick lava flows, some reaching several km in length. Andesite magma can also generate strong explosive eruptions to form pyroclastic flows and surges and enormous eruption columns. Andesites erupt at temperatures between 900 and 1100° C."<ref name=USGSAndesite>{{ cite book |author=USGSAndesite |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Andesite |publisher=USGS |location=Menlo Park, California USA |date=17 July 2008 |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/andesite.php |accessdate=2015-03-11 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Anorthosites== [[Image:Anorthosit of Salem Tamil Nadu.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Anorthosite is a mafic intrusive igneous rock composed predominantly of plagioclase. Credit: [[c:user:Thamizhpparithi Maari|Thamizhpparithi Maari]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "phaneritic, [...] rock characterized by a predominance of plagioclase feldspar"<ref name=AnorthositeWikt>{{ cite book |title=anorthosite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 June 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anorthosite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called an '''anorthosite'''. Anorthosite on Earth can be divided into five types:<ref name=":5">{{Cite book |title=Anorthosites |last=D. |first=Ashwal, Lewis |date=1993 |publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg |isbn=9783642774409 |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |oclc=851768311 }}</ref> # Archean-age anorthosites # Proterozoic anorthosite (also known as massif or massif-type anorthosite) – the most abundant type of anorthosite on Earth<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ashwal |first=L. D. |title=THE TEMPORALITY OF ANORTHOSITES |journal=The Canadian Mineralogist |volume=48 |issue=4 |pages=711–728 |doi=10.3749/canmin.48.4.711 |year=2010 }}</ref> # Layers within Layered Intrusions (e.g., Bushveld Igneous Complex and Stillwater igneous complex intrusions) # Mid-ocean ridge and transform fault anorthosites # Anorthosite xenoliths in other rocks (often granites, kimberlites, or basalts). Plagioclase crystals are usually less dense than magma; so, as plagioclase crystallizes in a magma chamber, the plagioclase crystals float to the top, concentrating there.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book |title=Petrology |last=Sen |first=Gautam |date=2014 |publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg |isbn=9783642387999 |pages=261–276 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-38800-2_12 |chapter = Anorthosites and Komatiites }}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Lunar anorthosites constitute the light-coloured areas of the Moon's surface and have been the subject of much research.<ref>[http://www.psrd.hawaii.edu/April04/lunarAnorthosites.html PSRD: The Oldest Moon Rocks]</ref> Proterozoic anorthosites were emplaced during the Proterozoic Eon (ca. 2,500–542 Ma), though most were emplaced between 1,800 and 1,000 Ma.<ref name=":0" /> Large volumes of ultramafic rocks are not found in association with Proterozoic anorthosites.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Bowen |first=N.L. |date=1917 |title=The problem of the anorthosites |url= |journal=J. Geol. |volume=25 |pages=209 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Basalts== [[Image:BasaltUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an example of a basalt. Credit: Unknown author, USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "hard mafic [...] rock of varied mineral content"<ref name=BasaltWikt>{{ cite web |title=basalt |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=21 January 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/basalt |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''basalt'''. "Basalt is a hard, black volcanic rock with less than about 52 weight percent silica (SiO₂). Because of basalt's low silica content, it has a low viscosity (resistance to flow). Therefore, basaltic lava can flow quickly and easily move > 20 km from a vent. The low viscosity typically allows volcanic gases to escape without generating enormous eruption columns. Basaltic lava fountains and fissure eruptions, however, still form explosive fountains hundreds of meters tall. Common minerals in basalt include olivine, pyroxene, and plagioclase. Basalt is erupted at temperatures between 1100 to 1250° C."<ref name=VolcanoHazardsProgram>{{ cite book |author=Volcano Hazards Program |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Basalt |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |location= |date=30 March 2014 |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/basalt.php |accessdate=2015-02-19 }}</ref> "Basalt is the most common rock type in the Earth's crust (the outer 10 to 50 km). In fact, most of the ocean floor is made of basalt."<ref name=VolcanoHazardsProgram/> "Huge outpourings of lava called "flood basalts" are found on many continents. The Columbia River basalts, erupted 15 to 17 million years ago, cover most of southeastern Washington and regions of adjacent Oregon and Idaho."<ref name=VolcanoHazardsProgram/> "Basaltic magma is commonly produced by direct melting of the Earth's mantle, the region of the Earth below the outer crust. On continents, the mantle begins at depths of 30 to 50 km."<ref name=VolcanoHazardsProgram/> "Shield volcanoes, such as those that make up the Islands of Hawai`i, are composed almost entirely of basalt."<ref name=VolcanoHazardsProgram/> {{clear}} ==Carbonatites== [[Image:Carbonatite.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Carbonatite from Jacupiranga, Brazil, is a rock composed of calcite, magnetite and olivine. Credit: [[c:User:Zimbres|Eurico Zimbres]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Lava lengai.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Carbonatite lava is at Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano, Tanzania. Credit: Thomas Kraft, Kufstein.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Magnesiocarbonatite from British Columbia in Canada.jpg|right|thumb|250px|This magnesiocarbonatite is from Verity-Paradise Carbonatite Complex of British Columbia. Specimen is 75 mm wide. Credit: [http://www.flickr.com/people/jsjgeology/ James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Okaite, Oka Niobium Mine, Quebec.jpg|left|thumb|200px|Okaite is from the Oka Carbonatite Complex, Oka Niobium Mine, Oka, Quebec. Credit: [http://www.flickr.com/people/jsjgeology/ James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' any "intrusive igneous rock having a majority of carbonate minerals"<ref name=CarbonatiteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=carbonatite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=10 March 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carbonatite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''carbonatite'''. {{clear}} ==Dacites== [[Image:Dacite-HotRock large.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Close view is of dacite lava from the May 1915 eruption of Lassen Peak, California. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' an "igneous, volcanic rock with a high iron content"<ref name=DaciteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:user:Doug Hockin|Doug Hockin]] |title=dacite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=8 August 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/dacite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''dacite'''. "Dacite lava is most often light gray, but can be dark gray to black. Dacite lava consists of about 63 to 68 percent silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>). Common minerals include plagioclase feldspar, pyroxene, and amphibole. Dacite generally erupts at temperatures between 800 and 1000°C. It is one of the most common rock types associated with enormous Plinian-style eruptions. When relatively gas-poor dacite erupts onto a volcano's surface, it typically forms thick rounded lava flow in the shape of a dome."<ref name=DaciteUSGS>{{ cite web |author=DaciteUSGS |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Dacite |publisher=USGS |location=Menlo Park, California USA |date=17 July 2008 |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/dacite.php |accessdate=2015-03-11 }}</ref> "Even though it contains less silica than rhyolite, dacite can be even more viscous (resistant to flow) and just as dangerous as rhyolites. These characteristics are a result of the high crystal content of many dacites, within a relatively high-silica melt matrix. Dacite was erupted from Mount St. Helens 1980-86, Mount Pinatubo in 1991, and Mount Unzen 1991-1996."<ref name=DaciteUSGS/> {{clear}} ==Gabbros== [[Image:GabbroRockCreek1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Gabbro specimen is from Rock Creek Canyon, eastern Sierra Nevada, California. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Mark A. Wilson, Department of Geology, The College of Wooster]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a dark, coarse-grained plutonic rock of crystalline texture, consisting mainly of pyroxene, plagioclase feldspar, and often olivine is called a '''gabbro'''. '''Def.''' "a coarsely crystalline, igneous rock consisting of lamellar pyroxene and labradorite"<ref name=GabbroWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Poccil|Poccil]] |title=gabbro |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=18 October 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gabbro |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''gabbro'''. As with diamictites, rock definitions should be without regard to origin. {{clear}} ==Granites== [[Image:Granite softgreen.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View is of polished granite. Credit: [[c:User:Dake|Dake]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Granito.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The color of a granite usually comes from the color of the feldspar. Credit: [[c:User:Luis Fernández García|Luis Fernández García]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fjæregranitt3.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Granite such as this contains [[w:potassium feldspar|potassium feldspar]], [[w:plagioclase feldspar|plagioclase feldspar]], [[w:quartz|quartz]], [[w:biotite|biotite]] and/or [[w:amphibole|amphibole]]. Credit: [[c:User:Friman|Friman]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a very hard, granular, crystalline, rock consisting mainly of quartz, mica, and feldspar is called a '''granite'''. '''Def.''' a "group of igneous and plutonic rocks composed primarily of feldspar and quartz, usually [containing] one or more dark minerals, which may be mica, pyroxene, or amphibole"<ref name=GraniteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Pinkfud|Pinkfud]] |title=granite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 November 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/granite |accessdate=18 January 2022 }}</ref> is called a '''granite'''. {{clear}} ==Granodiorites== [[Image:Granodiorit.jpeg|thumb|right|250px|Here's a photo of a granodiorite. Credit: [[:de:User:Zerohuman|Zerohuman]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock similar to granite, but containing more plagioclase than potassium feldspar"<ref name=GranodioriteWikt>{{ cite web |title=granodiorite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=22 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/granodiorite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''granodiorite'''. {{clear}} ==Hawaiites== [[Image:Reunion geologie hawaiite Mare a Vieille Place dsc09326.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Geological sample is on display at the House of the Volcano, Reunion Island. Credit: [[c:User:David Monniaux|David Monniaux]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' an "olivine basalt intermediate between alkali olivine and mugearite"<ref name=HawaiiteWikt>{{ cite book |title=hawaiite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=29 May 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hawaiite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''hawaiite'''. {{clear}} ==Monzogranites== [[Image:Rochovce granite01.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Core sample is of Rochovce granite, coarse-grained biotite monzogranite (75.6 ± 1.1 Ma - Cretacous). Credit: [[c:User:Pelex|Pelex]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Rochovce granite, composing the coring on the right, is a coarse-grained biotite monzogranite. {{clear}} ==Peridotites== [[Image:PeridotiteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Peridotite specimen is displayed. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock consisting of small crystals of olivine, pyroxene and hornblende"<ref name=PeridotiteWikt>{{ cite web |title=peridotite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/peridotite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''peridotite'''. {{clear}} ==Rhyolites== [[Image:Flow banding in igneous rock.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A rhyolite boulder near Carn Alw shows the characteristic pattern of swirling or parallel layers called flow banding caused by the molten magma meeting a hard surface before cooling and setting. Credit: ceridwen.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Flow banding in rhyolite.jpg|thumb|left|Flow banding is in rhyolite lava from Mono-Inyo Craters volcanic chain, California (black bands composed of obsidian). Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a rock "of felsic composition, with aphanitic to porphyritic texture"<ref name=RhyoliteWikt>{{ cite book |title=rhyolite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=17 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rhyolite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''rhyolite'''. "Rhyolite is a light-colored rock with silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>) content greater than about 68 weight percent. Sodium and potassium oxides both can reach about 5 weight percent. Common mineral types include quartz, feldspar and biotite and are often found in a glassy matrix. Rhyolite is erupted at temperatures of 700 to 850° C."<ref name=RhyoliteUSGS>{{ cite web |author=RhyoliteUSGS |title=VHP Photo Glossary: Rhyolite |publisher=USGS |location=Menlo Park, California USA |date=29 December 2009 |url=http://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/rhyolite.php |accessdate=2015-03-11 }}</ref> "Rhyolite can look very different, depending on how it erupts. Explosive eruptions of rhyolite create pumice, which is white and full of bubbles. Effusive eruptions of rhyolite often produce obsidian, which is bubble-free and black."<ref name=RhyoliteUSGS/> "Some of the United States' largest and most active calderas formed during eruption of rhyolitic magmas (for example, Yellowstone in Wyoming, Long Valley in California and Valles in New Mexico)."<ref name=RhyoliteUSGS/> "Rhyolite often erupts explosively because its high silica content results in extremely high viscosity (resistance to flow), which hinders degassing. When bubbles form, they can cause the magma to explode, fragmenting the rock into pumice and tiny particles of volcanic ash."<ref name=RhyoliteUSGS/> {{clear}} ==Syenites== [[Image:Syenite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a piece of syenite. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Nepheline-syenite-2005.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Rock name is särnaite (leucocratic variety of nepheline syenite) and it is from Sweden. Credit: [[c:User:Siim|Siim Sepp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' an "igneous rock composed of feldspar and hornblende"<ref name=SyeniteWikt>{{ cite web |title=syenite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=17 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/syenite |accessdate=2015-03-16 }}</ref> is called a '''syenite'''. On the left is a leucocratic variety of nepheline syenite from Sweden called '''särnaite'''. {{clear}} ==Tonalites== [[Image:Tonalite.png|thumb|right|250px|A piece of tonalite on red granite gneiss from Tjörn in Sweden. Credit: [[c:User:Ingwik|Ingwik]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' an "igneous, plutonic rock composed mainly of plagioclase"<ref name=TonaliteWikt>{{ cite web |title=tonalite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=30 May 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tonalite |accessdate=2015-03-16 }}</ref> is called a '''tonalite'''. {{clear}} ==Metamorphic rocks== [[Image:Charnockite dykes Jibbeheia.JPG|thumb|300px|right|Late-stage charnockite dykes cut anorthosite, Rogaland, Norway]. Credit: [[c:user:Mikenorton|Mikenorton]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "one of the major groups of rock that makes up the crust of the Earth; consists of pre-existing rock mass in which new minerals or textures are formed at higher temperatures and greater pressures than those present on the Earth's surface"<ref name=MetamorphicRockWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=metamorphic rock |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=13 April 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/metamorphic_rock |accessdate=8 December 2018 }}</ref> is called a '''metamorphic rock'''. Charnockite is any orthopyroxene-bearing quartz-feldspar rock formed at high temperature and pressure, commonly found in granulite facies metamorphic regions, ''sensu stricto'' as an endmember of the charnockite series.<ref name=Maitre>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u2tVu6Sbc4kC&pg=PA20 |title=Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Igneous Rocks |last1=Le Maitre R.W. |last2=Streckeisen A. |last3=Zanettin B. |last4=Le Bas M.J. |last5=Bonin B. |last6=Bateman P. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2005 |{{isbn|9781139439398}} |edition=2 |pages=20}}</ref> Rocks of the charnockite series may be named by adding orthopyroxene to the normal igneous nomenclature (e.g. orthopyroxene-granite), but specific names are in widespread use such as norite, mangerite, enderbite, jotunite, farsundite, opdalite and charnockite (in the strict sense); equivalents of gabbro, monzonite, tonalite, monzodiorite, monzogranite, granodiorite and granite.<ref name=Maitre/> {{clear}} ==Amphibolites== [[Image:Amphibolit.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Garnet bearing amphibolite is from Val di Fleres, Italy. Credit: [[c:user:Zerohuman|Bernabè Egon]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Amphibolite from under Cape Cod USA.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Amphibolite is from Cape Cod, Massachusetts. Credit: B.W. Hallett, V. F. Paskevich, L.J. Poppe, S.G. Brand, and D.S. Blackwood, USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' any "of a class of [...] rock composed mainly of amphibole with some quartz etc"<ref name=AmphiboliteWikt>{{ cite web |title=amphibolite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 June 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amphibolite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called an '''amphibolite'''. On the left is foliated amphibolite, sample 81MW0005, a borehole sample from under Cape Cod in Massachusetts in USA. It is made of the minerals plagioclase (35%), hornblende (20%), biotite (20%), epidote (15%), quartz (9%), and trace oxides and sphene. Plagioclase is mostly fine grained and subhedral and occurs in the matrix. Fine-grained hornblende occurs as anhedral pleochroic green-tan crystals. Biotite is partly, but not entirely aligned in the foliation, suggesting that deformation took place before a secondary growth of biotite. Epidote is anhedral, and sometimes rimmed by biotite. Quartz occurs in 2 mm-thick aggregates and shows subgrain development. {{clear}} ==Anthracites== [[Image:Ibbenbueren Anthracite.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Lump of anthracite was extracted from the Ibbenbüren underground coal mine, located in Ibbenbüren, Germany. Credit: [[c:User:Educerva|Educerva]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "form of carbonized ancient plants; the hardest and cleanest-burning of all the coals; hard coal"<ref name=AnthraciteWikt>{{ cite web |title=anthracite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=30 January 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/anthracite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called '''anthracite'''. '''Def.''' a coal of a hard variety that contains relatively pure carbon is called an '''anthracite'''. Anthracite is the most metamorphosed type of coal (but still represents low-grade metamorphism), in which the carbon content is between 92% and 98%.<ref>{{cite web | title= MIN 454: Underground Mining Methods handout; from course at the University of Alaska Fairbanks | accessdate= 2009-05-05 |url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090326053910/http://www.faculty.uaf.edu/ffrg/min454/Handout2_UMM.doc | archivedate= 26 March 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book | title = Coal Mining Technology: Theory and Practice | author = R. Stefanenko | publisher = Society for Mining Metallurgy | date = 1983 | {{isbn|0-89520-404-5}} }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Blueschists== [[Image:Schistes bleus.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This blueschist example is from Ile de Groix, France. Credit: [[c:User:Arlette1|Arlette1]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock containing glaucophane"<ref name=BlueschistWikt>{{ cite web |title=blueschist |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=17 June 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/blueschist |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''blueschist'''. {|style="float: right; margin: 10px; border: 1px #CCCCCC solid; background:#F9F9F9" |{{metamorphic facies to click}} |- |<small>Diagram showing metamorphic facies in [[pressure]]-[[temperature]] space. The domain of the graph corresponds to circumstances within the Earth's crust and upper mantle. Credit: [[c:user:Woudloper|Woudloper]].{{tlx|free media}}</small> |} A '''metamorphic facies''' is a set of metamorphic mineral assemblages that were formed under similar [[pressure]]s and [[temperature]]s.<ref name = EG>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Edition, Stephen Marshak</ref> The assemblage is typical of what is formed in conditions corresponding to an area on the two dimensional graph of temperature vs. pressure (See diagram at right).<ref name = EG/> Rocks which contain certain minerals can therefore be linked to certain [[w:tectonics|tectonic]] settings, times and places in geological history of the area.<ref name = EG/> The boundaries between facies (and corresponding areas on the temperature v. pressure graph), are wide, because they are gradational and approximate.<ref name = EG/> The area on the graph corresponding to rock formation at the lowest values of temperature and pressure, is the range of formation of [[sedimentary rock]]s, as opposed to metamorphic rocks, in a process called [[w:diagenesis|diagenesis]].<ref name = EG/> '''Blueschist''' is a [[w:metavolcanic rock|metavolcanic rock]] that forms by the [[w:metamorphism|metamorphism]] of [[w:basalt|basalt]] and rocks with similar composition at high pressures and low temperatures, approximately corresponding to a depth of 15 to 30 kilometers and 200 to ~500 degrees Celsius. The blue color of the rock comes from the presence of the mineral [[w:glaucophane|glaucophane]]. Blueschists are typically found within [[w:orogeny|orogenic belts]] as [[w:terrane|terrane]]s of lithology in faulted contact with [[w:greenschist|greenschist]] or rarely [[w:eclogite|eclogite]] facies rocks. ... '''Blueschist''', as a rock type, is defined by the presence of the minerals glaucophane + ( lawsonite or epidote ) +/- jadeite +/- albite or [[w:Chlorite group|chlorite]] +/- garnet +/- [[w:white mica|muscovite]] in a rock of roughly basaltic composition. Blueschist often has a lepidoblastic, nematoblastic or schistose [[w:Texture (crystalline)|rock microstructure]] defined primarily by chlorite, phengitic white mica, glaucophane, and other minerals with an elongate or platy shape. Grain size is rarely coarse, as mineral growth is retarded by the swiftness of the rock's metamorphic trajectory and perhaps more importantly, the low temperatures of metamorphism and in many cases the anhydrous state of the basalts. However, coarse varieties do occur. Blueschists may appear blue, black, gray, or blue-green in outcrop. {{clear}} ==Gneisses== [[Image:Gneiss.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This gneiss is the property of museum of geology at the University of Tartu. Credit: [[c:User:Siim|Siim Sepp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock having bands or veins, but not schistose"<ref name=GneissWikt>{{ cite book |title=gneiss |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=17 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gneiss |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''gneiss'''. {{clear}} ==Granulites== [[Image:Mineraly.sk - granulit.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a granulite from Slovakia. Credit: [[c:User:Helix84|Helix84]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "fine-grained [...] rock composed chiefly of feldspar, quartz, and garnets"<ref name=GranuliteWikt>{{ cite book |title=granulite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/granulite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''granulite'''. '''Granulites''' are a class of high-grade metamorphic rocks of the granulite facies that have experienced high-temperature and moderate-pressure metamorphism that are medium to coarse–grained and mainly composed of feldspars sometimes associated with quartz and anhydrous ferromagnesian minerals, with granoblastic texture and gneissose to massive structure.<ref name=Bowes>D.R. Bowes (1989), ''The Encyclopedia of Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology''; Van Nostrand Reinhold {{ISBN|0-442-20623-2}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Hornfels== [[Image:Hornfels.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a sample of banded hornfels from Borok quarry in Novosibirsk. Credit: [[:ru:User:Fed|Fed]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The hornfels shown on the right were formed from the heating of sandstones and siltstones by the Insskoy series of granite intrusions. {{clear}} ==Maw sit sit== [[Image:Kosmochlor jade, Jurassic, Burma 1.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Maw sit sit is a very rare, complex, polymineralic metamorphic rock. Credit: [[c:User:James St. John|James St. John]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Maw sit sit''', also known as '''jade-albite''', is a gemstone found exclusively in northern Burma, first identified in 1963 by the late Swiss gemologist, Edward Gubelin, and was named after the village close to where it was first found in the foothills of the Himalayas.<ref name=Mindat>[http://www.mindat.org/min-42915.html Maw sit sit on Mindat.org]</ref> Typically maw sit sit is green with distinctive dark-green to black veins, is technically a rock rather than a mineral, composed of several different minerals, including kosmochlor (also known as ureyite), varying amounts of chromium-enriched jadeite, and albite feldspar.<ref name=WS>{{cite book |last=Schumann |first=Walter |title=Gemstones of the World, Third Edition |date=2000 |publisher=Sterling |{{isbn|0806994614}} |pages=170 }}</ref> Maw sit sit can have a refractive index ranging from 1.52-1.68,<ref name=Gemdat>[http://www.gemdat.org/gem-42915.html Gemdat.org]</ref><ref name=TA>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Arthur |title=Gemstones: Properties, Identification and Use |date=2008 |publisher=New Holland Publishers |location=Cape Town, South Africa |{{isbn|978-1-84537-602-4}} |pages=143 }}</ref> and a hardness rating of 6 to 7 on the Mohs scale. {{clear}} ==Marbles== [[Image:MarbleUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a block of white marble. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:MississippianMarbleUT.JPG|thumb|left|Mississippian marble is in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Utah. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691:Mark A. Wilson]].{{tlx|free media}}]] On the right is a block of white marble. The left shows Mississippian marble in Big Cottonwood Canyon, Wasatch Mountains, Utah. {{clear}} ==Phyllites== [[Image:PhylliteUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a sample of phyllite, a metamorphic rock. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] A sample of a phyllite is on the right. {{clear}} ==Quartzites== [[Image:Quartzite.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This quartzite shows banding. Credit: [[c:User:Siim|Siim Sepp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a [...] rock consisting of interlocking grains of quartz"<ref name=QuartziteWikt>{{ cite book |title=quartzite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=17 January 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/quartzite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''quartzite'''. In a quartzite, fractures occur through the quartz grains. In a sedimentary rock composed of quartz grains, the rock fractures around the quartz grains. {{clear}} ==Schists== [[Image:Schist detail.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a detail of schist, a foliated metamorphic rock. Credit: [[c:User:Rigel,_M.C.|Michael C. Rygel]].{{tlx|free media}}]] At right is an image of schist. Schist is a medium-grained metamorphic rock that shows well-developed schistosity.<ref>Robertson, S. (1999). "BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks" (PDF). British Geological Survey Research Report. RR 99-02: 5. Retrieved 27 February 2021.</ref> Schistosity is a thin layering of the rock produced by metamorphism (a ''foliation'') that permits the rock to easily be split into flakes or slabs less than {{convert|5 to 10|mm|1|sp=us}} thick.<ref name="schid-etal=2007">{{cite book |last1=Schmid |first1=R. |last2=Fettes |first2=D. |last3=Harte |first3=B. |last4=Davis |first4=E. |last5=Desmons |first5=J. |date=2007 |chapter=How to name a metamorphic rock. |title=Metamorphic Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms: Recommendations of the International Union of Geological Sciences Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |page=7 |url=https://stuff.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/course/12/12.115/www/12.114%20Papers/BGS/Metamorphic/DetailedMetamorphic/1%20How%20to%20name%20a%20metamorphic%20rock.pdf |accessdate=28 February 2021}}</ref><ref name="BGS">{{cite journal |last1=Robertson |first1=S. |title=BGS Rock Classification Scheme, Volume 2: Classification of metamorphic rocks |journal=British Geological Survey Research Report |date=1999 |volume=RR 99-02 |url=http://nora.nerc.ac.uk/id/eprint/3226/1/RR99002.pdf |accessdate=27 February 2021 |p=5}}</ref> The mineral grains in a schist are typically from {{convert|0.25 to 2|mm|2|sp=us}} in size<ref name="BGS"/> and so are easily seen with a 10× hand lens.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Blatt |first1=Harvey |last2=Tracy |first2=Robert J. |title=Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. |date=1996 |publisher=W.H. Freeman |location=New York |isbn=0716724383 |edition=2nd |p=360}}</ref> Typically, over half the mineral grains in a schist show a preferred orientation. Schists make up one of the three divisions of metamorphic rock by texture, with the other two divisions being gneiss, which has poorly developed schistosity and thicker layering, and granofels, which has no discernible schistosity.<ref name="schid-etal=2007"/><ref name="BGS"/> {{clear}} ==Slates== [[Image:Beach In Cornwall UK.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The image shows finely layered slate perhaps with occasional dolomite layers exposed on a beach in Cornwall, UK. Credit: [[c:User:Si Griffiths|Si Griffiths]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Meguma3.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The image shows folds in slate and quartzite of the Meguma Group near the Ovens, Nova Scotia, Canada. Credit: [[c:User:Rygel,_M.C.|Michael C. Rygel]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:SlateUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is a cyan colored slate. USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Slate''' is a fine-grained, foliated, homogeneous metamorphic rock derived from an original shale-type sedimentary rock composed of clay or volcanic ash through low-grade regional metamorphism. It is the finest grained foliated metamorphic rock.<ref name=Marshak>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Ed, Stephen Marshak</ref> Foliation may not correspond to the original sedimentary layering, but instead is in planes perpendicular to the direction of metamorphic compression.<ref name=Marshak/> Slate is frequently grey in color, especially when seen, en masse, covering roofs. However, slate occurs in a variety of colors even from a single locality; for example, slate from North Wales can be found in many shades of grey, from pale to dark, and may also be purple, green or cyan. '''Def.''' a "fine-grained homogeneous [...] rock composed of clay or [...] ash which [...] cleaves easily into thin layers"<ref name=SlateWikt>{{ cite book |title=slate |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 February 2015 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slate |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''slate'''. {{clear}} ==Sedimentary rocks== [[Image:Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Channel body in the Stellarton Formation (Pennsylvanian), Coalburn Pit, near Thorburn, Nova Scotia. Credit: [[c:user:Rygel, M.C.|Michael C. Rygel]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "one of the major groups of rock that makes up the crust of the Earth; formed by the deposition of either the weathered remains of other rocks, the results of biological activity, or precipitation from solution"<ref name=SedimentaryRockWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=sedimentary rock |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=13 April 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sedimentary_rock |accessdate=8 December 2018 }}</ref> is called a '''sedimentary rock'''. {{clear}} ==Aeolianites== [[Image:EolianiteLongIsland.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Holocene eolianite is on Long Island, Bahamas. Credit: [[w:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock formed from dune sand, often calcareous"<ref name=AeolianiteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Visviva|Visviva]] |title=aeolianite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=28 September 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/aeolianite |accessdate=2014-12-06 }}</ref> is called an '''aeolianite'''. {{clear}} ==Argillites== [[Image:Argillite.JPG|right|thumb|250px|This is a piece of black argillite from Haida Gwaii. Credit: [[c:User:Gbuchana|Gbuchana]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Graptoliitargilliit Pakri.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Greyish chunks of graptolitic argillite in front of Pakri Cliff, yellowish and white chunks are limestone. Credit: [[:et:User:Siim|Siim Sepp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "fine-grained sedimentary rock, intermediate between shale and slate, sometimes used as a building material"<ref name=ArgilliteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=argillite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=27 July 2016 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/argillite |accessdate=2017-01-29 }}</ref> is called an '''argillite'''. {{clear}} ==Arkoses== [[Image:Arkose with K-feldspar (pinkish-orangish) and quartz (gray) grains.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Arkose can have grains of K-feldspar (pinkish-orangish) and quartz (gray). Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "sedimentary rock consisting of small fragments of feldspar and quartz similar to a coarse sand"<ref name=ArkoseWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=arkose |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=30 January 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/arkose |accessdate=2014-12-06 }}</ref> is called an '''arkose'''. {{clear}} ==Breccias== [[Image:DebrisFlowDepositRestingSpringsPass.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Tertiary breccia is at Resting Springs Pass, Mojave Desert, California. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Azurite-Malachite Breccia.jpg|thumb|left|250px|This unusual breccia is cemented by azurite and malachite, Morenci Mine, Arizona. Credit: [http://www.flickr.com/people/jsjgeology/ James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock composed of angular fragments in a matrix that may be of a similar or a different material"<ref name=BrecciaWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:68.239.110.19|68.239.110.19]] |title=breccia |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 May 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/breccia |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''breccia'''. {{clear}} ==Calcarenites== [[Image:Pietra di bismantova parete.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Pietra di Bismantova in the northern Appennine (Emilia Romagna region, northern Italy) is an example of calcarenite formation. Credit: Paolo da Reggio.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "form of limestone (or dolomite) composed of sand sized grains derived from the erosion of older rocks"<ref name=CalcareniteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=calcarenite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=19 December 2012 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/calcarenite |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''calcarenite'''. {{clear}} ==Conglomerates== [[Image:Lehigh conglom.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The boulder is of conglomerate with cobble-sized clasts. Credit: [[w:User:Jstuby|Jstuby]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Carmelo Formation at Point Lobos.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Carmelo Formation (Conglomerate) is at Point Lobos. Credit: [https://sites.google.com/site/thebrockeninglory/ Brocken Inaglory].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock consisting of gravel or pebbles embedded in a matrix"<ref name=ConglomerateWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=conglomerate |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=11 September 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/conglomerate |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''conglomerate'''. {{clear}} ==Clastic rocks== [[Image:LvMS-Lvm.jpg|thumb|Thin section is of a clast (sand grain), derived from a basalt scoria. Vesicles (air bubbles) can be seen throughout the clast. Plane light above, cross-polarized light below. Scale box is 0.25 mm. Credit: [[w:User:Qfl247|Qfl247]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Clastic rocks are composed of fragments, or clasts, of pre-existing minerals and rock, where a clast is a fragment of geological detritus,<ref name=EGG-3>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Ed, Stephen Marshak, p. G-3</ref> chunks and smaller grains of rock broken off other rocks by physical weathering.<ref name=EGG-5>Essentials of Geology, 3rd Ed, Stephen Marshak, p. G-5</ref> {{clear}} ==Claystones== [[Image:GLMsed.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Glacial Lake Missoula claystone is shown. Credit: [[w:User:Qfl247|Qfl247]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Claystone2.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Claystone is in Slovakia. Credit: [[c:User:Pelex|Pelex]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock composed of fine, clay particles"<ref name=ClaystoneWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=claystone |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=6 February 2009 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/claystone |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''claystone'''. {{clear}} ==Coals== {{main|Rocks/Coals|Coals}} [[Image:Coal bituminous.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bituminous coal is a sedimentary rock. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Bituminous Coal.JPG|thumb|right|250px|A piece of bituminous coal is displayed. Credit: [[c:User:Amcyrus2012|Amcyrus2012]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Us coal regions 1996.png|thumb|left|250px|Continental United States coal regions are mapped. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a black rock formed from prehistoric plant remains, composed largely of carbon and burned as a fuel"<ref name=CoalWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Rob~enwiktionary|Rob~enwiktionary]] |title=coal |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=29 May 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coal |accessdate=2017-01-30 }}</ref> is called a '''coal'''. '''Def.''' a black coal having a relatively high volatile content is called a '''bituminous coal'''. {{clear}} ==Diamictites== [[Image:Diamictite Mineral Fork.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Boulder of diamictite of the Precambrian Mineral Fork Formation is lithified glacial till, along the Elephant Head Trail, Antelope Island, Utah. Credit: [[w:User:Jstuby|Jstuby]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "nonsorted, noncalcareous terrigenous deposits composed of sand and/or larger particles dispersed through a muddy matrix"<ref name=Schermerhorn>{{ cite journal |author=L. J. G. Schermerhorn |title=Terminology of Mixed Coarse-Fine Sediments: NOTES |journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology |date=September 1966 |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=831-5 |url=http://archives.datapages.com/data/sepm/journals/v33-37/data/036/036003/0831.htm |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2014-11-08 }}</ref> are called '''diamictons'''. '''Def.''' a lithified diamicton is called a '''diamictite'''.<ref name=Schermerhorn/> "Such rocks have in common a mixed, ill-sorted, disperse-megaclastic lithology with a great to extreme range of size grades."<ref name=Schermerhorn/> The definitions of these rocks are "without regard to origin".<ref name=Schermerhorn/> '''Def.''' a "sedimentary, calcareous conglomerate containing a mixture of particles; mixtite"<ref name=DiamictiteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=diamictite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 February 2009 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diamictite |accessdate=2017-01-31 }}</ref> is called a '''diamictite'''. {{clear}} ==Greensands== [[Image:Greensand.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A roadcut within the Llano Uplift on Texas Highway 1431 about 18 km northwest Marble Falls, Texas, exposes greensand of the Lion Mountain Sandstone (Cambrian) in the lower unit. Notice the normal fault cutting through the formation. Credit: [[w:User:Erimus|Erimus]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "greenish sandstone containing glauconite"<ref name=GreensandWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=greensand |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 May 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greensand |accessdate=2017-01-30 }}</ref> is called a '''greensand'''. {{clear}} ==Greywackes== [[Image:Mineraly.sk - kremenec.jpg|right|thumb|250px|This is a sample of greywacke. Credit: www.mineraly.sk.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "hard dark sandstone with poorly sorted angular grains of quartz, feldspar, and small rock fragments in a compact, clay-fine matrix"<ref name=GreywackeWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Equinox|Equinox]] |title=greywacke |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/greywacke |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''greywacke'''. {{clear}} ==Gritstones== [[Image:Salt cellar 2 (2).jpg|thumb|right|250px|The Salt Cellar, a gritstone tor on Derwent Edge in the Peak District, England. Credit: [[w:User:Mick Knapton|Mick Knapton]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "form of sedimentary rock, similar to sandstone but coarser"<ref name=GritstoneWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Conrad.Irwin|Conrad.Irwin]] |title=gritstone |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=5 February 2009 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gritstone |accessdate=2017-01-31 }}</ref> is called a '''gritstone'''. {{clear}} ==Lias== [[Image:Lower Lias Nash Point Glamorgan.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Lower Lias sequence is exposed at Nash Point, Glamorgan, Wales. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "stratigraphic group from the lower Jurassic period, consisting of thin layers of blue limestone [present in parts of southern England]"<ref name=LiasWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Widsith|Widsith]] |title=lias |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=25 July 2008 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lias |accessdate=2015-02-19 }}</ref> is called a '''lias'''. {{clear}} ==Limestones== [[Image:Muschelkalk-Sediment.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Layers of alpine limestone are dated to the Triassic. Credit: [[c:User:Gikü|Gikü]].{{tlx|free media}}]] The middle Triassic layers of alpine limestone in the image on the right were deposited on the bottom of a shallow sea. {{clear}} ==Lithification== [[Image:Differentially cemented & eroded sandstone Fantasy Canyon, Utah.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Differentially cemented & eroded sandstone occur in the Eocene of Fantasy Canyon, Utah, USA. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' the "compaction and cementation of sediment into rock"<ref name=LithificationWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=lithification |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=12 January 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lithification |accessdate=2015-02-19 }}</ref> is called '''lithification'''. '''Def.''' a "subdivision of any stratigraphic unit that has characteristic lithologic features"<ref name=LithofaciesWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=lithofacies |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=7 April 2009 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lithofacies |accessdate=2015-02-19 }}</ref> is called a '''lithofacies'''. '''Def.''' the "formation of sedimentary rock"<ref name=LithogenesisWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=lithogenesis |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=28 December 2011 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lithogenesis |accessdate=2015-02-19 }}</ref> is called '''lithogenesis'''. '''Def.''' "an element that forms silicates or oxides and is concentrated in the minerals of the Earth's crust"<ref name=LithophileWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=lithophile |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=3 November 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lithophile |accessdate=2015-02-19 }}</ref> is called a '''lithophile'''. "The rocks are quartzose sandstones that were deposited on the eastern shore of ancient Lake Uinta, which existed during the Eocene. Some wisps and ribbons of dark-colored, magnetite-rich sand are present in the sandstone. The variety of chaotic rockforms at Fantasy Canyon are quite diverse - these cannot be explained by ordinary weathering and erosion. Close examination shows that erosion has acted upon differentially cemented sandstone. The sandstone has not undergone complete lithification and diagenesis - groundwater lobes have preferentially cemented portions of the sandstone, especially immediately adjacent to joint planes. The poorly-cemented sandstone was easily eroded & the better-cemented sandstone remains."<ref name=John>{{ cite web |author=James St. John |title=Fantasy Canyon |publisher=Flickr |location= |date=10 June 2012 |url=https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 |accessdate=2017-01-25 }}</ref> "Fantasy Canyon [is located] between Red Wash & Coyote Wash, Chapita Wells Gas Field, west-northwest of the town of Bonanza & south-southeast of the town of Vernal & east of the town of Ouray, northeastern Utah, USA."<ref name=John/> {{clear}} ==Mudstones== [[Image:East Beach 1 2006.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Mudstone formation is on Lyme Regis East Beach. Credit: [[w:User:Ballista|Ballista]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Mudstone.JPG|left|thumb|200px|Sample is of mudstone. Credit: [[c:User:Manishwiki15|Manishwiki15]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Red mudrock.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Red mudrock is in the Ragged Reef Formation (Pennsylvanian), Cumberland Basin, Nova Scotia. Credit: [[c:User:Rygel, M.C.|Michael C. Rygel]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "fine-grained sedimentary rock whose original constituents were clays or muds"<ref name=MudstoneWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Doug Hockin|Doug Hockin]] |title=mudstone |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 April 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mudstone |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''mudstone'''. {{clear}} ==Oolites== [[Image:OoidSurface01.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Ooids occur on the surface of a limestone; Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:CarmelOoids.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Thin-section is of calcitic ooids from an oolite within the Carmel Formation (Middle Jurassic) of southern Utah. Credit: [[c:User:Wilson44691|Wilson44691]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "rock consisting of spherical grains within a mineral cortex accreted around a nucleus, often of quartz grains"<ref name=OoliteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=oolite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=15 May 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oolite |accessdate=2017-01-30 }}</ref> is called an '''oolite'''. {{clear}} ==Pelites== [[Image:Petrogenetic grid for Metapelites.png|thumb|center|700px|upright=1.4|Petrogenetic grid is for metapelites (click to zoom).<ref name=Wei2003>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Chunjing |last2=Powell |first2=Roger |date=2003 |title=Phase relations in high-pressure metapelites in the system KFMASH (K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O) with application to natural rocks |journal=Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology |volume=145 |issue=3 |pages=301–315 |doi=10.1007/s00410-003-0454-1}}</ref><ref name=Wei2004>{{cite journal |last1=Wei |first1=Chunjing |last2=Powell |first2=Roger |last3=Clarke |first3=Gordon |date=2004 |title=Calculated phase equilibria for low‐ and medium‐pressure metapelites in the KFMASH and KMnFMASH systems |journal=Journal of Metamorphic Geology |volume=22 |issue=5 |pages=495–508 |doi=10.1111/j.1525-1314.2004.00530.x }}</ref> Each line represents a metamorphic reaction. Metamorphic facies included are: BS = Blueschist facies, EC = Eclogite facies, PP = Prehnite-Pumpellyite facies, GS = Greenschist facies, EA = Epidote-Amphibolite facies, AM = Amphibolite facies, GRA = Granulite facies, UHT = Ultra-High Temperature facies, HAE = Albite-epidote-hornfels facies | Hornfels-Albite-Epidote facies, Hbl = Hornblende-hornfels facies | Hornblende-Hornfels facies, HPX = Pyroxene-hornfels facies | Hornfels-Pyroxene Facies, San = Sanidinite facies. Credit: [[c:user:cicconorrsk|Antonio Ciccolella]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "sedimentary rock containing very fine particles"<ref name=PeliteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=pelite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=26 July 2016 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pelite |accessdate=2017-01-31 }}</ref> is called a '''pelites'''. {{clear}} ==Phosphorites== [[Image:Peloidal phosphorite Phosphoria Formation Simplot Mine Idaho.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Peloidal phosphorite is from the Phosphoria Formation, Simplot Mine, Idaho, specimen 4.6 cm wide. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Fossiliferous peloidal phosphorite, Yunnan Province China.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Fossiliferous peloidal phosphorite specimen is 4.7 cm across, from Yunnan Province, China. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a sedimentary rock rich in phosphate minerals such as apatite"<ref name=PhosphoriteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=phosphorite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=13 June 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phosphorite |accessdate=2017-02-01 }}</ref> is called a '''phosphorite'''. {{clear}} ==Radiolarites== [[Image:Radiolarian chert, San Simeon state park.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Radiolarian chert outcrop is near Cambria, California, where individual beds range from about 2 to 5 cm thick Credit: Peter D. Tillman.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "the sedimentary rock formed from" "radiolarian ooze"<ref name=RadiolariteWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Metaknowledge|Metaknowledge]] |title=radiolarite |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=13 September 2012 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/radiolarite |accessdate=2017-01-31 }}</ref> is called a '''radiolarite'''. {{clear}} ==Sandstones== [[Image:Bunter Sandstone (detail), Hopstone, Shropshire - geograph.org.uk - 419156.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Bunter Sandstone (detail), Hopstone, Shropshire, has layers of coloured pebbles often found in this Triassic rock, where this image shows about one metre (height) of sandstone. Credit: [http://www.geograph.org.uk/profile/12192 Roger Kidd].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Kangaroo Creek Sandstone 4.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Outcrop of Kangaroo Creek Sandstone is in Clarence Moreton Basin, New South Wales. Credit: [[c:User:Yendor of yinn|Yendor of yinn]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "sedimentary rock produced by the consolidation and compaction of sand, cemented with clay etc"<ref name=SandstoneWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=sandstone |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 January 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sandstone |accessdate=2017-01-31 }}</ref> is called a '''sandstone'''. Sandstone classification by the Dott scheme uses the relative abundance of quartz, feldspar, and lithic framework grains and the abundance of a muddy matrix between the larger grains.<ref name="Dott">{{ cite journal |author=Dott, R. H. |year=1964 |title=Wacke, graywacke and matrix – what approach to immature sandstone classification |journal=Journal of Sedimentary Petrology |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=625–632 |doi=10.1306/74D71109-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D |ref=Dott }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Shales== [[Image:PIA16550-MarsCuriosityRover-ShalerOutcrop-20121207.jpg|thumb|right|250px|The outcrop's striking layers, some at angles to each other, is a pattern called crossbedding. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:MarcellusShaleCloseUp.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Marcellus shale shown along Rt 174 just south of Slate Hill Rd, Marcellus, NY. Credit: [[c:User:Lvklock|Lvklock]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Pyrite-117549.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Black Shale occurs with pyrite. Credit: [[c:User:Rob Lavinsky|Rob Lavinsky]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' a "fine-grained [...] rock of a thin, laminated, and often friable, structure"<ref name=ShaleWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Poccil|Poccil]] |title=shale |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 October 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shale |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''shale'''. Shale is a fine-grained, clastic sedimentary rock formed from mud that is a mix of flakes of clay minerals and tiny fragments (silt-sized particles) of other minerals, especially quartz and calcite.<ref name=Blatt>Blatt, Harvey and Robert J. Tracy (1996) ''Petrology: Igneous, Sedimentary and Metamorphic'', 2nd ed., Freeman, pp. 281–292 {{isbn|0-7167-2438-3}}</ref> Shale is characterized by its tendency to split into thin layers (laminae) less than one centimeter in thickness. This property is called ''fissility''.<ref name=Blatt/> Shale is the most common sedimentary rock.<ref name=RocksMaterials>{{cite web |title=Rocks: Materials of the Lithosphere – Summary |publisher=prenhall.com |accessdate=2007-07-31 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141224031431/http://wps.prenhall.com:80/esm_lutgens_foundations_3/0,6540,354318-,00.html |archive-date=15 March 2021 }}</ref> The term ''shale'' is sometimes applied more broadly, as essentially a synonym for mudrock, rather than in the more narrow sense of clay-rich fissile mudrock.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Boggs |first1=Sam |title=Principles of sedimentology and stratigraphy |date=2006 |publisher=Pearson Prentice Hall |location=Upper Saddle River, N.J. |isbn=0131547283 |page=139 |edition=4th}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Siltstones== [[Image:Greyish red siltstone unit.jpg|thumb|right|250px|A well-developed veined network, a fossilised soil structure, extends down from the top of a greyish red siltstone unit, and is underlain by a zone of calcareous nodules. Credit: P. J. Barrett, B. P. Kohn, R. A. Askin & J. G. McPherson.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Siltstone1.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Siltstone is at UAT, Estonia. Credit: [[c:User:Siim|Siim Sepp]].{{tlx|free media}}]] At the upper right is a small portion of the stratigraphic column between the Hatherton and MacKay glaciers in Antarctica. The top rock layer is a greyish red siltstone. The next downward is a greenish grey siltstone penetrated by sinuous tubes that may be roots or root-like structures. Underlaying this is "a zone of calcareous nodules."<ref name=Barrett>{{ cite journal |author=P. J. Barrett |author2=B. P. Kohn |author3=R. A. Askin |author4=J. G. McPherson |title=Preliminary report on Beacon Supergroup studies between the Hatherton and Mackay glaciers, Antarctica |journal=New Zealand Journal of Geology and Geophysics |month= |year=1971 |volume=14 |issue=3 |pages=605-14 |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288306.1971.10421951 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1080/00288306.1971.10421951 |pmid= |accessdate=2014-09-27 }}</ref> "The Beacon Supergroup (Barrett, 1970) in the Transantarctic Mountains is largely a flat-lying, nonmarine sequence from Devonian or older to Jurassic in age. It consists of the Taylor Group (Devonian or older), a quartzose sandstone sequence, and the Victoria Group (Permian and Triassic), dominantly a coal-bearing sandstone-siltstone sequence (Harrington, 1965)."<ref name=Barrett/> "The Taylor Group comprises up to 1,450 m of quartzose sandstone, with smaller conglomerate, arkosic and shaly units [...]. [The] youngest Taylor Group unit [is] the Aztec Siltstone [of which the image at the right exhibits]."<ref name=Barrett/> '''Def.''' a "sedimentary rock whose composition is intermediate in grain size between the coarser sandstone and the finer mudstone"<ref name=SiltstoneWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:Doug Hockin|Doug Hockin]] |title=siltstone |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=24 April 2007 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/siltstone |accessdate=2017-01-31 }}</ref> is called a '''siltstone'''. {{clear}} ==Taconites== [[Image:Taconite.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Taconite, in the United States, is a hard, silica-rich iron ore mined in the Lake Superior region. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] "This rock is widely spread over the whole length of the Mesabi, and being different from anything found elsewhere and peculiar to this horizon of the Taconic, has been called ''taconyte'' by the writer."<ref name=Winchell>Winchell, Horace V. (1891) [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4195970;view=1up;seq=399 "The Mesabi iron range,"] in: Winchell, Newton H., ed., ''The Geological and Natural History Survey of Minnesota'' (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA: Harrison & Smith), vol. 20, p. 124. [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b4195970;view=1up;seq=412 From p. 124:]</ref> Taconite is a variety of iron formation, an iron-bearing (over 15% iron) sedimentary rock, in which the iron minerals are interlayered with quartz, chert, or carbonate, of the Precambrian Biwabik Iron Formation of northeastern Minnesota, bearing a superficial resemblance to iron-bearing rocks from the Taconic Mountains of New York state.<ref name=Winchell/> {{clear}} ==Travertines== [[Image:TravertineUSGOV.jpg|thumb|right|250px|This is an example of a travertine. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "light, porous form of concretionary limestone (or calcite)"<ref name=TravertineWikt>{{ cite book |title=travertine |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=17 December 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/travertine |accessdate=2015-02-09 }}</ref> is called a '''travertine'''. {{clear}} ==Turbidites== [[Image:Turbidites.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Turbidites (interbedded with mudstones/siltstones) from the Ross Sandstone Formation. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] [[Image:Turbidite 2.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Turbidite (Gorgoglione Flysch) is from Miocene, South Italy. Credit: Geologist.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "sea-bottom deposits formed by massive slope failures where rivers have deposited large deltas"<ref name=USGSTurbidites>{{ cite web |author=USGSTurbidites |title=Earthquake Glossary - turbidites |publisher=USGS |location=Menlo Park, California USA |date=July 24, 2012 |url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?term=turbidites |accessdate=2014-12-02 }}</ref> are called '''turbidites'''. "Turbidites [shown in the images] are sea-bottom deposits formed by massive slope failures where rivers have deposited large deltas. These slopes fail in response to earthquake shaking or excessive sedimentation load. The temporal correlation of turbidite occurrence for some deltas of the Pacific Northwest suggests that these deposits have been formed by earthquakes."<ref name=USGSTurbidites/> "Turbidites (interbedded with mudstones/siltstones) from the Ross Sandstone Formation Turbidite system of Namurian age in County Clare, Western Ireland. The sandstone beds were formed in a deep basin by turbidites coming from a delta area."<ref name=USGSTurbidites/> {{clear}} ==Hadean== [[Image:Jack Hills, Western Australia (Landsat 5 TM, 2009-07-14, detail).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Satellite image shows the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane. Credit: [[c:user:Gretarsson|Gretarsson]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Contrast-enhanced true color satellite image (Landsat 5) of the Jack Hills in Western Australia. The rocks of the Jack Hills are very old (~ 3 Billion years) and belong to the so-called Yilgarn Craton. Yet some of these rocks, the Jack Hills conglomerate (actually a metaconglomerate) contain individual grains of zircon which are even older, more than 4 Billion years old. They are used by geoscientists to reconstruct the very early history of the earth. '''Def.''' # "the geologic eon from about 4,600 to 3,800 million years ago; marked by the formation of the solar system, a stable Earth-Moon orbit and the first rocks"<ref name=HadeanWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Hadean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hadean |accessdate=2015-02-13 }}</ref> or # the "eon before 4,000 Ma"<ref name=HadeanWikt1>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=Hadean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hadean |accessdate=2015-02-13 }}</ref> is called the '''Hadean'''. "[U]ranium-lead dating [has been conducted] on fragments of the mineral zircon extracted from Apollo 14 lunar samples. The pieces of zircon were minuscule — no bigger than a grain of sand."<ref name=Dunn>{{ cite web |author=Marcia Dunn |title=Scientists: Moon over the hill at 4.51 billion years old |publisher=Associated Press |location= |date=11 January 2017 |url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/b2f0ca3a594644ee9e50a8ec4ce2d6de/Article_2017-01-11-US-SCI--Age%20of%20Moon/id-eb8f2dde9b4447ffa75cb076263938f9 |accessdate=2017-01-14 }}</ref> "Size doesn't matter, they record amazing information nonetheless! The moon holds "so much magic ... the key to understand how our beautiful Earth formed and evolved."<ref name=Barboni>{{ cite web |author=Melanie Barboni |title=Scientists: Moon over the hill at 4.51 billion years old |publisher=Associated Press |location= |date=11 January 2017 |url=http://hosted2.ap.org/APDEFAULT/b2f0ca3a594644ee9e50a8ec4ce2d6de/Article_2017-01-11-US-SCI--Age%20of%20Moon/id-eb8f2dde9b4447ffa75cb076263938f9 |accessdate=2017-01-14 }}</ref> More "zircons from Apollo 14 samples [from the moon's Fra Mauro highlands collected in February 1971 are being studied], but [are not expected] to change [the] estimate of 4.51 billion years for the moon's age, possibly 4.52 billion years at the most."<ref name=Dunn/> "It would be more a double-checking than anything else."<ref name=Barboni/> Regardless "of how the moon came to be — one big strike at Earth, many smaller ones or even none at all — you still end up at the end solidifying the moon as we know it today."<ref name=Barboni/> "We finally pinned down a minimum age for the moon formation, regardless of how it formed."<ref name=Barboni/> {{clear}} ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Rocks/Rocky objects/Callisto|Callisto]] * [[Rocks/Rocky objects/Ceres|Ceres]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Comets|Comets]] * [[Rocks/Rocky objects/Dione|Dione]] * [[Rocks/Ice sheets/Enceladus|Enceladus]] * [[Original research/Glaciations|Glaciations]] * [[Glaciology]] * [[Volcanoes/Io|Io]] * [[Rocks/Rocky objects/Mercury|Mercury]] * [[Minerals/Mineralogy|Mineralogy]] * [[Chemicals/Rocks|Rocks]] * [[Volcanoes/Volcanic rocks|Volcanic and igneous rocks]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] <!-- footer templates --> {{Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Rock radiation astronomy}} <!-- footer categories --> [[Category:Radiation astronomy/Lectures]] nxkprtovw9n7pmkkmhj8lcfumnroguj 0 243518 2415858 2408639 2022-08-17T14:38:22Z 188.28.236.85 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable" |- ! Number !! Symbol !! Bengali script !! Roman script |- | 0 || ০ || শূইন্য || śuinno |- | 1 || ১ || এক || ex |- | 2 || ২ || দুই || dui |- | 3 || ৩ || তিন || tin |- | 4 || ৪ || চার || çair |- | 5 || ৫ || পাচ || faç |- | 6 || ৬ || ছয় || çhoy |- | 7 || ৭ || সাত || šat |- | 8 || ৮ || আট || 'aṭ |- | 9 || ৯ || নয় || noj |- | 10 || ১০ || দশ || doś |} 11 Egaro <br> 12 Baro <br> 13 Thero<br> 14 Souddo <br> 15 Fonro <br> 16 Shullo <br> 17 Shotro <br> 18 Aṭaro <br> 19 Unnish <br> {| class="wikitable" !Numeral !Transliteration<br> !Numeral !Transliteration<br> !Numeral !Transliteration<br> !Numeral !Transliteration<br> |- !20 || bish <br>|| 30 || tish <br>|| 40 || sallish <br>|| 50 || phoinchash<br> |- !21 || ekhuish <br>|| 31 || ekhtish <br>|| 41 || ekhsallish <br>|| 51 || ekhanno <br> |- !22 || baish <br>|| 32 || bottish <br>|| 42 || beyallish <br>|| 52 || bayanno <br> |- !23 || teish <br>|| 33 || tettish <br>|| 43 || tetallish <br>|| 53 ||teppanno <br> |- !24 || sobbish <br>|| 34 || sowtish <br>|| 44 ||chouchallish <br>|| 54 ||chuanno <br> |- !25 || fochish <br>|| 35 || phoetish <br>|| 45 || foetallish <br>|| 55 ||fosbanno <br> |- !26 || sabbish <br>|| 36 || soetish <br>|| 46 || soeallish<br>|| 56 || saphphanno <br> |- !27 || hataish <br>|| 37 || hattish <br>|| 47 || hattallish<br>|| 57 || hattanno <br> |- !28 || ataish <br>|| 38 || attish <br>|| 48 || attallish <br>|| 58 || attanno <br> |- !29 || untish <br>|| 39 || unsallish <br>|| 49 || unphonchiash <br>|| 59 || unshait <br> |- |} <br> {| class="wikitable" !Numeral !Transliteration<br> !Numeral !Transliteration<br> !Numeral !Transliteration<br> !Numeral !Transliteration<br> |- !60 || shait <br>|| 70 || hottoir <br>|| 80 || ashi <br>|| 90 || nobboi <br> |- !61 || ekhshait <br>|| 71 || ekhhottoir <br>|| 81 || ekhashi <br>|| 91 || ekhannobboi <br> |- !62 || baishait <br>|| 72 || bahottoir <br>|| 82 || biashi <br>|| 92 || bawannobboi <br> |- !63 || teshait <br>|| 73 || tehottoir <br>|| 83 || tirashi <br>|| 93 || tewannobboi <br> |- !64 || sowshait <br>|| 74 || sowhottoir <br>|| 84 || sowrashi <br>|| 94 || sowannobboi <br> |- !65 || phoishait <br>|| 75 || phas'hottoir <br>|| 85 || phasashi <br>|| 95 || phasannobboi <br> |- !66 || soeshait <br>|| 76 || sihottoir <br>|| 86 || siashi <br>|| 96 || siannobboi <br> |- !67 || harshait <br>|| 77 || hathottoir <br>|| 87 || hatashi <br>|| 97 || hattannobboi <br> |- !68 || arshait <br>|| 78 || at'hottoir <br>|| 88 || attashi <br>|| 98 || attannobboi <br> |- !69 || unhottoir <br>|| 79 || unoashi <br>|| 89 || nirashi <br>|| 99 || nirannobboi <br> |- |} <br> 1,00 Êkh sho <br> 1,000 Êkh azar <br> 10,000 Dôsh azar <br> 1,00,000 Êkh lakh <br> 10,00,000 Dôsh lakh <br> 1,00,00,000 Ek kuṭi <br> 10,00,00,000 Dosh kuṭi<br> 1,00,00,00,000 Êkhsho kuṭi<br> 10,00,00,00,000 Ekh azar kuṭi<br> 1,00,00,00,00,000 Dosh azar kuṭi<br> 10,00,00,00,00,000 Ekh lak-kuṭi<br> {{subpage navbar}} {{CourseCat}} a8wjx1cresx3gohocttxhuzjsbpwtv1 1 248615 2415888 2407999 2022-08-17T18:49:05Z OhanaUnited 18921 move to right page wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Talk:WikiJournal of Humanities/Editors]] 4nfxzaj7p4j5seooox3javifa41krl6 0 250696 2416063 2146684 2022-08-18T06:27:00Z Marshallsumter 311529 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Reunion geologie hawaiite Mare a Vieille Place dsc09326.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Geological sample is on display at the House of the Volcano, Reunion Island. Credit: [[c:User:David Monniaux|David Monniaux]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''[[Radiation astronomy/Rocks|Rock radiation astronomy]]''' is a lecture about [[rocks]] that occur in, on, around and between rocky objects. It is a radiation astronomy lecture offered by the [[Portal:Radiation astronomy|radiation astronomy department]] and the [[School:Geology|school of geology]]. You are free to take this quiz based on [[Radiation astronomy/Rocks|rock radiation astronomy]] at any time. To improve your score, read and study the lecture, the links contained within, listed under [[Radiation astronomy/Rocks/Quiz#See also|'''See also''']], [[Radiation astronomy/Rocks/Quiz#External links|'''External links''']], and in the {{tlx|radiation astronomy resources}} and the {{tlx|geology resources}} template. This should give you adequate background to get 100 %. As a "learning by doing" resource, this quiz helps you to assess your knowledge and understanding of the information, and it is a quiz you may take over and over as a learning resource to improve your knowledge, understanding, test-taking skills, and your score. '''Suggestion:''' Have the lecture available in a separate window. To master the information and use only your memory while taking the quiz, try rewriting the information from more familiar points of view, or be creative with association. Enjoy learning by doing! {{clear}} ==Quiz== <quiz> {Yes or No, An olivine basalt intermediate between alkali olivine and mugearite is called a hawaiite. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Which chemical phenomenon are associated with the Earth? |type="[]"} + quartz is the second most abundant mineral + an atmosphere containing CO<sub>2</sub> + green, red, blue, and yellow airglow + the production and escape of hot H<sup>+</sup> ions + oxygen emissions + helium ions {Yes or No, A rock similar to granite, but containing more plagioclase than potassium feldspar is called a granodiorite. |type="()"} + Yes - No {With respect to protoplanetary disks what green mineral has been found? |type="{}"} { olivine (i) } {True or False, A type of igneous rock with a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture with 90 % or more by volume of olivine is called a dunite. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Observations of Io have benefited greatly from what phenomenon? |type="()"} - a dense, opaque atmosphere - lightning - extensive meteorite cratering - a flattening out - liquid hydrocarbon lakes + the reflected light of allotropes and compounds of sulfur {Yes or No, A coarsely crystalline, igneous rock consisting of lamellar pyroxene and labradorite is called a gabbro. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Moldavite is a mineral that may be associated with what green astronomy phenomenon? |type="[]"} - predicting the end of the Earth - determine the accuracy of local computers + meteorite impacts - demonstrating that Venus was once a comet - predict when currently dormant volcanoes will erupt + green fireballs {Yes or No, The behavior of a lava flow depends primarily on its viscosity (resistance to flow), slope of the ground over which it travels, and the rate of lava eruption. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Which of the following are associated with greenstone belts? |type="[]"} + metamorphosed mafic sequences + ultramafic volcanic sequences + Archaean and Proterozoic cratons + chlorite - Humphreys series - Rydberg series + green hue of metamorphic minerals {True or False, A plume of water ice particles emanating from Enceladus is reaching altitudes as high as 400 km above the surface. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {A terrestrial planet is composed primarily of? |type="{}"} { silicate rocks|metals|silicates (i) } {True or False, The XRS aboard the MESSENGER spacecraft maps mineral composition. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Complete the text: |type="{}"} At its effective temperature of 1250 K, the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet 51 Pegasus B has clouds composed of { magnesium silicates (i) } and { other silicates|other silicate compounds (i) }. {Yes or No, Andesite is a gray to black volcanic rock with between about 52 and 63 weight percent silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>). |type="()"} + Yes - No {Soil samples from the mare of the Moon reflect primarily cyan due to the presence in the soils of what? |type="{}"} { TiO<sub>2</sub>|TiO2 (i) } {Yes or No, Andesites contain crystals composed primarily of plagioclase feldspar and one or more of the minerals pyroxene (clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene) and lesser amounts of hornblende. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Phenomena associated with some meteorites? |type="[]"} - have a gaseous surface + long nickel-iron crystals + octahedrite + kamacite + taenite + plessite {Yes or No, Blueschist is a metavolcanic rock that forms by the metamorphism of basalt and rocks. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Purpurite is a natural mineral pigment composed of what likely source of violet or purple? |type="{}"} { manganese|manganese oxide (i) } {Yes or No, Basalt is a hard, black volcanic rock with less than about 52 weight percent silica (SiO<sub>2</sub>). |type="()"} + Yes - No {True or False, Most of the ocean floor is made of basalt. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Red ochre is a natural pigment composed of what likely source of red? |type="{}"} { hematite|iron|iron oxide|Fe2O3|Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (i) } {Yes or No, Shield volcanoes, such as those that make up the Islands of Hawai`i, are composed almost entirely of basalt. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Which of the following is involved in planetary astronomy more so than planetary science? |type="[]"} + the occurrence of cyan rock types on the surface of rocky objects - the Earth and other rocky objects have a cyan mineral containing mantle - checking equations about complex systems + the advantages of a 490 nm band pass - digging holes in the surface of the Moon + surface temperatures low enough to produce methane lakes {Yes or No, A classification of volcanic rocks when modal analyses are lacking is on a non-genetic basis using the total alkali-silica (TAS) diagram. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Which of the following are total alkali-silica (TAS) diagram root names? |type="[]"} + basaltic andesite + andesite + trachybasalt + dacite - caprolite + basaltic trachyandesite - basalotite + basalt + trachyandesite + trachyte + trachydacite + picrobasalt - microcline + basanite + tephrite + phonotephrite + tephriphonolite + phonolite + foidite {Silicates occur as part of the rocky surface beneath a visually opaque cloud layer on what planet? |type="{}"} { Venus (i) } {Orpiment is a natural mineral pigment composed of what likely source of orange? |type="{}"} { arsenic|arsenic sulfide (i) } {True or False, Optical reflectance studies of Mercury provide evidence for Mg silicates. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following are radiation astronomy phenomena associated with the apparent liquid-object Earth? |type="[]"} + rain + snow + hail + neutron emission - polar coronal holes + meteor emission - rotation {True or False, a rock composed mostly of ash is called a cinerite. |type="()"} + TRUE - FALSE {Which of the following characteristic of a dacite lava? |type="[]"} + most often light gray, but can be dark gray to black - contains elongated dust particles + consists of about 63 to 68 percent silica (SiO₂) + erupts at temperatures between 800 and 1000°C - between 15 and 30 Rayleighs + one of the most common rock types associated with enormous Plinian-style eruptions + can be even more viscous (resistant to flow) and just as dangerous as rhyolites + erupted from Mount St. Helens 1980-86 {Yes or No, Any of several volcanic rocks having a high potassium content is called a lamproite. |type="()"} + Yes - No {Yes or No, A kind of orthoclase-bearing basalt that is made up of olivine, apatite, and opaque oxides is called a mugearite. |type="()"} + Yes - No </quiz> ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Most of the colorful minerals found on Earth do not seem to occur anywhere else. ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Radiation astronomy/Astronomy/Quiz|Astronomy quiz]] * [[Glossary of geology terms/Flashcards for geology terms]] * [[Grade School Science/Rocks and Minerals Quiz]] * [[Green astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Meteor astronomy/Quiz]] * [[Meteorites/Quiz]] * [[Mineralogy/Quiz]] * [[Minerals/Quiz]] * [[Planetary science/Quiz]] * [[Radiation chemistry|Radiation astrochemistry/Quiz]] * [[Radiation astronomy/Quiz]] {{Div col end}} ==External links== * [http://www.iau.org/ International Astronomical Union] * [http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/ NASA/IPAC Extragalactic Database - NED] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/ NASA's National Space Science Data Center] * [http://www.adsabs.harvard.edu/ The SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System] * [http://cas.sdss.org/astrodr6/en/tools/quicklook/quickobj.asp SDSS Quick Look tool: SkyServer] * [http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/ SIMBAD Astronomical Database] * [http://simbad.harvard.edu/simbad/ SIMBAD Web interface, Harvard alternate] * [http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/SpacecraftQuery.jsp Spacecraft Query at NASA] * [http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/Tools/convcoord/convcoord.pl Universal coordinate converter] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Geology resources}}{{Radiation astronomy resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Rock radiation astronomy}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Astrophysics quizzes]] [[Category:Atmospheric sciences quizzes]] [[Category:Minerals quizzes]] [[Category:Radiation astronomy quizzes]] [[Category:Rocks quizzes]] [[Category:Volcanoes quizzes]] 9lsu9wr5150hk40d0uunsjbnwb1ak5e 2 257428 2415972 2415611 2022-08-18T01:46:11Z 73.25.23.186 wikitext text/x-wiki > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; 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style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == i0hpg6pawp2929lokphu4a2j1501pem 2415988 2415972 2022-08-18T03:07:04Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 9rlpnsh2a1xzsl0d2sufg1tvvbjnz50 2415990 2415988 2022-08-18T03:17:04Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == jaqu8bntvgsp1r99ongyv3cxn6uhys6 2416001 2415990 2022-08-18T03:39:13Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes |||pdflatex <your document>|||| 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == m1rvg77hl4mj88ixd3iswiz98dtuc1t 2416004 2416001 2022-08-18T03:40:03Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes | git bash 🈁 || pdflatex <your d🎱cument> |||| 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == bs5ny1o3q9p3ivo0a9elghnctjofp4b 2416007 2416004 2022-08-18T03:42:41Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == lgkz3vyr46e57vigxduf6vc7iampfit 2416010 2416007 2022-08-18T03:44:19Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == ojbdb9lmcpis36z9efy485tayekhhit 2416014 2416010 2022-08-18T03:52:25Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki Beaver Bank w LaTeX {| +BBwLTX |- || 🎱 main.pdf |- || ⛐ readme.txt |- || 🈁 main.aux |- || ɸ Campus.jpeg |- || d͡ʒ panther.jpeg |- || θ mascot.jpg |- || ¶ main.nav |- || ‡ main.out |- || 『』photo.png |- || 「」main.snm |- || 《》 main.tex |- || ⟨⟩ main.log |- || «» main.toc |- || |- || |- || |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == nhkgepm7ajaq5krh8q8aeczf63dax4t 2416015 2416014 2022-08-18T03:52:39Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki Beaver Bank w LaTeX {| +BBwLTX |- || 🎱 main.pdf |- || ⛐ readme.txt |- || 🈁 main.aux |- || ɸ Campus.jpeg |- || d͡ʒ panther.jpeg |- || θ mascot.jpg |- || ¶ main.nav |- || ‡ main.out |- ||『』photo.png |- ||「」main.snm |- ||《》 main.tex |- || ⟨⟩ main.log |- || «» main.toc |- || |- || |- || |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 4ktxol4jq95z282q2fhkbnpqrm959xx 2416018 2416015 2022-08-18T03:53:28Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki Beaver Bank w LaTeX {| +BBwLTX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf |- || ⛐ || readme.txt |- || 🈁 || main.aux |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg |- || θ || mascot.jpg |- || ¶ || main.nav |- || ‡ || main.out |- ||『』|| photo.png |- ||「」|| main.snm |- ||《》|| main.tex |- || ⟨⟩ || main.log |- || «» || main.toc |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == n73y5qsszupb06n8ckrducjnoipwmfp 2416020 2416018 2022-08-18T03:56:11Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf |- || ⛐ || readme.txt |- || 🈁 || main.aux |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg |- || θ || mascot.jpg |- || ¶ || main.nav |- || ‡.out || main.out |- ||『』.png || photo.png |- ||「」.snm || main.snm |- ||《》.tex || main.tex |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log |- || «» .toc || main.toc |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == iti08kajgpv2n11cbl3g21mk2ke2wwf 2416021 2416020 2022-08-18T04:00:55Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == cemm0apq9uvbjiw2vvm4fvzre5rsniy 2416027 2416021 2022-08-18T04:39:26Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == fr7colk5qk5kbyi8hgrmtozwgcc1zpk 2416028 2416027 2022-08-18T04:40:28Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == ekedpvxr9zpyuco239a4x8wknxwspi7 2416029 2416028 2022-08-18T04:42:35Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ Benny ₪ June] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == kysjv09w109a8s5mqiymlvmel0yxf16 2416030 2416029 2022-08-18T04:45:52Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == psh70fikfkf0cx0xxpohvskv7kkzog1 2416045 2416030 2022-08-18T06:13:57Z Archie97305 2915204 /* 100 -- Philosophy and psychology */ wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ===== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ======= == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 6fz8ug0x582ebjzx2zl69xcfh0gqckc 2416046 2416045 2022-08-18T06:14:34Z Archie97305 2915204 /* 0 */ wikitext text/x-wiki [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == hc1y82zea7mnadrd2pwafjk99ss8l16 2416047 2416046 2022-08-18T06:14:58Z Archie97305 2915204 wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == hozkv7t5r4f6w6yp4sazgp8tnxjoq2c 2416048 2416047 2022-08-18T06:16:04Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 311w59pwt41mpekvbagip2pq1kvve75 2416049 2416048 2022-08-18T06:16:22Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == qtxkuwh3ji33z1j1t22o4jm1dhv0b2o 2416050 2416049 2022-08-18T06:16:59Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center>◯ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 1dadoze8ke160j4xmi9xmti1xu1cpgz 2416051 2416050 2022-08-18T06:18:00Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="color: indigo">◯ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>⚪ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == estppk75i1tz56ejpak9bgxl701rqld 2416052 2416051 2022-08-18T06:18:17Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo">◯ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>⚪ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == tbdi48u3nxhvrbsym3am3fg34u44fa6 2416053 2416052 2022-08-18T06:18:31Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◯ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>⚪ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 0rc42hfevzfuy4qp00hfil6qg1al4wq 2416054 2416053 2022-08-18T06:18:45Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◯ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⚪ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == o7daliebdt8bm2nzmx7l30v79b7d1v3 2416055 2416054 2022-08-18T06:21:16Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◯ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⚪ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬤◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == exoisbfzevefcvtpe96hwh9l8m0s949 2416057 2416055 2022-08-18T06:22:30Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◯ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⚪ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬤◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 9p2w04gd7r4k0ram3sxlvapgqjdaq6o 2416058 2416057 2022-08-18T06:23:08Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 2kj899wqtsszw0pn6sjfz48620xuwzl 2416059 2416058 2022-08-18T06:23:46Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == bgru9civrz74eaisbhb6d33nna0jyfr 2416060 2416059 2022-08-18T06:24:23Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == mnn4krrhx42tto52x0dh58tw6h2ier2 2416061 2416060 2022-08-18T06:24:53Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == jd7fbp4msat5rem1jqa5zqtvfs6hcma 2416062 2416061 2022-08-18T06:26:01Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == dfxdjc4nuvgy4nvsq8b7956uer5jjbv 2416064 2416062 2022-08-18T06:27:01Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 810eej8u12ufp3ydlsyqun9chbzm2ud 2416067 2416064 2022-08-18T06:28:08Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 5jtnna1pmdq0bz4rp4scqbglgc2dc89 2416068 2416067 2022-08-18T06:28:53Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 11kz11v8bx7qdi7m89c7anm2h3v5oqe 2416069 2416068 2022-08-18T06:29:12Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 18xghsvsowg2ms022ohtum5te00t5t7 2416071 2416069 2022-08-18T06:29:42Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 9hqu910iioecucxrqm2x9gr7ze5wqcv 2416073 2416071 2022-08-18T06:30:25Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == r4sje5z8jtrxyfbrnmr4wxvuwem3072 2416074 2416073 2022-08-18T06:31:20Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == msdhus6foxqaocrpt811kz8vo89axl1 2416075 2416074 2022-08-18T06:31:35Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == 84j1f74ko60cg9jtm1njk7617c8zqoc 2416076 2416075 2022-08-18T06:32:24Z Archie97305 2915204 /* ◯ */ wikitext text/x-wiki =🎱= [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/TikZ_package TikZ¿¡⚽] [https://tikz.dev/ ฿ ₪ ₰] {| +BBwLTX Beaver Bank w LaTeX |- || 🎱 || main.pdf || destination || best distribution of purposeful print worthy content |- || ⛐ || readme.txt || 1st place to look for exceptions and exceptionaltions |- || 🈁 || main.aux || unknown |- || ɸ || Campus.jpeg || dot by dot picture w/o transparency |- || d͡ʒ || panther.jpeg || ligature |- || θ || mascot.jpg || the t a |- || ¶ || main.nav || unknown, but exciting place for an anchor icon |- || ‡.out || main.out || unknown |- ||『』.png || photo.png || dot by dot picture w alpha/transparency |- ||「」.snm || main.snm || wft? |- ||《》.tex || main.tex || this is the mistress J wants me to love |- || ⟨⟩ .log || main.log || sounds like somewhere stuff gets auto-logged |- || «» .toc || main.toc || table of contents: creative content starts here |} [https://www.overleaf.com/learn/latex/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes ⛐] | git bash 🈁 | | pdflatex <your d🎱cument> | | [https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX/Basics#Compilation (ℝ\ℚ)] | | 1 = R\Q / (ℝ\ℚ) = ⬤ [https://www.latex-project.org/ 🎱 git a ⚽ clu & <3 🎮 LaTeX 🈁 👣 🏊 ] > https://ggf333ttu.blogspot.com/ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H3QmruFdfgo ==new habits== https://architecturenotes.co/redis/ 𝑓(◯) allostatis https://vim.rtorr.com/ https://github.com/rtorr/vim-cheat-sheet {| + 𝑓(◯) |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⟁</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px; "> <center>⟁ ◁ pink ○ gray △ ⟁</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#F0f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #111△</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #111 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#111;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px; "> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f00; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0f0; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#00f; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ black ≡ #000 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 9px; "> ◁ indigo ≡ #4B0082△</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ midnightblue ≡ #191970△</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:black; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#555;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #fff9c4 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○ #777 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #BBDEFB ○ #777 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#777;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #999 △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○ #999 △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#999;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 11px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || ⟁ | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #efefef ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #e1bee7 ○ #aaa △ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 11px; "> ◁ #ababab ○ #aaa △ </span> |- || 人 | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#efefef ; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#222; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#aaa;" | <span style="color:#777; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞人⚟ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} ==WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334== [http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334 http://themetawiki.clu/w/index.php/WashingtonCounty.OR.US.case.22CN03334] This is the case holding up plans for a physical wikiversity site in 97305-2644 Next court date is 9/8/2022 == Salem Accord == ===/əˈkôrd/ {phoenetic w _ } === ===アコード {phoenetic w kana} === ===符合 {kanji} === ===与える { hiragana | "one's own"? "tribal"? } === ==◯== <center style="background-color: indigo; color: yellow">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ yellow ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: magenta">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ magenta ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: cyan">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ cyan ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: lime">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ lime ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo ○ midnightblue △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: midnightblue; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ midnightblue△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: black">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ black ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: indigo">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ indigo○ black △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: black; color: midnightblue">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ midnightblue ○ black△ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> <center style="background-color: indigo; color: white">⬛◯⬤⚪ ◁ white ○ indigo △ ⟁</center> ===人=== {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || ◯ | style="background:#000 ;" | <span style="color:#fff "> <center>◁ #fff ○ #000 △ ⟁ </span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000 "> <center>◁ #000 ○ #fff △ ⧋</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:gray ;" | <span style="color:pink "> <center>◁ pink ○ gray △ 📐</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:#fff; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⟁ </center></span> || || | style="background:#fff ;" | <span style="color:#000; font-size: 77px;"><center> ⧋ </center></span> || || | style="background:gray;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 77px;"><center> 📐 </center></span> || [http://www.amp-what.com/unicode/search/triangle |- || 1 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0"> <center>◁ #ff0 ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#F0f"> <center>◁ #f0f ○ #333 △</center></span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff"> <center>◁ #0ff ○ #333 △</center></span> |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#ff0; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#f0f; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#0ff; font-size: 277px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> ◁ pink ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue"> ◁ midnightblue ○ #808080 △</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo"> ◁ indigo ○ #808080 △</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:midnightblue; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:indigo; font-size: 33px;"><center> ⚞🧿⚟ </center></span> || |} or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + {| + font-size: 100px; |- || ◯ | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 46px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 222px; primary |- || 1 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ #fff9c4 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ #FFCDD2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ #BBDEFB ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 111px; secondary |- || 2 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> ◁ #ffe0b2 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> ◁ #e1bee7 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9"> ◁ #C8E6C9 ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#C8E6C9; font-size: 222px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 25px; |- || 3 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 25px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 4 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 5 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} {| + font-size: 10px; |- || 6 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB"> ◁ ○</span> |- || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 10px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |} == 0 == {| |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家] || 小 |- || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 || 人 | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ∨↯∧ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#fff9c4; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#FFCDD2; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || || | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#BBDEFB; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} == or ∨↯∧ & + 🔥 十 ⨁ ⨂ ❂ ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○ ⌂ + .us == ==⌂== {| + font-size: 100px; |- || 人 | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:white"> ◁ ⭕ 💮 ⚪ ⚫ 🔴 ○</span> || 人 |- || | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || |- || |- || |} [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ==✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ 👀 ≡ odd → +1 [ { ( East ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕ West ) } ] iff even ⇒ ÷2== ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] || ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪ || || ○人∘🧿⚪⬤◍⚫ || || ⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |} == ya == ◯ ○ ∘ ⬤ 大 【 ヤ / や 】 (ya) 人 【 ジン、 ニン / ひと 】(jean、he toe) 大家 (ya ya) Ya (hiragana: や, katakana: ヤ) ヤフー 屋 - Wiktionaryhttps://en.wiktionary.org › wiki › 屋 Semantic compound of 尸+至. 尸 does not represent the radical for death, but is a pictogram depicting a cloth draped. 至 means "dead end". Home (家) A home, or domicile, is a space used as a permanent or semi-permanent residence for one or many humans. It is a fully or semi sheltered space and can have both interior and exterior aspects to it. Ya (や) Kana Ya is one of the Japanese kana, each of which represents one mora. The hiragana is written in three strokes, while the katakana is written in two. Both represent. Their shapes have origins in the character 也. Wikipedia hiragana origin: 也 spelling kana: 大和のヤ Yamato no "ya" transliteration: ya unicode: U+3084, U+30E4 What is the pronunciation of Ya line? In historical kana orthography, it is written as "yau", "say", and "eu", and read as "yo", "you", and "yo", respectively. Even in modern times, "saying" and "going" are sometimes pronounced as "yu" and "yuku . " From the above, it can be said that Ya line is the yoon of that line . [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/Sandbox ⬤] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/plenary ◯] [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/inKind 大家][https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/specialdelivery ○ 人 ∘] == g == {| + |- || g || ⌂ || 時 |- || nono || ⌂ || ◁ || 前 || の || ノ || 名 || "Salmon" || #fa8072 || || || || || || rgb(250, 128, 114) || :: || hsl(6, 93%, 71%) |- || "のノ" || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon;"><center> ∅ </center></span> | style="background:#000;"|<span style="color:salmon;"><center> #000 </center></span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #808080 </center></span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #fff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon;"><center> #333 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072;"><center> #fa8072 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff;"><center> #fa8072ff </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa;"><center> #fa8072aa </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280;"><center> #fa807280 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233;"><center> #fa807233 </center></span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200;"><center> #fa807200 </center></span> |- || know no ノノ || ⌂ || <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#000;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#fff;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:salmon; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072ff; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa8072aa; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807280; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807233; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> | style="background:#333;" | <span style="color:#fa807200; font-size: 100px;"> ☂ </span> |} {| + |- || hsl(0-33, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(0, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(1, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(2, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(3, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(4, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(5, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(7, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(8, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(9, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(10, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(11, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(12, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(13, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(14, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(15, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(16, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(17, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(18, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(19, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(20, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(21, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(22, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(23, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(24, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(25, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(26, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(27, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(28, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(29, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(30, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(31, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(32, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(33, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6-606, 93%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(36, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(66, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(96, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(126, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(156, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(186, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(216, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(246, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(276, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(306, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(336, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(366, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(396, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(426, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(456, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(486, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(516, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(546, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(576, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(606, 93%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 93%, 0-100%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 0%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 10%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 20%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 30%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 40%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 50%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 60%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 70%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 80%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 90%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 93%, 100%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} {| + |- || hsl(6, 0-100%, 71%) || <span style="color:hsl(6, 0%, 71%);"><center> ⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 10%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 20%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 30%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 40%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 50%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 60%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 70%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 80%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 90%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> || <span style="color:hsl(6, 100%, 71%);"><center>⌂ </center></span> |} meritorium . meritorious : merit .or.iou.us {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} ∨⚡\🗲↯/ϟ∧ ✮☆⚝⛤🟊✰✭▲◂◁◀◢⍟◶✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁⚉⨂❂✧✷✸✡✵ http://slither.io/ https://www.thescienceofpsychotherapy.com/behaviour-affection-and-emotional-control/ {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ⚞🧿⚟_◞◜↷◝◟_◞◜⚞🧿⚟🧿⚞🧿⚟◝◟_◞◜↶◝◟_⚞🧿⚟ |- || ✪⚪⬤🔥◍⚫⨁ || [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> ≡ odd → +1 </span> | style="background:pink;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ { ( East </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> ⚫🔴⚪○💮⭕</span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> West ) } ] </span> | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> iff even ⇒ ÷2 </span> |- || Primary || [https://www.amnesty.org/en/ 1] |- || Secondary || [https://philosophy.stackexchange.com/questions/31029/why-was-the-horseshoe-symbol-%E2%8A%83-selected-for-material-implication 2] |- || Tertiary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page 3] |- || Quaternary || [http://localhost:8080/ 4] |- || Quinary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson 5] |- || Senary || [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:Archie97305 6] |- || Septenary || [https://maritimearchaeological.org/beeswax-wreck/ 7] |- || Octenary || [https://www.youtube.com/freecodecamp 8] |- || nonary || [https://www.freecodecamp.org/ 9] |- ||Base Name ||[https://wordsmith.org/board/ubbthreads.php?ubb=showflat&Number=84101 `] |- || binary || 2 |- ||ternary ||3 |- ||quaternary ||4 |- ||quinary ||5 |- ||senary ||6 |- ||septenary ||7 |- ||octal ||8 |- ||nonary |- ||decimal |- ||undenary |- ||duodecimal |- ||hexadecimal ||16 |- ||vigesimal ||20 |- ||sexagesimal ||60 |} How do you want your water served when you get here? https://pubs.usgs.gov/sir/2005/5168/pdf/sir2005-5168.pdf Robert Lee Stinson %VOX "tautology club says hi" w 11am "Naturalist Society for the Humane Treatment of Monsters" from dnd game on twitter [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n7uNA5fO1iI rice ex in CA] https://www.oregonwild.org/about/blog/oregon-grizzly-country https://therevelator.org/yellowstone-grizzlies-unbearable-divides/ https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/color_value/hsl https://www.researchgate.net/about Amare, Nicole & Manning, A.. (2012). Seeing typeface personality: Emotional responses to form as tone. IEEE International Professional Communication Conference. 1-9. 10.1109/IPCC.2012.6408605. Various studies have correlated specific visual characteristics of typefaces with specific overall emotional effects: curvilinear forms and open letter shapes generally feel “friendly” but also “formal” or “informal,” depending on other factors; large contrasts in stroke widths, cap height, and aspect ratio generally feel “interesting,” but also “attractive” or “aggressive,” depending on other factors; low-variety and low-contrast forms generally feel “professional” but also “reliable” or “boring.” Although the current findings on typeface personality are useful, they have not indicated a systematic explanation for why specific physical typeface forms have the specific emotion effects that they do. This paper will report results of an empirical study in which 102 participants indicated their immediate emotional responses to each of 36 distinct typeface designs. Results support correlation between specific typeface features (variety vs. contrast vs. pattern) and specific emotional parameters (amusement vs. agitation vs. focus), explaining findings of previous studies, suggesting various classroom approaches to purpose-driven typeface selection. {{User alternative account|VeronicaJeanAnderson}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( A B E ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( [https://www.twitch.tv/archie97305 👀] ) } ]</span> |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> index.html</span> || notepad/atom (atom is deprecated) |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> vue </span> || [https://www.vim.org/ vim] [https://github.com/vim/vim-win32-installer/releases installer] |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> css </span> || global css @ || gg css @ || NPC css @ |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> pug </span> |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> |- || Senary || b |} https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/User:VeronicaJeanAnderson/sandbox trying to create a 1 -> 2 -> 3 -> 4 -> 5 -> 6 system in the apartment here that can be copied from site to site using artistic threads to help a Nice And Proper NAP-er navigate between properties with ease while maintaining adequate supportive care that we all require to enable us to focus on whatever catches our fancy. sun; natural light; breathe; BGs carbs; hygiene; laundry away bedroom; needles; blood; garbage out kitchen/nutritional/study social/outreach/linking worlds back porch 0 -- Computer Science, information and general works {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ ᐪgenki-ness; +, -tachi . . . |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( T O P ) } ] </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ ℳ ] </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> { ¢ } </span> | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> ( ৳ ) </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ { ( I.n C.ase of E.mergency ) } ] </span> | style="background:teal;" | <span style="color:lime"> ᐪ l i p s c h i t z </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qrrz54UtkCc ᐪ] |- || Primary | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:black"> physical</span> | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color:black"> emotional</span> | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:black"> social</span> || This reflects health enough to communicate with people intimately enough to address real immediate issues | style="background:#FFFFE6;" | <span style="color:teal"> ^ torikomu </span> ||[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YxvBPH4sArQ ^] |- || Secondary | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:black"> occupational</span> | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:black"> intellectual</span> | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:black"> environmental</span> || This reflects living somewhere promoting healthy reasoning | style="background:#FFE6E6;" | <span style="color: teal"> | kaizen | </span> || | |- || Tertiary | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> spiritual</span> | style="background:#BFBFBF;" | <span style="color:white"> factual </span> | style="background:#F2F2F2;" | <span style="color:black"> nutritional</span> || This reflects healthy mindful every habits | style="background:#E6EAFF;" | <span style="color:teal"> . genkiness . .</span> || . |- || Quaternary | style="background:#FFE6FB;" | <span style="color:black"> generational</span> | style="background:#E6FFFF;" | <span style="color:black"> miscellaneal</span> | style="background:#F2E0CE;" | <span style="color:black"> punctuational</span> || This reflects having it all together enough to enjoy the holidays | style="background:#FFF2E6;" | <span style="color:lime"> # goblin </span> || # |- || Quinary | style="background:#F9F9F9;" | <span style="color:pink"> (direct object) </span> | style="background:white;" | <span style="color:black"> {verb} </span> | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [noun] </span> || This reflects deliberate professional progress | style="background:#F2E6FF;" | <span style="color:lime"> / tsugu /</span> || / |- || Senary || b || 〇 || x || This reflects influencing others | style="background:#E6FFEA;" | <span style="color:lime"> @ g @ g @ </span> || [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SYnVYJDxu2Q @] |} =0= == 00 == === 000 === ==== 0000 ==== ===== 00000 ===== ====== 000000 ====== == 100 -- Philosophy and psychology == How can I use color to manipulate behavior and improve communication? ===named=== ==== Re⋮Beccaδ#639 ==== ===== rebeccapurple :: #663399 ===== https://meyerweb.com/eric/thoughts/2014/06/19/rebeccapurple/ ====black==== ====white==== ====græy==== ====pink==== ====indigo==== ====midnightblue==== ===hex=== ====#fff==== ====#fff==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:black;" | <span style="color:white"> [ white { on black ⚞🧿⚟ #fff on #000 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:pink"> [ pink { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #ffc0cb on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#191970"> [ midnightblue { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #191970 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#808080;" | <span style="color:#4b0082"> [ indigo { on 50% grey ⚞🧿⚟ #4b0082 on #808080 ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |} ===cmyk=== https://colordesigner.io/convert/cmyktohex ====gg on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) w|materializecss.com==== https://materializecss.com/color.html {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ |- | style="background:#ababab" | <span style="color:#fff9c4"> [ gg_yellow { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #fff9c4 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffe0b2"> [ gg_orange { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffe0b2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#ffcdd2"> [ gg_red { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #ffcdd2 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#e1bee7"> [ gg_purple { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #e1bee7 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#bbdefb"> [ gg_blue { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #bbdefb on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#c8e6c9"> [ gg_green { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #c8e6c9 on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#efefef"> [ gg_white { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #efefef on #ababab⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#111"> [ gg_black { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #111 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#808080"> [ gg_grey { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #808080 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#f8bbd0"> [ gg_pink { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #f8bbd0 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#b2ebf2"> [ gg_cyan { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #b2ebf2 on #ababab ⚞🧿⚟ } ] </span> |- | style="background:#ababab;" | <span style="color:#d7ccc8"> [ gg_brown { on cmyk(0,0,0,33.3) ⚞🧿⚟ #d7ccc8 on #ababab )⚞🧿⚟} ] </span> |} ===rgba=== === TrumPutin-ism === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. == 200 -- Religion == Royal We "spiritual warfare" 1000 things I did 1992-2022 other than lie my way onto the supreme court to overturn Roe v Wade {| |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ 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|| ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |- || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ || ɸ |} == 300 -- Social sciences == https://wattention.com/traditional-rice-harvesting-in-japan/ https://www.wwoofjapan.com/home/index.php?lang=en == 400 -- Language == === Programming === ==== .png ==== ==== Esperanto ==== ==== HTML ==== ==== PUG ==== == 500 -- Pure Science == == 600 -- Technology == === local hosts=== [http://localhost:8080/ 8080] file:///D:/index.html === Roland SP 404MKII === https://www.roland.com/global/products/sp-404mk2/ https://www.roland.com/global/support/by_product/sp-404mk2/owners_manuals/ @https://static.roland.com/manuals/sp-404mk2_app/eng/19610757.html === VIM === https://vim-adventures.com/ == 700 -- Arts and recreation == == 800 -- Literature == == 900 -- History and geography == https://geology.com/stories/13/bear-areas/ === pre-2030 === 2022 "booked" by Hillsboro Police for sending email addressing "Christian Hate" and "Spiritual War" along with "exorcisms" and "Halloween Hysteria" in Marion County, OR where Salem Police Department abdicated from protecting some children in Salem from 2016-2021. 2021 Kaiser Permanente promised cash settlement to mitigate their abdication in Marion County. KP lawyer with intimate details about my vagina: terrence .j . loeber@kp.org 2012 "unliked" on FB by some Nazarene peers after openly questioning Alex Jones' allegation that Sandy Hook didn't happen and asking for compassion for parents who were called actors while they grieved publicly through no choice of their own. 2011 Lupron given by KP for menorrhagia as alternative to b/c pills first rxd in 86. How many women who have "mostly" been on b/c pills from 87-11 are obese? Why no menorrhagia while immersed in Japan? How close to a traditional Japanese diet can I get in the Willamette Valley and how close to no meat will my body allow? === TrumPutish War Against Humanity === Trump has demonstrably alienated the USA from allies both foreign and domestic. While Oregon's AG works on Epstein and Weinstein, contemporaneous crimes go unabated and have created a new problem where otherwise law abiding folk find themselves on the wrong side of the law. Oregon doesn't have enough public defenders to fight violent crime, yet children are alienated from their church and families to hide atrocities they don't even know about. === Ring of Fire === === Post "Roe v Wade" === Who did Roe v Wade protect? Why would a Nazarene raised pro-life support an "underground" network post Roe v Wade? === Our Contemporary "Underground Railroad" needs a submarine? === Why did Portland, OR close the Shanghai Tunnels recently? Human Trafficking through Astoria, OR has been going on "forever". How do we align an "underground railroad" with contemporary supports? == 10 -- A & + == == 11 -- B * x == == 12 -- C f(◯) == == 13 -- D Δ δ ƍ ≜ 𝜟 𝝳 == == 14 -- E 🐘 𓃰 == == 15 -- F == == 16 -- G == == 17 -- H == == 18 -- I == == 19 -- J == == 20 -- K == == 21 -- L == == 22 -- M == == 23 -- N == == 24 -- O == == 25 -- P == == 26 -- Q == == 27 -- R == == 28 -- S == == 29 -- T == == 30 -- U == == 31 -- V == == 32 -- W == == 33 -- X == == 34 -- Y == == 35 -- Z == lfde0wyaedcly7guszaocnjdu2newwb 0 262713 2415911 2412346 2022-08-17T21:08:07Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 tidy several journal titles wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=2319-4219 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:T2*-weighted imaging|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS ONE |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=72 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |author=Bennett JE |author2=Dolin R |author3=Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=223 |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549 |edition=Eighth }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Anti-microbial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Anti-microbial Agents |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L’affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title=''"L'affaire du Jardin des plantes" ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France'' |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland |year=2014 |url=http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} 7r4vdy7jinq5636e05b1xvqb5157wye 2415912 2415911 2022-08-17T21:12:57Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 fix journal titles x2 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=2319-4219 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:T2*-weighted imaging|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS ONE |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=72 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |author=Bennett JE |author2=Dolin R |author3=Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=223 |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549 |edition=Eighth }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L’affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title=''"L'affaire du Jardin des plantes" ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France'' |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland |year=2014 |url=http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} k6vhzcdqu46w145b8i02l103e56xy6j 2415913 2415912 2022-08-17T21:13:56Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 consistent title styling wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=2319-4219 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:T2*-weighted imaging|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=72 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |author=Bennett JE |author2=Dolin R |author3=Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=223 |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549 |edition=Eighth }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L’affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title=''"L'affaire du Jardin des plantes" ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France'' |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland |year=2014 |url=http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} 2k8c63ccpmu3td7lfiwiz864l3e3tl5 2415914 2415913 2022-08-17T21:16:12Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 tidy ref title wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=2319-4219 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:T2*-weighted imaging|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=72 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |author=Bennett JE |author2=Dolin R |author3=Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=223 |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549 |edition=Eighth }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland |year=2014 |url=http://www.usamriid.army.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} otsvixyhmd9oc9lev9zyckl849kr6fw 2415915 2415914 2022-08-17T21:26:27Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 /* Biological warfare */ isbn, live url wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=2319-4219 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:T2*-weighted imaging|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=72 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |author=Bennett JE |author2=Dolin R |author3=Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=223 |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549 |edition=Eighth }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} stmcl23o3nfov51dz47efxzp5y2m08l 2415916 2415915 2022-08-17T21:33:28Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 tidy two refs wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:T2*-weighted imaging|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=72 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} p8hmuwe9qigdjklz09st3b9lo70exhb 2415917 2415916 2022-08-17T21:34:19Z Cerevisae 212853 better wikilink for T2 signal on MRI wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of Burkholderia pseudomallei using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=72 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} gxa06w12opjf50xg9d5mrjglamv6jmq 2415918 2415917 2022-08-17T21:37:38Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 /* Culture */ tidy 2 refs wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''B. mallei''|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor|journal=BMC Microbiology |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} dpovcos4df411p3b8r9o1ywr16fe52z 2415919 2415918 2022-08-17T21:39:31Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 /* Prevention */ +isbn wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''B. mallei''|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor|journal=BMC Microbiology |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th|isbn=9780160850424 }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia_pseudomallei#Vaccine_candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} gq67ztqhj2lthzsub19t6vv9nyx4uzj 2415920 2415919 2022-08-17T21:41:26Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 /* Vaccination */ tidy link wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, CC BY |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, CC BY |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public Domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, CC BY |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''B. mallei''|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor|journal=BMC Microbiology |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th|isbn=9780160850424 }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia pseudomallei#Vaccine candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, CC BY-SA |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} rlzrx31zk9ud3upl7aoiqivb71cwkwr 2415922 2415920 2022-08-17T21:49:06Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 image license links wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha et al., [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''B. mallei''|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor|journal=BMC Microbiology |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th|isbn=9780160850424 }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021 |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia pseudomallei#Vaccine candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} jrykf8ly8qukeenfshhqw8lgp18e76i 2416002 2415922 2022-08-18T03:39:35Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 /* Prevention */ missing journal name wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha et al., [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''B. mallei''|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor|journal=BMC Microbiology |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th|isbn=9780160850424 }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia pseudomallei#Vaccine candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |author=Ketheesan N |chapter= VIII.1 - Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis - A Century of Observation and Research |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |pages=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} bps8r1la9u49yg7l9h8qwo6btxyq6zt 2416012 2416002 2022-08-18T03:45:29Z Bobamnertiopsis 24451 /* History */ filled in ref wikitext text/x-wiki {{Article info | journal = WikiJournal of Medicine | first1 = Siang Ching | last1 = Raymond Chieng | orcid1 = 0000-0003-1286-2196 |last2 = |first2 = |last3 = |first3 = |last4 = |first4 = |submitted = 2020-05-01 | affiliation1 = Klinik Kesihatan Bintangor, Sarawak, Malaysia | correspondence1 = by [[w:Special:EmailUser/Cerevisae|online form]] | w1 = Melioidosis | et_al = true | abstract = '''Melioidosis''' is an [[w:infectious disease|infectious disease]] caused by a [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]] [[w:bacterium|bacterium]] called ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|Burkholderia pseudomallei]]''.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Most people exposed to ''B. pseudomallei'' experience no symptoms; however, those who do experience symptoms have signs and symptoms that range from mild such as [[w:fever|fever]] and skin changes, to severe with [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], [[w:abscess|abscess]]es, and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] that could cause death.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 10% of people with melioidosis develop symptoms that last longer than two months, termed "chronic melioidosis".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Humans are infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' by contact with contaminated soil or water. The bacteria enter the body through wounds, inhalation, or ingestion. Person-to-person or animal-to-human transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The infection is constantly present in Southeast Asia particularly in northeast [[w:Thailand|Thailand]] and northern Australia.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In temperate countries such as Europe and the United States, melioidosis cases are usually imported from countries where melioidosis is endemic.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The signs and symptoms of melioidosis resemble [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]] and misdiagnosis is common.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Diagnosis is usually confirmed by the growth of ''B. pseudomallei'' from an infected person's blood or other bodily fluid such as pus, sputum, and urine.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those with melioidosis are treated first with an "intensive phase" course of intravenous antibiotics (most commonly [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]]) followed by a several-months treatment course of [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In countries with the advanced healthcare system, approximately 10% of people with melioidosis die from the disease. In less developed countries, the death rate could reach 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018">{{cite journal |author= Wiersinga WJ |author2=Virk HS |author3=Torres AG |author4=Currie BJ et al |title=Melioidosis |journal=Nature Reviews Disease Primers |date=1 February 2018 |volume=4 |issue= |pages=17107 |doi=10.1038/nrdp.2017.107 |pmid=29388572 |pmc=6456913 }}</ref> Efforts to prevent melioidosis include: wearing protective gear while handling contaminated water or soil, practising hand hygiene, drinking boiled water, and avoiding direct contact with soil, water, or heavy rain.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> There is little evidence in supporting the use of melioidosis prophylaxis in humans. The [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]] [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is used as a preventative only for individuals at high risk for getting the disease after being exposed to the bacteria in laboratory settings.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> One study conducted in 2018 determined that the drug could be useful in preventing melioidosis in high-risk renal failure patients undergoing haemodylysis.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Majoni SW |author2=Hughes JT |author3=Heron B |author4=Currie BJ |title=Trimethoprim+Sulfamethoxazole Reduces Rates of Melioidosis in High-Risk Hemodialysis Patients |journal=Kidney International Reports |date=2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=160-167 |doi=10.1016/j.ekir.2017.09.005 |pmid=29340327 |pmcid=5762962 }}</ref> There is no approved vaccine for melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Approximately 165,000 people are infected by melioidosis per year, resulting in about 89,000 deaths, based on a mathematical model published in 2016.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DAB |author4=Messina JP et al |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmcid=4746747 }}</ref> [[w:Diabetes|Diabetes]] is a major risk factor for melioidosis; over half of melioidosis cases are in people with diabetes.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Increased rainfall and severe weather events such as thunderstorm are associated with an increased number of melioidosis cases in [[w:Endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> }} ==Signs and symptoms== ===Acute=== {{fig|1 |Melioidosis PA and lateral X rays.jpg |Chest X-ray showing opacity of the left upper lobe of the lung of a patient with melioidosis complicated with pneumonia. |attribution=Samira Rahat Afroze et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|2 |CT and MRI scan of the brain with melioidosis.jpg |CT and MRI scans showing lesion of the right frontal lobe of the brain of a patient with melioidosis. |attribution=Wei-yuan Huang et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|3 |Septic arthritis of left hip joint with melioidosis.jpg |Septic arthritis of the left hip with joint destruction due to melioidosis. |attribution=N. P. Weerasinghe et al, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} Most people exposed to ''[[w:Burkholderia pseudomallei|B. pseudomallei]]'' experience no symptoms.<ref name="Yi 2014"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mustafa M |author2=Balingi J |author3=Torresi J |author4=Menon J |title=Clinical manifestations, diagnosis, and treatment of Melioidosis |journal=IOSR Journal of Pharmacy |date=February 2015 |volume=5 |issue=2 |pages=13-19 |doi= |pmid= |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626050909/https://www.ums.edu.my/fpsk/files/12.-Dr.-Fredie-Robinson-IOSR-Journal-of-Pharmacy.pdf }}</ref> The mean [[w:incubation period|incubation period]] of acute melioidosis is 9 days (range 1&ndash;21 days).<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Nevertheless, symptoms of melioidosis can appear in 24 hours for those who experienced near drowning in water.<ref name="Bennett 2015"/> Those affected present with symptoms of [[w:sepsis|sepsis]] (predominantly fever) with or without [[w:pneumonia|pneumonia]], or localised [[w:abscess|abscess]] or other focus of infection. The presence of non-specific signs and symptoms has caused melioidosis to be nicknamed "the great mimicker".<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:diabetes mellitus|Diabetes mellitus]] is one of the most important risk factors in developing melioidosis. The disease should be considered in anyone who has spent time in endemic areas who develops a fever, pneumonia, or abscesses in their liver, spleen, prostate, or parotid gland.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The clinical manifestation of the disease can range from simple skin changes such as abscesses or ulcerations to severe organ problems.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Fertitta L |author2=Monsel G |author3=Torresi J |author4=Caumes E |title=Cutaneous melioidosis: a review of the literature |journal=The International Society of Dermatology |date=2018 |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=221–227 |doi=10.1111/ijd.14167 |pmid=30132827 }}</ref> The commonest organs affected are liver, spleen, lungs, prostate, and kidneys. Among the most common features are [[w:bacteremia|bacteremia]] (in 40 to 60% of cases), pneumonia (50%), and [[w:septic shock|septic shock]] (20%).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2021">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Ward LM et al |title=The Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: a 30-year prospective, observational investigation |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=1 December 2021 |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=1737-1746 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00022-0 |pmid=34303419 |pmc= }}</ref> People with only pneumonia may have a prominent cough with sputum and shortness of breath. However, those with septic shock together with pneumonia may have minimal coughing.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Results of a chest X-ray can range from diffuse nodular infiltrates in those with septic shock to progressive [[w:pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] located most commonly in the [[w:Lung#Anatomy|upper lobes]] for those with pneumonia only. [[w:Pleural effusion|Pleural effusion]] and [[w:empyema|empyema]] are more common for melioidosis affecting lower lobes of the lungs.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In 10% of cases, people develop secondary pneumonia caused by other bacteria after the primary infection.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, 60% of the infected children presented with only skin lesions, while 20% presented with pneumonia.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Depending on the course of infection, other severe manifestations develop. Approximately 1 to 5% of those infected develop [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and brain covering]] or [[w:brain abscess|brain abscess]]; 14 to 28% develop [[w:acute pyelonephritis|pyelonephritis]], kidney abscess or prostatic abscesses; 0 to 30% develop neck or [[w:parotid gland|salivary gland]] abscesses; 10 to 33% develop liver, spleen, or paraintestinal abscesses; and 4 to 14% develop [[w:septic arthritis|septic arthritis]] and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Rare manifestations include [[w:lymphadenopathy|lymph node disease]] resembling tuberculosis,<ref name="Gassiep 2020">{{cite journal |author=Gassiep I |author2=Armstrong M |author3=Norton R |title=Human Melioidosis |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=11 March 2020 |volume=33 |issue=2 |doi=10.1128/CMR.00006-19 |pmid=32161067 |pmc=7067580 }}</ref> [[w:mediastinum|mediastinal]] masses, [[w:pericardial effusion|pericardial effusion]],<ref name="Currie 2015"/> [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]],<ref name="Joost 2018"/> and [[w:pancreatitis|inflammation of the pancreas]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Australia, up to 20% of infected males develop prostatic abscess which may manifests clinically as [[w:dysuria|pain during urination]], difficulty in passing urine, and [[w:urinary retention|urinary retention]] requiring [[w:catheter|catheter]]isation.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:Rectal examination|Rectal examination]] may find enlarged [[w:prostate|prostate]].<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In Thailand, 30% of the infected children develop parotid abscesses.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Encephalomyelitis not only happens in those with risk factors, but can also occur in healthy people without risk factors. Those with melioidosis encephomyelitis tend to have normal [[w:computed tomography|computed tomography]] (CT) scans but increased [[w:MRI_sequence#T1_and_T2|T2 signal]] by [[w:magnetic resonance imaging|magnetic resonance imaging]] (MRI), extending to the [[w:brain stem|brain stem]] and [[w:spinal cord|spinal cord]]. Clinical signs include: unilateral [[w:upper motor neuron|upper motor neuron]] limb weakness, [[w:focal neurological signs|cerebellar signs]], and cranial nerve palsies ([[w:Sixth nerve palsy|VI]], [[w:Facial nerve paralysis|VII]] nerve palsies and [[w:bulbar palsy|bulbar palsy]]). Some cases presented with [[w:flaccid paralysis|flaccid paralysis]] alone.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In northern Australia, all melioidosis with encephalomyelitis cases had elevated white cells in the [[w:cerebrospinal fluid|cerebrospinal fluid]] (CSF), mostly [[w:mononuclear cell|mononuclear cell]]s with elevated CSF protein.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Chronic=== Chronic melioidosis is usually defined by symptoms lasting greater than two months and occurs in about 10% of patients.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Clinical presentations include fever, weight loss, productive cough with or without bloody sputum which may mimic [[w:tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]. Additionally, long-standing abscesses at multiple body sites may also present.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Tuberculosis should be considered for lymph nodes enlargement at the [[w:root of the lung|root of the lung]]. Additionally, pneumonia caused by melioidosis rarely causes scarring and calcification of the lungs, unlike tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ===Latent=== The potential for prolonged incubation was recognized in US servicemen involved in the Vietnam War, and was referred to as the "Vietnam time-bomb".<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Initially, it was thought that the longest period between presumed exposure and clinical presentation is 62 years in a [[w:prisoner of war|prisoner of war]] in Burma-Thailand-Malaysia.<ref name="Ngauy 2005">{{cite journal |author=Ngauy V |author2=Lemeshev Y |author3=Sadkowski L |author4=Crawford G |title=Cutaneous Melioidosis in a Man Who Was Taken as a Prisoner of War by the Japanese during World War II |year=2005 |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |volume=43 |issue=2 |pages=970&ndash;972 |pmid=15695721 |doi=10.1128/JCM.43.2.970-972.2005 |pmc=548040 }}</ref> However, subsequent genotyping of the bacteria isolate from the Vietnam veteran showed that the isolate may not come from [[w:Southeast Asia|Southeast Asia]], but from South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Gulvick CA |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Phylogeography of Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates, Western Hemisphere |journal=Emergency Infectious Disease |date=July 2017 |volume=23 |issue=7 |pages=1133–1138 |doi=10.3201/eid2307.161978 |pmid=28628442 |pmc=5512505 }}</ref> This reinstates another report that put the longest latency period for melioidosis as 29 years.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chodimella U |author2=Hoppes WL |author3=Whalen S |title=Septicemia and suppuration in a Vietnam veteran |journal=Hospital Practice |date=15 May 1997 |volume=32 |issue=5 |pages=219–221 |pmid=9153149 |doi=10.1080/21548331.1997.11443493 }}</ref> Patients with latent melioidosis may be symptom-free for decades.<ref name="Ngauy 2005"/> Less than 5% of all melioidosis cases have activation after a period of latency.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Various comorbidities such as diabetes, renal failure, and alcoholism can predispose to reactivation of melioidosis.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> ==Cause== ===Bacteria=== {{fig|4 |Burkholderia pseudomallei gram stain safety pin apperance.jpg |''B. pseudomallei'' with bipolar gram staining showing safety pin appearance. |attribution=Neha Shrestha, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} Melioidosis is caused by [[w:gram-negative|gram-negative]], [[w:motility|motile]], [[w:Saprotrophic nutrition|saprophytic]] bacteria named ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019">{{cite journal |author= Chakravorty A |author2=Heath C |title=Melioidosis: An updated review |journal= Australian Journal of General Practice |date=5 May 2019 |volume=48 |issue=5 |pages=327-332 |doi=10.31128/AJGP-04-18-4558 |pmid=31129946 }}</ref> The bacteria are usually [[w:opportunistic infection|opportunistic]], [[w:Facultative parasite|facultative]] [[w:intracellular|intracellular]] pathogens.<ref name="Chakravorty 2019"/> It is also aerobic and [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]] positive.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> A granule at the centre of the bacterium makes it resemble a “safety pin” when [[w:Gram stain|Gram stain]]ed.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacteria emit a strong soil smell after 24 to 48 hours of growth in culture, however smelling for the identification of the bacteria is not recommended for routine laboratory practice. One of the factors causing ''B. pseudomallei'''s resistance to various kinds of antibiotics is because of its production of a [[w:glycocalyx|glycocalyx]] [[w:polysaccharide|polysaccharide]] capsule.<ref name="Allen C 2005">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Management |journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews |date=April 2005 |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=383–416 |doi=10.1128/CMR.18.2.383-416.2005 |pmid=15831829 |pmc=1082802 }}</ref> It is generally resistant to [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]] and [[w:colistin|colistin]] but sensitive to [[w:amoxicillin/clavulanic acid|co-amoxiclav]]. ''B. pseudomallei'' is a [[w:biosafety level|biosafety level]] 3 pathogen which requires specialized laboratory handling.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In humans and animals, another similar organism named ''[[w:Burkholderia mallei|Burkholderia mallei]]'' is the causative agent of the disease [[w:glanders|glanders]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be differentiated from another closely related, but less pathogenic species ''B. thailandensis'' by its ability to assimilate [[w:arabinose|arabinose]].<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' is highly adaptable to various host environments ranging from inside [[w:Mycorrhiza|mycorrhizal fungi]] spores to [[w:amoeba|amoeba]].<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Its adaptability may give it a survival advantage in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' consists of two [[w:replicon (genetics)|replicons]]: chromosome 1 encodes [[w:housekeeping gene|housekeeping functions]] of the bacteria such as cell wall synthesis, mobility, and metabolism; chromosome 2 encodes functions that allow the bacteria to adapt to various environments. [[w:Horizontal gene transfer|Horizontal gene transfer]] has resulted in highly variable genomes in ''B. pseudomallei''. Australia has been suggested as the origin for ''B. pseudomallei'' because of the high genetic variability of the bacteria found in this region. Bacteria that was introduced to Central and South America in the 17th to 19th centuries seem to have a common ancestor from Africa.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017">{{cite journal |author= Chewapreecha C |author2=Holden MT |author3=Vehkala M |author4=Välimäki N et al |title=Global and regional dissemination and evolution of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= Nature Microbiology |date=23 January 2017 |volume=2 |issue=16263 |pages=1-8 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2016.263 |pmid=28112723 |pmcid=5300093 }}</ref> ''B. mallei'' is a clone of ''B. pseudomallei'' that has lost substantial portions of its genome as it adapted to live exclusively in mammals.<ref name="Currie 2015">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: evolving concepts in epidemiology, pathogenesis, and treatment |journal=Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine |date=February 2015 |volume=36 |issue=1 |pages=111–125 |doi=10.1055/s-0034-1398389 |pmid=25643275 }}</ref> This makes the ''B. mallei'' genome much smaller than ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Nierman 2004">{{cite journal |author=Nierman WC |author2=DeShazer D |author3=Kim HS |title=Structural flexibility in the Burkholderia mallei genome |journal=Proceedings of National Academy of Science of United States of America |date=28 September 2004 |volume=101 |issue=39 |pages=14246-14251 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0403306101 |pmid=15377793 |pmc=521142 }}</ref> ===Transmission=== ''B. pseudomallei'' is normally found in soil and surface water, and is most abundant at soil depths of 10 to 90 cm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It has been found in soils, ponds, streams, pools, stagnant water, and rice paddy fields.<ref name="Yi 2014">{{cite journal |author=Foong YC |author2=Tan M |author3=Bradbury RS |title=Melioidosis: A Review |journal=Journal of Remote and Rural Health |date=30 October 2014 |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=2763 |pmid=25359677|doi=10.22605/RRH2763 |url=https://www.rrh.org.au/journal/article/2763 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in nutrient-poor conditions such as distilled water, desert soil, and nutrient-depleted soil for more than 16 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> It can also survive in antiseptic and detergent solutions, acidic environments ([[w:pH|pH]] 4.5 for 70 days), and in environments at temperatures ranging from 24 °C (75.2 °F) to 32 °C (89.6 °F). However, the bacteria may be killed by the presence of ultraviolet light.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Bacteria can enter the body through wounds, inhalation, and [[w:ingestion|ingestion]] of contaminated soil or water.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Person-to-person transmission is extremely rare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> Melioidosis is a recognised disease in animals including pigs, cats, dogs, goats, sheep, horses and others. Cattle, water buffalo, and crocodiles are considered to be relatively resistant to melioidosis despite their constant exposure to mud. Birds are also considered resistant to melioidosis although several cases had been reported in Australia and aquatic birds.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Allen C 2005"/> [[w:zoonosis|Transmission from animals to humans]] is rare.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Yi 2014"/> Inadequate [[w:Water chlorination|chlorination]] of water supply has been associated with ''B. pseudomallei'' outbreak in Northern and Western Australia.<ref name="Currie 2001">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Mayo M |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Donohoe P |author5=Haase A |author6=Kemp DJ |title=A cluster of melioidosis cases from an endemic region is clonal and is linked to the water supply using molecular typing of Burkholderia pseudomallei isolates |journal=American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=September 2001 |volume=65 |issue=3 |pages=177-179 |pmid=11561699 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2001.65.177 }}</ref><ref name="Inglis">{{cite journal |author=Inglis TJ |author2=Garrow SC |author3=Adams C |author4=Henderson M |author5=Mayo M |author6=Currie BJ |title=Acute melioidosis outbreak in Western Australia |journal=Epidemiology and Infections |date=December 1999 |volume=123 |issue=3 |pages=437-443 |pmid=10694154 |pmc= 2810777 | doi=10.1017/s0950268899002964 }}</ref> The were also several cases of where bacteria have also been found in unchlorinated water supply in rural Thailand.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2012">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Wongsuvan G |author3=Aanensen D |author4=Ngamwilai S |title=Melioidosis Caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei in Drinking Water, Thailand, 2012 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=February 2014 |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=265-268 |pmid=24447771 |pmc=3901481 |doi=10.3201/eid2002.121891 }}</ref> Based on the whole genome sequencing of the bacteria, the variety of the bacteria ''B. pseudomallei'' in Papua New Guinea is narrow due to limited movements of the indigenous people. This findings supports the hypothesis that humans play an important role in bacterial transmission.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Baker A |author2=Pearson T |author3=Price EP |author4=Dale J et al |title=Molecular Phylogeny of Burkholderia pseudomallei from a Remote Region of Papua New Guinea |journal=PLOS One |year=2011 |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=e18343 |pmid=21483841 |pmc=3069084 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0018343 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...618343B }}</ref> ==Pathogenesis== {{fig|5 |Pathogenesis of melioidosis.svg |Ways of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria infecting human cells and blood stream. |attribution=Cerevisae, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} ''B. pseudomallei'' has the ability to infect various types of cells and to evade human immune responses. Bacteria first enter at a break in the skin or [[w:mucous membrane|mucous membrane]] and replicate in the epithelial cells. From there, they use [[w:flagella|flagella]]r motility to spread and infect various cell types.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the bloodstream, the bacteria can infect both [[w:phagocyte|phagocyte]]s and non-phagocytes.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' use their flagella to move near [[w:Host (biology)|host]] cells, then attach to the cells using various adhesion proteins, including the [[w:type IV pilus|type IV pilus]] protein PilA as well as adhesion proteins BoaA and BoaB.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additionally, adhesion of the bacteria partially depends on the presence of the host protein [[w:Coagulation factor II receptor|Protease-activated receptor-1]] which is present on the surface of [[w:endothelial cell|endothelial cell]]s, [[w:platelet|platelet]]s, and [[w:monocyte|monocyte]]s. Once bound, the bacteria enter host cells through [[w:endocytosis|endocytosis]], ending up inside an endocytic [[w:Vesicle (biology and chemistry)|vesicle]]. As the vesicle acidifies, ''B. pseudomallei'' uses its [[w:Bacterial secretion system#Type III secretion system (T3SS or TTSS)|Type 3 secretion system]] (T3SS) to inject effector proteins into the host cell, disrupting the vesicle and allowing the bacteria to escape into the host [[w:cytoplasm|cytoplasm]]. Within the host cytoplasm, the bacteria evade being killed by the host [[w:autophagy|autophagy]] using various T3SS effector proteins. The bacteria replicate in the host cytoplasm.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Inside the host cell, the bacteria move by inducing the polymerization of the host [[w:actin|actin]] behind them, propelling the bacteria forward.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> This actin-mediated motility is accomplished with the [[w:Secretion#Type V secretion system .28T5SS.29|autotransporter]] BimA which interacts with actin at the tail-end of the bacterium.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> The bacteria that has BimABm [[w:allele|allele]] has higher possibility of causing neurological melioidosis, thus higher chance of death and residual disability to the host when compared to the bacteria that has BimABp variant.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gora H |author2=Hasan T |author3=Smith S et al. |title=Melioidosis of the central nervous system; impact of the bimABm allele on patient presentation and outcome |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=7 February 2022 |volume |issue= |pages=ciac111 |doi=10.1093/cid/ciac111 |pmid=35137005 }}</ref> Propelled by actin, the bacteria push against the host membrane, creating protrusions that extend into neighbouring cells. These protrusions cause neighboring cells to fuse, leading to the formation of [[w:multinucleated giant cells|multinucleated giant cells]] (MNGCs). When MNGCs lyse, they form plaques (a central clear area with a ring of fused cells) that provide shelter for the bacteria for further replication or [[w:latent infection|latent infection]]. This same process in infected neurons can allow bacteria to travel through nerve roots in the spinal cord and brain, leading to [[w:encephalomyelitis|inflammation of the brain and spinal cord]]. In addition to spreading from cell to cell, the bacteria can also spread through the bloodstream, causing sepsis. The bacteria can survive in [[w:antigen-presenting cell|antigen-presenting cell]]s and [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s. Thus, these cells act as vehicles that transport the bacteria into the lymphatic system, causing widespread dissemination of the bacteria in the human body.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> While ''B. pseudomallei'' can survive in phagocytic cells, these cells can kill ''B. pseudomallei'' by several mechanisms. Macrophages activated by [[w:interferon gamma|interferon gamma]] (IFN) have improved the killing of ''B. pseudomallei'' via the production of [[w:Nitric oxide synthase#iNOS|inducible nitric oxide synthase]]. Acidification of the endosome and degradation of the bacteria is also possible, however, the bacterial capsule and LPS makes ''B. pseudomallei'' resistant to lysosomal degradation. Once ''B. pseudomallei'' escapes into the host cytosol it can be recognized by [[w:pattern recognition receptor|pattern recognition receptor]]s such as [[w:NOD-like receptor|NOD-like receptor]]s, triggering the formation of the [[w:inflammasome|inflammasome]] and activation of [[w:caspase 1|caspase 1]], which induces death of the host cell by [[w:pyroptosis|pyroptosis]] and further activation of the immune system. Several systemic host defenses also contribute to the immune response. ''B. pseudomallei'' triggers both the [[w:complement system|complement system]] and [[w:coagulation cascade|coagulation cascade]], however the thick bacterial capsule prevent the action of the [[w:complement membrane attack complex|complement membrane attack complex]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Additional elements of the immune system are activated by the host [[w:toll-like receptor|toll-like receptor]]s such as TLR2, TLR4, and TLR5 that recognize the [[w:pathogen-associated molecular pattern|conserved piece]]s of the bacteria such as LPS and flagella. This activation results in the production of [[w:cytokine|cytokine]]s such as [[w:Interleukin 1 beta|Interleukin 1 beta]] (IL-1β) and [[w:Interleukin 18|Interleukin 18]] (IL-18). IL-18 increases IFN production through [[w:natural killer cell|natural killer cell]]s while IL-1beta reduces the IFN production. These immune molecules drive the recruitment of other immune cells such as [[w:neutrophil|neutrophil]]s, [[w:dendritic cell|dendritic cell]]s, [[w:B cell|B cell]]s, and [[w:T cell|T cell]]s to the site of infection. T cells seem to be particularly important for controlling ''B. pseudomallei''; T cell numbers are increased in survivors, and low T cell numbers are associated with a high risk of death from melioidosis. Despite this, HIV infection is not a risk factor for melioidosis. Although macrophages show deregulated [[w:cytokine|cytokine]] responses in individuals with HIV infection, bacterial internalization and intracellular killing are still effective. People infected with ''B. pseudomallei'' may develop antibodies against the bacteria, and people that live in endemic areas tend to have antibodies in their blood that recognize ''B. pseudomallei''. However, the effectiveness of these antibodies at preventing melioidosis is unclear.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can remain latent in the human body for up to 29 years until it is reactivated during human [[w:immunosuppression|immunosuppression]] or stress response. However, the site of bacteria during latent infection and the mechanism by which they avoid immune recognition for years are both unclear. Amongst mechanisms suggested are: residing in the nucleus of the cell to prevent being digested, entering a stage of slower growth, antibiotic resistance, and genetic adaption to the host environment. [[w:Granuloma|Granuloma]]s (containing neutrophils, macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells) formed at the infection site in melioidosis have been associated with latent infection in humans.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Diagnosis== {{fig|6 |Bps close.JPG |Appearance of ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies on Ashdown's medium after four days of incubation. |attribution=Gavin Koh, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/ CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} {{fig|7 |Immunofluorescent-stained sample of guinea pig tissue leads to positive diagnosis of melioidosis.png |Immunofluorescent microscopy showing the presence of rod-shaped ''B. pseudomallei'' (circled area) on a guinea pig tissue. |attribution=Dr. Biegeleisen, CDC, Public domain |size=285px }} {{fig|8 |Latex agglutination test positive for melioidosis.jpg |Right most slide showing positive latex agglutination for melioidosis. Latex agglutination uses latex coated antibodies to detect melioidosis antigens. |attribution=Neha Shrestha et al., [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.en CC-BY 4.0] |size=285px }} ===Culture=== Bacterial culture has 60% sensitivity in diagnosing melioidosis.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2010">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Jamsen K |author3=Arayawichanont A |author4=Simpson JA et al |title=Defining the True Sensitivity of Culture for the Diagnosis of Melioidosis Using Bayesian Latent Class Models |journal=PLOS One |date=30 August 2010 |volume=5 |issue=8 |pages=e12485 |pmid=20830194 | pmc=2932979 | doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012485 }}</ref> ''B. pseudomallei'' is never part of human flora. Therefore, any growth of the bacteria is diagnostic of melioidosis. Other samples such as throat, rectal swabs, pus from abscesses, and sputum can also be used for culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, culture from CSF is difficult because in one case series, only 29% of the neuromelioidosis cases are culture positive.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> When bacteria do not grow from people strongly suspected of having melioidosis, repeated cultures should be taken as subsequent cultures can become positive.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' can be grown on any blood agar, [[w:MacConkey agar|MacConkey agar]], and agar containing antibiotics such as [[w:Ashdown's medium|Ashdown's medium]] (containing [[w:gentamicin|gentamicin]]),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> and Ashdown's broth (containing [[w:colistin|colistin]])<ref name="Currie 2015"/> for better isolation of ''B. pseudomallei'' from other types of bacteria.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Agar plates for melioidosis should be incubated at 37 °C (98.6 °F) in air <ref name="Yi 2014"/> and inspected daily for four days. On the agar plates, ''B. pseudomallei'' forms creamy, [[w:Hemolysis (microbiology)|non-haemolytic]], colonies after 2 days of incubation. After 4 days of incubation, colonies appear dry and wrinkled.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Colonies of ''B. pseudomallei'' that are grown on Francis medium (a modification of Ashdown medium with gentamicin concentration increased to 8&nbsp;mg/L and neutral red indicator replaced with 0.2% bromocresol purple) are yellow.<ref name="Francis 2006">{{cite journal |author=Francis A |author2=Aiyar S |author3=Yean Yean C |author4=Naing L |author5=Ravichandran M |title=An improved selective and differential medium for the isolation of Burkholderia pseudomallei from clinical specimens |journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease |date=28 November 2005 |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=95-99 |pmid=16626918 | doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2005.11.008}}</ref> For laboratories located outside endemic areas, ''Burkholderia cepacia'' selective agar can be used if Ashdown's medium is not available.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> It is important not misinterpret the bacterial growth as ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]'' or ''[[w:Bacillus|Bacillus]]'' spp. Other biochemical screening tools can also be used for detecting ''B. pseudomallei'', including the [[w:analytical profile index|API 20NE or 20E biochemical kit]] combined with Gram stain, [[w:oxidase test|oxidase test]], typical growth characteristics, and resistance to certain antibiotics of the bacteria.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> API 20NE biochemical kit is 99% sensitive in identifying ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Molecular methods such as 16S rDNA sequencing, multiplex [[w:polymerase chain reaction|polymerase chain reaction]] (PCR), and real-time PCR can also be used to identify ''B. pseudomallei'' in culture.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Fook Koh 2012">{{cite journal |author=Koh SF |author2=Tay ST |author3=Sermswan R |author4=Wongratanacheewin S et al |title=Development of a multiplex PCR assay for rapid identification of Burkholderia pseudomallei, Burkholderia thailandensis, Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia cepacia complex |journal=Journal of Microbiological Methods |date=September 2012 |volume=90 |issue=3 |pages=305-308 |pmid=22705921 |doi=10.1016/j.mimet.2012.06.002 }}</ref><ref name="Gee 2003">{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Sacchi CT |author3=Glass MB |author4=Dee BK et al |title=Use of 16S rRNA gene sequencing for rapid identification and differentiation of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''B. mallei''|journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2003 |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=4547-4654 |pmid=14532197 |pmc= 254370 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.10.4647-4654.2003 }}</ref><ref name="Wang 2022"/> Other bacterial genes such as fliC genes encoding flagellin, rpsU gene encoding for ribosomal protein, and TTS genes encoding Type III secretion systems has also been employed for detection. Another method of gene detection namely [[w:multiple displacement amplification|multiple cross displacement amplification]] for the bacterial TTS1 gene detection produces results within an hour.<ref name="Wang 2022">{{cite journal |author=Wang X |author2=Wang L |author3=Zhu H et al |title=Reliable detection of ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' using multiple cross displacement amplification label-based biosensor|journal=BMC Microbiology |date=10 March 2022 |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages= |pmid=35272632 |pmc= PMC8908694 |doi=10.1186/s12866-022-02485-2 }}</ref> ===Hematological and biochemical tests=== General blood tests in people with melioidosis show low white blood cell counts (indicates infection), raised liver enzymes, increased [[w:bilirubin|bilirubin]] levels (indicates liver dysfunction), and raised urea and creatinine levels (indicates kidney dysfunction). [[w:Hypoglycemia|Low blood glucose]] and [[w:acidosis|acidosis]] predicts a poorer prognosis in those with melioidosis. However, other tests such as [[w:C-reactive protein|C-reactive protein]] and [[w:procalcitonin|procalcitonin]] levels are not reliable in predicting the severity of melioidosis infection.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> ===Serological tests=== [[w:serology|Serological test]]s such as indirect [[w:haemagglutination assay|haemagglutination]] assay (IHA) have been used to detect the presence of antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei''. However, different groups of people have widely different levels of antibodies, so interpretation of these tests depends on location. In Australia, less than 5% of people have ''B. pseudomallei'' antibodies, so the presence of even relatively low amounts of antibody is unusual and could suggest melioidosis. In Thailand, many people have antibodies against ''B. pseudomallei'' so the diagnosis of melioidosis should not be reliant entirely on the serological tests done in endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> Indirect immunofluorescent test (IFAT) uses either ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. thailandensis'' antigens to look for the total number of antibodies in human serum. Using IFAT is labour intensive and is not used in large scale investigations.<ref name="Suat Moi 2013">{{cite journal |author=Puah SM |author2=Puthucheary SD |author3=Chua KH |title=Potential Immunogenic Polypeptides of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identified by Shotgun Expression Library and Evaluation of Their Efficacy for Serodiagnosis of Melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Medical Sciences |date=2013 |volume=10 |issue=5 |pages=539-547 |pmid=23532805 |pmc=3607239 |doi=10.7150/ijms.5516 }}</ref> Antigen detect tests allow rapid detection of melioidosis. Examples of antigen detection tests are: latex agglutination test and [[w:ELISA|ELISA]]. [[w:Latex agglutination|Latex agglutination]] uses antibodies coated on latex beads to detect ''B. pseudomallei'' antigens in solid or liquid media, although not all the assays can detect different species of ''Burkholderia''.<ref name="Amornchai 2007">{{cite journal |author=Amornchai P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Wuthiekanun V |author4=Mahakhunkijcharoen Y et al |title=Accuracy of Burkholderia pseudomallei Identification Using the API 20NE System and a Latex Agglutination Test |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=2007 |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=3774-3776 |pmid=17804660 | pmc=2168515 | doi=10.1128/JCM.00935-07 }}</ref> Latex agglutination is useful in screening for suspected ''B. pseudomallei'' colonies.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> IgG and IgM ELISAs has been used to detect lipopolysaccharide (LPS) antigens of ''B. pseudomallei'', but plagued with low sensitivity.<ref name="KP Lau 2015">{{cite journal |author=KP Lau S |author2=Sridhar S |author3=Chun Ho C et al |title=Laboratory diagnosis of melioidosis: Past, present and future |journal=Experimental Biology and Medicine |date=June 2015 |volume=240 |issue=6 |pages=742-751 |pmid=25908634 |pmc=PMC4935216 |doi=10.1177/1535370215583801 }}</ref> Commercial ELISA kits for melioidosis no longer available in the market due to low sensitivity to human antibodies detection.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> Nevertheless, antigen detection tests may be useful in severely ill patients because the bacterial load is high enough for detection. Other methods of antigen detection such as [[w:direct fluorescent antibody|direct immunofluorescence]], antibody-sandwich ELISAs, and [[w:lateral flow test|lateral flow immunoassays]] using [[w:monoclonal antibody|monoclonal antibody]].<ref name="KP Lau 2015"/> ===Microscopy=== By microscopy, ''B. pseudomallei'' is seen as [[w:Gram stain|gram-negative]] and rod-shaped, with a bipolar staining similar in appearance to a safety pin. Bacteria can sometimes be seen directly in clinical samples from infected people; however, identification by light microscopy is neither [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|specific]] nor [[w:Sensitivity and specificity|sensitive]]. [[w:Immunofluorescence microscopy|Immunofluorescence microscopy]] is highly specific for detecting bacteria directly from clinical specimens, but has less than 50% sensitivity.<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Currie 2015"/> ===Imaging=== Various imaging modalities can also help with the diagnosis of melioidosis. In acute melioidosis with the spreading of the bacteria through the bloodstream, the chest X-ray shows multifocal nodular lesions. It may also show merging nodules or [[w:cavitary pneumonia|cavitations]]. For those with acute melioidosis without the spread to the bloodstream, chest x-ray most commonly shows upper lobe [[w:Pulmonary consolidation|consolidation]] or cavitations.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In chronic melioidosis, the slowly progressing of upper lobe consolidation of the lungs resembles tuberculosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For abscesses located in other parts of the body apart from the lungs, especially in the liver and spleen, [[w:computed tomography|CT]] scan has higher sensitivity when compared with an ultrasound scan. In liver and splenic abscesses, an ultrasound scan shows "target-like" lesions while CT scan shows "honeycomb sign" (abscess with loculations separated by thin septa) in liver abscesses.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> For melioidosis involving the brain, MRI have higher sensitivity than a CT scan in diagnosing the lesion. MRI shows ring-enhancing lesions for brain melioidosis.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Prevention== Melioidosis is a notifiable disease in Australia<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> which enables the country to monitor disease burden and contain outbreaks. On the other hand, melioidosis is only a notifiable condition in Thailand since June 2016.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/><ref name="Hantrakun 2019">{{cite journal |author=Hantrakun V |author2=Kongyu S |author3=Klaytong P |author4=Rongsumlee S et al |title=Clinical Epidemiology of 7126 Melioidosis Patients in Thailand and the Implications for a National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System |journal= Open Forum Infectious Diseases |date=19 November 2019 |volume=6 |issue=12 |pages=ofz498 |pmid=32083145 | pmc=7020769 | doi=10.1093/ofid/ofz498 }}</ref> However, until recently, the official notification system in Thailand has significantly underestimated the incidence of culture-positive melioidosis and its mortality.<ref name="Hantrakun 2019"/> Nevertheless, Australia also embarked on awareness campaigns to increase the community's understanding of the disease.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> In the United Kingdom, where reporting by laboratories is mandatory, 41.3% of cases imported since 2010 were not notified.<ref name="Conor 2020">{{cite journal |author=Conor CO |author2=Kenna D |author3=Walsh A et al |title=Imported melioidosis in the United Kingdom: Increasing incidence but continued under-reporting |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=October 2020 |volume=7 |issue= |pages=100051 |pmid= | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.clinpr.2020.100051 }}</ref> In the United States, lab workers can handle clinical specimens of ''B. pseudomallei'' under [[w:BSL-2|BSL-2]] conditions, while mass production of such organisms requires [[w:BSL-3|BSL-3]] precautions.<ref>{{cite book |author=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |title=Biosafety in Microbiological and Biomedical Laboratories |publisher=National Institutes of Health |location=Atlanta, Georgia |year=2009 |edition=5th|isbn=9780160850424 }}</ref> On the other hand, in other endemic areas where the ''B. pseudomallei'' samples were handled less stringently, there has been no confirmed laboratory-acquired infection reported. This phenomenon may show that the risk of infection with ''B. pseudomallei'' is less than a typical biohazard type 3 agent.<ref name="Dance 2017">{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Limmathurotsakul D |author3=Currie BJ |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei: Challenges for the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory—a Response from the Front Line |journal= Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2017 |volume=55 |issue=3 |pages=980-982 |pmid=28232503 | pmc=5328468 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02378-16 }}</ref> There are also several cases of hospital-acquired infection of melioidosis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Therefore, healthcare providers are recommended to practice hand hygiene and [[w:universal precautions|universal precautions]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Large-scale water chlorination has been successful at reducing ''B. pseudomallei'' in the water in Australia.<ref name="Howard 2003">{{cite journal |author=Howard K |author2=Inglis TJJ |title=The effect of free chlorine on Burkholderia pseudomallei in potable water |journal= Water Research |date=February 2017 |volume=37 |issue=18 |pages=4425-4432 |pmid=14511713 | doi=10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00440-8 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> In middle to low-income countries, water should be boiled before consumption.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In high income countries, water could be treated with ultraviolet light for those at risk of contracting melioidosis.<ref name="McRobb E 2013">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Kaestli M |author3=Mayo M |author4=Price EP et al |title= Melioidosis from Contaminated Bore Water and Successful UV Sterilization |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=7 August 2013 |volume=89 |issue=2 |pages=367-368 |pmid=23751401 | pmc=3741262 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.13-0101 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are at high risk of contact with the bacteria should wear protective gear (such as boots and gloves) during work.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those staying in endemic areas should avoid direct contact with soil, and outdoor exposure to heavy rain or dust clouds. Bottled water or boiled water are preferred as drinking water.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2013">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Kanoksil M |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title= Activities of daily living associated with acquisition of melioidosis in northeast Thailand: a matched case-control study |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date= 2013 |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=e2072 |pmid=23437412 | pmc=3578767 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002072 }}</ref><ref name="Joost 2018"/> A study conducted from 2014 to 2018, however showed no significant differences on whether behavioural changes can reduce the risk of contracting melioidosis. Modification of behavioural changes or more frequent interventions may be needed to ensure a definite reduction in risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Suntornsut 2021">{{cite journal |author=Suntornsut P |author2=Teparrukkul P |author3=Wongsuvan G et al |title= Effectiveness of a multifaceted prevention programme for melioidosis in diabetics (PREMEL): A stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial |date= June 2021|journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=15 |issue=6 |pages=e0009060 |pmid=34170931 | pmc=PMC8266097 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0009060 }}</ref> ===Antibiotic prophylaxis=== Administering cotrimoxazole three times a week throughout a wet season for dialysis patients has no obvious benefit of preventing melioidosis. Besides, high cost and side effects of this drug limits its use to only those with high risk of getting melioidosis.<ref name="Chau 2018">{{cite journal |author=Chau KWT |author2=Smith S |author3=Kang K et al |title=Antibiotic Prophylaxis for Melioidosis in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis in the Tropics? One Size Does Not Fit All |journal= The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=16 July 2018 |volume=99 |issue=3 |pages=597-600 |pmid=30014827 |pmc=PMC6169155 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.18-0421 }}</ref> After exposure to ''B. pseudomallei'' (particularly following a laboratory accident, penetrating injuries, exposure of mouth and eyes to contaminated materials or aerosols), treatment with antibiotics is only given when in highly selected individuals after weighing the risk of adverse effects of the drugs against the benefits from contracting melioidosis. Cotrimoxazole can be used in this context. Alternatively, [[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] can be used for those who are intolerant to co-trimoxazole. Low-risk individuals would receive frequent monitoring instead.<ref name="Lipsitz 2012">{{cite journal |author=Lipsitz R |author2=Garges S |author3=Aurigemma R et al |title=Workshop on treatment of and postexposure prophylaxis for Burkholderia pseudomallei and B. mallei Infection, 2010 |journal= Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=18 December 2012 |volume=18 |issue=12 |pages=e2 |pmid=23171644 |pmc=3557896 |doi=10.3201/eid1812.120638 }}</ref> ===Vaccination=== {{Further|w:Burkholderia pseudomallei#Vaccine candidates}} Several vaccine candidates have been tested in animal models. Nevertheless, no vaccine candidates have been tried in humans. Major hurdles of the vaccines are limited efficacy in animal models, establishing the best method of vaccine administration in humans and logistical and financial issues in establishing human trials in endemic areas.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> ==Treatment== The treatment of melioidosis is divided into two stages: an intravenous intensive phase and an eradication phase to prevent recurrence. The choice of antibiotics depends upon the susceptibility of the bacteria to various antibiotics. ''B. pesudomallei'' are generally susceptible to ceftazidime, meropenem, imipenem, and co-amoxiclav. These drugs generally kill bacteria. ''B. pseudomallei'' is also susceptible to doyxcycline, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole. These drugs generally inhibit the growth of the bacteria. However, the bacteria are resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, 1st and 2nd generation [[w:cephalosporin|cephalosporin]], gentamicin, streptomycin, tobramycin, macrolides, and polymyxins.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> On the other hand, 86% of the ''B. pseudomallei'' isolates from the region of [[w:Sarawak|Sarawak]], [[w:Malaysia|Malaysia]] are susceptible to gentamicin and this has not been found elsewhere in other parts of the world.<ref name="Podin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Podin Y |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP et al |title=Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolates from Sarawak, Malaysian Borneo, Are Predominantly Susceptible to Aminoglycosides and Macrolides |journal= Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy |date=January 2014 |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=162-166 |pmid=24145517 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.1128/AAC.01842-13 }}</ref> Prior to 1989, the standard treatment for acute melioidosis was a three-drug combination of [[w:chloramphenicol|chloramphenicol]], [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]]; this regimen is associated with a mortality rate of 80% and is no longer used unless no other alternatives are available.<ref name="CAZ">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=et al | title = Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime | journal =The Lancet | year = 1989 | volume = 2 | issue = 8665 | pages = 697&ndash;701 | pmid = 2570956 | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(89)90768-X }}</ref> All three drugs are bacteriostatic (they stop the bacterium from growing, but do not kill it) and the action of co-trimoxazole antagonizes both chloramphenicol and doxycycline.<ref name="Dance2006">{{cite journal |author=Dance DA |author2=Wuthiekanun V |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=White NJ |title=Interactions in vitro between agents used to treat melioidosis |journal=Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy |year=1989 |volume=24 |pages=311&ndash;316 |pmid=2681117 |doi=10.1093/jac/24.3.311 |issue=3 }}</ref> ===Intensive phase=== [[w:Intravenous|Intravenous]] [[w:ceftazidime|ceftazidime]] is the current drug of choice for treatment of acute melioidosis and should be administered for at least 10 to 14 days. [[w:Meropenem|Meropenem]], [[w:imipenem|imipenem]] and the [[w:cefoperazone|cefoperazone]]-[[w:sulbactam|sulbactam]] combination (Sulperazone) are also effective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Intravenous amoxicillin-clavulanate ([[w:co-amoxiclav|co-amoxiclav]]) may be used if none of the above four drugs is available;<ref name="Joost 2018"/> co-amoxiclav prevents death from melioidosis as well as ceftazidime.<ref name="Bennett 2015">{{cite book |editor=Bennett JE; Dolin R; Blaser MJ |title=Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases |chapter=''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' and ''Burkholderia mallei'': Melioidosis and Glanders |date=2015 |publisher=Elsevier |isbn=978-1-4557-4801-3 |pages=2541–2549|doi=10.1016/B978-1-4557-4801-3.00223-X|author=Currie BJ |edition=8th }}</ref> Co-amoxiclav is also used if patient has allergy towards [[w:Sulfonamide (medicine)|sulfonamide]], unable to tolerate co-trimaxazole, in pregnant patients or in children. High dose of co-amoxiclav (20 mg/kg for amoxicillin and 5mg/kg for clavulanate) is recommended to prevent treatment failures.<ref name="Cheng 2008">{{cite journal |author=Cheng AC |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Consensus Guidelines for Dosing of Amoxicillin-Clavulanate in Melioidosis |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=February 2008 |volume=78 |issue=2 |pages=208-209 |pmid=18256414 | pmc=PMC3034162 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.2008.78.208 }}</ref><ref name="Suputtamongkol 1994">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Rajchanuwong A |author3=Chaowagul W et al |title=Ceftazidime vs. amoxicillin/clavulanate in the treatment of severe melioidosis |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=November 1994 |volume=19 |issue=5 |pages=846-853 |pmid=7893868 | pmc= | doi=10.1093/clinids/19.5.846 }}</ref> Intravenous [[w:antibiotic|antibiotic]]s are given for a minimum of 10 to 14 days. The median fever clearance time in melioidosis is 9 days.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The treatment duration is in accordance with Darwin melioidosis treatment guidelines where there is low rate of [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] and [[w:relapse|relapse]].<ref name="Sullivan 2020">{{cite journal |author=Sullivan RP |author2=Marshall CS |author3=Anstey NM |author4=Ward L |author5=Currie BJ |title=2020 Review and revision of the 2015 Darwin melioidosis treatment guideline; paradigm drift not shift |journal= PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=28 September 2020 |volume=14 |issue=9 |pages=e0008659 |pmid=32986699 | pmc=7544138 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0008659 }}</ref> Meropenem is the preferred antibiotic therapy for neurological melioidosis and those with [[w:sepsis|septic shock]] admitted into [[w:intensive care unit|intensive care unit]]s. Co-trimoxazole is recommended in addition to ceftazidime for neurological melioidosis, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, skin and gastrointestinal infection, and deeply seated abscess. For deep-seated infections such as abscesses of internal organs, osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, and neurological melioidosis, the duration of antibiotics given should be longer (up to 4 to 8 weeks). The time taken for the fever to be resolved can be more than 10 days in those with deep-seated infection. According to the 2020 Revised Royal Darwin Hospital Guideline, the dosage for intravenous ceftazidime is 2g 6-hourly in adults (50&nbsp;mg/kg up to 2g in children less than 15 years old). The dosage for meropenem is 1g 8-hourly in adults (25&nbsp;mg/kg up to 1g in children).<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Acquired resistance to ceftazidime, carbapenems, and co-amoxiclav is rare in the intensive phase but resistance to cotrimoxazole during eradication therapy is technically difficult to assess.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> There are no differences between using cefoperazone/sulbactam or ceftazidime to treat melioidosis as both shows similar death rates and disease progression following treatment. However, data are lacking to recommend cefoperazone/sulbactam usage.<ref name="Dance 2014">{{cite journal |author=Dance D |title=Treatment and prophylaxis of melioidosis |journal=International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=April 2014 |volume=43 |issue=4 |pages=310-318 |pmid=24613038 |doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.01.005}}</ref><ref name="Apisarnthanarak 2002">{{cite journal |author1=Apisarnthanarak A |author2= Little JR |title=The role of cefoperazone-sulbactam for treatment of severe melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=1 March 2002 |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=721-722 |pmid=11823963 |doi=10.1086/338722}}</ref> For those with kidney impairment, the dosage of ceftazidime, meropenem, and co-trimoxazole should be lowered.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> Once the clinical condition improved, meropenem can be switched back to ceftazidime.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ===Eradication phase=== Following the treatment of the acute disease, eradication treatment with [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] is the drug of choice and should be used for 3 months (12 weeks) as all-cause mortality was lower in 12 weeks group when compared to those receiving treatment for 20 weeks.<ref name="Anunnatsiri 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Anunnatsiri S |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Teparrukkul P |title=A Comparison Between 12 Versus 20 Weeks of Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as Oral Eradication Treatment for Melioidosis: An Open-label, Pragmatic, Multicenter, Non-inferiority, Randomized Controlled Trial |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=2021 |volume=73 |issue=11 |pages=e3627-e3633 |pmid=32725199 | pmc=PMC8662794 | doi=10.1093/cid/ciaa1084 }}</ref> For those with neurological melioidosis and [[w:osteomyelitis|osteomyelitis]], drugs should be given for more than 6 months. Co-amoxiclav and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] are drugs of second choice. Co-trimoxazole should not be used in those with [[w:glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase|glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase]] deficiency as it can cause [[w:haemolytic anemia|haemolytic anemia]]. However, in Thailand, usage of co-trimoxazole does not accompany G6PD screening.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other side effects such as rash, [[w:hyperkalemia|hyperkalemia]], renal dysfunction, and gastrointestinal symptoms should prompt the reduction of co-trimoxazole doses. [[w:Chloramphenicol|Chloramphenicol]] is no longer routinely recommended for this purpose. Co-amoxiclav is an alternative for patients unable to take co-trimoxazole and [[w:doxycycline|doxycycline]] (e.g. pregnant women and children under the age of 12), but is not as effective and has a higher relapse rate. Single-agent treatment with [[w:fluoroquinolone|fluoroquinolone]] (e.g., [[w:ciprofloxacin|ciprofloxacin]]) or doxycycline for the oral eradication phase is ineffective.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In Australia, co-trimoxazole is used with children and pregnant mothers after the first 12 weeks of pregnancy. Meanwhile, in Thailand, co-amoxiclav is the drug of choice for children and pregnant women.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' rarely acquires resistance when co-amoxiclav is used.<ref name="Dance 2014"/> The dosing regimen for co-trimoxazole (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) in eradication phase is 6/30&nbsp;mg/kg, up to maximum 240/1200&nbsp;mg in children, 240/1200&nbsp;mg in adults weighing 40 to 60&nbsp;kg, and 320/1600&nbsp;mg in adults weighing more than 60&nbsp;kg, taken orally every 12 hours.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> In both Thailand and Australia, co-trimoxazole is taken together with [[w:folic acid|folic acid]] (0.1&nbsp;mg/kg up to 5&nbsp;mg in children).<ref name="Joost 2018"/><ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> There are also cases where melioidosis is successfully treated with co-trimoxazole for 3 months without going through intensive therapy provided that there is only skin manifestations without the involvement of internal organs or sepsis.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Resistance to cotrimoxazole is rare in Asia.<ref name="Dance 2014 resistance">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Davong V |author3=Soeng S |author4=Phetsouvanh R |author5=Newton PN |author6=Turner P |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=October 2014 |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=368-369 |pmid=25245211 | pmc=4195405 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2014.06.003 }}</ref> Besides that, it is difficult to determine the resistance reliably because resistance to cotrimoxazole is defined when [[w:minimum inhibitory concentration|minimum inhibitory concentration]] (MIC) of more than 4 mg/L is required to completely inhibit the growth of 80% of the bacteria (80% inhibition point). Interpretation of 80% inhibition point is subjective and prone to human error.<ref name="Saiprom 2015">{{cite journal |author1=Saiprom N |author2=Amornchai P |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole resistance in clinical isolates of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Thailand |journal= International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents |date=May 2015 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=557-559 |pmid=25758020 | pmc=4537509 | doi=10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2015.01.006 }}</ref> In 2021, European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) released a new guideline on interpreting the susceptibility of ''B pseudomallei'' towards various antibiotics on [[w:antibiotic sensitivity testing|disc susceptibility testing]]. The new guideline includes "S" for susceptible organism, "I" for susceptible organism only after increased exposure (when dosage or concentration of the drug increases) and "R" for resistant organism.<ref name="Dance 2021">{{cite journal |author1=Dance DAB |author2=Wuthiekanun P |author3=Baird W et al |title=Interpreting Burkholderia pseudomallei disc diffusion susceptibility test results by the EUCAST method |journal= Clinical Microbiology and Infection |date=June 2021 |volume=27 |issue=6 |pages=827-829 |pmid=33636339 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.cmi.2021.02.017 }}</ref> ===Surgery=== Surgical drainage is indicated for single, large abscesses in the liver, muscle, and prostate. However, for multiple abscesses in the liver, spleen, and kidney, surgical drainage may not be possible or necessary. For septic arthritis, [[w:arthrotomy|arthrotomy]] washout and drainage are required. Surgical [[w:debridement|debridement]] may be necessary.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For those with [[w:mycotic aneurysm|mycotic aneurysm]], urgent surgery is required for prosthetic vascular grafts. Lifelong therapy with co-trimoxazole may be needed for those with prosthetic vascular grafts according to a review of case reports in 2005.<ref name="Hong Low 2005">{{cite journal |author=Low JGH |author2=Quek AML |author3=Sin YK |author4=Ang BSP |title=Mycotic aneurysm due to Burkholderia pseudomallei infection: case reports and literature review |journal= Clinical Infectious Diseases |date=January 2005 |volume=40 |issue=1 |pages=193-198 |pmid=15614712 | pmc= | doi=10.1086/426590 }}</ref> Other abscesses rarely need to be drained because most resolve with antibiotic treatment.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Prostate abscess may require routine imaging. Antibiotics treatment for prostatic abscess may be enough except for abscesses more than 10 to 15 mm where surgical drainage is required.<ref name="Kozlowska 2018">{{cite journal |author=Kozlowska J |author2=Smith S |author3=Roberts J |author4=Pridgeon S |author5=Hanson J |title=Prostatic Abscess due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: Facilitating Diagnosis to Optimize Management |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=January 2018 |volume=98 |issue=1 |pages=227-230 |pmid=29141724 | pmc= 5928742 | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Ng 2009">{{cite journal |author=Ng TH |author2=How SH |author3=Amran AR |author4=Razali MR |author5=Kuan YC |title=Melioidotic prostatic abscess in Pahang |journal= American Journal of Tropical Medicine |date=April 2009 |volume=50 |issue=4 |pages=385-389 |pmid=19421682 | pmc= | doi=10.4269/ajtmh.17-0633 }}</ref><ref name="Morse 2009">{{cite journal |author=Morese LP |author2=Moller CCB |author3=Harvey E |author4=Ward L et al |title=Prostatic Abscess Due to Burkholderia pseudomallei: 81 Cases From a 19-Year Prospective Melioidosis Study |journal= The Journal of Urology |date=1 August 2009 |volume=182 |issue=2 |pages=542-547 |pmid=19524969 | pmc= | doi=10.1016/j.juro.2009.04.010 }}</ref> ===Others=== Several immunomodulating therapies are suggested to boost the human body immune function against the bacteria because the pathogenesis of melioidosis is thought to be contributed by defects in [[w:neutrophil|neutrophils]].<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The Royal Darwin Hospital 2014 guidelines recommended [[w:granulocyte colony-stimulating factor|granulocyte colony-stimulating factor]] (G-CSF) as immunomodulating therapy for those with septic shock at 300ug daily as soon as the bacteriological laboratory flag the culture as possibly ''Burkholderia pseudomallei''. The main contraindication of starting (G-CSF) is a heart event. The G-CSF is continued for ten days depends on clinical response or a contraindication develops such as white cell count greater than >50,000 X106/litre.<ref name="Sullivan 2020"/> Anti-PDI ([[w:programmed cell death|programmed cell death]]) agents could be useful in melioidosis treatment especially for those with septic shock. This is because ''Burkholderia pseudomallei'' bacteria increases the expression of PDI-1 that regulates and inhibits the formation of T-cells that are essential for fighting against melioidosis.<ref name="Buddhisa 2015">{{cite journal |author=Buddhisa S |author2=Rinchai D |author3=Ato M et al |title=Programmed Death Ligand 1 on Burkholderia pseudomallei–Infected Human Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils Impairs T Cell Functions |journal= The Journal of Immunology |date=May 2015 |volume=194 |issue=9 |pages=4413-4421 |pmid=25801435 | pmc=3910780 | doi=10.4049/jimmunol.1402417 }}</ref> ==Prognosis== In well-resourced settings, where the disease can be detected and treated early, the risk of death is 10%. In resource-poor settings, the risk of death from the disease is more than 40%.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Recurrent melioidosis can occur either due to re-infection or relapse after the completion of eradication therapy. Re-infection is due to a new strain of ''B. pseudomallei'' bacteria. Meanwhile, relapse is due to failure to clear infections after the eradication therapy. Recurrent melioidosis is rare since 2014 due to improved antibiotic therapy and prolongation of the intensive phase of therapy as evident in Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study.<ref name="Sarovich 2014">{{cite journal |author=Sarovich DS |author2=Ward L |author3=Price EP |author4=Mayo M et al |title=Recurrent Melioidosis in the Darwin Prospective Melioidosis Study: Improving Therapies Mean that Relapse Cases Are Now Rare |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |date=February 2014 |volume=52 |issue=2 |pages=650-653 |pmid=24478504 |pmc=3911345 | doi=10.1128/JCM.02239-13 }}</ref> On the other hand, [[w:recrudescence|recrudescence]] are those who present with symptoms during the eradication therapy. Recrudescence rates may be improved by ensuring adherence to a full course of eradication therapy e.g. by reducing self-discharge [[w:against medical advice|against medical advice]].<ref name="Pitman 2015">{{cite journal |author=Pitman MC |author2=Luck T |author3=Marshall CS |author4=Anstey NM et al |title=Intravenous Therapy Duration and Outcomes in Melioidosis: A New Treatment Paradigm |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |date=26 March 2015 |volume=9 |issue=4 |pages=e0003737 |pmid=25811783 |pmc=4374799 | doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003586 }}</ref> Underlying medical conditions such as diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and cancer can worsen the long-term survival and disability of those who recover from infection. One of the complications of melioidosis is [[w:encephalomyelitis|encephalomyelitis]]. It can cause quadriparesis (muscle weakness in all the limbs), partial flaccid paraparesis (muscle weakness of both legs), or foot drop. For those with previous melioidosis-associated bone and joint infections, complications such as sinus tract infection, bone and joint deformities with limited range of motion can occur.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> ==Epidemiology== {{fig|9 |Melioidosis world map distribution.svg |Number of deaths by each country due to melioidosis in 2018. |attribution=Cerevisae, [https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en CC-BY-SA 4.0] |size=285px }} Melioidosis is an understudied disease that remains endemic in developing countries. In 2015, the International Melioidosis Society was formed to raise awareness of the disease.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2016, a [[w:statistical model|statistical model]] was developed which predicted that the number is 165,000 cases per year with 138,000 of those occurring in East and South Asia and the Pacific.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Golding N |author3=Dance DA |author4=Messina JP |author5=Pigott DM |author6=Moyes CL |author7=Rolim DB |author8=Bertherat E |author9=Day NP |author10=Peacock SJ |author11=Hay SI |title=Predicted global distribution of Burkholderia pseudomallei and burden of melioidosis |journal=Nature Microbiology |date=11 January 2016 |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=15008 |doi=10.1038/nmicrobiol.2015.8 |pmid=26877885 |pmc=4746747 }}</ref> In approximately half of those cases (54% or 89,000), people will die.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Under-reporting is a common problem as only 1,300 cases were reported worldwide since 2010, which is less than 1% of the projected incidence based on the modelling.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Lack of laboratory diagnostic capabilities and lack of disease awareness amongst health care providers also causes underdiagnosis. Even if bacterial cultures show positive result for ''B. pesudomallei'', they can be discarded as contaminants especially in laboratories in non-endemic areas.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> In 2015, it was estimated that the yearly [[w:disability-adjusted life year|disability-adjusted life year]] (DALY) was 84.3 per 100,000 people. As of 2022, melioidosis is not included in the WHO list of [[w:neglected tropical diseases|neglected tropical diseases]].<ref>{{cite journal |author=Birnie E |author2=Virk HS |author3=Savelkoel J |author4=Spijker R |author5=Bertherat E |title=Global burden of melioidosis in 2015: a systematic review and data synthesis |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=August 2019 |volume=19 |issue=8 |pages=892-902 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(19)30157-4 |pmid=31285144 |pmc=6867904 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Savelkoel J |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Currie BJ et al |title=A call to action: time to recognise melioidosis as a neglected tropical disease |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=22 June 2022 |volume=22 |issue=6 |pages=e176-e182 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(21)00394-7 |pmid=34953519 |pmc= }}</ref> Melioidosis is endemic in parts of southeast Asia (including Thailand,<ref name="Hinjoy 2018">{{cite journal |author=Hinjoy S |author2=Hantrakun V |author3=Kongyu S |author4=Kaewrakmuk J |author5=Wangrangsimakul T et al |title=Melioidosis in Thailand: Present and Future |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=8 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=38 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020038 |pmid=29725623 |pmc=5928800 }}</ref> Laos,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dance DAB |author2=Luangraj M |author3=Rattanavong S |author4=Sithivong N et al |title=Melioidosis in the Lao People's Democratic Republic |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010021 |pmid=30274419 |pmc=6136615 }}</ref> Singapore,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Sim SH |author2=Ong CEL |author3=Gan YH |author4=Wang D et al |title=Melioidosis in Singapore: Clinical, Veterinary, and Environmental Perspectives |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=12 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=31 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010031 |pmid=30274428 |pmc=6136607 }}</ref> Brunei,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Pande K |author2=Kadir KAA |author3=Asli R |author4=Chong VH |title=Melioidosis in Brunei Darussalam |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=19 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=20 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010020 |pmid=30274418 |pmc=6136610 }}</ref> Malaysia,<ref name="Nathan 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nathan S |author2=Chieng S |author3=Kingsley PV |author4=Mohan A |author5=Podin Y et al |title=Melioidosis in Malaysia: Incidence, Clinical Challenges, and Advances in Understanding Pathogenesis |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=27 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=25 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010025 |pmid=30274422 |pmc=6136604 }}</ref> Myanmar<ref>{{cite journal |author=Win MM |author2=Ashley EA |author3=Zin KN |author4=Aung MT |author5=Swee MMM et al |title=Melioidosis in Myanmar |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=28 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010028 |pmid=30274425 |pmc=6136617 }}</ref> and Vietnam<ref>{{cite journal |author=Trinh TT |author2=Nguyen LDN |author3=Nguyen TV |author4=Tran CX |author5=Le AV et al |title=Melioidosis in Vietnam: Recently Improved Recognition but still an Uncertain Disease Burden after Almost a Century of Reporting |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020039 |pmid=30274435 |pmc=6073866 }}</ref>), southern China,<ref>{{cite journal |author=Zheng X |author2=Xia Q |author3=Xia L |author4=Li W |title=Endemic Melioidosis in Southern China: Past and Present |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=25 February 2019 |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=39 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed4010039 |pmid=30823573 |pmc=6473618 }}</ref> Taiwan<ref>{{cite journal |author=Hsueh PT |author2=Huang WT |author3=Huseueh HK |author4=Chen YL |author5=Chen SY et al |title=Transmission Modes of Melioidosis in Taiwan |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=28 February 2018 |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=26 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010026 |pmid=30274423 |pmc=6136622 }}</ref> northern Australia.<ref name="Smith 2018">{{cite journal |author=Smith S |author2=Hanson J |author3=Currie BJ |title=Melioidosis: An Australian Perspective |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=1 March 2018 |volume=3 |issue=27 |pages=1 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3010027 |pmid=30274424 |pmc=6136632 }}</ref> India,<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018">{{cite journal |author=Mukhopadhyay C |author2=Shaw T |author3=Varghese GM |author4=Dance DAB |title=Melioidosis in South Asia (India, Nepal, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan) |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=22 May 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=51 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020051 |pmid=30274447 |pmc=6073985 }}</ref> and South America.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Rolim DB |author2=Lima RX |author3=Ribeiro AK |author4=Colares RM et al |title=Melioidosis in South America |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=5 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=60 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020060 |pmid=30274456 |pmc=6073846 }}</ref> Since 1991, a total of 583 cases were reported in India. Most Indian cases are located in [[w:Karnataka|Karnataka]] and [[w:Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu]].<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> Fifty-one cases of melioidosis were reported in Bangladesh from 1961–2017. Nonetheless, lack of awareness and resources gives rise to underdiagnosis of the disease in the country.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chowdhury FR |author2=Jilani MSA |author3=Barai L |author4=Rahman T et al |title=Melioidosis in Bangladesh: A Clinical and Epidemiological Analysis of Culture-Confirmed Cases |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=9 April 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=40 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020040 |pmid=30274436 |pmc=6073520 }}</ref> The true burden of melioidosis in Africa and Middle East remain unknown due to low amount of data. Several melioidosis cases were reported over the years. Although 24 African countries and three Middle Eastern countries predicted to be endemic with melioidosis, however not a single case was reported from these specific countries.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Steinmetz I |author2=Wagner GE |author3=Kanyala E et al |title=Melioidosis in Africa: Time to Uncover the True Disease Load |journal=Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease |date=10 June 2018 |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=62 |doi=10.3390/tropicalmed3020062 |pmid=30274458 |pmc=6073667 }}</ref> In the United States, two historical cases (1950 and 1971) and four recent cases (2010, 2011, 2013, 2020) have been reported amongst people that did not travel overseas.<ref name="Currie 2015"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Cossaboom CM |author2=Marinova-Petkova A |author3=Strysko J et al |title=Melioidosis in a Resident of Texas with No Recent Travel History, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=June 2020 |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=1295-1299 |doi=10.3201/eid2606.190975 |pmid=32442394 |pmc=7258475 }}</ref> Despite extensive investigations, the source of melioidosis was never confirmed. One possible explanation is that importation of medicinal plant products or exotic reptiles could have resulted in the introduction of melioidosis in the United States.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> In 2021, there was a melioidosis outbreak in several states in the United States due to usage of contaminated aromatherapy spray imported from India.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Gee JE |author2=Bower WA |author3=Kunkel A et al |title=Multistate Outbreak of Melioidosis Associated with Imported Aromatherapy Spray |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |date=March 2022 |volume=386 |issue=9 |pages=861-868 |doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2116130 |pmid=35235727 }}</ref> There are also cases of infection through imported tropical fishes in home aquariums.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Dawson P |author2=Duwell MM |author3=Elrod MG et al |title=Human Melioidosis Caused by Novel Transmission of Burkholderia pseudomallei from Freshwater Home Aquarium, United States |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |date=December 2021 |volume=27 |issue=12 |pages=3030-3035 |doi=10.3201/eid2712.211756 |pmid=34570693 |pmc=8632198 }}</ref> In Europe, more than half of the melioidosis cases are imported from Thailand.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Tohic SL |author2=Montana M |author3=Koch L et al |title=A review of melioidosis cases imported into Europe |journal=European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases |date=25 March 2019 |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1395–1408 |doi=10.1007/s10096-019-03548-5 |pmid=30949898 }}</ref> Melioidosis is found in all age groups.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> For Australia and Thailand, the median age of infection is at 50 years; 5 to 10% of the patients are under 15 years.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> The single most important risk factor for developing melioidosis is [[w:diabetes mellitus|diabetes mellitus]], followed by hazardous alcohol use, chronic kidney disease, and chronic lung disease.<ref name="Suputtamongkol 1999">{{cite journal |author=Suputtamongkol Y |author2=Chaowagul W |author3=Chetchotisakd P |author4=Lertpatanasuwun N et al |year=1999 |title=Risk factors for melioidosis and bacteremic melioidosis |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases |pmid=10476750 |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=408&ndash;413 |doi=10.1086/520223 }}</ref> More than 50% of people with melioidosis have diabetes; diabetics have a 12-fold increased risk of contracting melioidosis. Diabetes decreases the ability of macrophages to fight the bacteria and reduced the [[w:T helper cell|T helper cell]] production. Excessive release of [[w:Tumor necrosis factor alpha|Tumor necrosis factor alpha]] and [[w:Interleukin 12|Interleukin 12]] by [[w:peripheral blood mononuclear cell|mononuclear cells]] increases the risk of septic shock.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Other risk factors include [[w:thalassaemia|thalassaemia]], occupational exposure (e.g. [[w:rice paddy|rice paddy]] farmers),<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> recreational exposure to soil, water, being male, age greater than 45 years, and prolonged steroid use/immunosuppression.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> However, 8% of children and 20% of adults with melioidosis have no risk factors.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> [[w:HIV|HIV]] infection does not appear to predispose to melioidosis, although several other co-infections have been reported.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> [[w:Infant|Infant]] cases have been reported possibly due to mother-to-child transmission, community-acquired infection, or healthcare-associated infection.<ref name="Joost 2018"/> Those who are well may also be infected with ''B. pseudomallei''. For example, 25% of children started [[w:seroconversion|producing antibodies]] against ''B. pseudomallei'' between 6 months to 4 years of staying in [[w:endemic (epidemiology)|endemic]] areas although they did not experience any melioidosis symptoms; suggesting they were exposed to it over this time. This means that many people without symptoms will test positive in serology tests in endemic areas.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> In Thailand, the seropositivity rate exceeds 50%, while in Australia the seropositivity rate is only 5%.<ref name="Currie 2015"/> The disease is clearly associated with increased rainfall, with the number of cases rising following increased precipitation. Severe rainfall increases the concentration of the bacteria in the topsoil, thus increasing thus of transmitting the bacteria through the air.<ref name="Gassiep 2020"/> A recent CDC Advisory indicated that the recent detection of the organism in the environment in Mississippi following the occurrence of two indigenous cases of melioidosis, confirms that parts of the southern USA should now be regarded as melioidosis-endemic.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emergency.cdc.gov/han/2022/pdf/CDC_HAN_470.pdf |title=Melioidosis Locally Endemic in Areas of the Mississippi Gulf Coast after Burkholderia pseudomallei Isolated in Soil and Water and Linked to Two Cases – Mississippi, 2020 and 2022|publisher=CDC|access-date=2022-08-05}}</ref> ==History== Pathologist [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]] and his assistant Krishnaswami first reported melioidosis among beggars and morphine addicts at autopsy in Rangoon, present-day [[w:Burma|Myanmar]], in a report published in 1912.<ref name="Whitmore 1912">{{cite journal |author=Whitmore A |author2=Krishnaswami CS |title=A Hitherto Undescribed Infective Disease in Rangoon |journal=Indian Medical Gazette |date=1912 |volume=47 |issue=7 |pages=262–267 |pmid=29005374 |pmc=5168169 |doi= }}</ref> Whitmore was able to grow the organism in culture and its showed similarity with ''B. mallei'', another bacteria that was known causing glanders in animals. Therefore, he named the new organism ''Bacillus pseudomallei''. He did no further work on the organism.<ref name="Brightman 2020">{{cite journal |author=Brightman C |author2=Locum |title=Melioidosis, the Vietnamese time bomb |journal=Trends in Urology and Men's Health |year=4 June 2020 |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=30-32 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1002/tre.753 }}</ref> [[w:Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] may have read Whitmore's report before writing a short story that involved the fictitious tropical disease "Tapanuli fever" in a [[w:Sherlock Holmes|Sherlock Holmes]] story<ref name="pmid11823558">{{cite journal |author=Vora SK |title=Sherlock Holmes and a biological weapon |journal=Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=101–103 |date=February 2002 |pmid=11823558 |pmc=1279324 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.95.2.101 |url=http://www.jrsm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&pmid=11823558 }}</ref> titled “[[w:The Adventure of the Dying Detective|The Adventure of the Dying Detective]]” published in 1913.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> In the same year, melioidosis outbreak occurred inside the Institute for Medical Research (IMR), [[w:Kuala Lumpur|Kuala Lumpur]], [[w:Federated Malay States|Malaya]] after its laboratory animals such as guinea pigs and rabbits were infected.<ref name="Nathan 2018"/> William Fletcher and Ambrose Thomas Stanton, doctors who worked at the IMR, were the next ones to study the organism. They were unable identify the organism that caused the outbreak. It was only in 1917, when Fletcher isolated an organism similar to Whitmore's bacillus from a Tamil rubber estate worker, the presence of the new species of bacteria was confirmed.<ref name="Brightman 2020"/> The term “melioidosis” was first coined in 1921. The name melioidosis is derived from the Greek ''melis'' (μηλις) meaning "a distemper of asses" with the suffixes -oid meaning "similar to" and -osis meaning "a condition", that is, a condition similar to glanders.<ref name="Stanton 1921">{{cite book |author=Stanton AT |author2=Fletcher W |chapter=Melioidosis, a new disease of the tropics |title=Far Eastern Association of Tropical Medicine: Transactions of the Fourth Congress |location=Batavia, Dutch East Indies |publisher=Javasche Boekhandel en Drukkerij |year=1921 }}</ref> ''B pseudomallei'' is similar in clinical presentation and genome make-up with ''B. mallei''<ref name="Godoy 2003">{{cite journal |author=Godoy D |author2=Randle G |author3=Simpson AJ |author4=Aanensen DM et al |title=Multilocus sequence typing and evolutionary relationships among the causative agents of melioidosis and glanders, Burkholderia pseudomallei and Burkholderia mallei |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=May 2003 |volume=41 |issue=5 |pages=2068-2079 |pmid=12734250 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1128/jcm.41.5.2068-2079.2003 }}</ref> but is distinguished from it due to epidemiological and [[w:zoonosis|zoonotic]] characteristics.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992"/> The first human case of melioidosis in South Asia was reported in Sri Lanka in 1927.<ref name="Mukhopadhyay 2018"/> In 1932, Thomas and Fletcher collected 83 cases of melioidosis from literature. In this [[w:cases series|case series]], there were only two survivals. Since then, more case series of melioidosis were reported.<ref name="Khaira 1959">{{cite journal |author=Khaira BS |author2=Young WB |author3=Hart PdeV |title=Melioidosis |journal=British Medical Journal |volume=1 |issue=5127 |pages=949-952 |date=11 April 1959 |pmid=13638596 |pmc=1993315 |doi=10.1136/bmj.1.5127.949 }}</ref> Thomas and Fletcher also pioneered the use of serological methods in diagnosing the disease. Thomas and Fletcher incorrectly believed that melioidosis infection came from human contact with [[w:rondent|rodents]]. However, observations on the disease noted that humans usually got it after exposure to mud or contaminated water. Besides, the organism was never grown from rats. This led to a search of the bacteria in the environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012">{{cite book |editor=Ketheesan N |chapter= Melioidosis in animals |title=Melioidosis: A Century of Observation and Research|author=Rush CM|author2=Thomas AD|isbn=978-0-444-53479-8 |location=Townsville, Australia |publisher=Elsevier B.V. |year=2012 |page=313 }}</ref> In 1936, the first animal (pig) case of melioidosis in Africa was reported in Madagascar.<ref name="Garin 2014">{{cite journal |author=Garin B |author2=Djaomazala I |author3=Dubois-Cauwelaert N et al |title=Autochthonous Melioidosis in Humans, Madagascar, 2012 and 2013 |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |volume=20 |issue=10 |pages=1739-1741 |date=October 2014 |pmid=25272365 |pmc=4193270 |doi=10.3201/eid2010.131524 }}</ref> In 1937, water was first identified as the habitat of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul review 2013 ">{{cite journal |author=Limmathurotsakul D |author2=Dance DAB |author3=Wuthiekanun V et al |title=Systematic Review and Consensus Guidelines for Environmental Sampling of Burkholderia pseudomallei |journal=PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=e2105 |date=2013 |pmid=23556010 |pmc=3605150 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0002105 }}</ref> The first case of Australian melioidosis was described in an outbreak in sheep in 1949 at [[w:North Queensland|North Queensland]]. This was followed by the first case of human melioidosis at [[w:Townsville|Townsville]] in 1950.<ref name="Currie 2000">{{cite journal |author=Currie BJ |author2=Fisher DA |author3=Howard DM et al |title=The epidemiology of melioidosis in Australia and Papua New Guinea |journal=Acta Tropica |volume=74 |issue=2 |pages=121-127 |date=February 2000 |pmid=10674639 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0001-706x(99)00060-1 }}</ref> Initially, the discovery of melioidosis in Australia had led to a debate on when and how the disease spread from Southeast Asia to a new distant environment.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> However, this hypothesis was later disproved in 2017 when [[w:whole genome sequencing|whole genome sequencing]] of ''B. pseudomallei'' over 30 countries collected over 79 years suggested Australia as the early reservoir for melioidosis.<ref name="Chewapreecha 2017"/> In 1955, first case of local human melioidosis was reported in Thailand.<ref name="Hinjoy 2018"/> During the [[w:Vietnam War|Vietnam War]] from 1967 to 1973, 343 American soldiers were reported with melioidosis, with about 50 cases transmitted through inhalation.<ref name="Rubin 1963">{{cite journal |author=Rubin HL |author2=Alexander AD |author3=Yager RH |title=Melioidosis—a military medical problem? |journal=Military Medicine |volume=128 |issue= |pages=538-642 |date=1963 |pmid=13983001 |pmc= |doi=10.1093/milmed/128.6.538 }}</ref> An outbreak of melioidosis at the Paris Zoo in the 1970s (known as ''L'affaire du jardin des plantes'') was thought to have originated from an imported [[w:panda|panda]] or horses from Iran.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |author=Mollaret HH |title='L'affaire du Jardin des plantes' ou comment le mélioïdose fit son apparition en France |journal=Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses |year=1988 |volume=18 |issue=Suppl 4 |pages=643&ndash;654 |doi=10.1016/S0399-077X(88)80175-6 }}</ref> It is unclear how imported melioidosis is able to persist in a completely new environment. Eventually, the outbreak terminated by itself after a period of time.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> It was only during the 1980s, Infectious Disease Association of Thailand started took notice of this disease. First conference on melioidosis was held in 1985 in Thailand. It was during this meeting that collaboration between Sappasitprasong Hospital, Thailand, and Wellcome-Mahido-Oxford Tropical Medicine Research Programme was established. Such collaboration made Thailand a world leader in clinical and epidemiology research on melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 1989, several studies conducted in Thailand demonstrated ceftazidime as an effective antibiotic against melioidosis.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> [[w:Ceftazidime|Ceftazidime]] had been shown to reduce the risk of death of melioidosis from 74% to 37%.<ref name="White 1989">{{cite journal |author=White NJ |author2=Dance DA |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Wattanagoon Y et al |title=Halving of mortality of severe melioidosis by ceftazidime |journal=The Lancet |year=1989 |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=697-701 |pmid=2570956 |pmc= |doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(89)90768-x }}</ref> In 1990, a non-virulent ‘arabinose-positive B. pseudomallei’ was found by Vanaporn Wuthiekanun. The organism was later reclassified into a new species called ''B. thailandensis''. This species has become a useful tool in the laboratory for the studies of the pathogenesis of ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> ''B. pseudomallei'' was previously classified as part of the genus ''[[w:Pseudomonas|Pseudomonas]]''. In 1992, the pathogen was formally named ''B. pseudomallei''.<ref name="Yabuuci 1992">{{cite journal |author=Yabuuci E |author2=Kosako Y |author3=Oyaizu H |author4=Yano I et al |title=Proposal of Burkholderia gen. nov. and transfer of seven species of the genus Pseudomonas homology group II to the new genus, with the type species Burkholderia cepacia (Palleroni and Holmes 1981) comb. nov |journal=Microbiology and Immunology |year=1993 |volume=36 |issue=12 |pages=1251-1275 |pmid=1283774 |pmc=154742 |doi=10.1111/j.1348-0421.1992.tb02129.x }}</ref> In 1994, First International Symposium on melioidosis was held in Kuala Lumpur where 80 delegates attended. Papers were presented and later published as a book.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> Subsequent congresses were held in Thailand, Australia, and Singapore once every three years.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2002, ''B. pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Category B agent".<ref name="Rotz 2002">{{cite journal |author=Rotz LD |author2=Khan AS |author3=Lillibridge SR |author4=Ostroff SM |author5=Hughes JM |title=Public Health Assessment of Potential Biological Terrorism Agents |journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases |year=February 2002 |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=225-230 |pmid=11897082 |pmc=2732458 |doi=10.3201/eid0802.010164 }}</ref> In 2004, the complete genome of ''B. pseudomallei'' was published.<ref name="Ketheesan 2012"/> In 2012, ''B pseudomallei'' was classified as a "Tier 1 select agent" by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control.<ref name="McRobb 2015">{{cite journal |author=McRobb E |author2=Sarovich DS |author3=Price EP |author4=Kaestli M et al |title=Tracing melioidosis back to the source: using whole-genome sequencing to investigate an outbreak originating from a contaminated domestic water supply |journal=Journal of Clinical Microbiology |year=April 2015 |volume=53 |issue=4 |pages=1144-1148 |pmid=25631791 |pmc=4365233 |doi=10.1128/JCM.03453-14 }}</ref> In 2014, [[w:co-trimoxazole|co-trimoxazole]] was established as the only oral eradication therapy rather than combination therapy of co-trimoxazole with doxycycline.<ref name="Chetchotisakd 2014">{{cite journal |author=Chetchotisakd P |author2=Chierakul W |author3=Chaowagul W |author4=Anunnatsiri S et al |title=Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole versus trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole plus doxycycline as oral eradicative treatment for melioidosis (MERTH): a multicentre, double-blind, non-inferiority, randomised controlled trial |journal=The Lancet |year=1 March 2014 |volume=383 |issue=9919 |pages=807-814 |pmid=24284287 |pmc=3939931 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61951-0 }}</ref> In 2016, a statistical model was developed to predict the occurrence of global melioidosis per year.<ref name="Limmathurotsakul 2016"/> ==Synonyms== *Pseudoglanders<ref>{{cite journal |author=Chai LYA |author2=Fisher D |title=Earth, wind, rain, and melioidosis |journal=The Lancet Planetary Health |date=1 August 2018 |volume=2 |issue=8 |pages=329–330 |doi=10.1016/S2542-5196(18)30165-7 |pmid=30082045 }}</ref> *Whitmore's disease (after Captain [[w:Alfred Whitmore|Alfred Whitmore]], who first described the disease)<ref name="Whitmore 1912"/> *Nightcliff gardener's disease ([[w:Nightcliff|Nightcliff]] is a suburb of [[w:Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin, Australia]] where melioidosis is endemic)<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1285014.htm |title=Rise in melioidosis rates in NT |author=Barker A |date=19 June 2005 |accessdate=2007-06-24 |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation }}</ref> *Paddy-field disease<ref>{{cite journal |author=Orellana C |title=Melioidosis strikes Singapore |journal=The Lancet Infectious Diseases |date=November 2004 |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=655 |pmid=15534940 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(04)01190-9 }}</ref> *Morphia injector's septicaemia<ref name="Stevenson 1916">{{cite journal |author=Stevenson AC |title=Morphia injector's septicæmia (Whitmore's Disease) |journal=Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene |date=June 1916 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=218-219 |pmid= |pmc= |doi=10.1016/S0035-9203(16)90035-X }}</ref> ==Biological warfare== Interest in melioidosis has been expressed because it has the potential to be developed as a [[w:biological warfare|biological weapon]]. Another similar bacterium, ''Burkholderia mallei'' was used by the Germans in [[w:World War I|World War I]] to infect livestock shipped to Allied countries.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> Deliberate infection of human [[w:prisoners of war|prisoners of war]] and animals using ''B. mallei'' were carried out in China's [[w:Pingfang District|Pingfang District]] by the Japanese during World War II.<ref name="Allen C 2005"/> The [[w:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] reportedly used ''B. mallei'' during the [[w:Soviet–Afghan War|Soviet–Afghan War]] in 1982 and 1984.<ref name="Matthew 2018"/> ''B. pseudomallei'', like ''B. mallei'', was studied by both the US<ref>{{cite book |editor=Withers MR |title=USAMRIID's Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook |edition=8th |publisher=U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases |location=Fort Detrick, Maryland|isbn=978-0-16-093126-0 |year=2014 |url=https://usamriid.health.mil/education/bluebookpdf/USAMRIID%20BlueBook%208th%20Edition%20-%20Sep%202014.pdf |pages=53 }}</ref> and Soviet Union as a potential biological warfare agent, but never weaponized.<ref name="Matthew 2018">{{cite journal |author=Nguyen HVN |author2=Smith ME |author3=Hayoun MA |title=Glanders and Melioidosis |date=27 October 2018 |pmid=28846298 |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448110/ |accessdate=15 February 2019 |journal=StatPearls |publisher=StatPearls Publishing |id=NBK448110 }}</ref> Other countries such as Iran, Iraq, North Korea, and Syria may have investigated the properties of ''B. pseudomallei'' for biological weapons.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The bacterium is readily available in the environment. It can also be aerosolized and transmitted via inhalation.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> However, the ''B. pseudomallei'' has never been used in biological warfare.<ref name="Yi 2014"/> The actual risk of the deliberate release of ''B. pseudomallei'' or ''B. mallei'' is unknown.<ref name="Gilad 1997">{{cite journal |author=Gilad J |author2=Harary I |author3=Dushnitsky T |author4=Schwartz D |author5=Amsalem Y |title=Burkholderia mallei and Burkholderia pseudomallei as bioterrorism agents: national aspects of emergency preparedness |journal=The Israel Medical Association Journal |year=1997 |volume=9 |issue=7 |pages=499-503 |pmid=17710778 }}</ref> ==Additional information== ===Acknowledgements=== All authors contributed to the article. ===Conflict of interest=== No funding was received for the preparation of this article. No financial competing interests declared. ===Ethics statement=== No ethical permission required. ==References== {{Reflist}} onh6pk44wyebsb0fjxfyl7j5eqeoy74 0 263444 2415975 2415636 2022-08-18T02:13:49Z Scogdill 1331941 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == * Louise, Duchess of Devonshire was the subject of much comment and gossip in her life, arising in part from her prominence in society and in part from her conduct, which was not particularly controlled by middle-class notions of "respectability." * "Louise Alten, for her part, exemplifies another vanished feature [of Victorian England], the role of the political hostess. The part she played in Hartington's career even while she was his mistress gives a special twist to this function, and her more conventional ascendancy as Duchess of Devonshire, when she was said to be the most powerful person outside the government, shows the influence that could be wielded by women in a political system from which they were formally excluded."<ref name=":20">Vane, Henry. ''Affair of State: A Biography of the 8th Duke and Duchess of Devonshire''. Peter Owen, 2004.</ref>{{rp|12}} == Also Known As == *Louise, Duchess of Devonshire (15 January 1832 – 15 November 1911) *Louisa, Duchess of Manchester *Luise Friederike August Gräfin von Alten *Louisa Montagu *Louise Cavendish *The Double Duchess == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Friends === *[[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince of Wales]] (beginning about 1852) *[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton Cavendish]], Lord Hartington (later 8th Duke of Devonshire) *Daisy, Lady Warwick *Lady Mayoress, Mrs. Benjamin Samuel Faudel-Phillips, 2nd Baronet,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-25|title=Faudel-Phillips baronets|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faudel-Phillips_baronets&oldid=974879290|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> presented to Victoria by Louisa Cavendish at a Queen's Drawing-room on Wednesday, 24 February 1897 at Buckingham Palace.<ref name=":4">"The Queen's Drawing Room" ''Morning Post'' 25 February 1897 Thursday: 5 [of 10], Col. 5a–7b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970225/047/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6c}} *Mrs. J. E. Mellor, presented to Victoria by Louisa Cavendish at a Queen's Drawing-room on Wednesday, 24 February 1897 at Buckingham Palace.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6c}} === Enemies === * Consuelo, Duchess of Marlborough (at least, in 1901)<ref name=":1">Murphy, Sophia. ''The Duchess of Devonshire's Ball''. London: Sidgwick & Jackson, 1984.</ref>{{rp|pp. 31–32}} == Organizations == == Timeline == '''1852 July 22''', Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten and William Drogo Montagu married.<ref name=":2">"Luise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10947.htm#i109469|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1859''': "As for Louise, a glimpse of her unconventional ways is given by Lady Eleanor Stanley, describing a paper-chase at Kimbolton in 1859: 'The Duchess of Manchester, in getting too hastily over a stile, caught a hoop of her cage in it, and went head over heels, alighting on her feet with her cage and whole petticoats remaining above her head. they say there was never such a thing seen — and the other ladies hardly knew whether to be thankful or not that a part of her underclothing consisted of a pair of scarlet tartan knickerbockers (the things Charles shoots in) — which were revealed to all the world in general and the Duc de Malakoff in particular.' Lady Eleanor says that the other ladies hardly knew whether to be thankful because at this date a lady's normal wear under her petticoats was only a pair of leggings laced up to the waistband, an arrangement that could be unduly revealing in combination with a crinoline. ... But some of the more active ladies were beginning to adopt / Louise's expedient of donning a hidden pair of breeches for rambles in the country."<ref name=":20" />{{rp|25–26}} '''1863, early, or late 1862''', Louise and Spencer Compton Cavendish began a relationship.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 26}} '''1873 December 10''', Mary Louise Elizabeth Montagu (daughter) and William Douglas-Hamilton married. '''1876 May 22''', Consuelo Iznaga y Clement and George Victor Drogo Montagu (son) married in Grace Church, New York City.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-08-24|title=George Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Montagu,_8th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=974659520|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-27|title=Consuelo Montagu, Duchess of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Consuelo_Montagu,_Duchess_of_Manchester&oldid=969888488|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1876 August 10''', Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu (daughter) and Archibald Acheson married. '''1889 January 5''', Alice Maude Olivia Montagu (daughter) and Edward Stanley married. '''1890 March 22''', William Drogo Montagu (7th Duke) died.<ref name=":3">"William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10128.htm#i101274|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1890 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu (grandson) and Helena Zimmerman married secretly, in London.<ref>"Helena Zimmerman." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p34555.htm#i345545|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-09-25}}</ref> '''1892 August 16''', Louise Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu and Spencer Compton Cavendish, her second husband, married.<ref name=":2" /> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Louise Cavendish (#18 on the list of attendees) hosted her famous [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball| fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House in London. '''1897 July 20''', Mary Louise Elizabeth Montagu Douglas-Hamilton and Robert Carnaby Foster married. '''1900 November 14''', William Angus Drogo Montagu and Helena Zimmerman married.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-17|title=Helena, Countess of Kintore|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helena,_Countess_of_Kintore&oldid=968067371|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1901 Spring''', Paris, Consuelo Spencer-Churchill, Duchess of Marlborough, describes a meeting with Louise Cavendish in the spring following Queen Victoria's death at the horse racetrack, Longchamps:<blockquote>A renowned character and virtually dictator of what was known as the fast set as opposed to the Victorian, Her Grace was a German aristocrat by birth. She had first been married to the impoverished Duke of Manchester, and when he died had improved her status by marriage to the rich Duke of Devonshire, who waged an undisputed influence in politics. Rumour had her beautiful, but when I knew her she was a raddled old woman, covering her wrinkles with paint and her pate with a brown wig. Her mouth was a red gash and from it, when she saw me, issued a stream of abuse. How could I, she complained, pointing to my white gloves, show so little respect to the memory of a great Queen? What a carefree world we must have lived in, that etiquette even in such small matters could assume so much importance?<ref>Balsan, Consuelo Vanderbilt. ''The Glitter and the Gold: The American Duchess — In Her Own Words''. New York: St. Martin's, 1953.</ref>{{rp|p. 115}}</blockquote> === Annual Events === Every year, as Duchess of Devonshire, Louise held a dance on the night after the Derby at Epsom Downs, which at this point was held on Wednesdays after Easter. == The Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == Louise, Duchess of Devonshire and Spencer Compton, 8th Duke of Devonshire hosted the famous [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Fancy-dress ball|fancy-dress ball]], which took place on Friday night. According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>Such an event required extensive planning and attention to detail. The housekeeper aided by two secretaries was in charge of organisation inside the house with precise instructions from the Duchess on menus and all arrangements.<ref name=":18" />{{rp|137}}</blockquote> === The Devonshire House Staff at the Ball === The Dukes of Devonshire did not keep employment records of the staff working at their various properties. The Servants and Staff Database managed by Chatsworth House has a list of everyone ever named in any documents as a servant or staff member, and by 1891 census records included employment at places like the properties owned by the Duke of Devonshire.<ref name=":19" /> === Questions === # Who was housekeeper? Who were the secretaries? # Where did this info about the "precise instructions" come from? === The Historical Zenobia === Louise, Duchess of Devonshire attended the ball dressed as Zenobia, queen of Palmyra. Zenobia (240 – c. 274) was queen of the Syrian Palmyrene Empire, ruling as regent for her son after her husband's assassination.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-05-03|title=Zenobia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zenobia&oldid=1086005949|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenobia.</ref> She was the subject of much art in the 19th century, including literature, opera, sculpture, and paintings. Middle-eastern traveller Lady Hester Stanhope (1776–1839) discussed Zenobia in her memoirs, published in 1847.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-03-07|title=Lady Hester Stanhope|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Hester_Stanhope&oldid=1075838273|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Hester_Stanhope.</ref> We do not know what sources, if any, were consulted by Louise, Duchess of Devonshire in preparing for personating Zenobia for the ball. The ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' offers a sense of what was generally available to those interested in that kind of research. The article on Zenobia in the 11th edition of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'', published in 1911, written by '''G.A.C.''', is quite extensive, more than an entire column. The prior edition, the 9th edition, does not have an article on Zenobia, but she has an entry that is a cross reference to the Palmyra article (by '''W.R.S.''', in Volume XVIII, published in 1885, about 10 columns). In a very long paragraph about her husband's father and then her husband, the ''Britannica''<nowiki/>'s discussion of Zenobia begins, <blockquote>Odænathus himself seems to have been engaged in almost constant warfare in the east and north against the Persians and perhaps the Scythians, but in his absence the reins of government were firmly held by his wife Zenobia, the most famous heroine of antiquity, to whom indeed Aurelian, in a letter preserved by Trebellius Pollio, ascribes the chief merit of all her husband's success. Septimia Zenobia was by firth a Palmyrene; her native name was Bath Zabbai ... [;] and Pollio's description of her dark beauty, black flashing eyes, and pearly teeth, together with her unusual physical endurance and the frank commanding manners which secured her authority in the camp and the desert, point emphatically to an Arabic rather than a Syrian descent. ... To the union of firmness and clemency, which is the most necessary quality of an Eastern sovereign, Zenobia added the rarer gifts of economy and organization, and an unusual range of intellectual culture. She spoke Coptic as well as Syriac, knew something of Latin, and had learned Greek from the famous Longinus, who remained at her court to the last, and paid the penalty of his life for his share in her counsels. She was also a diligent student of Eastern and Western history, and the statement that she enjoined her sons to speak Latin so that they had difficulty in using Greek implies a consistent and early adoption of the policy which made the sucess of Odænathus, and, taken in connexion with Aurelians' testimony, in a letter preserved by Pollio, that she had the chief merit of her husband's exploits, seems to justify the conclusion that it was her educated political insight that created the fortunes of the short-lived dynasty. ... In the zenith of his fame Odænathus was cut off by assassination along with his eldest son Herod, and it is generally assumed that the murder took place under Gallienus. ... [p. 201, Col. 2c – p. 202, Col. 1a] The fact seems to be that, while Odaenathus was busy at the other end of his kingdom, Zenobia administered the government at Palmyra and directed the conquest of Egypt, still nominally acting under the emperor at Rome, whose authority on the Nile was disputed by one or more pretenders. ... It still seems ... strange and yet an undoubted fact that Zenobia, who not only enjoyed the real authority behind her beardless son, but placed her name before his on public inscriptions, ... struck no coins till the second year of Aurelian, when the breach with Rome took place, and she suddenly appears as an empress (Σεβαστή, Augusta) of five years' standing. Up to that date the royal pair probably did not venture to coin in open defiance to Rome, and yet were unwilling to circulate an acknowledgment of vassalship in all the bazaars of the East. ... ... Zenobia, supported by her two generals, kinsmen of her husband, was now face to face with a Roman invasion. She held Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, and Asia Minor as far as Ancyra; and Bithynia was ready to join her party had not the army of Aurelian appeared just in time from Byzantium. She could count too on the Armenians and the Arabs, but the loyalty of Syria was doubtful: the towns disliked a rule which was essentially "barbarian," and in Antioch at least the patroness of the Monarchian bishop Paul of Samosata could to be popular with the large Christian party by whom he was bitterly hated. There were many Romans [p. 202, Col. 1c – p. 202, Col. 2a] in Zenobia's force, and it was they who bore the brunt of the two great battles at Antioch and Emesa, which followed Aurelian's rapid advance through Asia Minor. But Zenobia made light of these defeats, — "I have suffered no great loss" was her message to Aurelian, "for almost all who have fallen are Romans." ... But the empire of Palmyra came four centuries too soon. Rome was not yet exhausted, and Zenobia had neither the religious discipline of Islam to hold the Arabs together nor the spoil of the treasuries of Persia to keep their enthusiasm always fresh. Aurelian's military skill was strained to the uttermost by the prudence and energy of Zenobia, but he succeeded in forming and maintaining the siege of Palmyra in spite of its bulwark of desert, and his gold corrupted the Arab and Armenian auxiliaries. Zenobia attempted to flee and throw herself on the Persians, but she was pursued and taken, and then the Palmyrene lost heart and capitulated. Aurelian seized the wealth of the city, but spared the inhabitants, and to Zenobia he granted her life while he put her advisors to death. She figured in his splendid triumph, and by the most probable account accepted her fall with dignity, and closed her days at Tibur, where she lived with her sons the life of a Roman matron. The fall of Zenobia may be placed in the spring of 272. (Vol. XVIII, Orne–Phthisis: p. 201, Col. 2a – p. 202, Col. 2b) </blockquote> == The Duchess of Devonshire's Costume == [[File:Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester) as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra.jpg|thumb|Louise, Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra|alt=Louise, Duchess of Devonshire in costume as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra]] At their fancy-dress ball, Louisa, Duchess of Devonshire sat at Table 1 during the first seating for supper, escorted in to the table by the Prince of Wales.<ref name=":7">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 4c}} Her costume was designed by M. Comelli (Attillo Giuseppe Comelli, 1858–1925, artist and costumier for opera, ballet and theatre in London as well as Europe and the U.S.<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SZh2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT207&lpg=PT207&dq=Attilio+Comelli&source=bl&ots=lFB0If7CwV&sig=ACfU3U1_Ost_lhmMvzMMs6NvuhK5SlRhJw&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjKlsTw2sH3AhXYAp0JHVIxDWA4KBDoAXoECBAQAw#v=onepage&q=Attilio%20Comelli&f=false|title=Forgotten Designers Costume Designers of American Broadway Revues and Musicals From 1900-1930|last=Unruh|first=Delbert|date=2018-11-06|publisher=Page Publishing Inc|isbn=978-1-64082-758-5|language=en}} N.P.</ref>)<ref name=":5">“The Devonshire House Ball.” The ''Man of Ross'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 2 [of 8], Col. 4b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001463/18970710/033/0002.</ref> <ref name=":8">"The Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Dress Ball. Special Telegram." ''Belfast News-Letter'' Saturday 03 July 1897: 5 [of 8], Col. 9 [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000038/18970703/015/0005.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} <ref name=":9">"By One Who Was There." “The Duchess’s Costume Ball.” ''Westminster Gazette'' 03 July 1897 Saturday: 5 [of 8], Cols. 1a–3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002947/18970703/035/0005.</ref> and constructed by the House of Worth. Comelli seems to have designed [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess and Her Entourage|the costumes of her retinue as well]]. According to Russell Harris,<blockquote>For her costume, the Duchess commissioned Monsieur Comelli (1858-1925), a well-known designer of opera costumes for the London theatre and opera stage, and then had the design made up by Worth of Paris. ''Munsey’s Magazine'' noted “it is safe to say that the Queen of Palmyra never owned such a sumptuous costume in her lifetime.”<ref>Harris, Russell. {{Cite web|url=http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/devonshiredss.html|title=Louise, Duchess of Devonshire, née Countess von Alten of Hanover (1832-1911), as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra|website=www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk|access-date=2022-05-05}} ''Narrated in Calm Prose: Photographs from the V&A's Lafayette Archive of Guests in Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's Diamond Jubilee Ball, July 1897''. http://www.rvondeh.dircon.co.uk/incalmprose/devonshiredss.html.</ref></blockquote>Lafayette's portrait of "Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester)" in costume is photogravure #5 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.<ref>"Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker & Boutall after various photographers." 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.</ref> The printing on the portrait says, "The Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia Queen of Palmyra," with a Long S in ''Duchess''.<ref>"Louise Frederica Augusta Cavendish (née von Alten), Duchess of Devonshire (formerly Duchess of Manchester) as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra." Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball Album. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158357/Louise-Frederica-Augusta-Cavendish-ne-von-Alten-Duchess-of-Devonshire-formerly-Duchess-of-Manchester-as-Zenobia-Queen-of-Palmyra.</ref> Often, the V&A Lafayette Archive contains more than one portrait of a sitter for this ball, but the uncropped portrait (above right), which shows the unfinished end of the balustrade in front of the Duchess and the edge of the painted drop behind it, seems to have been the only portrait taken by Lafayette of the Duchess in costume. The copy owned by the National Portrait Gallery in London and the copy included in the album are cropped so that those unfinished edges do not show, but they appear to be from the same photograph. That is, there is one source for our information about this portrait: this single photograph. === Newspaper Descriptions of the Duchess's Costume === Newspaper articles about the Duchess's presence at the ball focused on her hosting, her costume, [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess's Jewelry|her jewelry]], and [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#The Duchess's Entourage|her entourage]], often in the same story. These almost exactly identical descriptions suggest [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Scissors-and-Paste Journalism|scissors-and-paste journalism]] or a shared primary source: * The London ''Evening Standard'', ''Morning Post'' and ''Times'' published almost identical descriptions, varying only by the occasional punctuation mark or short phrase ("supplied by Worth, of Paris"). The fullest version is this one: "The Duchess of Devonshire, as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, wore a magnificent costume, supplied by Worth, of Paris. The skirt of gold tissue was embroidered all over in a star-like design in emeralds, sapphires, diamonds, and other jewels, outlined with gold, the corners where it opened in front being elaborately wrought in the same jewels and gold to represent peacocks' outspread tails. This opened to show an under-dress of cream crêpe de chine, delicately embroidered in silver, gold, and pearls, and sprinkled all over with diamonds. The train was attached to the shoulders by two slender points, and was fastened at the waist with a large diamond ornament. It was of green velvet of a lovely shade, and was superbly embroidered in Oriental designs, introducing the lotus flower in rubies, sapphires, amethysts, emeralds, and diamonds, in four borderings on contrasting grounds, separated with gold cord. The train was lined with turquoise satin. The bodice was composed of gold tissue to match the skirt, and the front was of crêpe de chine, hidden with a [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Stomacher|stomacher]] of real diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and there was a jewelled belt."<ref name=":16">“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2b}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7a}} <ref name=":6">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1A–4C ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref>{{rp|p. 12, Col. 3b}} *"The Duchess of Devonshire was a dazzling vision, dressed as 'Zenobia,' in a glistening gold gauze gown, elaborately ornamented with suns and discs, wrought in purple and green gems outlined with gold, and having a large diamond as centre. The space between was fluted with fine silver spangles. This robe was open in front over an under dress of white crépe de chine, delicately worked in crystals, and at each side of the opening on the gold robe were large fan-shaped groups of peacock feathers, worked in multicoloured jewels. The [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Corsage|corsage]] was to correspond, and had a magnificent [[Social Victorians/Terminology#Girdle|girdle]] of jewels, the train of bright green velvet, hung like a fan, without folds, being fastened at each side of the shoulders by diamond brooches, and caught at the waist with a similar ornament. It was a mass of gorgeous embroidery, carried out in heliotrope velvet, lotus flowers studded with tinted gems, and other devices in terra-cotta and electric blue velvet — all enriched with gold, diamond, and jewelled embroidery — and lined with pale blue satin. ... Attending the hostess were four children, four fan-bearers, and four trumpeters, all magnificently arrayed in artistically embroidered Assyrian robes, helmets, and other accessories, correct in every detail."<ref name=":15">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} * According to the article in ''The Graphic'' written by [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]], though this caption to the Lafayette photograph may not be hers, the Duchess of Devonshire wore a "Skirt of gold tissue, embroidered all over with emeralds, sapphires, diamonds, and other jewels outlined with gold. This opened to show an underdress of crème crêpe de chine, embroidered in silver, gold, and pearls, and sprinkled all over with diamonds. The train was green velvet, superbly embroidered in Oriental designs. The bodice was composed of gold tissue, and the front was of crêpe de chine hidden with a stomacher of diamonds, rubies, and emeralds."<ref name=":10">Greville, Violet, Lady. "Devonshire House Ball." The ''Graphic'' Saturday 10 July 1897: 15 [of 24]: Col. 1a–16, Col. 1c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000057/18970710/019/0015.</ref>{{rp|p. 15, Col. 3b}} Because it is in black and white, the photograph of the Duchess taken by Lafayette in her costume (above right) can tell us almost nothing about the colors of the costume. Fortunately, this costume has survived and is held in Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth). ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'', the volume about an exhibition mounted 25 March to 22 October 2017, has beautiful photographs from several perspective of the costume, including the train, and accessories. Published photographs of it '''show X'''.<ref name=":18">Burlington, Julia, and Hamish Bowles. ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth''. Skira Rizzoli, 2017. Based on an exhibition 25 March to 22 October 2017.</ref> It has been worn by '''Deborah, 11th Duchess of Devonshire when the Dowager Duchess at some point for some reason'''. Some accounts of her costume suggest that the reporter thought that all the jewels sewn onto the dress were actual precious or semiprecious stones, but the London ''Daily News'' says some of them were crystals.<ref name=":15" />(p. 5, Col. 6a) According to ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'',<blockquote>The skirt of gold gauze, appliquéd with tinsel medallions and peacock plumes worked in bright foils, wire coils and spangled with sequins, was worn over an ivory satin underskirt wrought over with silver thread and diamonds. Attached to the shoulders was a long graduated train in the most vivid emerald-green velvet, appliquéd with velvet and gold work in an eastern design and studied with jewels.<ref name=":18" />(128)</blockquote> === Observations on the Duchess's Costume === In the photograph of her in costume, the Duchess is standing in a three-quarter front pose. That static position in a two-dimensional image makes it difficult to understand exactly how the costume and headdress worked. The terms we use are these: stomacher, train, bodice (what's on the torso, no matter how many layers), overskirt, underskirt, belt (really an accessory, like the jewelry), sleeves. The 1897 newspaper reports use different terminology for the parts of the dress than we would now. Some of the terms that appear in the newspaper reports include overdress, under-dress, bodice, stomacher robe, train, corsage, girdle. The Duchess's Body how the fabric draped, how tight the bodice was, what the stomacher looked like, what pearls she is wearing. Is her hair down or up? ==== Fit ==== *The recent exhibitions of the dress show a different fit than what is shown in the Lafayette photograph. Louise, the 8th Duchess's bodice is draped loosely over the stomacher, but photographs of Deborah, 11th Duchess or of the mannequin in the 2017 exhibition show a bodice fitted to the stomacher. * Also, the costume itself may have been altered or adjusted to make the waist more defined and the line more Elizabethan (the wide, square neckline; the A-line, the split skirt with the petticoat in the middle). * The dress seems to have been designed to flatter the 8th Duchess's statuesque figure, especially her waist: the belt falls down to the hips, the A-line; the way what we can see of the under-dress is narrow at the top and widens toward the bottom. * The drape of the skirt is straighter on the 8th Duchess as well as the Dowager Duchess than on the mannequins. ==== Inconsistencies in the Descriptions and Images ==== * The newspaper accounts of the Duchess's costume do not agree on several particulars, including the color of the train and its lining. ==== Changing Victorian Design Elements ==== The costume as Louise, the 8th Duchess wore it is vaguely Middle Eastern and exotic, consistent with her '''leading''' the "Oriental" procession. The sleeve treatment, the drape of the bodice and the skirt are consistent with the line of something from the Middle East. This would have been what Comelli designed. Early clothing history books existed by the middle of the century, and it would be logical that Comelli would be familiar with them. The versions of the costume shown in recent exhibitions make it seem more Victorian than what we see in Lafayette's portrait. The tightness of the fit of the bodice indicates a Victorian corset under the costume. The line of the bodice and skirt, the bare arms in the sleeve treatment, the train, the belt, The versions of the dress the the tightness of the dress against the stomacher all look Victorian. A-line drape of the skirt was done for the exhibition to show the artistry and complexity of the trim. * The sleeve treatment in the 1897 photograph is caught up at the shoulder. On the Dowager Duchess and the mannequins, the sleeves are released. ==== Trim ==== * The sequins attached to the costume would have been metal. They appear to be silver that has tarnished, which is why they are dark now. Currently, the tarnish on the sequins and embroidery thread cannot be removed without damage to the fabric. * The gold thread in the embroidery has not tarnished, but the silver thread, which would have sparkled in 1897, has. ==== Accessories ==== * Belt * Headdress * Do the horns on [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Zenobia's Crown|her crown]] go toward the back from the apex that rises from the jewel-encrusted band or do they stick straight out to the sides? Does the headdress include the traditional three white plumes? * Jewelry * Fan * Can't tell how many strands of pearls are around Louise's neck in the Lafayette photo, but the photographs of the recreation of the crown and of the costume from the 2017 exhibit show [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith|five strands]]. ==== The Train ==== * The reporter's description of the Duchess's train in the London ''Daily News'' is confusing: it says the train is "bright green velvet" and "It was a mass of gorgeous embroidery, carried out in heliotrope velvet." Embroidery is not "carried out" in velvet. Heliotrope is not green, it's pinkish purple. * Furthermore, heliotrope appears to have been a new word for a color, introduced perhaps in 1882 in A. Maerz and M. Rea Paul ''A Dictionary of Colour'', New York: '''1930 McGraw-Hill Page 196'''; Color Sample of Heliotrope: Page 131 Plate 54 Colour Sample C10 ("Heliotrope," Wikipedia [[wikipedia:Heliotrope_(color)#cite_note-2|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliotrope_(color)#]]<nowiki/>[[wikipedia:Heliotrope_(color)#cite_note-2|c]][[wikipedia:Heliotrope_(color)#cite_note-2|ite_note-2]]). The ''OED'' lists 3 newspaper sources for the 1880s, The ''World'' (1882), ''Truth'' (1886), and the ''Daily News'' (1887) ("heliotrope" 1.d. Retrieved 6 August 2022). The ''Daily News'' describes it well: "that peculiar mauve known as heliotrope." The word itself has existed in English for many centuries, <nowiki/>both for the flower (which turns to follow the sun) as well as for instruments that reflect or measure sunlight and also for a variety of quartz (also called bloodstone). * Color of green velvet on the train: the colors differ, depending on the photograph. One photograph shows a very vivid green, and the rest show a lighter green. We're not sure what's up with that. == The Duchess's Jewelry == The Duchess was known fo<nowiki/>r her jewelry, and as she aged and after her marriage to the 8th Duke in 1892, the jewelry she wore only increased in scale and notability. It is not surprising that her jewelry would make up copy for the newspapers. Newspaper reports before the ball gossiped about the jewelry associated with the costumes being developed. For example, according to the Edinburgh ''Evening News'' on 21 June 1897, less than two weeks before the party, "The ball being a fancy dress one, men as well as women will be able in certain characters to wear jewels. The Duchess of Devonshire, who is to appear as Zenobia, is getting her jewels reset after the antique style."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” Edinburgh ''Evening News'' 21 June 1897, Monday: 4 [of 6], Col. 5c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000452/18970621/079/0004.</ref> While almost all descriptions of her mention her jewels because they were so much a topic of conversation and because they were sewn onto the costume itself, these emphasize her jewelry and most are very similar to each other: * "The Duchess was attired with great Oriental magnificence as Zenobia. Her dress was a tissue of silver, embroidered with gold and jewels, an overmantle of cloth of gold embroidered in the same manner hung from the shoulders, and she wore a bandeau of gold studded with gems, and surrounded by hanging chains of pearls over her elaborate headdress; strings and ropes of jewels and pearls were worn round the neck, and hung down almost to the knees."<ref>“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. </ref>{{rp|p. 32, Cols. 1c–2a}} <ref name=":17">"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy-Dress Ball. Brilliant Spectacle." The [Guernsey] ''Star'' 6 July 1897, Tuesday: 1 [of 4], Col. 1a–2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000184/18970706/003/0001.</ref>{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2a}} * "A wonderfully beautiful dress was that which was worn by the Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra. It was of golden tissue, sewn with silver paillettes, and jewelled with diamonds and other precious stones. In front there were silk embroideries, in many vivid shades of colour, and here the golden draperies opened to show a petticoat of white crêpe de chine, embroidered with pearls and gold. The short train was of brilliant green velvet, exquisitely embroidered. One of the Duchess of Devonshire’s beautiful diamond and emerald tiaras had been taken to pieces to form a stomacher, the effect of which was dazzling in its brilliancy. Long chains of pearls and other wonderful jewels were worn with this beautiful dress."<ref>“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 2b}} * In the article about the ball in the ''Graphic'', [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]] says, "The Ducal hostess herself elected to appear as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, with lavish magnificence, and wearing a corruscation of jewels which must have eclipsed the state of even the all-subduing majesty the Duchess impersonated."<ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 16, Col. 1a}} *The Duchess was dressed "as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, her dress a marvel of soft tissues and exquisite ornament, and her tiara a still greater marvel of the jeweller's art."<ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 2a}} <ref>"The Duchess of Devonshire’s Historic Ball. Some of the Fancy Costumes." Supplement. The ''Leicester Chronicle and Leicestershire Mercury'' 10 July 1897, Saturday: 11 [of 12], Cols. 4a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000173/18970710/141/0011.</ref>{{rp|p. 11, 4a}} As with the colors, Lafayette's photograph of the Duchess in costume does not show the jewels very clearly. We cannot see the stomacher or the "long chains of pearls and other wonderful jewels" or the pearls that "hung down almost to the knees" (although, of course, any newspaper account can be wrong because reporters were not present at the ball). === Zenobia's Crown<ref name=":10" /> === The crown that the Duchess wore as Zenobia is difficult to see clearly in the Lafayette photograph (above right), and no other images of the crown exist. It was lavish, "encrusted" with jewels and featuring pearls: * London ''Daily News'' says, "The crown worn with this was high, and of filigree gold, surmounted with two horns, each tipped with a large diamond. It was encrusted with large diamonds, rubies, and emeralds, and long chains of pearls fell under the chin and about the head — one magnificent pear-shaped pearl resting on the forehead."<ref name=":15" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} * These descriptions are all identical except for the addition or subtraction of an occasional comma: The London ''Evening Standard'' says, "A gold crown encrusted with emeralds, diamonds, and rubies, with a diamond drop at each curved end, and two upstanding white ostrich feathers in the centre, and round the front were festoons of pearls, with a large pear-shaped pearl in the centre falling on the forehead."<ref name=":16" />{{rp|p. 3, Col. 2b}} <ref name=":7" />{{rp|p. 7, Col. 7a}} <ref name=":6" />{{rp|p. 12, Col. 3b}} <ref name=":10" />{{rp|p. 15, Col. 3b}} * The Guernsey ''Star'' says, "Her Grace wore a bandeau of gold round her head, studded with diamonds, turquoise, and emeralds, and surrounded by hanging chains of superb pearls."<ref name=":17" />{{rp|p. 1, Col. 2a}} This crown was recreated from the single Lafayette photograph of the Duchess in costume for the ''House Style: Five Centuries of Fashion at Chatsworth'', the exhibition mounted in 2017 and exhibited on the mannequin wearing the Duchess's costume. A photograph of this recreation separate from the costume, but with the pearls and the white plumes, can be seen on [https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/how-c-w-sellors-transformed-five-centuries-of-fashion-into-modern-jewellery this Sotheby's page] about C. W Sellor's, the jewelry firm that did the recreation as well as a number of other recreations for the exhibit.<ref>Sotheby's. "How C. W. Sellors Transformed Five Centuries of Fashion Into Modern Jewellery." ''Sotheby's'' 9 May 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2022. https://www.sothebys.com/en/articles/how-c-w-sellors-transformed-five-centuries-of-fashion-into-modern-jewellery.</ref> Although Lafayette's photograph is not conclusive, in Sellor's recreation the horns on the crown point toward back of the head rather than out to the sides. === Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith === The Duchess's pearls, which were an important feature of her costume, occasioned a great deal of direct commentary in the newspaper accounts. The Duchess's jewelry occasioned a great deal of reportage in the articles about the ball. '''It was reported that she had her jewels restrung to be used in the costume. stomacher and review of jewelry in more general articles''' An invoice and receipt in the Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth) is from a concern whose preprinted stationery has a crown in the upper-left corner, suggesting that they had a royal warrant, and no name other than Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith. This document offers a unique view into the evolution of one necklace, at least, over the years. It lists what are apparently three restringing of some pearls of Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. The three restringings appear to be dated: The first necklace is a "Pearl Necklet in original 4 rows." The invoice is dated 20 October 1892 (but the stationery was printed to assume the invoice would be used in the 1880s, so the 9 is written over the second 8, and the 2 has been added).<ref name=":14">Invoice and receipt. Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant & Silversmith. Date of itemized invoices for restringing pearls: 20 October 1892, 1 March 1897, 1909. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number FIS/4/1/2.</ref>(p. 1) The necklet she brought in to be restrung contained a "Total [of] Total 224 large pearls": # 1st [row] 51 large pearls # 2nd 53 large pearls # 3rd 57 large pearls # 4th 63 large pearls The second necklace is a "Necklet as re-strung on October 15th 1892, with addition of small pearls supplied, now consists of 5 rows, containing" a total of "224 large pearls & 227 small"<ref name=":14" />(p. 1): # 1st 41 large pearls & 40 small # 2nd 42 large pearls & 42 small # 3rd 44 large pearls & 45 small # 4th 47 large pearls & 48 small # 5th 50 large pearls & 51 small The third necklace is a "Pearl Necklet as again re-strung with additional pearls supplied 1 March 1897, now consisting of 5 Rows containing" a total of "262 Large Pearls & 267 Small"<ref name=":14" />(p. 2): # 1st Row 45 Large Pearls & 44 Small # 2nd Row 48 large Pearls & 49 Small # 3rd Row 51 Large Pearls & 52 Small # 4th Row 56 Large Pearls & 65 small Possibly these pearls may have been restrung in 1909 into a coronet, but the handwriting is not clear enough to read.<ref name=":14" />(p. 2) If the Duchess wore one of these stringings of her pearls for the ball, then it must have been the second necklet, strung in 1892, a 5-strand necklace. None of the newspaper accounts refer to a 5-strand pearl necklace, although her pearls are often mentioned. == The Duchess's Entourage == Besides the Duke of Devonshire, the retinue of Louise, Duchess of Devonshire as Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, included her grandson, [[Social Victorians/People/William Angus Drogo Montagu|William Angus Drago Montagu, 9th Duke of Manchester]], dressed as a Georgian courtier. Four newspapers say that the Duchess's entourage included three groups, all in costume: children, trumpeters and fan-bearers. The ''Westminster Gazette'' and the ''Man of Ross'' list the groups but do not mention the number of members of the groups. According to two sources, probably in error, the London ''Daily News''<ref name=":15" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} and the Belfast ''News-Letter,''<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} these groups each had four members. The London ''Daily News'' is likely the source (because it was published at 5:00 a.m.<ref>Mitchell, Charles. ''Newspaper Press Directory'', 1895. [Hathi Trust via U Wisconsin Madison.] http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015085486150.</ref>{{rp|55}}) for the Belfast ''News-Letter'', which took part in [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/anthology#Scissors-and-Paste Journalism|scissors-and-paste journalism]], like so many other newspapers of the 19th century. ['''check this: which one was published earlier in the day, and on which day?'''] These four sources describe the Duchess's retinue and how the people in it were dressed: *"The Duchess of Devonshire was dazzingly [sic] magnificent as 'Zenobia,' arrayed in the glistening fabrics and massive jewels in which artists have delighted to depict the Warrior Queen, the costume in this case being specially designed by the clever French artist, M. Comelli, who was also responsible for the splendid attire of the Queen's suite. This was composed of four children in white Assyrian robes, draped with pink shawls; four trumpeters in white cloth robes, embroidered in subdued tones of silks, with a purple shawl draped over, beautifully ornamented with embroidery, and wearing fringed steel helmets and leather cuirasses embossed in steel; and four fan-bearers attired in pale blue robes, with crimson shawls, enriched with gold and jewelled embroidery, adorned with jewelled diadems, and holding long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold — a gloriously magnificent pageant."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} *"Attending the hostess were four children, four fan-bearers, and four trumpeters, all magnificently arrayed in artistically embroidered Assyrian robes, helmets, and other accessories, correct in every detail."<ref name=":15" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 6a}} *"The duchess was dressed as Zenobia, in gold cloth, gorgeously embroidered in gold, brilliants, and coloured stones, and opening over an under dress of white crêpe de Chine, worked finely in brilliants. The train of light green velvet was lined with blue, and sumptuously embroidered in jewels and gold, the colouring being particularly artistic. With this dress were worn splendid jewels, and a large horn crown, encrusted with diamonds, emeralds, and rubies. The duchess was attended by a suite of children, trumpeters, and fan-bearers, all picturesquely attired in Assyian [sic] costumes — the whole group being specially designed by M. Comelli."<ref name=":5" /> *"The host was dressed as Charles V. of Germany, in black velvet, satin, and fur; and the Duchess made the most gorgeous of Zenobias, in a gown of gold gauze, and a green velvet train — both a mass of exquisite oriental embroidery. The crown and hanging ropes of pearls, the jewelled girdle, and the train of children, fan-bearers, and trumpeters — all in Babylonish garb — as designed by M. Comelli, made a gloriously imposing and picturesque group."<ref name=":9" /> === Details of the Costumes in the Entourage === The Archives of the Duke of Devonshire (Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth) has "receipts" or invoices that functioned as receipts for several commercial concerns that were involved in making costumes or accessories for costumes for this ball. They are the following: * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli|M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#B. Burnet & Co.|B. Burnet & Co.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller|Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Liberty & Co., Ltd.|Liberty & Co., Ltd.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Lafayette, Ltd.|Lafayette, Ltd.]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith|Goldsmith, Pearl & Diamond Merchant, & Silversmith]] This list of commercial concerns almost certainly cannot be the complete list of all concerns that contributed to the costumes. These are the only receipts or invoices about expenses for the ball, however, that the Chatsworth Archive contains; similar documents were likely not even kept or were destroyed with other papers not retained at some point in time. The business concerns listed above were specialized and likely used for different elements of the costumes. As a theatrical designer, Comelli would have depended on the suppliers he knew and arranged with them for the construction of these costumes. The Chatsworth Archive calls these documents ''receipts'', which indeed they are because they were returned to Devonshire House as receipts for payment. From our perspective, though, they are invoices that contain specifics about what was used to make the costumes. The analysis of these invoices has led to an understanding of what the people who attended the Duchess in her entourage wore and a clearer sense, perhaps, of how many people walked in that entourage. This analysis is based on the items listed on the invoices and their pricing, most of which is included in the section for each invoice, below. While the Belfast ''News-Letter'' says that each group contained four members,<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} the invoices and receipts suggest that the newspaper, the single source for this information, was wrong about the number of people in each group. It is theoretically possible, of course, that suppliers other than the ones in the Chatsworth Archive made some of these costumes and that other invoices and receipts must have existed at that time. But the [[Social Victorians/People/Louisa Montagu Cavendish#M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli|Comelli memo, below]], seems definitive: he designed and seems to have overseen the construction of the costumes, which numbered six rather than twelve. '''[Collier discussion?]''' Besides providing welcome detail about the costumes of the people in the Duchess's entourage, which is available nowhere else, these invoices also raise at least as many questions as they answer. ==== M. (Attillo Giuseppe) Comelli ==== Attillo Giuseppe Comelli was a designer for opera, ballet and theatre in Europe, the UK and North America.<ref name=":13" /> The receipt in the Chatsworth Archive was sent from Covent Garden. The invoice lists £4 for "Making six costumes," 3''s'' for "Extras" and 12s for "Cab fares for men paid by the request of M. Comelli."<ref>M. Comelli, Covent Garden, to Duchess of Devonshire. Date of invoice 13 July 1897; postmarked 25 October 1897, for receipt of payment(?). The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(3).</ref> Three other names are on this invoice and receipt: * L. L[?] Collier [?], written under and perhaps as part of the direction to the Duchess of Devonshire * Mr. Strong ("Forwarded to Mr Strong. [sic] by the instructions of M. Comelli," written in the same hand as wrote the majority of the memo) * Floyd [?] Collier [??] ("Received with Thanks," presumably thanking for the payment, in a different hand) ==== B. Burnet & Co. ==== An invoice and receipt from B. Burnet & Co., held in the Archives of the Duke of Devonshire, has specific information about some of the fabrics, trims and accessories purchased for the costumes of the Duchess's retinue.<ref name=":11">B. Burnet & Co. to Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. Date of invoice 2 and 6 July 1897; postmarked 25 October 1897, for receipt of payment(?). The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(3).</ref> Besides itemizing some costume or accessory elements that seem clearly to be for the groups, the invoice also lists items not easy to associate with particular costumes, like the following: * 12 yards of White silk fringe 8in deep<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 12 1/2 yards of "wht cloth"<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 9 yards of "[[Social Victorians/Terminology#Selesia|Selesia]]"<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back left}} * 2 yards of Canvas<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} * 4 Tan Wool Tights<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} * 2 Tan Boys Tights<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}} At this time, we are not sure which costumes these elements were used for. Possibly the white silk fringe and the white cloth would have been used to construct the robes for the children and trumpeters in the entourage. The number of tights suggests that the six costumes on this invoice all included tights. With other elements of the trumpeters' costumes, the Burnet invoice also lists "6 prs Assyrian Buskins." Probably, to a late Victorian, buskins would have been "defensive leggings"<ref>Demmin, Auguste. An illustrated History of Arms and Armour: From the Earliest Period to the Present Time. George Bell, 1894. Google Books https://books.google.com/books?id=ArRCAAAAYAAJ: 106.</ref> laced together and covering the lower leg and often feet of a soldier. To a clothing and military historian, buskins (or greaves) were worn by people in a number of cultures over millennia and varied widely in style and construction. Buskins appear in Assyrian art held at the time by the British Museum. Listing six pairs of buskins suggests that every costume in the Duchess's entrourage included buskins, possibly worn over the tan tights. The Burnet invoice lists "4 Broad Belts," which may have held "4 Skins Fleshers."<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 1, front of invoice}} (A skin flesher is a kind of knife used to separate the skin from the meat in animals.) If each group included only two members, then perhaps the belts and fleshers were worn not only by the trumpeters but also by the fan-bearers. The Millward invoice (specifics in the section on the Millward invoice below) lists "8 Doz 'Plaques' for Belts'" with a drawing of an upright rectangle with a circle in the middle, which might have been a jewel. Double lines around the rectangle suggest that the plaques were not flat or the metal was not thin. The drawing does not give any ideas about how the plaques were attached to the belts, if they were. It is impossible to tell if the plaques were attached to the "4 Broad Belts" (likely for the trumpeters and fan-bearers), but unless they were quite tiny, "8 Doz 'Plaques'" would be far too many for the belts of only the two children. A different hand, probably "[L.??] L. Collier," wrote the following sentence at the end of the invoice and receipt, above the postmark:<blockquote>All the above named articles were used for the six [?] dresses made for the Devonshire Ball.<ref name=":11" />{{rp|back right}}</blockquote> This same hand, signing what is possibly "Floyd Collier," also signed the postmark of the Comelli invoice and receipt. On the Burnet document, this writer, possibly an assistant or employee of the Duchess of Devonshire, says that "six dresses" were made (if in fact, that word is ''six''). (No "Collier" is listed among the staff or servants of the Duke of Devonshire at the end of the 19th century.<ref name=":19">"Servants A-H." ''Historic Servants and Staff. Servants and Staff Database''. Retrieved 18 July 2022 https://www.chatsworth.org/media/11528/servants-a-h.pdf.</ref> The invoice appears to itemize materials used for six costumes: two children, two trumpeters and two fan-bearers. ==== Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller ==== An invoice and request for payment from Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller, held in the Archives of Chatsworth House, has more specifics about some of the fabrics, trims and accessories for the costumes of the Duchess's retinue.<ref name=":12">Memorandum. Arthur Millward, Theatrical Jeweller, to Louise, Duchess of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 1 July 1897; date of request for payment(?) 27 August 1897. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> This invoice lists the following, which could have been used in any of the costumes for the entourage: * 8 Doz 'Plaques' for Belts [discussed with the belts in the section on the Burnet invoice, above] * 4 Large Armlets * 4 Bracelets * 8 Armlets<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} Because Millward was a Theatrical Jeweller, it seems likely that most (if not all) of the items listed on the invoice were made of metal and the jewels mentioned were artificial, made of glass or paste. Other items on the invoice seem to belong to the costumes of the trumpeters, which the Belfast ''News-Letter'' says included helmets: * 2 Helmets * 2 Centre pieces The Millward invoice shows tiny line drawings next to the words ''2 Helmets'' and ''2 Centre pieces''. These drawings suggest that the Centre pieces were attached to the helmets rather than being anything that would have been put on a table as decoration. Other items seem to belong to the costumes of the fan-bearers: * 2 Pearl & Gold Headdresses * 2 Fan properties with Feathers The "Pearl & Gold Headdresses" were likely the "jewelled diadems" mentioned in the Belfast ''News-Letter''. The "Fan properties with Feathers" are likely to have been the "long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold" mentioned in the newspaper report.<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} At the end of the Millward invoice, a "reduction as agreed with M [Mr?] Commelli [sic]" of £1 10''s'' is subtracted from a total of £22 3''s''. No reason for this reduction is given.<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} ==== Liberty & Co., Ltd. ==== One invoice and receipt from the Chatsworth Archive, dated 12 July, to the Duchess of Devonshire, lists "13 yds S&W Satin[?]," 7 yards of blue and 6 of purple.<ref>Invoice and receipt. Liberty & Co. Ltd. To Her Grace, The Duchess of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 12 July [1897]. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> Because the fabric is satin and from Liberty, it is possible that it was not used in the costumes of the people in the entourage but perhaps for the costume of the Duchess herself??? ==== Lafayette, Ltd. ==== The invoice and receipt from Lafayette, Ltd., the photographer that set up a temporary studio in the garden to take portraits of people at the ball in their costumes, may not be related to the ball at all.<ref>Invoice and receipt. Lafayette, Ltd. To His Grace The Duke of Devonshire. Date of itemized invoice 12 April 1897; addressed to the Duke, 18 February 1898; receipt and thanks for payment, 7 April 1898. The Devonshire Collections, Chatsworth, Reference number L/109/4(?).</ref> Three dates are written on the preprinted stationery: # 18/2/98 (18 February 1898), under the direction to "His Grace The Duke of Devonshire" # 4/12/97 (4 December 1897), next to the single item on the invoice for which a charge is listed: "6 [??] £1.10.0" # 7/4/98 (7 April 1898), in a different hand, with "Recd by cheque 7/4/98 Lafayette Ltd pp[?] [??] thanks" At the bottom of the page, in the hand that wrote all of the invoice except the receipt and thanks, is "With Lafayette Ltds Compliments." ==== Details for the Children in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four children were "in white Assyrian robes, draped with pink shawls."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for "White Cloth Dresses":<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 2, back left of invoice}} * "2 Terra Gown draperies with Stars 200 in all" * "2 Cloth fronts embroidered with Square Medallions down centre" * "2 do do [ditto ditto, that is, cloth fronts] embroidered double border down front each side and collar" * "4 Sleeves embroidered Small Medallions" The Burnet & Co. invoice lists 6 yards of "Terra" Silk Fringe, which perhaps was used to trim the "terra draperies," or shawls, made from 3 1/4 yards of "Light Terra Satinette" worn by the children? ==== Details for the Trumpeters in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four trumpeters were "in white cloth robes, embroidered in subdued tones of silks, with a purple shawl draped over, beautifully ornamented with embroidery, and wearing fringed steel helmets and leather cuirasses embossed in steel."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} The trumpeters appear to have been dressed as soldiers or military men. According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for the trumpeters' costumes:<ref name=":11" />{{rp|p. 1, front of invoice}} * 7 '''units (yards?)''' of purple silk [probably used for shawls?] * "2 skirt fronts with border alround [sic]" * "2 sets of Leather Cuarasses [sic] Embroidered front & back" * "4 Sleeves embroidered loop stitch" The Millward invoice lists * 2 Helmets * 2 Centre Pieces [probably for helmets rather than table decorations] ==== Details for the Fan-bearers in the Entourage ==== According to the ''Belfast News-Letter'', four fan-bearers were "attired in pale blue robes, with crimson shawls, enriched with gold and jewelled embroidery, adorned with jewelled diadems, and holding long-handled fans of white feathers, mounted in blue and gold."<ref name=":8" />{{rp|p. 5, Col. 9a}} According to the B. Burnet invoice, the following was purchased for the fan bearers's costumes:<ref name=":11" />{{rp|pp. 1–2, front and left-back of invoice}} * "Embroidering 2 Crimson draperies with Stars 334 in all" * "2 Top [?] fronts embroidered & round necks" * "4 Sleeves embroidered long stitch"The Millward invoice lists * 2 Pearl & Gold Headdresses * 2 Fan properties with Feathers<ref name=":12" />{{rp|p. 2, back}} The Burnet & Co. invoice lists 12 yards of "Red Silk Fringe," which perhaps was used to trim the "crimson shawls" or "Crimson draperies," which may have been made from the 5 yards of "Red Satinette." Again, this list suggests two rather than four costumes. == Demographics == *Nationality: born in Hanover, in what is now Germany<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-27|title=Louisa Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louisa_Cavendish,_Duchess_of_Devonshire&oldid=969824214|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> === Residences === ==== As Duchess of Manchester ==== *Kimbolton Castle, Huntingdonshire *Manchester House, London ==== As Duchess of Devonshire ==== *Devonshire House, London (mid-April until mid-July, for the Season) *Compton Place, Eastbourne (mid-July until 12 August<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Bolton Abbey, Yorkshire (12 August until the middle of September<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Chatsworth, Derbyshire (middle of September until early Spring<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) *Lismore Castle, County Waterford (early Spring until the middle of April<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 32}}) == Family == *Louisa (or Luise) Friederike Auguste Gräfin von Alten Montagu Cavendish (15 January 1832 – 15 November 1911)<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> *William Drogo Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester (15 October 1823 – 22 March 1890)<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-09-07|title=William Montagu, 7th Duke of Manchester|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Montagu,_7th_Duke_of_Manchester&oldid=977197445|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> #George Victor Drogo Montagu, 8th Duke of Manchester (17 June 1853 – 18 August 1892) #Mary Louise [Louisa?] Elizabeth Montagu Douglas-Hamilton Forster (27 December 1854 – 10 February 1934) #Louisa Augusta Beatrice Montagu Acheson (c. 1856 – 3 March 1944) #Charles William Augustus Montagu (23 November 1860 – 10 November 1939) #Alice Maude Olivia Montagu Stanley (15 August 1862 – 23 July 1957) *[[Social Victorians/People/Spencer Compton Cavendish|Spencer Compton Cavendish]], 8th Duke of Devonshire (23 July 1833 – 24 March 1908) == Notes and Questions == #As Duchess of Manchester Luise was not invited to the wedding between Bertie and Alix, Victoria's punishment for Luise's having gotten the Duke of Derby to promise her the position of Mistress of the Robes (and then exacting that promise).<ref>Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973.</ref>{{rp|pp. 47–48}} #"As a young woman she was extremely beautiful; Princess Catherine Radziwill saw her at a reception given by the Empress of Germany and recalls on being introduced to her 'how she struck me as the loveliest creature I had ever set eyes upon. Indeed I have only met three women in my whole existence who could be compared to her.'"<ref name=":1" />{{rp|p. 21}} == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 6jv3q3zo79cr0s7mckgnmnyc5qyuuzd 0 270254 2415876 2242034 2022-08-17T16:20:55Z 41.115.52.64 Woe wikitext text/x-wiki In this day and age, consumer culture has been growing effectively during the 21st century. Consumer culture helps target groups of people who share the same desire and the same need for a product. Consumer culture can be viewed as negative or positive in many ways. One viewpoint can be opposed by how consumerism can be very "greedy" and it could possibly encourage the idea of "consumption at its own sake". A great example of consumer culture is the idea of the "American Dream". Back in the 1950s, consumer values dominated the American culture, and also the idea of buying goods that will promote happiness. The term "the good life" was popular back then due to the economic boom and the creation of new jobs. When a country's economy is doing well, it leads to more purchases and more money in making. Think of it as the idea of "supply and demand". Consumerism also dictates that it is not the owner of goods who determine what a society should consume, but rather the free-thinking consumers. Many companies that usually think out of the box, has became more successful in the business and consumerism industry. A product will not exist if consumers are not interested in it. In this sense, the economy is self-regulating and self-sustaining. Depending on the sells, and such, it can fluctuate. Another example of consumer culture are Apple products. Apple argues how they strive to make the use of technology easier for people. The look of the newest iPhone, or MacBooks show how sleek, clean, and precise each packaging of each iPhone. Opening an iPhone box for the first time shows a very well thought-out package design that is durable, attractive and thin. Apple targets younger people for their products, like millennials. I personally think it's a smart strategic way for companies to engage with the audience by giving them some type of advertisement, so they can purchase the good. However, there are some downfalls with that as well, such as the environment when making the product. Deforestation, pollutant emissions, and climate change are some of the negative factors that's destroying our environment due to consumerism. We could prevent this from happening by acknowledging the problem and reducing it by changing out lifestyle of things. == GENDER AND MEDIA - by Richard Fontanez == Media is a concept that is forever changing. TV shows, movies, video games, social media etc. They all evolve. Media allows us to portray different types of characters. Some that we can relate to or root for. Some we can love to hate and some we can aspire to be like. Today, media has been doing a lot of justice for women lately. In the past, you would most commonly come across roles like the secretary, the submissive wife, the bimbo or the damsel in distress. These roles were nothing more than the small checked boxes for early televisions quota. Fast forward to today, and we have a plethora of strong female characters spanning all of media. Cinema especially has come a long way from keeping women in a box of limited roles. Hollywood has been shattering that box for the past few years with there new blockbusters with female leads. A genre is not limited to a certain gender. Women like Rosa Salazar (Alita: Battle Angel) and Gal Gadot (Wonder Woman) are prime examples of female empowerment. Both of these films show what it means to be a fighter. Alita: Battle Angel highlights the title character's childlike innocence and genuine appreciation of everything around her despite being found unconscious in a dumpster pile in the beginning of the film. In Wonder Woman, Diana is one of a race of skilled warriors that travels to the world of men to prevent a god from reigning destruction. What makes a compelling character is them not being perfect. They have flaws and go through pain. This allows the viewing to feel for the characters and understand them and their motivations. Alita learns that she isn't invincible and gets her first bionic body destroyed by one of the films antagonists yet she still stops him with only one hand and a torso. Her purpose now is to become a hunter warrior and fight evil. While doing this she uncovers memories of what she was. She was a powerful weapon. In Wonder Woman, Diana believed she had killed the god of war Ares when in reality it was just another antagonist. This shatters her worldview when she sees that nothing changed and mankind is still fighting. What these scenes had in common, is that neither character refused to give up. They continued to fight. Alita being a battle born cyborg found a new body which enhanced her abilities and Diana being a literal Demigod discovers Ares true identity and fights for humanity rather than letting mankind's evil deeds corrupt her. A strong female character is a character you can relate to, no matter the gender. They have personality like any other human and above all else aren't perfect. Whether it be Alita's determination or Diana's compassion, imperfection is what makes characters compelling. Woman are people with personality and the media is finally giving good examples of that. These are the characters that little girls can look up to. These are characters that we can all look up to. == RACE AND MEDIA - by Lucia Enriquez == == MEDIA EFFECTS - by Nicole Shepps == Media is very popular amongst many individuals in this world. It is routine for most individuals to wake up in the morning and immediately check their social media news feeds to see what is going on currently in the world and what is going on that day. I myself, being one of them. Not only does social media affect us adults but it can also affect adolescents as well. The way that it can affect us as adults is, it can create an increased amount of anxiety, depression and even lack of sleep. Too often does negativity come from social media. Not only are individuals constantly comparing themselves to one another but there is cyber-bullying and invading of privacy that also occurs. Social media not only causes an individual harm mentally, but it also causes it physically and emotionally. Social media can potentially ruin a friendship or relationship. This happens because many times on popular platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter you see individuals talk about “relationship goals” while posting something cute or romantic of their significant other. This then results to the comparing aspect of social media. Which then may cause a disagreement within each other potentially ruining the whole relationship. As far as it affecting adolescents, I see this every single day. Being a Teacher’s Assistant at a preschool, many parents will be waiting to drop their children off and while waiting to drop them off, their kid throws a tantrum. First thing I see the parents do is, give the child their phone to distract them. Not only is this an inappropriate way to deal with a tantrum but, the parent is teaching the child absolutely nothing by doing that. In fact, they are enabling the behavior and basically telling the child that it is okay to act like that in a school setting. Too frequently do I see this happening. It almost becomes a habit and a dependency for most parents to deal with the behavior this way. Which may become very misleading to the child. For the reason being, the child will automatically think every time they do not get their way and throw a tantrum that mommy or daddy will allow them their phone too watch videos or play games on. It is absolutely okay for a child to watch videos and play games on an electronic device. However, in my opinion they should only be given it for a short period of time when deserved along with being monitored while on it. Children should experience going outside and interacting in real life, not be so caught up on these devices. I remember when I was a kid, all I did was go outside and I used to play with my friends from dawn to dark. There was never any worry in the world. Nowadays with devices like these, it can potentially expose your child to inappropriate videos or games. For instance, I have had students come in to class talking about guns and shooting just because that is what they did in the game, Fortnite. Games like that simply do not set a good example for kids. Especially with everything going on in the world today involving guns. Even though the game involves guns, it also involves explicit language. You would be shocked by the language these kids pick up for only being three and four year olds. It is insane and not an appropriate vocabulary to have when you’re that young! == FANDOM - by Jeremy Shikarides == What is a Fandom? Merriam Webster defines a fandom as firstly; all the fans (as of a sport) And secondly as; the state or attitude of being a fan. Fandoms are groups of people who are fans of a piece of work; whom are more so devoted to the work than the average viewer. This piece of work could be a movie, comic, television series, cartoon, video game or book. Some fandoms include, harry potter, the rocky horror picture show and marvel. Fandom as a Commodity. Fandoms began as groups of people sharing a common devotion to a particular genre or piece of work. Soon these people began sharing their own work based on their work of choice. As people began commerce of these works the companies that produced the original work caught on and began manufacturing and selling their own merchandise. Soon movies had clothing lines released before the movies themselves. This created fandoms for the purpose of monetization. Race and gender. Fandoms can seldom incite hate, every so often there is an event where a person is shamed or taunted for their cosplay of a character, a woman dressed as a male character or an African American dressed as a white character, but most often; the majority of the time the common interest of a fandom surpasses race and gender, allowing men and women of all races to interact and share their love of media. Cultural impact. Fandoms have not only created unity in small scale between people groups but has largely created subcultures of people. People constantly think in an ‘Us’ versus ‘Them’ mentality, black versus white, man versus woman, Caucasian versus Afro-Caribbean; these fandoms create trekies, versus star warriors, Hayao Miyazaki supporters versus Steven Spielberg supporters. This shift from internal descriptor to external ones that define ‘Us’ versus ‘Them’ has, at least in a smaller scale, created peace among many people groups. == MEDIA POLICY AND CENSORSHIP - by Danielle Smith == Media policy is about power. The power to establish boundaries, norms, and standards for mass-mediated visual culture. The power to decide which perspectives will be informing social discourses, debates, news, and entertainment. A media policy is a corporate code of conduct that provides guidelines for people who post content on the internet either as a part of their job or as their private life. As well as the prohibition of forms of speech and media content deemed to be contrary to the common good. Policies and censorship vary depending on macro and micro companies, business, social media platform campuses, etc. The media economy is ruled by profits but also by the governments and industry organizations who set out to regulate it. Macro media companies need to follow the rules just like media consumers. Over the last few years’ media laws have had to adapt with the evolution of technology. Everyday internet culture between tweets, memes, viral videos, is built on this casual everyday sharing. The internet gave tons of tools for communication in media creation but it also opened up loopholes of policies and censorship. Between links, URLs, photos, songs with everything we do at our fingertips is basically breaking policies and censorship rules. Online that includes our browsing habits and history, plus personal information we share with all the websites and apps we use. For instance, on our campus website when we first log on it states, “privacy, cookies, and terms of use, blackboard will collect, use, and store your personal information that is necessary to use this application and the related functionalities. Blackboard handles this information on behalf of your institution when selecting “accept and continue” you are agreeing to blackboards terms of use.” Aside from just this website every website basically ‘tracks’ what you are looking at as well as saving the data you are clicking to share with them. There are multiple reasons as to why companies have media policies. The goal of social media policies is to set expectations for appropriate behavior and ensure that the posts will not expose the company to legal problems or public embarrassment. Such policies can include a wide range from what kind of information can be shared, to including restrictions on disclosing confidentiality. Referring to privacy, access, the collection and sharing of personal information. Which all falls under the policies and what has to be censorship. Censorship, policies, copyright, and other media regulations have always been a bit complex, but the internet made all of that infinitely more complicated. Laws are trying to play catch up with how media has changed due to technology and many of the old definitions and approaches start to mesh when used in the new media ecosystem. These were laws that were made before the current media moment colliding with what is has become everyday practice. The gaps between current media practices and traditional laws are already impacting lives to our online lives which poses serious challenges to our legal system. There are always going to be shifting notions of media policies and censorship. Our technology is outpacing legislation. == MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN JAPAN - by Shinga Miyajima == People may believe more developed country tend to have more press freedom. In fact, the members of the group of seven (G7, the top 7 economic countries) ranked at least top 50 from the top of the free press ranking. However, there is an exception, Japan had ranked on 67th. It is the worst rank in the countries in a G7. Japan is not a communist country, Japan does not have any problems with environmental of technology. What makes Japan rank on 67 on press freedom rank in 2019? The government of Japan officially have announced freedom of the press after World War II. There is not censorship by the government. However, there is censorship by society and people There are several media that argue those taboos purposely, but the industry is not as big as other western countries. ○Television Media would not report their scandals. When the TV media had established any scandals, media tend to not to report it, even they did repost about it, it is not going to be a big deal. Minor media sometimes report scandals. Eventually, the scandal will be on a discussion on the Broadcasting Ethics and Program Improvement Organization(BPO). But, the members of the BPO are mainly television media. The scandals will be hidden from society. ○The Press Club in Japan Generally, the press club is a place where a journalist expands its network. So, the most journalist will be welcome to the press club. However, only selected journalist have permission to enter the press club in Japan. And, to do not lose permission to enter, most media and journalist never leak this information. ○Media would not criticize Advertisement agency There is not much advertisement agency in Japan. If the media criticize the advertisement agency, the advertisement agency will stop produce an advertisement for certain media. This situation triggers a lack of funds to the media. Media would not criticize advertisement agency ○Japanese Entertainment Agency Most huge Entertainment Agency share has the stock in most of the media. Several Medias is controlled by the entertainment agency. If there is a scandal by the famous entertainer, the media will not report about it to protect their entertainment agency”s reputation. If minor entertainer had made a scandal, the media will treat them badly to kill them from the entertainment industry. ○Emperor of Japan Japanese people used to believe the emperor of Japan is actually god. He had access to all three power in the three powers of government (legislative, executive and judicial) Even he had lost all access to the government, the emperor family still exist in Japan. He is the Japanese people’s symbol. The media will never criticize the empire of Japan ○Korean-Japanese and Chinese-Japanese. Koreans and Chineses were forced to move to Japan to become work power under the Imperial Japanese Government. Those minority people were treated so badly. This subject is still one of the huge discussion in Japan. To avoid any troubles, media tend to not to report anything that relates Korean, Chinese-Japanese. ○Religion There are several media that is running by the new religion. When those new religions have scandals. The media that is running by the new religion do not report about it at all. ○Imperial Japan. Japan had lost in World War II. Japan had given many troubles and issues to several countries. Therefore, even there is something that is praisable about Imperial Japan. Media will never report about it. ○Yakuza There is mafia in Japan, they have known as a Yakuza. People and Media find something that relates to the Yakuza in daily life. However, no one discusses it. People and Media afraid the revenge. ○Sports team Most of the professional sports team in Japan is running by the media. Even there are scandals in the sports team. The media do not report scandals by a professional sports team to maintain their reputation from the public. Since Japan is following pure democracy. There is not censorship by the government. However, the censorship by society and people makes Japan rank in the below the 50th in the free press ranking. To improve this condition, Japanese people and the Japanese government need to cooperate to find the solution for each issue. == MEDIA BIAS - by Kailey McCartneyWow''italicy'' == Media bias is defined as, the bias or insinuated bias of journalists and/or news producers, who are involved in mass media. This is prevalent in all events that take place and how they are depicted and covered. A journalist/news producer’s job is to keep everything they say or report, neutral. No opinions or feelings should be involved in any media. There are six types of media bias and they are bias by omission, bias by selection of sources, bias by story collection, bias by placement, bias by labeling, and bias by spin. Bias by omission: this is defined as leaving a side out of the story. An example would be ignoring important parts of a story to discredit a liberal or conservative. This can occur with all types of media and be prevalent for a long or short period of time. Ways to avoid falling for bias by omission is keeping up with current issues regarding liberals and/or conservatives. Bias by selection of sources: this has to do with adding more sources that support a claim rather than adding ones that discredit it. The common phrases associated with this type of bias are, “ experts believe,” or “observers say.” Most times, journalists will search for quotes that favor their argument about a certain topic. Ways to avoid this type of bias is to stay in tune with the people journalists are quoting and their views on the topics in question. Bias by story collection: this means including stories that go with the opinion of the journalist/news producer rather than adding stories that oppose their opinion. An example of this would be a liberal or conservative member, conducting a study but ignoring the similar studies released by the opposing side. To look out for this, you need to know the sides of both the liberals and conservatives. Bias by placement: this has to do with the importance an editor places on his or her story. As well as a news outlet releases stories that coincide with the topic of the story while getting rid of stories that oppose their opinion. One viewpoint is highlighted and made most important while other stories will get less recognition and aren’t viewed as important. To look out for this, keep an eye out to see where news stories are placed. As well as seeing how far into the story the viewpoint is located. For example, in an unbiased story, conservative and liberal viewpoints would be included, if not, there’s bias. Bias by labeling: an example of this would be putting an extremely positive label on a conservative and doing the opposite for a liberal and vice versa. Labels such as “expert” or “awful person” is definite bias. However, not all labeling is bad. It becomes a problem once a conservative is labeled and a liberal is not, or the other way around. Bias by spin: spin has to do with the tone of the journalist/news producer. In addition, bias by spin means when only one person’s interpretation of a story is included and the other is excluded. This is kind of similar to bias by omission but it differs because it’s the authors subjective opinion about an objective topic to make one or the other political group look better. To check this, see if the story matches either the liberal’s or conservative’s viewpoints. If a story reflects one viewpoint and excludes the other, there is bias by spin. I think bias is so unfair because it’s a false interpretation and media has the power to sway someone’s opinion. Therefore, it should be kept neutral and fair so people can properly form an opinion about anything, not just politics. == INFORMATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE - by Elizabeth Mundus == In the latter part of the 20th century, with the invention of the personal computer and the World Wide Web, the world changed rapidly. This change was similar to the industrial revolution in the way that it completely changed industry and the daily lives of most people. Most of the world went from an economy based on industry to one based largely on information and technology. Along with changing the economic world, this shift has created a new culture for education, access to information, and traditional media. In the Digital Age, or Information Age, social, economic, and political activities are completely dependent on information and technology. Most jobs require knowledge of, and access to the internet and are dependent on it to continue business. People rely on the internet and social media more than ever before in their personal social lives and also to access news and other information. According to the Pew Research Center, 62% of all adults in the United States get news on social media. This news must also be extremely up to date in the age of the 24-hour news cycle. Even politicians rely on social media and the internet to spread awareness of their causes and to communicate directly with the public. With the massive shift in the way information is produced and consumed, access to information has dramatically increased. Today, most information is readily searchable and free on the internet. The average person can do a quick Google search to find a recipe, instructions on how to rebuild an engine, historical facts and figures, information about celebrities and public figures, and countless other things. Information is also available almost immediately. One no longer has to wait for the Sunday paper or even the evening news to hear about what is going on. Scientific discoveries and other new information can also be updated very quickly. Never before has there been such easy access to information. This has created a shift in power dynamics between the government and it’s citizens, teachers and students, employers and employees and others. There is a democratization of information on a level that has never before been seen and this has brought many benefits to individuals. Consumers can research products and prices before making a decision, giving them more control and power and forcing brands to adapt in order to stay relevant. Employees have more access to continued learning to help keep their skills in demand. Those looking for love can research a potential date on the internet before ever meeting them. Education and access to information is no longer considered a privilege, but a right. The democratization of information is also a two way street. Not only are individuals able to consume more media than ever before, they are also able to produce it. The internet allows for a massive amount of user-generated content. Social media enables more one-to-one communication rather than the top down structure of traditional media. This has changed the face of what media is. It is no longer just professionals or large corporations producing media. Amateurs create large amounts of content available online. An amateur video can receive more views and attention than a professionally produced piece. The ease of producing user-generated content has benefitted many people, but it has also introduced new problems. “Fake News” has become an everyday part of our vernacular to describe the false, misleading information, or propaganda that can become widespread on the internet. As earlier noted, many people get news from social media and this has resulted in viral spreading of misinformation. Today’s consumer must not only know how to access information, but they must have the skills to determine if that information is accurate and reliable. Information literacy is a skill that is becoming more and more important for the everyday consumer as the credibility of available information becomes more of an issue in the digital age. == YOUTUBE AND SOCIAL MEDIA - by Connor Winchell == How does social media bring people together born in the mid-90’s to the 2000’s; and what are some of the effects on people born in the Generation Z era? Social media genres include Instagram, SnapChat, Twitter, on-line dating, video playing and Facebook. The most popular social media is Instagram. People reach out to their friends by posting, liking photos, commenting and direct message. Social interaction occurs even if you are not talking to people face to face. Some messaging is fleeting, like SnapChat, which has an expiration date on the photos/messaging, and others, like Twitter and Instagram can live on forever in a recycled, retweeting kind of way. I prefer face to face interaction, but it is not always possible because some people may be busy during the day and can’t hang out with you because of work, school, etc., so, I communicate with them through social media, usually Facebook or Snapchat. I like using these two specific types of social media because it is easier for me to see what my friends are commenting on regarding my posts or pictures. I like to Snapchat the best because you can use filters to change photos and it allows you to keep your own photos. I use Snapchat to talk to my friends and cousins in different states, so it helps me stay in touch when I don’t see them as often as I like. Even though Instagram is the most popular type of social media in my age group, I still like the better quality of pictures in Snapchat and Facebook. Dating Sites Another popular type of social media is dating sites. There are sites like Bumble, Tinder and Christian Mingle. They can be costly and the more up-front compatibility matching they do for you, the more they charge. A monthly subscription can be between $39 to $100 dollars. My friends and I have mostly been disappointed by the outcome. In addition, many of us have experienced cases of malicious use of dating sites. I have found on more than one occasion that the location of the person interested in meeting me was thousands of miles away. It was a good thing I kept track of that. There are people out there that act very flirtatious and who are very complementary of your looks, personality and interests but it becomes obvious that they are just trying to lure you into a porn site or some other way for them to make money off your interest. It is sad that data sites don’t screen for this and block such accounts or at least warn you. Video Game Playing Video game playing can be an excellent way to reach out to your friends and meet new people. Popular platforms (PS4, Xbox, etc.) have social networking capabilities where you can play with or against and communicate with other players. Sites like Twitch offer recorded and real time tutorials on game playing and provides links to gaming conventions and other ways to connect with other gamers. Cyber Bullying Social media can tear apart generation Z due to and cyber-bullying, hate speech and harassing messages that the users can receive. Emotions can run high when you are in your late teens or early twenties. Often things are said on social media out of anger or hurt and they are hard to take back. Sometimes people are just being cruel and putting someone down. You must develop a “thick skin” and not take things seriously. Some people are just so immature that they are purposely trying to hurt someone else due to their own insecurity. Taking Personal Responsibility I can’t help but notice on a Friday or Saturday night at a mall that many of us in our late teens and early twenties are hanging out with our friends, however, we are spending most of our time on our cell phones. How did we get to this point? We seem more comfortable in a digital space than face to face. That is a reason why dating sites even when you reach a point of going on date tend to fail. We need to invest in our own self-image, we need to seek face time and we need to view digital social media as a tool to enhance our face time instead of replacing it. Our generation is bombarded with messages about dating sites and internet-based access to one another. That is contributing to isolation and the messages back from a digital world can be cold or downright cruel. Social clubs at school are a great idea to make a connection. They lead to social interaction with your peers. You make new friends, you see their faces, you can see how they react not only with their words but with their facial expression and gestures. Group projects in the classroom are also a good way to promote face time and to learn to work directly with one-another. Most of us feel uncomfortable at first but we learn how to delegate based on a person’s strengths and interest and we often develop new friendships or at least an appreciation of how individual we all are. == EDUCATION AND GLOBAL MEDIA - by Lacy Clark == Although the world is a fast paced environment, global learners of all ages require social-emotional skills, critical thinking and self management. Many known educators agree that education is a universal human right, but funding education is complicated. After World War two, the world saw the right to education as a key to global society and school reforms worldwide were created to help prevent illiteracy. According to author of the book (One Student at a time: Leading the Global Education Movement), Fernando Reimers, there is currently a new global education movement striving to initiate collaboration of education across the world. This movement is often financially supported by donors who value education and grass roots community effort. We need to ask ourselves how are our own community and federal government serving citizens in global education? Our own United States Secretary of Education, Betsy DeVos is known for her support of school choice but her pattern of siding with for-profit colleges makes some question her true intentions. According to Reimers, global citizens need to understand that educational efforts need to start with collaboration in education that removes global poverty. In other words, some countries have made education a business. In contrast, countries like Finland boast that all their schools are equal. Finland and China put a strong emphasis on language education to prepare students for the global market. India and Nigeria are currently some of the largest English as a second language speaking countries. 21st century global learners are asking educators, "Help me to think and evaluate, let me digitally tell my story, and please understand that we are digital learners." According to Bill Gates, K12 has the power to unleash potential in students. He said, "The goal here is 80 percent of low income and minority students should graduate high school and be ready for college." However, I believe K12 could be modified for students globally and be used as a tool to reduce inequality.K12 is FUN! The online education program is changing the way we think about learning. The part of the K12 vision statement that stood out to me states "Students will use engaging technologies." This means students will become engrossed in their telecommunication for learning. The advantages of all online global learning is: no immigration problems, working with classmates around the world and also you can learn and enjoy life while advancing your career and creating family bonds. Online global learning is perfect for self-motivated learners who are able to connect with educators interested in offering online global opportunities to students. Some of the more globally perceptive universities that see the importance of global learning include: Penn State World Campus, Purdue Global Online, Royal Global Online University and from India, Birla Global University and Op Jindal Global University. The disadvantages to global online learning have to do with money because many people can not afford internet and lack access to lap tops and computers until their governments and donors take action to provide that access. The global world is currently changing the way we learn, interact and evolve as a human race. Everyone from stay-at-home grandparents to first graders can utilize the global technology to lean new languages, STEM studies and course curriculum in schools and college all the way to the doctoral degree of advanced education if they choose to invest themselves in global learning and there will be more global tools in the future of humanity. == URBAN GLOBAL MEDIA - by Lynn Gardner == Urban is defined as; of or relating to cities and the people who live in them. Usually this description is accompanied by a description of those referenced as being older, poorer with the area being a densely populated, central section of the city. It, for whatever reason, excludes or eliminates the culture of the urban area within the description known as Urban Culture. Wikipedia has a a more fitting description; "The presences of a great number of people within a limited space". It is fitting and goes further to point out the resulting developments of such an environment, referring to them as sub-cultures, in equally large numbers. These sub-cultures function within very tight knit proximity to each other, while at the same time not intruding into each others private lives. Whether religion, foods, art, tradition, social behaviors, music, dance, clothing or language (which include patterns of speech) there are a wide range of human cultures that contribute within the urban community. There persists to be a bringing together, people who in wider geographic conditions would likely have had little if any interaction with one another. Yet here, within these urban communities we find that these people do live together. They travel using the same transportation systems. They shop in the same grocery stores and pharmacies and in some cases to there own surprise they are purchasing the same items. Over time they also develop many new, never seen, traditions and food preparations, such as, in Brooklyn New York, there is Rasta-Pasta which infuses a variety of Caribbean curry & Italian ingredients and loved by both. Realities such as these are rarely depicted by the media to the global-media community. Knowing that media within itself possesses the mind controlling power to persuade the thoughts and attention of the viewing public through the frequency levels of their day to day programming. Generally, media coverage of inner-city activity focuses on negative, and in many cases violent crimes or just general crime. The impact of this type of coverage, which is disseminated nationally, through television, print and social media reporting produces an overall feeling and vibe that these areas are very bad areas that should be avoided at all costs. Oftentimes there is accompanying footage captured by a private home camera or local business surveillance system showing what happened with explicit closeups of the alleged perpetrator asking for the publics assistance in bringing them to justice. However, it comes across as shocking that those same cameras that are operating 24 hours a day never seem to capture the neighborhood good the occurs everyday on those same streets. Unfortunately the negative passes through without too many questions while the good images of America at its best are passed over with no time left on the programming schedule. Images of people in urban communities helping people daily with the same exact neighborly concerns that arise with suburban dwellers in their communities everyday is shelved or discarded. The stunning impact to this one-sided coverage is that the faces from the urban communities to the global viewer is now tarnished and the communities that they come from deemed undesirable. Considerations of investing in those areas would not be in their best financial interest. Home values deteriorate. Local services dry up. Ultimately the community crumbles. Then mysteriously, developers move in and snatch up properties at what is described as realtor bargains. Those, whose faces were depicted in the media previously as residents are now labeled as undesirables as well, with expiring residential privileges. The ultimate tragedy is that while the real images of the principles of America, are being carried out, international news clips in countries all across the globe see only the negative narratives and shake their heads with the thought that the concept, which is America, does not work, while in reality it does. The dream of America is being lived out daily, in melting pots all across this great land, with individuals living in close proximity to people who they previously had nothing in common with. They are now neighbors, fellow citizens and in most cases friends. This is the Real America. g0jcmsfoh65kxg673bqhzs064kq3dd0 2415877 2415876 2022-08-17T16:31:03Z Praxidicae 2805549 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/41.115.52.64|41.115.52.64]] ([[User_talk:41.115.52.64|talk]]) to last version by [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] using [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]] wikitext text/x-wiki In this day and age, consumer culture has been growing effectively during the 21st century. Consumer culture helps target groups of people who share the same desire and the same need for a product. Consumer culture can be viewed as negative or positive in many ways. One viewpoint can be opposed by how consumerism can be very "greedy" and it could possibly encourage the idea of "consumption at its own sake". A great example of consumer culture is the idea of the "American Dream". Back in the 1950s, consumer values dominated the American culture, and also the idea of buying goods that will promote happiness. The term "the good life" was popular back then due to the economic boom and the creation of new jobs. When a country's economy is doing well, it leads to more purchases and more money in making. Think of it as the idea of "supply and demand". Consumerism also dictates that it is not the owner of goods who determine what a society should consume, but rather the free-thinking consumers. Many companies that usually think out of the box, has became more successful in the business and consumerism industry. A product will not exist if consumers are not interested in it. In this sense, the economy is self-regulating and self-sustaining. Depending on the sells, and such, it can fluctuate. Another example of consumer culture are Apple products. Apple argues how they strive to make the use of technology easier for people. The look of the newest iPhone, or MacBooks show how sleek, clean, and precise each packaging of each iPhone. Opening an iPhone box for the first time shows a very well thought-out package design that is durable, attractive and thin. Apple targets younger people for their products, like millennials. I personally think it's a smart strategic way for companies to engage with the audience by giving them some type of advertisement, so they can purchase the good. However, there are some downfalls with that as well, such as the environment when making the product. Deforestation, pollutant emissions, and climate change are some of the negative factors that's destroying our environment due to consumerism. We could prevent this from happening by acknowledging the problem and reducing it by changing out lifestyle of things. == GENDER AND MEDIA - by Richard Fontanez == Media is a concept that is forever changing. TV shows, movies, video games, social media etc. They all evolve. Media allows us to portray different types of characters. Some that we can relate to or root for. Some we can love to hate and some we can aspire to be like. Today, media has been doing a lot of justice for women lately. In the past, you would most commonly come across roles like the secretary, the submissive wife, the bimbo or the damsel in distress. These roles were nothing more than the small checked boxes for early televisions quota. Fast forward to today, and we have a plethora of strong female characters spanning all of media. Cinema especially has come a long way from keeping women in a box of limited roles. Hollywood has been shattering that box for the past few years with there new blockbusters with female leads. A genre is not limited to a certain gender. Women like Rosa Salazar (Alita: Battle Angel) and Gal Gadot (Wonder Woman) are prime examples of female empowerment. Both of these films show what it means to be a fighter. Alita: Battle Angel highlights the title character's childlike innocence and genuine appreciation of everything around her despite being found unconscious in a dumpster pile in the beginning of the film. In Wonder Woman, Diana is one of a race of skilled warriors that travels to the world of men to prevent a god from reigning destruction. What makes a compelling character is them not being perfect. They have flaws and go through pain. This allows the viewing to feel for the characters and understand them and their motivations. Alita learns that she isn't invincible and gets her first bionic body destroyed by one of the films antagonists yet she still stops him with only one hand and a torso. Her purpose now is to become a hunter warrior and fight evil. While doing this she uncovers memories of what she was. She was a powerful weapon. In Wonder Woman, Diana believed she had killed the god of war Ares when in reality it was just another antagonist. This shatters her worldview when she sees that nothing changed and mankind is still fighting. What these scenes had in common, is that neither character refused to give up. They continued to fight. Alita being a battle born cyborg found a new body which enhanced her abilities and Diana being a literal Demigod discovers Ares true identity and fights for humanity rather than letting mankind's evil deeds corrupt her. A strong female character is a character you can relate to, no matter the gender. They have personality like any other human and above all else aren't perfect. Whether it be Alita's determination or Diana's compassion, imperfection is what makes characters compelling. Woman are people with personality and the media is finally giving good examples of that. These are the characters that little girls can look up to. These are characters that we can all look up to. == RACE AND MEDIA - by Lucia Enriquez == == MEDIA EFFECTS - by Nicole Shepps == Media is very popular amongst many individuals in this world. It is routine for most individuals to wake up in the morning and immediately check their social media news feeds to see what is going on currently in the world and what is going on that day. I myself, being one of them. Not only does social media affect us adults but it can also affect adolescents as well. The way that it can affect us as adults is, it can create an increased amount of anxiety, depression and even lack of sleep. Too often does negativity come from social media. Not only are individuals constantly comparing themselves to one another but there is cyber-bullying and invading of privacy that also occurs. Social media not only causes an individual harm mentally, but it also causes it physically and emotionally. Social media can potentially ruin a friendship or relationship. This happens because many times on popular platforms like Instagram, Facebook, and Twitter you see individuals talk about “relationship goals” while posting something cute or romantic of their significant other. This then results to the comparing aspect of social media. Which then may cause a disagreement within each other potentially ruining the whole relationship. As far as it affecting adolescents, I see this every single day. Being a Teacher’s Assistant at a preschool, many parents will be waiting to drop their children off and while waiting to drop them off, their kid throws a tantrum. First thing I see the parents do is, give the child their phone to distract them. Not only is this an inappropriate way to deal with a tantrum but, the parent is teaching the child absolutely nothing by doing that. In fact, they are enabling the behavior and basically telling the child that it is okay to act like that in a school setting. Too frequently do I see this happening. It almost becomes a habit and a dependency for most parents to deal with the behavior this way. Which may become very misleading to the child. For the reason being, the child will automatically think every time they do not get their way and throw a tantrum that mommy or daddy will allow them their phone too watch videos or play games on. It is absolutely okay for a child to watch videos and play games on an electronic device. However, in my opinion they should only be given it for a short period of time when deserved along with being monitored while on it. Children should experience going outside and interacting in real life, not be so caught up on these devices. I remember when I was a kid, all I did was go outside and I used to play with my friends from dawn to dark. There was never any worry in the world. Nowadays with devices like these, it can potentially expose your child to inappropriate videos or games. For instance, I have had students come in to class talking about guns and shooting just because that is what they did in the game, Fortnite. Games like that simply do not set a good example for kids. Especially with everything going on in the world today involving guns. Even though the game involves guns, it also involves explicit language. You would be shocked by the language these kids pick up for only being three and four year olds. It is insane and not an appropriate vocabulary to have when you’re that young! == FANDOM - by Jeremy Shikarides == What is a Fandom? Merriam Webster defines a fandom as firstly; all the fans (as of a sport) And secondly as; the state or attitude of being a fan. Fandoms are groups of people who are fans of a piece of work; whom are more so devoted to the work than the average viewer. This piece of work could be a movie, comic, television series, cartoon, video game or book. Some fandoms include, harry potter, the rocky horror picture show and marvel. Fandom as a Commodity. Fandoms began as groups of people sharing a common devotion to a particular genre or piece of work. Soon these people began sharing their own work based on their work of choice. As people began commerce of these works the companies that produced the original work caught on and began manufacturing and selling their own merchandise. Soon movies had clothing lines released before the movies themselves. This created fandoms for the purpose of monetization. Race and gender. Fandoms can seldom incite hate, every so often there is an event where a person is shamed or taunted for their cosplay of a character, a woman dressed as a male character or an African American dressed as a white character, but most often; the majority of the time the common interest of a fandom surpasses race and gender, allowing men and women of all races to interact and share their love of media. Cultural impact. Fandoms have not only created unity in small scale between people groups but has largely created subcultures of people. People constantly think in an ‘Us’ versus ‘Them’ mentality, black versus white, man versus woman, Caucasian versus Afro-Caribbean; these fandoms create trekies, versus star warriors, Hayao Miyazaki supporters versus Steven Spielberg supporters. This shift from internal descriptor to external ones that define ‘Us’ versus ‘Them’ has, at least in a smaller scale, created peace among many people groups. == MEDIA POLICY AND CENSORSHIP - by Danielle Smith == Media policy is about power. The power to establish boundaries, norms, and standards for mass-mediated visual culture. The power to decide which perspectives will be informing social discourses, debates, news, and entertainment. A media policy is a corporate code of conduct that provides guidelines for people who post content on the internet either as a part of their job or as their private life. As well as the prohibition of forms of speech and media content deemed to be contrary to the common good. Policies and censorship vary depending on macro and micro companies, business, social media platform campuses, etc. The media economy is ruled by profits but also by the governments and industry organizations who set out to regulate it. Macro media companies need to follow the rules just like media consumers. Over the last few years’ media laws have had to adapt with the evolution of technology. Everyday internet culture between tweets, memes, viral videos, is built on this casual everyday sharing. The internet gave tons of tools for communication in media creation but it also opened up loopholes of policies and censorship. Between links, URLs, photos, songs with everything we do at our fingertips is basically breaking policies and censorship rules. Online that includes our browsing habits and history, plus personal information we share with all the websites and apps we use. For instance, on our campus website when we first log on it states, “privacy, cookies, and terms of use, blackboard will collect, use, and store your personal information that is necessary to use this application and the related functionalities. Blackboard handles this information on behalf of your institution when selecting “accept and continue” you are agreeing to blackboards terms of use.” Aside from just this website every website basically ‘tracks’ what you are looking at as well as saving the data you are clicking to share with them. There are multiple reasons as to why companies have media policies. The goal of social media policies is to set expectations for appropriate behavior and ensure that the posts will not expose the company to legal problems or public embarrassment. Such policies can include a wide range from what kind of information can be shared, to including restrictions on disclosing confidentiality. Referring to privacy, access, the collection and sharing of personal information. Which all falls under the policies and what has to be censorship. Censorship, policies, copyright, and other media regulations have always been a bit complex, but the internet made all of that infinitely more complicated. Laws are trying to play catch up with how media has changed due to technology and many of the old definitions and approaches start to mesh when used in the new media ecosystem. These were laws that were made before the current media moment colliding with what is has become everyday practice. The gaps between current media practices and traditional laws are already impacting lives to our online lives which poses serious challenges to our legal system. There are always going to be shifting notions of media policies and censorship. Our technology is outpacing legislation. == MEDIA CENSORSHIP IN JAPAN - by Shinga Miyajima == People may believe more developed country tend to have more press freedom. In fact, the members of the group of seven (G7, the top 7 economic countries) ranked at least top 50 from the top of the free press ranking. However, there is an exception, Japan had ranked on 67th. It is the worst rank in the countries in a G7. Japan is not a communist country, Japan does not have any problems with environmental of technology. What makes Japan rank on 67 on press freedom rank in 2019? The government of Japan officially have announced freedom of the press after World War II. There is not censorship by the government. However, there is censorship by society and people There are several media that argue those taboos purposely, but the industry is not as big as other western countries. ○Television Media would not report their scandals. When the TV media had established any scandals, media tend to not to report it, even they did repost about it, it is not going to be a big deal. Minor media sometimes report scandals. Eventually, the scandal will be on a discussion on the Broadcasting Ethics and Program Improvement Organization(BPO). But, the members of the BPO are mainly television media. The scandals will be hidden from society. ○The Press Club in Japan Generally, the press club is a place where a journalist expands its network. So, the most journalist will be welcome to the press club. However, only selected journalist have permission to enter the press club in Japan. And, to do not lose permission to enter, most media and journalist never leak this information. ○Media would not criticize Advertisement agency There is not much advertisement agency in Japan. If the media criticize the advertisement agency, the advertisement agency will stop produce an advertisement for certain media. This situation triggers a lack of funds to the media. Media would not criticize advertisement agency ○Japanese Entertainment Agency Most huge Entertainment Agency share has the stock in most of the media. Several Medias is controlled by the entertainment agency. If there is a scandal by the famous entertainer, the media will not report about it to protect their entertainment agency”s reputation. If minor entertainer had made a scandal, the media will treat them badly to kill them from the entertainment industry. ○Emperor of Japan Japanese people used to believe the emperor of Japan is actually god. He had access to all three power in the three powers of government (legislative, executive and judicial) Even he had lost all access to the government, the emperor family still exist in Japan. He is the Japanese people’s symbol. The media will never criticize the empire of Japan ○Korean-Japanese and Chinese-Japanese. Koreans and Chineses were forced to move to Japan to become work power under the Imperial Japanese Government. Those minority people were treated so badly. This subject is still one of the huge discussion in Japan. To avoid any troubles, media tend to not to report anything that relates Korean, Chinese-Japanese. ○Religion There are several media that is running by the new religion. When those new religions have scandals. The media that is running by the new religion do not report about it at all. ○Imperial Japan. Japan had lost in World War II. Japan had given many troubles and issues to several countries. Therefore, even there is something that is praisable about Imperial Japan. Media will never report about it. ○Yakuza There is mafia in Japan, they have known as a Yakuza. People and Media find something that relates to the Yakuza in daily life. However, no one discusses it. People and Media afraid the revenge. ○Sports team Most of the professional sports team in Japan is running by the media. Even there are scandals in the sports team. The media do not report scandals by a professional sports team to maintain their reputation from the public. Since Japan is following pure democracy. There is not censorship by the government. However, the censorship by society and people makes Japan rank in the below the 50th in the free press ranking. To improve this condition, Japanese people and the Japanese government need to cooperate to find the solution for each issue. == MEDIA BIAS - by Kailey McCartney == Media bias is defined as, the bias or insinuated bias of journalists and/or news producers, who are involved in mass media. This is prevalent in all events that take place and how they are depicted and covered. A journalist/news producer’s job is to keep everything they say or report, neutral. No opinions or feelings should be involved in any media. There are six types of media bias and they are bias by omission, bias by selection of sources, bias by story collection, bias by placement, bias by labeling, and bias by spin. Bias by omission: this is defined as leaving a side out of the story. An example would be ignoring important parts of a story to discredit a liberal or conservative. This can occur with all types of media and be prevalent for a long or short period of time. Ways to avoid falling for bias by omission is keeping up with current issues regarding liberals and/or conservatives. Bias by selection of sources: this has to do with adding more sources that support a claim rather than adding ones that discredit it. The common phrases associated with this type of bias are, “ experts believe,” or “observers say.” Most times, journalists will search for quotes that favor their argument about a certain topic. Ways to avoid this type of bias is to stay in tune with the people journalists are quoting and their views on the topics in question. Bias by story collection: this means including stories that go with the opinion of the journalist/news producer rather than adding stories that oppose their opinion. An example of this would be a liberal or conservative member, conducting a study but ignoring the similar studies released by the opposing side. To look out for this, you need to know the sides of both the liberals and conservatives. Bias by placement: this has to do with the importance an editor places on his or her story. As well as a news outlet releases stories that coincide with the topic of the story while getting rid of stories that oppose their opinion. One viewpoint is highlighted and made most important while other stories will get less recognition and aren’t viewed as important. To look out for this, keep an eye out to see where news stories are placed. As well as seeing how far into the story the viewpoint is located. For example, in an unbiased story, conservative and liberal viewpoints would be included, if not, there’s bias. Bias by labeling: an example of this would be putting an extremely positive label on a conservative and doing the opposite for a liberal and vice versa. Labels such as “expert” or “awful person” is definite bias. However, not all labeling is bad. It becomes a problem once a conservative is labeled and a liberal is not, or the other way around. Bias by spin: spin has to do with the tone of the journalist/news producer. In addition, bias by spin means when only one person’s interpretation of a story is included and the other is excluded. This is kind of similar to bias by omission but it differs because it’s the authors subjective opinion about an objective topic to make one or the other political group look better. To check this, see if the story matches either the liberal’s or conservative’s viewpoints. If a story reflects one viewpoint and excludes the other, there is bias by spin. I think bias is so unfair because it’s a false interpretation and media has the power to sway someone’s opinion. Therefore, it should be kept neutral and fair so people can properly form an opinion about anything, not just politics. == INFORMATION IN THE DIGITAL AGE - by Elizabeth Mundus == In the latter part of the 20th century, with the invention of the personal computer and the World Wide Web, the world changed rapidly. This change was similar to the industrial revolution in the way that it completely changed industry and the daily lives of most people. Most of the world went from an economy based on industry to one based largely on information and technology. Along with changing the economic world, this shift has created a new culture for education, access to information, and traditional media. In the Digital Age, or Information Age, social, economic, and political activities are completely dependent on information and technology. Most jobs require knowledge of, and access to the internet and are dependent on it to continue business. People rely on the internet and social media more than ever before in their personal social lives and also to access news and other information. According to the Pew Research Center, 62% of all adults in the United States get news on social media. This news must also be extremely up to date in the age of the 24-hour news cycle. Even politicians rely on social media and the internet to spread awareness of their causes and to communicate directly with the public. With the massive shift in the way information is produced and consumed, access to information has dramatically increased. Today, most information is readily searchable and free on the internet. The average person can do a quick Google search to find a recipe, instructions on how to rebuild an engine, historical facts and figures, information about celebrities and public figures, and countless other things. Information is also available almost immediately. One no longer has to wait for the Sunday paper or even the evening news to hear about what is going on. Scientific discoveries and other new information can also be updated very quickly. Never before has there been such easy access to information. This has created a shift in power dynamics between the government and it’s citizens, teachers and students, employers and employees and others. There is a democratization of information on a level that has never before been seen and this has brought many benefits to individuals. Consumers can research products and prices before making a decision, giving them more control and power and forcing brands to adapt in order to stay relevant. Employees have more access to continued learning to help keep their skills in demand. Those looking for love can research a potential date on the internet before ever meeting them. Education and access to information is no longer considered a privilege, but a right. The democratization of information is also a two way street. Not only are individuals able to consume more media than ever before, they are also able to produce it. The internet allows for a massive amount of user-generated content. Social media enables more one-to-one communication rather than the top down structure of traditional media. This has changed the face of what media is. It is no longer just professionals or large corporations producing media. Amateurs create large amounts of content available online. An amateur video can receive more views and attention than a professionally produced piece. The ease of producing user-generated content has benefitted many people, but it has also introduced new problems. “Fake News” has become an everyday part of our vernacular to describe the false, misleading information, or propaganda that can become widespread on the internet. As earlier noted, many people get news from social media and this has resulted in viral spreading of misinformation. Today’s consumer must not only know how to access information, but they must have the skills to determine if that information is accurate and reliable. Information literacy is a skill that is becoming more and more important for the everyday consumer as the credibility of available information becomes more of an issue in the digital age. == YOUTUBE AND SOCIAL MEDIA - by Connor Winchell == How does social media bring people together born in the mid-90’s to the 2000’s; and what are some of the effects on people born in the Generation Z era? Social media genres include Instagram, SnapChat, Twitter, on-line dating, video playing and Facebook. The most popular social media is Instagram. People reach out to their friends by posting, liking photos, commenting and direct message. Social interaction occurs even if you are not talking to people face to face. Some messaging is fleeting, like SnapChat, which has an expiration date on the photos/messaging, and others, like Twitter and Instagram can live on forever in a recycled, retweeting kind of way. I prefer face to face interaction, but it is not always possible because some people may be busy during the day and can’t hang out with you because of work, school, etc., so, I communicate with them through social media, usually Facebook or Snapchat. I like using these two specific types of social media because it is easier for me to see what my friends are commenting on regarding my posts or pictures. I like to Snapchat the best because you can use filters to change photos and it allows you to keep your own photos. I use Snapchat to talk to my friends and cousins in different states, so it helps me stay in touch when I don’t see them as often as I like. Even though Instagram is the most popular type of social media in my age group, I still like the better quality of pictures in Snapchat and Facebook. Dating Sites Another popular type of social media is dating sites. There are sites like Bumble, Tinder and Christian Mingle. They can be costly and the more up-front compatibility matching they do for you, the more they charge. A monthly subscription can be between $39 to $100 dollars. My friends and I have mostly been disappointed by the outcome. In addition, many of us have experienced cases of malicious use of dating sites. I have found on more than one occasion that the location of the person interested in meeting me was thousands of miles away. It was a good thing I kept track of that. There are people out there that act very flirtatious and who are very complementary of your looks, personality and interests but it becomes obvious that they are just trying to lure you into a porn site or some other way for them to make money off your interest. It is sad that data sites don’t screen for this and block such accounts or at least warn you. Video Game Playing Video game playing can be an excellent way to reach out to your friends and meet new people. Popular platforms (PS4, Xbox, etc.) have social networking capabilities where you can play with or against and communicate with other players. Sites like Twitch offer recorded and real time tutorials on game playing and provides links to gaming conventions and other ways to connect with other gamers. Cyber Bullying Social media can tear apart generation Z due to and cyber-bullying, hate speech and harassing messages that the users can receive. Emotions can run high when you are in your late teens or early twenties. Often things are said on social media out of anger or hurt and they are hard to take back. Sometimes people are just being cruel and putting someone down. You must develop a “thick skin” and not take things seriously. Some people are just so immature that they are purposely trying to hurt someone else due to their own insecurity. Taking Personal Responsibility I can’t help but notice on a Friday or Saturday night at a mall that many of us in our late teens and early twenties are hanging out with our friends, however, we are spending most of our time on our cell phones. How did we get to this point? We seem more comfortable in a digital space than face to face. That is a reason why dating sites even when you reach a point of going on date tend to fail. We need to invest in our own self-image, we need to seek face time and we need to view digital social media as a tool to enhance our face time instead of replacing it. Our generation is bombarded with messages about dating sites and internet-based access to one another. That is contributing to isolation and the messages back from a digital world can be cold or downright cruel. Social clubs at school are a great idea to make a connection. They lead to social interaction with your peers. You make new friends, you see their faces, you can see how they react not only with their words but with their facial expression and gestures. Group projects in the classroom are also a good way to promote face time and to learn to work directly with one-another. Most of us feel uncomfortable at first but we learn how to delegate based on a person’s strengths and interest and we often develop new friendships or at least an appreciation of how individual we all are. == EDUCATION AND GLOBAL MEDIA - by Lacy Clark == Although the world is a fast paced environment, global learners of all ages require social-emotional skills, critical thinking and self management. Many known educators agree that education is a universal human right, but funding education is complicated. After World War two, the world saw the right to education as a key to global society and school reforms worldwide were created to help prevent illiteracy. According to author of the book (One Student at a time: Leading the Global Education Movement), Fernando Reimers, there is currently a new global education movement striving to initiate collaboration of education across the world. This movement is often financially supported by donors who value education and grass roots community effort. We need to ask ourselves how are our own community and federal government serving citizens in global education? Our own United States Secretary of Education, Betsy DeVos is known for her support of school choice but her pattern of siding with for-profit colleges makes some question her true intentions. According to Reimers, global citizens need to understand that educational efforts need to start with collaboration in education that removes global poverty. In other words, some countries have made education a business. In contrast, countries like Finland boast that all their schools are equal. Finland and China put a strong emphasis on language education to prepare students for the global market. India and Nigeria are currently some of the largest English as a second language speaking countries. 21st century global learners are asking educators, "Help me to think and evaluate, let me digitally tell my story, and please understand that we are digital learners." According to Bill Gates, K12 has the power to unleash potential in students. He said, "The goal here is 80 percent of low income and minority students should graduate high school and be ready for college." However, I believe K12 could be modified for students globally and be used as a tool to reduce inequality.K12 is FUN! The online education program is changing the way we think about learning. The part of the K12 vision statement that stood out to me states "Students will use engaging technologies." This means students will become engrossed in their telecommunication for learning. The advantages of all online global learning is: no immigration problems, working with classmates around the world and also you can learn and enjoy life while advancing your career and creating family bonds. Online global learning is perfect for self-motivated learners who are able to connect with educators interested in offering online global opportunities to students. Some of the more globally perceptive universities that see the importance of global learning include: Penn State World Campus, Purdue Global Online, Royal Global Online University and from India, Birla Global University and Op Jindal Global University. The disadvantages to global online learning have to do with money because many people can not afford internet and lack access to lap tops and computers until their governments and donors take action to provide that access. The global world is currently changing the way we learn, interact and evolve as a human race. Everyone from stay-at-home grandparents to first graders can utilize the global technology to lean new languages, STEM studies and course curriculum in schools and college all the way to the doctoral degree of advanced education if they choose to invest themselves in global learning and there will be more global tools in the future of humanity. == URBAN GLOBAL MEDIA - by Lynn Gardner == Urban is defined as; of or relating to cities and the people who live in them. Usually this description is accompanied by a description of those referenced as being older, poorer with the area being a densely populated, central section of the city. It, for whatever reason, excludes or eliminates the culture of the urban area within the description known as Urban Culture. Wikipedia has a a more fitting description; "The presences of a great number of people within a limited space". It is fitting and goes further to point out the resulting developments of such an environment, referring to them as sub-cultures, in equally large numbers. These sub-cultures function within very tight knit proximity to each other, while at the same time not intruding into each others private lives. Whether religion, foods, art, tradition, social behaviors, music, dance, clothing or language (which include patterns of speech) there are a wide range of human cultures that contribute within the urban community. There persists to be a bringing together, people who in wider geographic conditions would likely have had little if any interaction with one another. Yet here, within these urban communities we find that these people do live together. They travel using the same transportation systems. They shop in the same grocery stores and pharmacies and in some cases to there own surprise they are purchasing the same items. Over time they also develop many new, never seen, traditions and food preparations, such as, in Brooklyn New York, there is Rasta-Pasta which infuses a variety of Caribbean curry & Italian ingredients and loved by both. Realities such as these are rarely depicted by the media to the global-media community. Knowing that media within itself possesses the mind controlling power to persuade the thoughts and attention of the viewing public through the frequency levels of their day to day programming. Generally, media coverage of inner-city activity focuses on negative, and in many cases violent crimes or just general crime. The impact of this type of coverage, which is disseminated nationally, through television, print and social media reporting produces an overall feeling and vibe that these areas are very bad areas that should be avoided at all costs. Oftentimes there is accompanying footage captured by a private home camera or local business surveillance system showing what happened with explicit closeups of the alleged perpetrator asking for the publics assistance in bringing them to justice. However, it comes across as shocking that those same cameras that are operating 24 hours a day never seem to capture the neighborhood good the occurs everyday on those same streets. Unfortunately the negative passes through without too many questions while the good images of America at its best are passed over with no time left on the programming schedule. Images of people in urban communities helping people daily with the same exact neighborly concerns that arise with suburban dwellers in their communities everyday is shelved or discarded. The stunning impact to this one-sided coverage is that the faces from the urban communities to the global viewer is now tarnished and the communities that they come from deemed undesirable. Considerations of investing in those areas would not be in their best financial interest. Home values deteriorate. Local services dry up. Ultimately the community crumbles. Then mysteriously, developers move in and snatch up properties at what is described as realtor bargains. Those, whose faces were depicted in the media previously as residents are now labeled as undesirables as well, with expiring residential privileges. The ultimate tragedy is that while the real images of the principles of America, are being carried out, international news clips in countries all across the globe see only the negative narratives and shake their heads with the thought that the concept, which is America, does not work, while in reality it does. The dream of America is being lived out daily, in melting pots all across this great land, with individuals living in close proximity to people who they previously had nothing in common with. They are now neighbors, fellow citizens and in most cases friends. This is the Real America. j6o4i1p97sax43qiyipk87y1kxik8rd 0 271287 2415885 2415006 2022-08-17T17:27:32Z OhanaUnited 18921 More tasks wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>{{WikiJ top menu}}__NOTOC__ Tasks for the technical editors can be added at the bottom of the table ([https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/WikiJournal_User_Group/Technical_editors/tasks?veaction=edit activate editing mode], click bottom row, click chevron that appears on the left, select 'insert below') Tech eds can claim tasks by adding their name to the right ([[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines/Technical editor summary|process guidelines)]] {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !item !task !person !time taken !completion !comments |- | |editorial process training |Logan Smith |120 |2021-01-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training |Joshua Langfus |120 |2021-01-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training |Wilson Jacobs |120 |2021-01-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training |Emma Choplin |120 |2021-01-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training |Jenna Harmon |120 |2021-01-14 |Complete |- | |editorial process training |Cody Naccarato |120 |2021-01-14 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats|The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats]] |create/link author wikidata items |Wilson Jacobs |90 |2021-01-26 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal of Science/Virtual colony count|Virtual colony count]] |format and upload PDF |Wilson Jacobs |150 |2021-02-13 |Complete |- |Virtual colony count |upload PDF |Wilson Jacobs |300 |2021-02-14 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal of Science/Evolved human male preferences for female body shape|Evolved human male preferences for female body shape]] |format PDF |Jenna Harmon |150 |2021-01-21 |Complete |- |Evolved human male preferences for female body shape |upload PDF |Jenna Harmon |30 |2021-02-05 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal of Science/Arabinogalactan-proteins|Arabinogalactan-proteins]] |format PDF and upload |Jenna Harmon |180 |2021-02-13 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/Does the packaging of health information affect the assessment of its reliability? A randomized controlled trial protocol|Does the packaging of health information affect the assessment of its reliability? A randomized controlled trial protocol]] |peer-review processing |Logan Smith |60 |2021-02-01 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/Does the packaging of health information affect the assessment of its reliability? A randomized controlled trial protocol|Does the packaging of health information affect the assessment of its reliability? A randomized controlled trial protocol]] |peer-review processing |Logan Smith |30 |2021-02-03 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/Affine symmetric group|Affine symmetric group]] |peer-review processing |Logan Smith |30 |2021-02-04 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/Affine symmetric group|Affine symmetric group]] |peer-review processing |Logan Smith |30 |2021-02-10 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Kivu Ebola epidemic|Kivu Ebola epidemic]] |process newly submitted article |Wilson Jacobs |150 |2021-02-09 |Complete |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJMed article ([https://w.wiki/445Z query]; [[wikidata:Q96317242#P50|example]]) |add email address to corresponding author | | | | |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJSci article ([https://w.wiki/445a query]; [[wikidata:Q96317242#P50|example]]) |add email address to corresponding author | | | | |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJHum article ([https://w.wiki/445b query]; [[wikidata:Q96317242#P50|example]]) |add email address to corresponding author | | | | |- |Authors on this list ([https://w.wiki/4fY2 query], [https://author-disambiguator.toolforge.org/work_item_oauth.php disambiguator]) |Create a wikidata item for each author and disambiguate any of their other publications on wikidata | | | | |- |[[WikiJournal of Science/Structural Model of Bacteriophage T4|Structural Model of Bacteriophage T4]] |format PDF and upload |Jenna Harmon |130 |2022-01-31 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal of Science/A broad introduction to RNA-Seq|A broad introduction to RNA-Seq]] |format PDF and upload |Jenna Harmon |130 |2022-02-17 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/“Collect, acquire, analyze, report, and disseminate statistical data related to the science and engineering enterprise…”: The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics|“Collect, acquire, analyze, report, and disseminate statistical data related to the science and engineering enterprise…”: The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics]] |format PDF and upload |Jenna Harmon |120 |2022-02-11 |Complete |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJMed author ([https://w.wiki/4463 query]) |add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all authors | | | | |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJSci author ([https://w.wiki/4462 query]) |add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all authors | | | | |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJHum author ([https://w.wiki/445q query]) |add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all authors | | | | |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJMed reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445v query]) |add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers | | | | |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJSci reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445x query]) |add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers | | | | |- |Wikidata items of each WikiJHum reviewer ([https://w.wiki/445u query]) |add [[wikidata:Property:P101|fields of work]], employers, orcid, and official website for all peer reviewers | | | | |- |Edit all titles to sentence case ([[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Article title format - Why no consistency?|discussion]]) |''on hold until consensus'' Pagemove the articles, update wikidata, update the PDFs | | | | |- |Update 2021 [[WikiJournal of Medicine/Citation metrics|WikiJMed]] citation metrics |Review the number of articles published in the past 2 years (2019-2021) that cite WikiJMed articles to calculate impact factor | | | | |- |Backfill [[WikiJournal of Science/Citation metrics|citation metrics]] for WikiJSci articles from 2019-2021 |Similar to the update for WikiJMed citation metrics, this one will also need to calculate impact factors for 2019, 2020 and 2021 | | | | |- |Calculate citation metrics for WikiJHum articles from 2018-2021 |Similar to the other citation metrics tasks, this one will need to create a page from scratch for WikiJHum and calculate impact factors for 2018, 2019, 2020 and 2021 | | | | |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/“It’s all about people skills”: Perspectives on the social license of the forest products industry from rural North America]] |Using [[:File:Soc license forestry NA Annotated text and reviewers comments - Ian Thomson.pdf|reviewer's annotated PDF]], extract the original text from the file and transfer onto the bare wiki page. |Emma Chiu |180 |2022-06-20 |Complete |- |[[WikiJournal of Medicine/History of penicillin|History of penicillin]] |format PDF and upload |Ellen Sussman | | | |- |[[WikiJournal of Medicine/Phage Therapy|Phage Therapy]] |format PDF and upload |Andrew Neil | | | |- |[[WikiJournal of Science/“Collect, acquire, analyze, report, and disseminate statistical data related to the science and engineering enterprise…”: The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics|“Collect, acquire, analyze, report, and disseminate statistical data related to the science and engineering enterprise…”: The National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics]] |format PDF and upload |Jenna Harmon |95 |2022-05-06 |complete |- |[[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Registering article in DOAJ|DOAJ]] |upload WikiJMed and WikiJSci [[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Registering article in DOAJ|article metadata to DOAJ]] | | | | |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/The Kivu Ebola epidemic|Kivu Ebola epidemic]] |format PDF and upload |Ellen Sussman | | | |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/Parenting_stress|Parenting stress]] |format PDF and upload |Natalie Charamut | | | |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/Leptospirosis|Leptospirosis]] |format PDF and upload |Andrew Neil | | | |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/Melioidosis|Melioidosis]] | Accepted, update article page, generate DOI and PDF please | | | | |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/A history of coronaviruses|A history of coronaviruses]] |Almost ready - awaiting final references - no action yet | | | | |- |[[WikiJournal Preprints/The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats|The effect of local millet drink (Kunu) on the testis and epididymis of adult male wistar rats]] |Using [[:File:Kunu and wistar rates after review tracked changes.pdf|updated manuscript's PDF]], copy the text from the file and transfer onto the wiki page |Peter Agan | | | |- |Crossref reference deposit (see [[Talk:WikiJournal User Group#Talk:WikiJournal User Group|discussion]]) |[[WikiJournal User Group/Editorial guidelines#Submitting reference metadata|Submit metadata with references for published articles onto Crossref platform]] |Michelle Fong | | |- | |editorial process training 1 & 2 |Ellen Sussman |120 |2022-07-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training 1 & 2 |Andrew Neil |120 |2022-07-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training 1 & 2 |Natalie Charamut |120 |2022-07-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training 1 & 2 |Emma Chiu |120 |2022-07-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training 1 & 2 |Crystal Au |120 |2022-07-11 |Complete |- | |editorial process training 1 & 2 |Michelle Fong |120 |2022-07-11 |Complete |} nc9llh4olyn35chmcddc3nxbbd1x7n1 2 273883 2415896 2387850 2022-08-17T19:47:12Z Professorbrendan 2917898 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! My name is Brendan Sullivan, and I'm an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at [[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_(Massachusetts)|Emmanuel College in Boston, MA]]. I'm a co-creator (with [[User:Greg_at_Higher_Math_Help|HigherMathHelp]]) of '''[[Eventmath]]''', a Wikiversity project. The site will be an evolving, community-built repository of mathematics lessons paired with news articles or social media posts. The goal is to help students learn to understand the quantitative information they encounter in the modern world, and to make it easy for teachers to find and share lesson plans based on current events. * [[Special:Contributions/Professorbrendan|Contributions to Wikiversity]] (username Professorbrendan) * [[wikipedia:Special:Contributions/Bwsulliv|Contributions to Wikipedia]] (username Bwsulliv) 33u84f5ic814bld53t7bfgx8w1luoqr 2415898 2415896 2022-08-17T19:49:30Z Professorbrendan 2917898 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! My name is Brendan Sullivan, and I'm an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_(Massachusetts) Emmanuel College in Boston, MA]. https://twitter.com/professorbrenda I'm a co-creator (with [[User:Greg_at_Higher_Math_Help|HigherMathHelp]]) of '''[[Eventmath]]''', a Wikiversity project. The site will be an evolving, community-built repository of mathematics lessons paired with news articles or social media posts. The goal is to help students learn to understand the quantitative information they encounter in the modern world, and to make it easy for teachers to find and share lesson plans based on current events. * [[Special:Contributions/Professorbrendan|Contributions to Wikiversity]] (username Professorbrendan) * [[wikipedia:Special:Contributions/Bwsulliv|Contributions to Wikipedia]] (username Bwsulliv) dyvy3hs15eqf2av61toxif4dm8mph2a 2415899 2415898 2022-08-17T19:50:35Z Professorbrendan 2917898 wikitext text/x-wiki Hello! My name is Brendan Sullivan, and I'm an Assistant Professor of Mathematics at [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel_College_(Massachusetts) Emmanuel College in Boston, MA]. I'm a co-creator (with [[User:Greg_at_Higher_Math_Help|HigherMathHelp]]) of '''[[Eventmath]]''', a Wikiversity project. The site will be an evolving, community-built repository of mathematics lessons paired with news articles or social media posts. The goal is to help students learn to understand the quantitative information they encounter in the modern world, and to make it easy for teachers to find and share lesson plans based on current events. * [[Special:Contributions/Professorbrendan|Contributions to Wikiversity (username Professorbrendan)]] * [[wikipedia:Special:Contributions/Bwsulliv|Contributions to Wikipedia (username Bwsulliv)]] * [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda Twitter (@professorbrenda)] dntx7vqt857ldfo30cm0k0syyqrwfi3 0 276123 2416011 2394580 2022-08-18T03:45:04Z 137.92.214.39 Created heading for title instead of single sub-heading wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Cognitive dissonance and motivation:<br> What is the effect of cognitive dissonance on motivation?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Noun Conflict 1325494.svg|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Cognitive dissonance describes the state of simultaneously holding inconsistent cognitions.|220x220px]] Cognitive dissonance describes the state of simultaneously holding inconsistent knowledge, opinions or beliefs. This state creates psychological discomfort as people are motivated to remedy this inconsistency and achieve consonance.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/921356|title=A theory of cognitive dissonance|last=Festinger|first=Leon|date=1962|isbn=0-8047-0911-4|location=Stanford, California|oclc=921356}}</ref> Indeed, cognitive dissonance is a motivator for change. As theorised by [[w: Leon Festinger|Leon Festinger]], humans strive for mental consistency, with the strength of this motivation contingent on the magnitude of the inconsistency.<ref name=":0" /> * Define cognitive dissonance. * Briefly outline Festinger's initial theory, particularly in relation to striving for a state of cognitive consonance. * Outline the theoretical paradigms and how they provide a more specific understanding of the effects of cognitive dissonance. * Outline how cognitive dissonance and motivation are interconnected. * Briefly outline the nature of cognitive dissonance in relation to physiological studies. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Introductory Case Study:''' Jill loves animals. One day, she finds a documentary on Netflix about the treatment of cattle in feedlots. She is horrified at how inhumane the conditions are. The next day, Jill is purchasing pot plants from Bunnings and smells the sausage sizzle. She decides to buy a sausage sandwich. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Leon Festinger's theory== * The theory of cognitive dissonance was proposed by [[w: Leon Festinger|Leon Festinger]] in 1957.<ref name=":0" /> *Festinger considered that people strive for the state of mental consistency, and cognitive dissonance describes an incompatible state of disequilibrium. *In particular, Festinger proposed two hypotheses: **The existence of cognitive dissonance is a motivator in achieving cognitive consonance. **When cognitive dissonance exists, people will try to reduce the dissonance and actively avoid circumstances which increase it. *Regarding motivation, Festinger considered cognitive dissonance as a 'motivating factor in its own right'.<ref name=":0" /> *Whilst Festinger's theory may be considered simplistic<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=http://content.apa.org/books/16109-002|title=Improving the 1957 version of dissonance theory.|last=Mills|first=Judson|date=2019|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-4338-3010-5|editor-last=Harmon-Jones|editor-first=Eddie|location=Washington|pages=27–39|language=en|doi=10.1037/0000135-002}}</ref> and has been subject to many revisions,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/35029520|title=A radical dissonance theory|last=Beauvois|first=Jean-Léon|date=1996|publisher=Taylor & Francis|others=Robert Joule|isbn=0-7484-0472-4|location=London|oclc=35029520}}</ref> it does provide a useful conceptualisation and basis for further theories of cognitive dissonance. == Revisions of Cognitive Dissonance Theory == * A notable area of dispute amongst theorists regards the underlying motivation behind dissonance effects.<ref name=":1" /> * However, there is largely agreement that cognitive changes after the experience of cognitive dissonance is motivated by psychological discomfort.<ref name=":1" /> * Therefore, it may be useful to conceptualise the different revisions of cognitive dissonance theory as different perspectives on the same phenomena. *In particular, the action-based model of cognitive dissonance proposes why cognitive inconsistency causes dissonance and dissonance reduction (motivation).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harmon-Jones|first=Eddie|last2=Harmon-Jones|first2=Cindy|last3=Levy|first3=Nicholas|date=2015-06|title=An Action-Based Model of Cognitive-Dissonance Processes|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0963721414566449|journal=Current Directions in Psychological Science|language=en|volume=24|issue=3|pages=184–189|doi=10.1177/0963721414566449|issn=0963-7214}}</ref> **The action-based model specifically looks at the physical effects (or action implications) of inconsistent cognitions on the ability to act effectively. *Similarly, the self-consistency interpretation of cognitive dissonance,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thibodeau|first=Ruth|last2=Aronson|first2=Elliot|date=1992-10|title=Taking a Closer Look: Reasserting the Role of the Self-Concept in Dissonance Theory|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167292185010|journal=Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin|language=en|volume=18|issue=5|pages=591–602|doi=10.1177/0146167292185010|issn=0146-1672}}</ref> the new look version of dissonance,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065260108601215|title=A New Look at Dissonance Theory|last=Cooper|first=Joel|last2=Fazio|first2=Russell H.|date=1984|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-015217-9|volume=17|pages=229–266|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60121-5}}</ref> and the self-affirmation interpretation of cognitive dissonance<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0065260108602294|title=The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self|last=Steele|first=Claude M.|date=1988|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-0-12-015221-6|volume=21|pages=261–302|language=en|doi=10.1016/s0065-2601(08)60229-4}}</ref> provide different perspectives on the theory of cognitive dissonance. Whilst there is indeed some level of inconsistency between these revisions and Festinger's original theory, they may can equally be integrated as contributing to the overall picture of cognitive dissonance. {{tip|Summary: * This box will include a summary of the section * Dot points will be used to provide a concise overview * This will help the reader consolidate more complex ideas }} ==Reduction== Reduction is the mechanism which connects cognitive dissonance to motivation. As proposed by [[w: leon Festinger|Festinger]],<ref name=":0" /> and supported in subsequent revisions of the theory,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://content.apa.org/books/16109-004|title=Understanding the motivation underlying dissonance effects: The action-based model.|last=Harmon-Jones|first=Eddie|last2=Harmon-Jones|first2=Cindy|date=2019|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-4338-3010-5|editor-last=Harmon-Jones|editor-first=Eddie|location=Washington|pages=63–89|language=en|doi=10.1037/0000135-004}}</ref> the existence of cognitive dissonance greatly influences action. === Reduction and motivation === * Motivation is intrinsic to the theory of cognitive dissonance, as people look to reach a state of cognitive consonance. *The reduction of cognitive dissonance is the linkage between cognitive dissonance and motivation. *People are motivated to reduce dissonance which produces aversive affective states.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=McGrath|first=April|date=2017-12|title=Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/spc3.12362|journal=Social and Personality Psychology Compass|language=en|volume=11|issue=12|pages=e12362|doi=10.1111/spc3.12362}}</ref> **Festinger proposed three methods people use to reduce dissonance: changing one's cognitions, the creation of consonant cognitions or minimising the importance of dissonant cognitions. **However, there are additionally other methods which have been categorised including attitude change, distraction and forgetting, trivialisation and self-affirmation, denial of responsibility, adding consonant cognitions, changing behaviour and act rationalisation.<ref name=":4" /> *The motivation to reduce cognitive dissonance is not necessarily acted upon in one set method, but is usually acted upon in the first method made available.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Gosling|first=Patrick|last2=Denizeau|first2=Maxime|last3=Oberlé|first3=Dominique|date=2006|title=Denial of responsibility: A new mode of dissonance reduction.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.722|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=90|issue=5|pages=722–733|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.722|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> === Methods and motivation for removing dissonance === * As originally proposed by Festinger, the greater the magnitude of the dissonance, the greater the motivation to resolve this dissonance.<ref name=":0" /> **The magnitude of the dissonance may be in relation to either the number of the inconsistent cognitions or the importance of the inconsistent cognitions. *The decision of which method of reduction to employ depends on a number of factors, with the context playing a significant role.<ref name=":4" /> **The decision includes the availability of a method of reduction, the likelihood of success, effortfulness and existing habits.<ref name=":4" /> {{tip| Summary: * This box will include a summary of the section * Dot points will be used to provide a concise overview * This will help the reader consolidate more complex ideas }} == Theoretic paradigms == Distinct, but interconnected paradigms are used to describe the specific components of the theory of cognitive dissonance. These may be conceptualised as different aspects of cognitive dissonance theory. [[File:Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine (2021) Y.jpg|thumb|''Figure 2.'' The free-choice paradigm may be implicated in the choice of which COVID-19 vaccine people choose to receive.]] === Free-choice paradigm === The free-choice paradigm describes the cognitive dissonance associated with making a choice between two competing options. After making a choice, the negative aspects of the choice, and the positive aspects of the foregone alternative are dissonant with the actual choice. This is in contrast to the positive aspects of the choice, and the negative aspects of the foregone alternative which are consonant with the actual choice. This effect has been observed amongst everyday objects, with similar objects making the dissonance greater.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brehm|first=Jack W.|date=1956|title=Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0041006|journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=52|issue=3|pages=384–389|doi=10.1037/h0041006|issn=0096-851X}}</ref>{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Case Study:''' Mark, following current medical advice, has decided to receive the AstraZeneca vaccination for COVID-19 due to the continuing outbreak. The rare chance of blood clots associated with this vaccination and the higher efficacy rates of the Pfizer vaccine are dissonant with his choice. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Effort-justification paradigm === * The effort-justification paradigm describes the cognitive dissonance associated with undertaking an unpleasant task for a positive result. * Cognitive dissonance has been seen to reduce where the person exaggerates the desirability of the result.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aronson|first=Elliot|last2=Mills|first2=Judson|date=1959|title=The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0047195|journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=59|issue=2|pages=177–181|doi=10.1037/h0047195|issn=0096-851X}}</ref> ** As such, the more effort someone exerts, the more valuable the person will perceive the reward following the exertion of the effort.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Harmon-Jones|first=Eddie|last2=Clarke|first2=Daniel|last3=Paul|first3=Katharina|last4=Harmon-Jones|first4=Cindy|date=2020-05-14|title=The Effect of Perceived Effort on Reward Valuation: Taking the Reward Positivity (RewP) to Dissonance Theory|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/article/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00157/full|journal=Frontiers in Human Neuroscience|volume=14|pages=157|doi=10.3389/fnhum.2020.00157|issn=1662-5161|pmc=PMC7241252|pmid=32477082}}</ref> === Induced-compliance paradigm === The induced-compliance paradigm describes the cognitive dissonance a person experiences when doing something inconsistent with a held belief. Originally coined by [[w: leon festinger|Leon Festinger]] as the forced compliance paradigm,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Festinger|first=Leon|last2=Carlsmith|first2=James M.|date=1959|title=Cognitive consequences of forced compliance.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0041593|journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=58|issue=2|pages=203–210|doi=10.1037/h0041593|issn=0096-851X}}</ref> extrinsic sources of motivation are consonant with the behaviour, whilst prior held beliefs are dissonant. A subset of the induced-compliance paradigm is the forbidden toy paradigm.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aronson|first=Elliot|last2=Carlsmith|first2=J. Merrill|date=1963|title=Effect of the severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/h0039901|journal=The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=66|issue=6|pages=584–588|doi=10.1037/h0039901|issn=0096-851X}}</ref> === Belief-disconfirmation paradigm === The belief-disconfirmation paradigm describes the cognitive dissonance associated with exposure to information that is inconsistent with existing beliefs. This paradigm has been observed amongst religious groups such as [[w: cults|cults]] who mistakenly predicted the end of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Killian|first=Lewis M.|last2=Festinger|first2=Leon|last3=Riecken|first3=Henry W.|last4=Schachter|first4=Stanley|date=1957-04|title=When Prophecy Fails.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2088869?origin=crossref|journal=American Sociological Review|volume=22|issue=2|pages=236|doi=10.2307/2088869}}</ref> * In response to the cognitive dissonance, people are motivated to misinterpret the conflicting information, reject the information, seek support from those who agree with their belief and attempt to persuade others to agree with their belief.{{tip|Summary: * This box will include a summary of the section * Dot points will be used to provide a concise overview * This will help the reader consolidate more complex ideas }} == Physiological basis == * A physiological basis of cognitive dissonance theory demonstrates particular neural circuits involved in perception of cognitive dissonance. In particular, the anterior circulate cortex (ACC) is involved in the detection of cognitive conflict.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Harmon-Jones|first=Eddie|last2=Gerdjikov|first2=Todor|last3=Harmon-Jones|first3=Cindy|date=2008-01|title=The effect of induced compliance on relative left frontal cortical activity: a test of the action-based model of dissonance|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ejsp.399|journal=European Journal of Social Psychology|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=35–45|doi=10.1002/ejsp.399}}</ref> * The area of the brain implicated in cognitive dissonance is the both the dorsal ACC of the Posterior Medial Frontal Cortex (pMFC) and anterior insula, which predict subsequent attitude change for resolving cognitive dissonance.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=van Veen|first=Vincent|last2=Krug|first2=Marie K|last3=Schooler|first3=Jonathan W|last4=Carter|first4=Cameron S|date=2009-11|title=Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/nn.2413|journal=Nature Neuroscience|language=en|volume=12|issue=11|pages=1469–1474|doi=10.1038/nn.2413|issn=1097-6256}}</ref> *The reason these areas of the brain are implicated in cognitive dissonance may be due to their cognitive monitoring function.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> **The dorsal ACC is seen to be implicated in conflict monitoring (conflicts in information processing e.g the Stroop task).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Botvinick|first=Matthew M.|last2=Braver|first2=Todd S.|last3=Barch|first3=Deanna M.|last4=Carter|first4=Cameron S.|last5=Cohen|first5=Jonathan D.|date=2001|title=Conflict monitoring and cognitive control.|url=http://doi.apa.org/getdoi.cfm?doi=10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624|journal=Psychological Review|language=en|volume=108|issue=3|pages=624–652|doi=10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624|issn=1939-1471}}</ref> These neural processes are similarly implicated following cogntive dissonance. * Nevertheless, the functions of these neural circuits in cognitive dissonance may be seen to be largely speculative, as they are founded on reverse inference.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://content.apa.org/books/16109-011|title=Neural basis of cognitive dissonance.|last=Izuma|first=Keise|last2=Murayama|first2=Kou|date=2019|publisher=American Psychological Association|isbn=978-1-4338-3010-5|editor-last=Harmon-Jones|editor-first=Eddie|location=Washington|pages=227–245|language=en|doi=10.1037/0000135-011}}</ref><br /> {{tip|Summary: * This box will include a summary of the section * Dot points will be used to provide a concise overview * This will help the reader consolidate more complex ideas }} ==Conclusion== * Summarise key points. * Take home point 1: Holding incompatible knowledge, opinions or beliefs creates psychological discomfort. * Take home point 2: As people seek to achieve cognitive consonance, this creates a motivating factor when cognitive dissonance is present. Therefore, cognitive dissonance is a motivator to alter action or cognition. == Topic quiz == <quiz display="simple"> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Cognitive dissonance and emotion|Cognitive dissonance and emotion]] (Book Chapter, 2018) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Self-perception theory and motivation for positive change|Self-perception theory and motivation for positive change]] (Book Chapter, 2018) ==References== === APA format for topic development === {{Hanging indent|1= Aronson, E., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1963). Effect of the severity of threat on the devaluation of forbidden behavior. ''The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', ''66''(6), 584–588. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/h0039901</nowiki> Aronson, E., & Mills, J. (1959). The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. ''The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', ''59''(2), 177–181. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/h0047195</nowiki> Beauvois, J.-L., & Joule, R. (1996). ''A radical dissonance theory''. Taylor & Francis. Botvinick, M. M., Braver, T. S., Barch, D. M., Carter, C. S., & Cohen, J. D. (2001). Conflict monitoring and cognitive control. ''Psychological Review'', ''108''(3), 624–652. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.108.3.624</nowiki> Brehm, J. W. (1956). Postdecision changes in the desirability of alternatives. ''The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', ''52''(3), 384–389. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041006</nowiki> Cooper, J., & Fazio, R. H. (1984). A New Look at Dissonance Theory. In ''Advances in Experimental Social Psychology'' (Vol. 17, pp. 229–266). Elsevier. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60121-5</nowiki> Festinger, L. (1962). Cognitive Dissonance. ''Scientific American'', ''207''(4), 93–106. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican1062-93</nowiki> Festinger, L. (1957). ''A theory of cognitive dissonance''. Stanford Univ. Press. Festinger, L., & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959). Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. ''The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', ''58''(2), 203–210. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/h0041593</nowiki> Gosling, P., Denizeau, M., & Oberlé, D. (2006). Denial of responsibility: A new mode of dissonance reduction. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''90''(5), 722–733. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.90.5.722</nowiki> Harmon-Jones, E., Clarke, D., Paul, K., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2020). The Effect of Perceived Effort on Reward Valuation: Taking the Reward Positivity (RewP) to Dissonance Theory. ''Frontiers in Human Neuroscience'', ''14'', 157. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2020.00157</nowiki> Harmon-Jones, E., Gerdjikov, T., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2008). The effect of induced compliance on relative left frontal cortical activity: A test of the action-based model of dissonance. ''European Journal of Social Psychology'', ''38''(1), 35–45. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1002/ejsp.399</nowiki> Harmon-Jones, E., & Harmon-Jones, C. (2019). Understanding the motivation underlying dissonance effects: The action-based model. In E. Harmon-Jones (Ed.), ''Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in psychology (2nd ed.).'' (pp. 63–89). American Psychological Association. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0000135-004</nowiki> Harmon-Jones, E., Harmon-Jones, C., & Levy, N. (2015). An Action-Based Model of Cognitive-Dissonance Processes. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'', ''24''(3), 184–189. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721414566449</nowiki> Izuma, K., & Murayama, K. (2019). Neural basis of cognitive dissonance. In E. Harmon-Jones (Ed.), ''Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in psychology (2nd ed.).'' (pp. 227–245). American Psychological Association. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0000135-011</nowiki> Killian, L. M., Festinger, L., Riecken, H. W., & Schachter, S. (1957). When Prophecy Fails. ''American Sociological Review'', ''22''(2), 236. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.2307/2088869</nowiki> McGrath, A. (2017). Dealing with dissonance: A review of cognitive dissonance reduction. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass'', ''11''(12), e12362. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1111/spc3.12362</nowiki> Mills, J. (2019). Improving the 1957 version of dissonance theory. In E. Harmon-Jones (Ed.), ''Cognitive dissonance: Reexamining a pivotal theory in psychology (2nd ed.).'' (pp. 27–39). American Psychological Association. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1037/0000135-002</nowiki> Steele, C. M. (1988). The Psychology of Self-Affirmation: Sustaining the Integrity of the Self. In ''Advances in Experimental Social Psychology'' (Vol. 21, pp. 261–302). Elsevier. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60229-4</nowiki> Thibodeau, R., & Aronson, E. (1992). Taking a Closer Look: Reasserting the Role of the Self-Concept in Dissonance Theory. ''Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''18''(5), 591–602. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167292185010</nowiki> van Veen, V., Krug, M. K., Schooler, J. W., & Carter, C. S. (2009). Neural activity predicts attitude change in cognitive dissonance. ''Nature Neuroscience'', ''12''(11), 1469–1474. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2413</nowiki>}} === Wiki citation style === <references /> ==External links== * [https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/processing-the-environment/cognition/v/cognitive-dissonance Cognitive dissonance] (Khan Academy) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NqONzcNbzh8&t=19s Ash Donaldson - Cognitive dissonance] (TEDxCanberra) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Cognitive dissonance]] 0w2xy76xd2zyq4c4tufm9x7l7ckn4r0 0 276140 2416081 2348947 2022-08-18T06:43:39Z Alec.cortez 2947555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] {{METP}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Hypomania and emotion|Hypomania and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) 8upts8ahtbwjtxaj0ahs7ov6z0jqdn5 0 276368 2415977 2343796 2022-08-18T02:19:37Z Jtneill 10242 /* Self-determination theory */ Simplified a sentence wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Environment-friendly behaviour motivation:<br>What motivates environment-friendly behaviour?}} {{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/B7-duZC8SFQ}} __TOC__ ==Overview== {{Quote|"The climate crisis has already been solved. We already have all the facts and solutions. All we have to do is wake up and change." (Thunberg, 2018 as cited in TEDx Talks, 2018, 8:33)}} [[File:Recycle-15172 1280.jpg|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Symbol of recycling. The most common icon associated with being environment-friendly.]] A report published by the Intergovernmental Panel on [[wikipedia:Climate_change|Climate Change]] (IPCC) states that the ongoing problem of climate change is now considered as a “code red for humanity” (''IPCC Report: ‘Code Red’ for Human Driven Global Heating, Warns UN'', 2021). Although natural occurrences and giant corporations are the prevalent factors to blame, several studies also attribute climate change to human behaviour (Barr, 2007; de Young, 1985; de Young, 1996). Lack of environment-friendly behaviour stems from people's lack of understanding of the motives behind this behaviour (de Young, 1985). Therefore, understanding the motivation behind environment-friendly behaviour using different psychological theories can be a helpful step in tackling environmental problems. This chapter contributes to helping to resolve this global crisis by considering how people can become motivated to incorporate environment-friendly behaviour in their daily lives. Firstly, a background about environment-friendly behaviour is presented. Secondly, this chapter elaborates on the psychological theories that are commonly studied in explaining how to motivate environment-friendly behaviour. Finally, the role of external rewards in motivating environment-friendly behaviour is considered. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is environment-friendly behaviour? * What psychological theories can explain how environment-friendly behaviour is motivated? * How effective are external rewards in motivating environment-friendly behaviour? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop}} ; Case Study Britta is an environmental activist living in [[w:Canberra|Canberra]], who actively incorporates environmentally-friendly behaviours into her lifestyle. When she went back to her family's house in [[w:Brisbane|Brisbane]] for a holiday, she noticed that her family was not practising environment-friendly behaviour. Before she returns home again, she aims to motivate her family to incorporate environment-friendly behaviour in their lifestyle as well. However, she doesn't know how to go about doing this. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Environment-friendly behaviour== Environment-friendly behaviour is another term for pro-environmental behaviour, defined as the behaviours individuals partake in society that positively impacts the environment (Krajhanzl, 2010). There are various ways in which an individual can act environmentally-friendly, as long as their behaviour has a less harmful or even a nurturing impact on the environment. Table 1 contains examples of environment-friendly behaviours, which are categorised based on the ways they are executed. These behaviours may range from small steps that can be incorporated into everyday life to actions that involve and impact the community. '''Table 1''' ''Examples of environment-friendly behaviours'' {| class="wikitable" !Categories !Behaviours |- |Waste disposal |Composting, recycling, not littering |- |Consumer behaviour |Buying and using sustainable products, reducing red meat consumption, buying recycled products, reducing the use of harmful chemicals (e.g., ammonia, CFCs which can be found in aerosols), reducing the use of plastic |- |Conservation |Turning off lights and appliances when not in use, conserving water |- |Community involvement |Joining tree planting activities, attending environment education programs, advocating environmental awareness |} Although it may seem that environment-friendly behaviours are easy to execute, individuals might still encounter barriers in the process of adapting to this lifestyle. The individual’s path towards becoming more environment-friendly may be hindered by contextual factors, which are barriers that are found in the individual’s surroundings such as their cultural background; their socioeconomic status; and the environment in which they live (Axon, 2017; Eisenack et al., 2014). Equally important, individuals may also encounter psychological barriers, in which their cognition, knowledge, and beliefs hinder them in doing environment-friendly behaviours (Gillford, 2011). It is important for individuals to identify these barriers so that they know which issue they need to resolve so that they can successfully incorporate environment-friendly behaviour into their lifestyle. {{RoundBoxTop}} ;How environmentally-friendly are you? Take this quiz [https://this.deakin.edu.au/self-improvement/quiz-how-environmentally-friendly-are-you] created by Deakin University to find out how environment-friendly your behaviours are. {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Motivation for environment-friendly behaviour == [[File:Amp-55-1-68-fig1a.gif|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Spectrum of motives in self-determination theory|500x500px]] This section discusses three psychological theories that can be applied in explaining the motivation of environmentally-friendly behaviour: self-determination theory, self-efficacy, and values theory. === Self-determination theory === Self-determination theory is a concept developed by Deci and Ryan (1985) on their journey of studying intrinsic [[wikipedia:Motivation|motivation]], which is the motivation to execute a behaviour driven by internal rewards. According to this theory, the motivation of an individual differs in terms of quality and its source. Figure 2 illustrates the main claim of this theory, that motivation ranges on a spectrum from non-self-determined to self-determined. Amotivation, the most non-self-determined motive, is when individuals are not motivated to do a particular behaviour. On the other hand, the most self-determined motive, intrinsic motivation, is when individuals drive to do a behaviour comes from the satisfaction and pleasure they get from doing it (Baxter & Pelletier 2020). Several studies claim that self-determined motives predict environment-friendly behaviour. Baxter and Pelletier (2020) examined the relationship between goals, motivation, and sustainable behaviour in a resource dilemma. In their study, they found a positive correlation between self-determined motives and pro-environmental behaviour. In other words, the more self-determined the individual's motives are, the more likely they are to perform environment-friendly actions. Seguin et al. (1999) also found comparable results in their study. Individuals who recycle because of their initiative and personal interest in the environment can also sustain recycling habits independently, without the help of extrinsic rewards. Interested in finding out how these motives affect the execution of pro-environmental behaviour, Atkien et al. (2016) examined how controlled (non-self-determined) and autonomous (self-determined) motivation affects action towards the environment by looking at transportation behaviour. The main findings showed that perceived environmental competence on the frequency of easy to do environment-friendly behaviours via both types of motivation, but only autonomous motivation was a significant mediator for complex behaviours (Atkien et al., 2016){{rewrite}}. It can be interpreted from their study that intrinsic motivation helps people to persist in performing environment-friendly behaviour even when faced with obstacles. To support the claim of the indirect effects of motives in pro-environmental behaviours, a study also found that intangible motivations, such as the perception of environmental health risks, play an important role in environmental activism (Seguin et al., 1999). Although extensive studies establish the relationship between self-determined motives and environment-friendly behaviour, further research needs to explore exactly how these motives affect pro-environmental behaviour. Future research could also take an interest in discovering how to effectively strengthen pro-environmental behaviour by targeting self-determined motives. === Self-efficacy === Self-efficacy is the belief in their capacity to perform a behaviour. According to Bandura (1977) a sense of self-efficacy involves one’s belief in their ability to control their motivation, behaviour, and environment. Although most of the studies in motivating environment-friendly behaviour are focused on self-determined motives, it is important to take note of self-efficacy when it comes to acting upon the behaviour. Similar to self-determined motives, self-efficacy is found to affect pro-environmental behaviours positively. Numerous studies state that self-efficacy is a positive predictor of pro-environmental behaviour{{fact}}. In terms of waste management behaviour, a study conducted by Chan (1998) into recycling in Hong Kong found that respondents' feelings about recycling and their actual participation in recycling were positively related. Equally important, self-efficacy was also found to indirectly affect an individual’s environmental behaviour through their media use (Huang 2016). These studies can conclude that self-efficacy can, directly and indirectly, affect the individuals’ environment-friendly behaviour. In an attempt to discover how self-efficacy affects pro-environmental behaviour, Tabernero and Hernandez (2010) gathered self-reports of the localities in Cordoba, Spain, about the relationship of their self-efficacy and intrinsic motivation and their environmental behaviour. Their study found that through the ability to self-perceive effectively, self-efficacy can directly influence environmentally-friendly behaviour by increasing intrinsic motivation that then drives the behaviour (Tabernero & Hernandez, 2010). Comparable with this result, Wai Yoong et al. (2018) found that self-efficacy plays a crucial role in one's sense of self-confidence in their capability in contributing to the environment through behaviour. This results in pro-environmental engagement at a higher level. Aside from having self-determined motives, it seems that having a strong sense of self-efficacy effectively facilitates the performance of environment-friendly behaviour. Regardless of what mechanisms we use to motivate ourselves, such as goals and incentives, if individuals don't believe they can act, even with great rewards, they will not do so and will not persevere (Bandura, 1997). === Values === Values are fundamental beliefs or principles that influence how attitudes and actions are shaped. They help decide what's important to individuals. With that, they form the basis for how one conducts themselves as well. Among several domains of values, Steg and de Groot (2012) identified two types of values from Schwartz’s (1992) Value Theory that are most involved in explaining environment-friendly behaviour. Biospheric value orientation refers to the notion that phenomena are evaluated based on their impact on ecosystems or the biosphere (Stern & Dietz, 1994). And hedonic values are centred on sensual gratification, entertainment, fantasy, playfulness, and other experiences of pleasure and entertainment (Khare, 2011).   But how do values motivate the pro-environmental behaviour of an individual? Values are considered to be a stable disposition of an individual. Values influence the shaping of the attitudes and actions of an individual. Therefore, it is assumed that the effect of values on behaviour is mediated by more specific beliefs, attitudes, and norms. Indeed, various studies showed that values primarily influence behaviour indirectly via behaviour-specific beliefs, attitudes, and norms (Karp, 1995; Schultz et al., 2005). Nguyen et al. (2016) examined how consumers’ biospheric values affect their pro-environmental behaviour by looking at their purchase behaviour of energy-efficient household appliances. The study finds that biospheric values enhance the environment-friendly purchase behaviour of consumers by improving their attitudes towards environmental protection, their subjective norms, and their sense of self-identity, and by reducing their perceptions of eco-friendly products. '''Quiz''' <quiz display="simple"> {Self-determined motives equipped with self-efficacy effectively motivates environment-friendly behaviour} + True - False {Individuals are said to have a non-self-determined motive when their drive to do a behaviour comes from the satisfaction and pleasure they will get from doing it } - True + False {Biospheric value orientation is centred on sensual gratification and other experiences of pleasure and entertainment} + False - True </quiz> == External rewards in motivating environment-friendly behaviour == Concepts from the three psychological theories discussed suggest that extrinsic motivation, or external rewards, is not an effective way to entirely incorporate environment-friendly behaviour into an individual’s life. Extrinsic motivation produces short-term effects (Seguin, 1999). It cannot influence a long-term improvement in environmental behaviour since extrinsic incentives tend to undermine the internalisation of behaviour, thus reducing self-determined motivation{{fact}}. Numerous studies back up the inefficacy of external rewards towards promoting long-term environmental behaviour. Extrinsic motivators, such as incentives or rewards, help influence environment-friendly behaviour, however they have insignificant effects on change duration in the long run when the contingencies disappear (Seguin et al., 1999; Tabernero & Hernandez, 2010). In fact, Baxter and Pelletier (2020) found that non-self-determined motivation and extrinsic goals were negative predictors of having sustainable behaviour. {{RoundBoxTop}} ; Case Study Britta tested the efficacy of external rewards in motivating eco-friendly behaviour on her younger siblings. Britta challenged them; that every time they would do a task that is environmentally friendly (e.g., turning off television when not using it), she would give them a 2 dollar coin. During this challenge, she observed an increase in environmentally-friendly behaviour from her siblings. However, it seems that this has not been an effective resolution in fully embedding it in their lifestyle. Britta's mom told her that her siblings were only doing these environmentally-friendly behaviours when Britta was around. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Conclusion== Environment-friendly behaviour is any act that individuals partake in society that positively impacts the environment. This can be done in small ways by incorporating it into our daily lifestyle, and it can also be done in magnified ways, in which it can visibly impact their community. In searching for theoretical explanations in motivating this behaviour, they highlighted the importance of intrinsic motivation in providing long-term effects. It is not surprising then that external rewards are not considered an effective motivator in incorporating environment-friendly behaviour in an individual’s lifestyle. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} Therefore, how can environment-friendly behaviour be effectively motivated? Indeed, it would be unfair to undermine the short-term benefits of extrinsic rewards (e.g., financial advantages of conserving water and energy). However, regarding the principles of intrinsic motivation, individuals can change behaviour if they are willing to change aspects of themselves, including their perception, beliefs, and actions towards the environment. {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Environmental behaviour|Environmental behaviours]] (Book chapter, 2013) * [[wikipedia:Environmentally_friendly|Environmentally friendly]] (Wikipedia) * [[Self-determination theory]] (Wikiversity) * [[wikipedia:Self-efficacy|Self-efficacy]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Goal-framing theory and pro-environmental behaviour|Goal-framing theory and pro-environmental behaviour]] (Book chapter, 2021) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Aitken, N. M., Pelletier, L. G., & Baxter, D. E. (2016). Doing the difficult stuff: Influence of Self-Determined motivation toward the environment on transportation pro-environmental behavior. ''Ecopsychology'', ''8''(2), 153–162. https://doi.org/10.1089/eco.2015.0079 Axon, S. (2017). “Keeping the ball rolling”: Addressing the enablers of, and barriers to, sustainable lifestyles. ''Journal of Evironmental Psychology'', ''52'', 11–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2017.05.002 Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. ''Psychological Review'', ''84''(2), 191–215. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.191 Bandura, A. (1997). Self-Efficacy: ''The exercise of control''. New York, NY: W. H. Freeman. Barr, S. (2007). Factors influencing environmental attitudes and behaviors. ''Environment and Behavior'', ''39''(4), 435–473. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916505283421 Baxter, D., & Pelletier, L. G. (2020). The roles of motivation and goals on sustainable behaviour in a resource dilemma: A self-determination theory perspective. ''Journal of Environmental Psychology'', ''69'', 101437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2020.101437 Chan, K. (1998). Mass communication and pro-environmental behaviour: Waste recycling in Hong Kong. ''Journal of Environmental Management'', ''52''(4), 317–325. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1998.0189 Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1985). ''Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behavior''. New York, NY: Plenum. de Young, R. (1985). Encouraging environmentally appropriate behavior: The role of intrinsic motivation. ''Journal of Environmental Systems'', ''15''(4), 281–292. https://doi.org/10.2190/3fwv-4wm0-r6mc-2urb de Young, R. (1996). Some psychological aspects of reduced consumption behavior. ''Environment and Behavior'', ''28''(3), 358–409. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916596283005 Eisenack, K., Moser, S. C., Hoffmann, E., Klein, R. J. T., Oberlack, C., Pechan, A., Rotter, M., & Termeer, C. J. A. M. (2014). Explaining and overcoming barriers to climate change adaptation. ''Nature Climate Change'', ''4''(10), 867–872. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2350 Gifford, R. (2011). The dragons of inaction: Psychological barriers that limit climate change mitigation and adaptation. ''American Psychologist'', ''66''(4), 290–302. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023566 Huang, H. (2016). Media use, environmental beliefs, self-efficacy, and pro-environmental behavior. ''Journal of Business Research'', ''69''(6), 2206–2212. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2015.12.031 ''IPCC report: ‘Code red’ for human driven global heating, warns UN''. (2021, August 11). UN News. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/08/1097362 Karp, D. G. (1996). Values and their effect on pro-environmental behavior. ''Environment and Behavior'', ''28''(1), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916596281006 Khare, A. (2011). Influence of hedonic and utilitarian values in determining attitude towards malls: A case of Indian small city consumers. ''Journal of Retail & Leisure Property'', ''9''(5), 429–442. https://doi.org/10.1057/rlp.2011.6 Krajhanzl, J. (2010). Environmental and proenvironmental behavior. ''School and Health'', ''21''(1), 251–274. https://www.ped.muni.cz/z21/knihy/2011/36/36/texty/eng/krajhanzl.pdf Schultz, P. W., Gouveia, V. V., Cameron, L. D., Tankha, G., Schmuck, P., & Franěk, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation behavior. ''Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology'', ''36''(4), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022105275962 Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structures of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental psychology (Vol. 25, pp. 1–65). Orlando, FL: Academic Press Seguin, C., Pelletier, L. G., & Hunsley, J. (1999). Predicting environmental behaviors: The influence of Self-Determined motivation and information about perceived environmental health risks. ''Journal of Applied Social Psychology'', ''29''(8), 1582–1604. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1559-1816.1999.tb02043.x Steg, L., & de Groot, J. I. M. (2012). Environmental values. ''Oxford Handbooks Online''. Published. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199733026.013.0005 Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. ''Journal of Social Issues'', ''50''(3), 65–84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb02420.x Tabernero, C., & Hernández, B. (2010). Self-Efficacy and intrinsic motivation guiding environmental behavior. ''Environment and Behavior'', ''43''(5), 658–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013916510379759 TEDx Talks. (2018, December 12). ''School strike for climate - save the world by changing the rules {{!}} Greta Thunberg {{!}} TEDxStockholm'' [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAmmUIEsN9A Wai Yoong, S., Bojei, J., Osman, S., & Hashim, N. H. (2018). Perceived self-efficacy and its role in fostering pro-environmental attitude and behaviours. ''Asian Journal of Business and Accounting'', ''11''(2), 151–186. https://doi.org/10.22452/ajba.vol11no2.5 }} ==External links== *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PFCzLOts85Y How to change behavior to ensure a sustainable future] (Donna Walden, TEDxCarsonCity, YouTube) *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EAmmUIEsN9A School strike for climate - save the world by changing the rules] (Greta Thunberg, TEDxStockholm, YouTube) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Behaviour]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Environment]] pbsv4qjf088l20stx88f2duos4hsw5a 0 276544 2415940 2414684 2022-08-17T23:55:26Z Jtneill 10242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Motivation and emotion - Indigenisation}} This unit is being progressively [[w:Indigenization|indigenised]] with regard to [[w:Indigenous Australians|Indigenous Australian]] culture, knowledge, opportunities, and challenges. * [[Motivation and emotion/About/Acknowledgement of country|Acknowledgement of country]] * Students can opt to conduct a major project on a specific motivation or emotion topic as it relates to Indigenous Australians. The projects develop [[open educational resources]] in the form of online, editable Wikiversity pages and publicly available multimedia presentations. hese resources are available via [[:Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Indigenous/Australian|this category]]. Students can also negotiate their own topics for the major project which allows for particular interests in [[Indigenous Australian psychology]] to be pursued. * The current unit convener aims to maximise openness, accessibility, and public editability of the unit’s educational materials as an alternative to the colonial/Western practice of claiming restrictive ownership over knowledge, access to education, and restriction of intellectual property. Some next steps: * Map unit content and processes against: ** [[Indigenous Australian ways of learning]] ** Knowing, being, and doing *** Knowing (Content) Indigenous Knowledge / Histories and communication / Engagement and Communication *** Being (Perspectives/Practice; knowledge construction/worldview) *** Doing (Pedagogies- Indigenous ways of learning) ** UC graduates are able to demonstrate Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander ways of knowing, being and doing. UC graduates can: *** use local Indigenous histories and traditional ecological knowledge to develop and augment understanding of their discipline; *** communicate and engage with Indigenous Australians in ethical and culturally respectful ways; *** apply their knowledge to working with Indigenous Australians in socially just ways. * Students could be further incentivised to contribute updates and improvements to existing motivation and emotion Indigenous Australian resources [[Category:Indigenous Australian psychology]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Admin]] fe3d376e9p6pfz7lte6c2c8tzjx6bs0 0 276547 2415941 2413086 2022-08-18T00:02:10Z U943292 2946502 I deleted the template as I (u943292) had started working on this page by mistake. That is, I had originally nominated to work on this topic and thus started to work on this page, only to later be re-assigned to a different topic "Self-efficacy and academic achievement". wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Self-efficacy]] ih839zup4llyqmji6wl1jm7omgsa09d 0 276579 2416006 2345455 2022-08-18T03:41:09Z Jtneill 10242 /* Regulatory focus theory */ Fixed up some et al.s wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|COVID-19 vaccine motivation:<br>What motivates people to get or not get vaccinated against COVID-19?}} {{MECR3|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VuXF8hTJW6s}} __TOC__ == Overview == [[File:COVID-19 Vaccine at the Orange County Convention Center.jpg|thumb|''Figure 1:'' A woman receives the COVID-19 vaccine at the Orange County Convention Center in Orlando, Florida.]] Worldwide efforts to minimise the harm caused by viruses like [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]] have focused on the development and mass distribution of vaccines (Freeman et al, 2021; Syed Alwi et al, 2021). Mass vaccination programs rely on widespread population uptake (While, 2021), but the challenge these programs face is understanding the many reasons why people may be acceptant or hesitant towards COVID-19 vaccines. In response, the Covid-19 Behavioural Science and Disease Prevention Taskforce (The Covid Taskforce) developed a model that suggested (among other things) several reflective and automatic processes which influence vaccine uptake (British Psychological Society, 2021). This chapter examines those defined processes, including their focus and relevant theories that underpin them. This chapter also outlines how those processes can explain both vaccine acceptant and vaccine hesitant viewpoints. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} '''Reflective Exercise''' Consider the woman in Figure 1. What do you think are her reasons for getting a COVID-19 vaccination? Do you think she would feel relief getting the vaccine, or is getting the vaccine a way for her to avoid fear? How much influence do the people she might identify with have on her decision? Finally, consider the reasons for your vaccine motivations as you go through this chapter. {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are considered 'reflective motivational processes'? ** How do reflective motivational processes affect vaccine motivation? **What theories can explain reflective motivational processes? * What are considered 'automatic motivational processes'? **How do reflective automatic processes affect vaccine motivation?{{RoundBoxBottom}} ==Reflective motivational processes== The Covid Taskforce wrote that attitudes and beliefs are important reflective motivational processes affecting vaccine motivations (British Psychological Society, 2021). Attitudes and beliefs reflect people weighing the benefits and downsides of vaccination, beliefs of vaccinations on health outcomes, and trust in vaccines and their promotors. Differences in attitudes and beliefs mean that two people viewing the same situation can interpret that situation in very different ways. The Covid Taskforce also wrote that identity is a key reflective process in vaccine motivation (British Psychological Society, 2021). A person's identity is influenced by their social environments, and this includes identities involving vaccine acceptance or hesitance. When faced with uncertain times and situations, a person holding a particular identity will act in ways that maintains and protects their identity (Abrams, Lalot, & Hogg, 2020). === Regulatory focus theory === Regulatory focus theory (RFT) proposes that a person will aim for a goal based on one of two mindsets: promotion or prevention (Higgins, 1998). People employing a promotion mindset employ goal-accomplishing strategies and frame motivations by future gains. Conversely, people employing a prevention mindset employ loss-preventing strategies and frame motivations by preserving what currently exists. Outlined in Table 1, Higgins (1998) wrote that motivation increased as people pursued goals with strategies that aligned with their regulatory mindset. Table 1. ''Elements of the promotion and prevention mindsets (adapted from Higgins, 1998)'' {| class="wikitable" |+ ! !Promotion mindset !Prevention mindset |- |Concerns |accomplishments, hopes, aspirations |safety, responsibilities, obligations |- |Strategic inclination |approach matches towards desired end-state (goal) |avoid mismatches to desired end-state (goal) |- |States |eagerness to attain advancement and gains |vigilance to assure safety and non-losses |- |Outcomes |presence and absence of positive outcomes |presence and absence of negative outcomes |} Research indicates that prevention-focused people are more likely to positively correlate with vaccine acceptancy. People with prevention mindsets are more likely to emphasise anticipated regrets over not getting influenza vaccinations (Leder et al., 2015) or HPV vaccinations (Kim et al., 2020), and vaccine acceptance positively correlates with the strength of the prevention-focused mindset (Kim et al, 2020). Promotion mindsets can result in increased vaccine acceptance, but not to the same degree as prevention-focused mindsets (Kim et al., 2020; Leder et al, 2015; Ludolph & Schulz, 2015; ). Prevention-focused people exhibit greater vaccine acceptance because of regulatory fit, which a person experiences when their goal pursuit aligns with their mindset (Ludolph & Schulz, 2015). Most vaccination messages carry a prevention message, which more strongly connects with prevention-focused people (Kim et al, 2020; Ludolph & Schulz, 2015). === Attitudes and beliefs about vaccinations === A person's vaccine attitudes and beliefs can be influenced by their trust of the vaccine and/or the bodies that promote said vaccine. Factors demonstrating increased vaccine acceptance include trust in advice from state medical bodies (Fedele et al, 2021) and confidence in medical providers (Manthiram et al., 2014). A generalised fear of catching a vaccine-preventable disease can also increase vaccine acceptance (Manthiram et al., 2014). Conversely, vaccine hesitant people will question the safety and efficacy of vaccines, or question the motives of health bodies overseeing vaccinations (Fedele et al, 2021; Syed Alwi et al, 2021). Vaccine mistrust can also correlate with political beliefs (Thelwall et al., 2021) or scepticism towards the interests of companies that produce vaccines (Fedele et al, 2021). [[File:COVID-19 Vaccine Protest at Wake Forest Baptist Medical (2021 Aug) (51369954666).jpg|thumb|''Figure 2:'' Health care workers protesting outside a medical centre against mandatory COVID-19 vaccinations. ]] ==== Health care workers ==== Vaccine acceptance or hesitancy can also vary between individuals, even in fields where people might assume otherwise, like health care workers (as seen in ''Figure 2)''. Verger and his colleagues (2020) found that while most French-speaking health care workers would recommend COVID-19 vaccinations to their patients, a significant proportion expressed reluctance to get vaccinated. These workers expressed concerns that the safety of vaccines developed in an emergency could not be guaranteed; some also expressed distrust in government agencies. Similar results were found in health care workers in America (Manthiram, Edwards, & Hassan, 2014) and in the UK (While, 2021), and discussions suggested building and maintaining confidence in vaccine safety and efficacy was key to disseminating vaccine acceptance in the wider community. ==== Parents ==== Studies on parental attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination indicate vaccine hesitancy is a significant decision-making factor. Parents expressing vaccine hesitancy commonly cite perceived health risks and concerns about side effects of the vaccines (Fedele et al, 2021), or beliefs that perceived health risks associated with COVID-19 vaccines could negatively affect their ability to care for their children (Dror et al, 2020). This vaccine hesitancy does not equate to hesitancy towards other vaccinations, but transference of acceptance for influenza vaccines to COVID-19 vaccines is mixed, with studies suggesting a positive effect (Dror et al, 2020; Oster, 2018), or no effect (He et al, 2021). Evidence from other disease outbreaks also suggests that outbreaks result in increased vaccine acceptance, but vaccination rates fluctuate pre- and post- pandemic. Emily Oster’s (2018) study of American parents during outbreaks of pertussis found a positive relationship between the outbreak of a pandemic and vaccination rates; she suggested that the increase in vaccination rates was attributable to a mix of both rational perspectives and non-rational acting. === Social identity theory === [[File:Tajfel's Theory of Social Identity.png|thumb|Figure 3: Chart depicting social identity theory.]] Social identity theory (SIT) (as depicted in ''Figure 3'') proposes that social groups consist of people with the same social identities and holds the same ideals and attributes (Hogg et al, 2004). Social identity is a salient and context dependent, both in the context of a situation and also in a form that the identity takes (Hogg et al, 2004). These groups identify themselves using prototypes, which Hogg et al (2004) describe as "fuzzy sets of interrelated attributes that simultaneously capture similarities and structural relationships within groups and differences between the groups, and prescribe group membership–related behavior"{{explain}}. Importantly, these prototypes commonly describe hypothetical out-groups rather than real outgroups. Group interactions are framed by the relationship between the in-group and other out-groups (Abrams, Lalot, & Hogg, 2020). As intergroup comparisons occur, differences in group behaviours are highlighted and emphasised to maintain the ingroup's uniqueness (Abrams, Lalot, & Hogg, 2020). By emphasising intergroup differences, people can reduce uncertainty and enhance their self identity (Hogg et al, 2004). Enhanced self-esteem and reduced uncertainty results in a person's social identity being satisfied and them continuing to identify within their group. People dissatisfied with their social identity will leave their ingroup and join or become subordinate to the outgroup. {{example}} ==== Social media and misinformation effects ==== The [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/COVID-19 pandemic impacts on motivation|impacts of COVID-19 on people's motivation]] have resulted in widespread societal uncertainty and the inability to engage with people in face-to-face settings. As a result, people increasingly rely on smaller, insular social media groups to maintain their their social identities (Abrams, Lalot, & Hogg, 2020). People high in self-uncertainty become drawn to groups with clearly defined prototypes (Hogg et al, 2004), and will more actively change their identity to fit into their group's prototypes. People who appear to be highly prototypical in a group also appear to be more popular than low prototypical group members, resulting in people with high uncertainty increasing their efforts to maintain group prototypicality. These efforts also serve to further increase group cohesion through visible action (Hogg et al, 2004). Social groups that hold vaccine hesitant or rejection ideologies will centralise and maintain that belief as part of the group's identity (Piltch-Loeb et al, 2021; Thelwall et al, 2021). Thelwall and his colleagues (2021) found that 79% of Twitter threads made between March and December 2020 with specific keywords (coronavirus, “corona virus”, covid-19, and covid19) expressing vaccine hesitancy were created by people who also expressed right-wing views, fear of a 'deep state', or belief in conspiracy theories - beliefs that can be connected to levels of certainty and self-esteem. These people were also more active in sharing misinformation with each other, and the effects of their sharing was represented in the formation of Twitter echo chambers that further amplified vaccine rejection beliefs (Thelwall et al, 2021). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} '''Reflective Exercise''' As the COVID-19 pandemic continues, peoples' needs to stay connected with their peers can result in motivational changes that may only become apparent with reflection and hindsight. Think about your usage of social media. If you use social media, who do you primarily communicate with? If the topic of vaccination beliefs has come up, how has discussion within the group taken shape? Have you noticed any changes in the 'activity' of the group during such discussions? Alternatively, has your social media group actively avoided discussions of vaccination beliefs, and what group ideologies affect this decision? Finally, have you noticed any changes in how you feel about social media when communicating with the groups you associate with? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==== Individualist versus collectivist identities ==== Research on correlations between superordinate social identities (e.g. nationality) and vaccine acceptance or hesitancy fails to demonstrate a connection{{fact}}. Instead, evidence suggests that individuals or groups with individualist identities will be more likely to engage in vaccine hesitant behaviours, while individuals or groups with collectivist values will more likely hold vaccine acceptant identities{{fact}}. Chinchih Chen and colleagues (2021) compared the amount of time spent at home during lockdown orders between 111 countries, and further compared stay-at-home times between American and Chinese communities. They found no correlation between individualist or collectivist governments and the likelihood of those governments implementing lockdowns. Rather, they found that people residing in American states with very high individualist values tended to stay at home much less during lockdowns compared to both American states with high lockdown obedience, and with Chinese states. The researchers suggested that these results arose from individual and group behaviours, rather than people identifying as members of any superordinate identity. Several factors potentially explain the connection between individualists and vaccine hesitancy. In the US, individualist values have increased as a response to ethnic diversity and a history of individualism as the historical cultural norm (Huynh & Grossmann, 2021). Generally, individualists favour extrinsic goals and rewards, act to reduce anxiety-provoking threats (Long, Quan, & Zheng, 2021), and seek achievements to distinguish themselves from their peers (Huynh & Grossmann, 2021). Finally, punishments for disobeying protective measures like lockdowns may be stricter in collectivist countries than in individualist countries, resulting in less{{huh}} fear of breaking rules associated with COVID-19 protective measures (Chen, Frey, & Presidente, 2021). == Automatic motivational processes == The Covid Taskforce wrote that automatic motivational processes like emotions and habits can serve as motivation for people to engage in a particular behaviour (British Psychological Society, 2021). One theory explaining emotional processes for vaccine uptake is [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Protection motivation theory|protection motivation theory]], where people assess the severity of a perceived threat and weigh their options for coping with their situation. [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Fear as a motivator|Fear can also serve as a motivator]], and research suggests that fear of catching a disease can be a motivating factor in vaccine acceptance (Rosa, Chuquichambi, & Ingram, 2020). Emotional motivators that have seen increased attention during the COVID-19 pandemic are fear of needles, and disgust sensitivity. === Needle fear === The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5^th edition (DSM-V) categorises needle fear under blood-injection-injury (BII) phobia, which includes fear of excessive blood, needles (including fear of pain from needles), and/or invasive medical procedures (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). BII phobia symptoms fall into two stages: an increase in blood pressure and heart rate, typical of fight-or-flight responses, followed by a significant decrease in blood pressure and heart rate that results in fainting (Ritz, Meuret, & Ayala, 2010). BII phobia can affect significant proportions of a population, with Love & Love (2021) estimating that between 3-20% of the US population could suffer from needle fear. Given the symptoms and scope of needle fear, evidence consistently demonstrates a positive correlation between needle fear and vaccine hesitancy (Freeman et al, 2021; Love & Love, 2021). === Disgust sensitivity === [[File:Covid-19 Mouscron J5b.jpg|thumb|''Figure 4'': A person wearing a mask while sitting in a municipal park in Mouscron, Belgium.]] Disgust sensitivity towards pathogens is considered a defensive response to prevent contracting illnesses (Rosa, Chuquichambi, & Ingram, 2020), and measured as a person’s tendency to express disgust in response to potential pathogen sources (Clifford & Wendell, 2016). Disgust sensitivity can indicate vaccine acceptance or vaccine hesitant beliefs. Disgust tendency indicators for vaccine hesitancy include beliefs that vaccines cause autism, or are not safe or effective (Clifford & Wendell, 2016). Conversely, disgust sensitivity indicting vaccine acceptance relates to mask wearing - people wearing masks may trigger fear disgust, but can also increase feelings of trustworthiness and social desirability due to the impression of mask wearers being responsible and maintaining new social norms (Rosa, Chuquichambi, & Ingram, 2020). Generalised vaccine hesitancy shows overlaps between disgust sensitivity and conservative ideology. American conservative values were positively associated with disgust sensitivity and negatively associated with disease avoidant attitudes like COVID-19 awareness (Kempthorne & Terrizzi, 2021). People demonstrating higher ratings of disgust sensitivity also demonstrated strong beliefs in purity and liberty, potentially viewing vaccines as something that violated their purity or liberty (Reuben et al, 2020). Clifford & Wendell (2016) suggested that vaccination represented a societal obligation, and vaccine rejection represented less of vaccine disgust and more of a disgust of the morals that vaccines represent. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=12}} '''Reflective Exercise''' Consider the person in Figure 4. If you were in the same park as them, how would you feel? Would you feel safer being near this person because they were wearing a mask, or more cautious? Is the person wearing the mask someone who is likely to be vaccine acceptant because they are wearing a mask, or are they wearing a mask simply because they want to able to go outside? The way we feel when we perceive other people in a pandemic can inform us in some way of the motivations behind our own vaccine acceptance or hesitancy. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Personal habits === Research on personal habits and vaccine acceptance or hesitancy suggests that a person’s personal care habits influence their willingness to get vaccinated. Early in the pandemic, preventative behaviours of social distancing, wearing masks, and hand sanitisation were identified as effective measures for preventing the spread of COVID and enforced as external motivators (Álvarez-Pomar & Rojas-Galeano, 2021). People who maintained these behaviours pre-vaccination were more likely to internalise them as personal habits post-vaccination, which then strengthened preventative behaviours within their wider communities (Yuan et al, 2021). A history of seasonal influenza vaccinations in adulthood has also been shown to have a positive effect on COVID vaccination (Verger et al, 2021). ==Conclusion== To understand motivations behind vaccine acceptance or hesitancy, motivations can be categorised into reflective and automatic processes. Reflective processes revolve around a person's attitudes, beliefs, and identity. Automatic processes concern a person's emotions and habits. RFT proposes that people process goals by potential gains or avoiding losses, with studies showing prevention mindsets lead to higher vaccine acceptance. Attitudes towards vaccines are also influenced by factors such as trust in health bodies or vaccine efficacy. Attitudes within groups of people can differ, as shown by attitudes of health care workers and parents. Social identity theory (SIT) proposes that a person's identity is shaped by memberships in social groups, group prototypes and dynamics, and intergroup relations. As people turn to insular social media groups to maintain their social identity, these groups can become highly prototypical. Social groups holding vaccine hesitant viewpoints share increased amounts of vaccine misinformation among members. People with individualist beliefs also express vaccine hesitancy compared to collectivists. Research on emotions and habits focuses on specific fears related to vaccine beliefs: needle fear and disgust sensitivity. Needle fear can affect significant proportions of a population, and is associated with vaccine hesitancy. Disgust sensitivity focuses on fear about a disease and potential pathogen sources, and can be expressed by both vaccine acceptant and vaccine hesitant people. Finally, people with internalised personal habits about COVID-19 safety are more likely to be vaccine acceptant, as are people who regularly maintain flu vaccinations in adulthood. {{Robelbox|theme=5|width=40%|title=Pick a response|iconwidth=48px|icon=Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> Which of the following statements might indicate vaccine hesitancy in someone? Select any that apply.} |type="()"} + I'm not sure if I can trust the people who make the vaccine. - I've had the flu shot before, what's another one? - I'd rather not be sick from the virus. + My friends aren't keen on getting the jab. </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox-close}} ==See also== * [[w:COVID-19|COVID-19]] (Wikipedia) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/COVID-19 pandemic impacts on motivation|COVID-19 pandemic impacts on motivation]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2014/Fear as a motivator|Fear as a motivator]] (Book chapter, 2014) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Protection motivation theory|Protection motivation theory]] (Book chapter, 2020) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Abrams, D., Lalot, F., & Hogg, M. A. (2020). Intergroup and intragroup dimensions of COVID-19: A social identity perspective on social fragmentation and unity. ''Group Processes & Intergroup Relations'', ''24''(2), 201-209. https://doi.org/10.1177/1368430220983440 Alvarez-Pomar, L., & Rojas-Galeano, S. (2021). Impact of Personal Protection Habits on the Spread of Pandemics: Insights from an Agent-Based Model. ''The World Scientific Journal'', Article 6616654. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/6616654 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 Covid-19 Behavioural Science and Disease Prevention Taskforce. (2021). ''Optimising vaccination uptake for Covid-19''. British Psychological Society. https://www.bps.org.uk/sites/www.bps.org.uk/files/Policy/Policy%20-%20Files/Optimising%20vaccine%20uptake.pdf Chen, C., Frey, C. B., & Presidente, G. (2021). Culture and contagion: Individualism and compliance with COVID-19 policy. ''Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization'', ''190'', 191–200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2021.07.026 Clifford, S., & Wendell, D. G. (2016). How Disgust Influences Health Purity Attitudes. ''Political Behavior'', ''38'', 155-178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11109-015-9310-z Dror, A. A., Eisenbach, N., Taiber, S., Morozov, N. G., Mizrachi, M., Zigron, A., Srouji, S., & Sela, E. (2020). Vaccine hesitancy: the next challenge in the fight against COVID‑19. ''European Journal of Epidemiology'', ''35'', 775–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-020-00671-y Fedele, F., Aria, M., Esposito, V. Micillo, M., Cecere, G., Spano, M., & Marco, G. D. (2021). COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy: a survey in a population highly compliant to common vaccinations. ''Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics'', ''17''(10), 3348-3354. DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2021.1928460 Freeman, D., Lame, S., Yu, L., Freeman, J., Chadwick, A., Vaccari, C., Waite, F., Rosebrook, L., Petit, A., Vanderslott, S., Lewandowsky, S., Larkin, M., Innocenti, S., McShane, H., Pollard, A. J., & Loe, B. S. (2021). Injection fears and COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy. ''Psychological Medicine''. 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721002609 He, K., Mack, W. J., Neely, M., Lewis, L., & Anand, V. (2021). Parental Perspectives on Immunizations: Impact of the COVID‑19 Pandemic on Childhood Vaccine Hesitancy. ''Journal of Community Health''. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-021-01017-9 Higgins, E. T. (1998). Promotion and prevention: Regulatory focus as a motivational principle. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), ''Advances in experimental social psychology'' (Vol. 30, pp. 1-46). New York: Academic Press. Hogg, M. A., Abrams, D., Otten, S., & Hinkle, S. (2004) THE SOCIAL IDENTITY PERSPECTIVE: Intergroup Relations, Self-Conception, and Small Groups. ''Small Group Research'', ''35''(3), 246-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/1046496404263424 Huynh, A. C., & Grossman, I. (2021). Rising Ethnic Diversity in the United States Accompanies Shifts Toward an Individualistic Culture. ''Social Psychological and Personality Science'', ''12''(7), 1316-1325. https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550620967230 Kempthorne, J. C., & Terrizzi Jr, J. A. (2021). The behavioral immune system and conservatism as predictors of disease-avoidant attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''178'', Article 110857. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2021.110857 Kim, H. K., Lee, T. K., & Kong, W. Y. (2020). The Interplay between Framing and Regulatory Focus in Processing Narratives about HPV Vaccination in Singapore. ''Health Communication'', ''35''(2), 222-232. https://doi.org/10.1080/10410236.2018.1553022 Leder, S., Florack, A., & Keller, J. (2015). Self-regulation and protective health behaviour: How regulatory focus and anticipated regret are related to vaccination decisions. ''Psychology & Health'', ''30''(2), 168-188. https://doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2014.954574 Love, A. S., & Love, R. J. (2021). Considering Needle Phobia among Adult Patients During Mass COVID-19 Vaccinations. ''Journal of Primary Care & Community Health'', ''12'', 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1177/21501327211007393 Ludolph, R., & Schulz, P. J. (2015). Does regulatory fit lead to more effective health communication? A systematic review. ''Social Science and Medicine'', ''128'', 142-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.01.021 Manthiram, K., Edwards, K., & Hassan, A. (2014). Sustaining motivation to immunize: Exchanging lessons between India and the United States. ''Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics'', ''10''(10), 2930--2934. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/hv.29871 Oster, E. (2018). Does disease cause vaccination? Disease outbreaks and vaccination response. ''Journal of Health Economics'', ''57'', 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.10.003 Piltch-Loeb, R., Savoia, E., Goldberg, B., Hughes, B., Verhey, T., Kayyem, J., Miller-Idriss, C., & Testa, M. (2021). Examining the effect of information channel on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance. ''PLoS ONE'', ''16''(5), Article e0251095. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0251095 Reuben, R., Aitken, D., Freedman, J. L., & Einstein, G. (2020). Mistrust of the medical profession and higher disgust sensitivity predict parental vaccine hesitancy. ''Plos One'', ''15''(9): Article e0237755. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0237755 Ritz, T., Meuret, A. E., & Ayala, E. S. (2010). The psychophysiology of blood-injection-injury phobia: Looking beyond the diphasic response paradigm. ''International Journal of Psychophysiology'', ''78''(1), 50-67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2010.05.007 Rosa, A. O., Chuquichambi, E. G., & Ingram, G. P.D. (2020). Keep your (social) distance: Pathogen concerns and social perception in the time of COVID-19. ''Personality and Individual Differences'', ''166'', Article 110200. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2020.110200 Syed Alwi, S. A. R., Rafidah, E., Zurraini, A., Juslina, O., Brohi, I. B., & Lukas, S. (2021). A survey on COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and concern among Malaysians.'' BMC Public Health'', ''21'', 1129-1141. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-11071-6 Thelwall, M., Kousha, K., & Thelwall, S. (2021). Covid-19 vaccine hesitancy on English-language Twitter. ''Profesional de la información'', ''30'' (2). https://doi.org/10.3145/epi.2021.mar.12 Verger, P., Scronias, D., Dauby, N., Adedzi, K. A., Gobert, C., Bergeat, M., Gagneur, A., & Dube, E. (2021). Attitudes of healthcare workers towards COVID-19 vaccination: a survey in France and French-speaking parts of Belgium and Canada, 2020. ''Eurosurveillance'', ''26''(3), Article 2002047. https://doi.org/10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2021.26.3.2002047 Yuan, Y., Deng, Z., Chen, M., Yin, D., Zheng, J., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Zou, H., Zhang, C., & Sun, C. (2021). Changes in Mental Health and Preventive Behaviors before and after COVID-19 Vaccination: A Propensity Score Matching (PSM) Study. ''Vaccines'', ''9'', Article 1044. https://doi.org/10.3390/vaccines9091044 }} ==External links== * [https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations?country=OWID_WRL Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccinations - Statistics and Research] (Our World in Data) * [https://www.ted.com/talks/kaitlyn_sadtler_and_elizabeth_wayne_how_the_covid_19_vaccines_were_created_so_quickly| How the COVID-19 vaccines were developed so quickly] (Ted Talk by Kaitlyn Sadtler and Elizabeth Wayne, 2021). *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rACl6FRRkXY?start=0&end=112 Regulatory Focus: Promotion versus Prevention Orientation] (YouTube video by Punam Aand Keller, 2012) *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mBDULN6Jtn0 Social Identity Theory - Definition + 3 Components] (YouTube video by Practical Psychology, 2021) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/COVID-19]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Health]] m6zw885tk20yspiiz16i5r0nu0pzukl 0 277177 2415928 2391977 2022-08-17T22:56:19Z AEMOR 2947559 /* Narcissism */ Fixed awkward expression and grammar wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Dark triad personality and motivation:<br>How do the dark triad personality traits influence motivation?}} {{MECR3|1=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EGuPkpGHJfQ}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Bi-factor model of the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen scale.png|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Visual representation of the Dark Triad of Psychology]] This chapter explores the motivation behind malevolent behaviour and motivation. Malevolent motivation is first described and analysed. The "[[wikipedia:Dark_triad|Dark triad]]" of psychology is then presented and broken down into the three components of narcissism, psychopathy, and Machiavellianism. The relationship between these components and motivations is also explored. It is concluded that malevolent behaviour is the by-product of a lack of social education and there is no direct link between motivation and the dark triad of psychology. This is reinforced with a case study of Carl Jung to support this claim. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is malevolent motivation? * What are the personality traits of the dark triad? * Can malevolent motivation be sublimated for the greater good of the individual? {{RoundBoxBottom}} == Malevolent motivation == There are various basic motivation theories and models that can be used to define the cause of malevolent behaviour. However, to articulate that there is one answer for the question "what motivates an individual to engage in behaviour that is malevolent in nature" is not simple. Malevolent behaviour is the means / method an individual uses to achieve a result. The motivation is what causes someone to desire this result, therefore most members of society engage in behaviour that is not considered malevolent to achieve this result and this is the ethically appropriate method to do so.{{vague}} [[wikipedia:Maslow's_hierarchy_of_needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]] is a commonly used theory to describe human motivation on a tier-based needs hierarchy (Neubauer & Martskvishvili, 2018). An analysis of Maslow’s model illustrates that humans are driven by a "need" and their cognitive drive is to ensure that this need is met. For example, one of the priority bottom tier needs is to drink water. The cognitive process for humans to achieve this need is to spark a biological process that triggers an individual’s brain to recognise they need to drink water to satiate this need (Stricker & Sved, 2000). Alderfer offered a refined version of this hierarchy of needs. The major notable difference in this refined version of the hierarchy is that Alderfer did not believe you needed to satiate a tier to move on to the next (Alderfer, 1969). For example, Maslow stated that you must fulfil the bottom tier before moving up to the next tier. Alderfer stated that people were not bound by this sequential need dynamic, rather that there were simply different "clusters of needs" that humans would attempt to achieve on a multifaceted level. The key message from these motivational models is that humans are motivated by a sense of needing to fulfil a need in their life as they believe they do not possess an adequate amount of whatever this need may be, like water from the above example. McClelland’s acquired needs human motivation theory also supports this key takeaway. McClelland’s theory states that humans have three implicit motives, achievement, power, and affiliation (McClelland, 1987). McClelland’s theory also focuses on the theme of desiring something the individual believes they do not possess. Motivation in the context of malevolent behaviour can be linked to these theories/models. It is the behaviour not the motivation that determines whether it is malevolent or not. Therefore, the motivation for malevolence is more likely caused by a lack of social education rather than a direct motivation to engage in malevolent behaviour (Jacobs & Slabbert, 2019). For example: Two people are motivated to increase their wealth. One person is appropriately socially educated and works hard to save their money and invest in legal options to increase their wealth. The second person is not socially literate and engages in deviant behaviour that falls under the dark triad and proceeds to increase their wealth by extorting others and putting others in worse financial situations to increase their own. Both are driven by the same motivation; however, it is the lack of social education that causes malevolent behaviour. Malevolent behaviour is often referred to as the dark triad of psychology and falls under: Narcissism, Psychopathy and Machiavellianism. == The dark triad == {{expand}} === Narcissism === [[Narcissism]] is one of the three ‘dark personality traits’ that make up the dark triad of psychology. Narcissism can be further broken down into four categories in which the individual has delineated from the social norm, these categories are: Leadership/Authority, Superiority/Arrogance, Self-absorption/Self-admiration, and exploitative/entitlement. ("PEP Web - On Narcissism: An Introduction", 2021). Trait based models feature narcissism as an individual torn between feelings of incredible grandiosity and vulnerability (Miller, Lynam, Hyatt & Campbell, 2017). This link between spectrum extremes of emotions could be viewed as a foundation for the motivation of this behaviour. Narcissists possess many traits. A key theme relates to an expressed belief that they are of amplified importance in comparison to those in their immediate and wider environment. Narcissism can be considered a dark personality trait due to the way it can influence people to act in extreme ways and be too dependent on seeking external validation. This external validation would be the opposite of achieving self-actualisation in Maslow’s model. Below are nine behavioural signs of a narcissist (Cuhna, 2021): {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} 9 Symptoms of Narcissism 1. Grandiosity 2. Excessive need for admiration 3. Superficial and exploitative relationships 4. Lack of empathy 5. Identity disturbance 6. Difficulty with attachment and dependency 7. Chronic feelings of emptiness and boredom 8. Vulnerability to life transitions 9. Narcissistic Personality disorder is a is a significant risk factor for suicide and suicidal attempts {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==== Motivation for Narcissism ==== There are three main implicit motives for humans. These are achievement, affiliation, and power. In the case of narcissistic behaviour, it is likely affiliation that is the cause for the behaviour (Schultheiss, 2008). A traditional view of need formation is linked to the individual believing they lack in a certain area. In the case of narcissism, the need for affiliation could be caused by the feeling that the individual believes they lack affiliation within their environment. Narcissists are diagnosed by their outward expression of grandiosity and excessive need for admiration which supports the claim that narcissistic behaviour is driven by a need for affiliation. Narcissistic behaviour is the individual’s effort to increase their sense of self worth and seek this self-worth through the external validation of others (Baumeister et al., 2000). A 2005 study proposed a solution for ‘bridging the gap’ between cognitive-psychological and neurobiological theories of emotion in terms of dynamic systems modelling{{fact}}. This study explored the link between an individual’s biological need for homeostasis and the cognitive drive for a state of emotional equilibrium (Van Honk et al., 2005). This connection between homeostasis on a biological level and on a cognitive emotional level can assist to explain the motivation for narcissism. Narcissistic behaviour is caused by the emotional need for affiliation,{{gr}} the need is linked to feeling that the individual lacks affiliation which triggers the biological mechanism to seek out a feeling of homeostasis{{Citation needed}}. People who are outwardly narcissistic in nature may be suffering internally from a feeling as if they are not adequately received within their environment. Receiving the external validation they crave creates a sense that the person is indeed good enough for those around them. This external validation therefore leads to the feeling of emotional homeostasis. This positive feedback loop is the reason affiliation is the implicit motive for narcissistic behaviours in humans.{{fact}} ===Psychopathy === [[wikipedia:Psychopathy|Psychopathy]] is the second of the three ‘dark personality traits’ that make up the dark triad of psychology. Psychopathy is considered to be a conduct disorder,{{gr}} it is linked with poor behavioural control and antisocial behaviour. It is as if psychopathic people lack the ability to feel empathy and register the emotions of other people (Anderson & Kiehl, 2014). The discrepancy between psychopaths and understanding emotions on the social plane could be cause for the aggressive and anti-social behaviour associated with the personality cluster that psychopaths fall under (Beltri & Fuentes, 2021). Psychopathy can be illustrated by a lack of [[wikipedia:Empathy|empathy]] and sense of carelessness regarding a person’s well-being. A psychopathic personality can be considered a dark personality trait as they do not seem to be bound by conventional morality when interacting with people within their environment. Below are 7 behavioural signs of a psychopath. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}} 7 signs of a psychopath 1. Socially irresponsible behaviour 2. Disregarding or violating the rights of others 3. Inability to distinguish between right and wrong 4. Difficulty with showing remorse or empathy 5. Tendency to lie often 6. Manipulating and hurting others 7. General disregard towards safety and responsibility (Legg, 2021) {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==== Motivation for psychopathic behaviour ==== The implicit motive for psychopathic behaviour is best articulated by a desire for power over others{{fact}}. Psychopathic traits illustrate how the individual lacks empathy and is apathetic to the emotions and needs of those around them (Coid, 2002). The implicit motive therefore is focused on the individual's desire to promote their own goals which is why people with psychopathic tendencies can appear to be self-centred in their quest for increasing their own sense of power. The social interactions of a psychopath are a by-product of their own journey to increase their sense of behaviour. This means the motivation for psychopathy is to satisfy their need for power. This motivation is very similar to a mentally healthy person’s need for self-actualisation as depicted by Maslow’s model (Maslow & Lewis, 1987). Therefore, whilst the motivation can be considered healthy, it is the method of achieving the result that turns individuals toward deviant and unsociable behaviour. This is the reason that psychopathy is considered a part of the dark triad of psychology, due to the way psychopathic individuals interact with those around them in their environment. Another potential cause for this continued behaviour is best explained by examining Skinner’s model of instrumental/ operant conditioning. In the mind of an individual suffering from psychopathy, there is a positive reward for their socially deviant behaviour which encourages this behaviour to continue (Skinner, 1971). The reason for this positive feedback loop is due to the way the individual receives a reward, which is their perceived increase in power, which reinforces this style of behaviour to continue in the future as the individual has now created a heuristic in their mind that deviant behaviour equals enhancing their position. This explains how power is the implicit motive that causes behaviours to engage in psychopathic behaviour. === Machiavellianism === [[wikipedia:Machiavellianism_(psychology)|Machiavellianism]] is the third and final of the three ‘dark personality traits’ that make up the dark triad of psychology. Machiavellianism can be described as a personality trait that denotes cunningness. Machiavellianism dates back to the 16th century philosophical thinker, Niccolò Machiavelli (Mansfield, 2021). Whilst the initial motivation for Machiavellianism grossly referred to political dynamics, modern day Machiavellianism relates more to the social plane and how an individual navigates it with a drive to use whatever means necessary to gain power (Towler, 2021). The motivation for Machiavellian behaviour can be linked to its symptoms. A drive for power. This sense of needing more might be connected to an internal sense that the individual is lacking or even insecure within this area. Whilst a drive for more would be a sign of a motivated individual, Machiavellianism is a dark trait as it focuses on the scope of using and exploiting others to achieve this goal (Muris et al., 2017). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=6}} 5 signs of Machiavellian personality 1. A fixation on power 2. A cynical worldview 3. Willingness to exploit others 4. Self-centred desire to conquer 5. Gaslighting others (Towler, 2021) {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Portrait of Niccolò Machiavelli by Santi di Tito.jpg|thumb|263x263px|''Figure 2''. Niccolò Machiavelli (3 May 1469 - 21 June 1527)]] ==== Motivation for Machiavellian behaviour ==== The implicit motive for Machiavellianism is achievement. Similarly, to psychopathy, it can be considered that a drive for achievement, along with the other implicit motives listed in McClelland’s motivation theory model, are not malevolent in nature rather it is the actions taken to achieve these motives that warrant whether a behaviour is malevolent or not (Ball, 2012). Individuals who engage in behaviour that is considered Machiavellian are driven by the need to achieve. When Machiavellian behaviour originated in the renaissance setting, the achievement was focused on political power. However, understanding the context of the renaissance it can be said that political power was amongst the highest achievement as this was a time where local families could rule cities, hence why achievement was shaped as political power (Pocock, 1981). In a modern setting, Machiavellian behaviour is driven by a desire to achieve in a financial setting as well as political. A colloquial example is the wall street workers depicted in ‘American Psycho’, members of society who are apathetic and driven to use each other for any means necessary to bolster their own position and hence increase their ‘sense of achievement’ (Ferdian, 2019). Individuals engage in Machiavellian behaviour because on a psychological level, the individuals believe those around them possess the necessary skills, power or assets and can be used to advantage themselves. This relates to the previous theme of an individual believing they ‘lack’ in an area and are motivated to fulfill this ‘need’. Therefore, deviant members of society engage in the unsociable behaviour that denotes Machiavellianism as they attempt to ‘achieve’ within their environment in a way they believe their peers and colleagues have achieved in ways they are envious of. {{Robelbox|theme=5|width=40%|title=Pick a response|iconwidth=48px|icon=Nuvola_apps_korganizer.svg}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> An individual has recently moved to a new city and is feeling very vulnerable to this transition. They present to a therapist and state they feel they are very sad without their old network of friends,{{gr}} the individual says they feel empty and bored constantly and miss the compliments and affection they use to receive from their old home. This individual use to be the star football player in their local community and was very popular. Which dark triad personality do they likely belong?} |type="()"} + Narcissism - Psychopathy - Machiavellianism </quiz> </div> {{Robelbox-close}} == Notable Figure - Niccolò Machiavelli == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}"Emancipated politics from theology and moral philosophy. He undertook to describe simply what rulers did and thus anticipated what was later called the scientific spirit in which questions of good and bad are ignored, and the observer attempts to discover only what really happens". (Kaplan, 2005) {{RoundBoxBottom}} See ''Figure 2.'' == Sublimation of Maladaptive Behaviours == There is a consistent theme behind the motivation of malevolent behaviour that makes up the Dark Triad of Psychology. This theme is the lack of social education for individuals trying to satiate their needs and desires. This means the motivation for this behaviour is not the issue, rather it is the method. However, what if a new approach was adopted when viewing these deviant behaviours{{gr}}. Theoretically, these deviant and malevolent behaviours could be sublimated to motivate individuals to achieve their goals more efficiently in a different context or environment. Narcissistic, psychopathic, and Machiavellian members of society already possess a skill trait that bounds them to be outsiders in typical roles within their environment, so perhaps an efficient solution is to apply their skill traits to a context that could benefit from their atypical social attitudes and behaviours. Narcissism is driven by the implicit motive of affiliation. In theory if a narcissistic person was psychoeducated to associate themselves with a group/ political party then their narcissistic methods could be better served to network and create positive image/ reputation for said group. The narcissist wants to be externally validated and perceived as special, so this attitude could be translated to an ideal or a group to better enhance their image. This is one example of how a socially deviant psychological profile can be sublimated to enhance the relationship between motivation and the behaviour used to achieve the need. Similarly psychopathic tendencies could be sublimated for a greater cause. Psychopathic behaviour is marked by a lack of regard for others, this could be best sublimated into roles where a general level of apathy and lack of empathy is sought after. Roles such as insurance auditors, loan specialists and military careers are all pathways that can be best suited for people who are not easily swayed to feel sympathetic towards other members of society. However, the sublimation of this deviant behaviour could be considered unethical and as the motivation for psychopathic behaviour was previously stated as an implicit motive for power, it calls to action another ethical line of thinking of whether it is morally okay to put psychopathic individuals in roles of power. If there was going to be further study into this area of deviant sublimation, it would be recommended that this ethical dilemma is the first to be explored. Machiavellianism could also be sublimated to enhance the relationship between deviant behaviour and motivation for the better. Machiavellian individuals are proactive in utilising the resources they have available in their environment, in a competitive business industry Machiavellian behaviour can innovate the process of marketing and create new opportunities to enhance relationships between people. This is a third and final example of the potential positive effects of sublimating deviant behaviour. This process of sublimating the behaviour is theoretically possible on the basis that there is no direct motivation for deviant behaviour rather that it is a by-product of a lack of social education. Motivation can still be considered an inherently good thing for humans; it is up to the way the individual interacts with their relationship with motivation that determines whether it is good or not. The concluding statement regarding motivation and deviant behaviour is that people are motivated to act in ways considered malevolent because they believe it is okay to ignore the needs of other people to meet their own personal needs. On a smaller scale, who can claim they have lived a life free of being momentarily selfish to seek personal gratification at the risk of denying someone else the same level of gratification, however this opens a philosophical discussion not related to motivation and its interactions with deviant behaviour{{gr}}. This is another area that can be recommended to be explored next on this topic. === Case Study === [[wikipedia:Carl_Jung|Carl Jung’s]] theory regarding the four forms of self is a good example to use to understand the role of sublimated deviant behaviour in a modern context. Carl Jung's theory revolves around how people perceive themselves and refers to one of the hidden sides of people characteristic as ‘the shadow’. Jung believed to achieve his model’s version of self-actualisation one would need to ‘embrace the shadow’. (Ellin, 2001) If an individuals{{gr}} ‘shadow’ involved one of the three dark triads of personality then this is further evidence to support the claim that malevolent behaviour can be sublimated for the better. That better being driven by motivation. In terms of why an individual would use malevolent social behaviour can be linked to personality types. For example, using the ‘[[wikipedia:Big_Five_personality_traits|Big 5’]] personality scale, known as OCEAN or CANOE, a person who is high on agreeableness is prone to being taken advantage of in their life, however by ‘embracing the shadow’ and employing one of the triarchs of the dark triad of psychology they they could ameliorate this high level of agreeableness and find balance in their life. Members of society can be proactive in their approach to understanding their own motivation and exploring the dynamic between their ‘shadow’ and how they can efficiently achieve what they are motivated to achieve. One example of this is the interaction of external introjected motivation with internal identified motivation. Individuals who internalise their introjected motivation may complete tasks to a poor standard because they are not utilising their motivation to the best of their abilities. By switching their perspective to using identified motivation, that is motivation where an individual knows what they need to perform but not yet acting on it, they can ‘embrace the shadow’ and complete tasks to a higher standard than before (Vlachopoulos & Karageorghis, 2005). This is another context that displays why adopting Carl Jung’s theory is a strong case study to support sublimating the dark triad of psychology to enhance an individual’s relationship with motivation. == Conclusion == There are many different models that can be used and adapted to explain motivation in humans. Whether this motivation is implicit on a cognitive level or driven on a tier based hierarchical needs basis, humans will vary their approach to satiate these needs. Some members of society will engage in malevolent behaviour to achieve these needs, not because they are directly motivated to engage in these behaviours, but rather because they lack the social education to know engaging in these malevolent behaviours is ethically wrong in the social environment. The relationship between the dark triad of psychology, meaning Narcissism, Psychopathy and Machiavellianism can be highlighted by understanding what these behaviours mean and how they can be sublimated to enhance the relationship between malevolent behaviour and motivation. There is evidence to support sublimation of behaviour which can be found through a case study of Carl Jung’s theory and his message to ‘embrace the shadow’. The final recommendations to continue to explore this subject is to look at the ethical validity of putting high risk malevolent individuals in positions of power and the potential social consequences of doing so. Key finding {{tip| Malevolent behaviour is the by-product of poor social education, people are not directly motivated to engage in narcissism, psychopathy or Machiavellianism }} ==See also== *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Morality as a psychological need|Morality as a psychological need]] (Book chapter, 2021) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Narcissism and emotion|Narcissism and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2022) *[[Creating Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Sublimation|Sublimation]] (Book chapter, 2021) *[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Psychopathy and violence|Psychopathy and violence]] (Book chapter, 2021) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Alderfer, C. P. (1969). An empirical test of a new theory of human needs. ''Organizational Behavior and Human Performance'', ''4''(2), 142-175. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1016/0030-5073(69)90004-X Anderson, N., & Kiehl, K. (2014). Psychopathy: Developmental perspectives and their implications for treatment. ''Restorative Neurology And Neuroscience'', ''32''(1), 103-117. https://doi.org/10.3233/rnn-139001 Ball, B. (2012). A summary of motivation theories. Retrieved on www. yourcoach. be> uploads, 3. Baumeister, R. F., Bushman, B. J., & Campbell, W. K. (2000). Self-esteem, narcissism, and aggression: Does violence result from low self-esteem or from threatened egotism?. ''Current Directions in Psychological Science'','' 9''(1), 26-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8721.00053 Beltri, R., & Fuentes, À. (2021). Psycopathy: A controversial clinical entity but a forensic psychiatry necessity.''Revista Espanola de Medicina Legal'', ''34''(1), 25-35. <https://portalrecerca.uab.cat/en/publications/psycopathy-a-controversial-clinical-entity-but-a-forensic-psychia> Coid, J. W. (2002). Personality disorders in prisoners and their motivation for dangerous and disruptive behaviour.'' Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health'', ''12''(3), 209-226. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbm.497 Ellin, N. (2001). Thresholds of fear: Embracing the urban shadow.'' Urban studies'','' 38''(5-6), 869-883. https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00420980124399 Elliot, A. J., & Thrash, T. M. (2001). Narcissism and motivation.'' Psychological Inquiry'', ''12''(4), 216-219.<https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285822487_Narcissism_the_Agency_Model_and_Approach-Avoidance_Motivation> MedicineHealth.(2021). What are the nine traits of a narcissist?. <https://www.emedicinehealth.com/what_are_the_nine_traits_of_a_narcissist/article_em.htm> Ferdian, A. (2019). Toxic masculinity represented by Parick Bateman in American psych movie (Doctoral dissertation, Diponegoro University). <http://eprints.undip.ac.id/71761/> Jacobs, T., & Slabbert, I. (2019). Factors that could contribute to substance misuse and criminal activity amongst adolescents: An ecological perspective.'' Social Work'', ''55''(2), 222-235. https://doi.org/10.15270/55-2-717 Kajonius, P. J., & Björkman, T. (2020). Dark malevolent traits and everyday perceived stress. '' Current psychology'','' 39''(6),2351–2356. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-018-9948-x Miller, J., Lynam, D., Hyatt, C., & Campbell, W. (2017). Controversies in narcissism.'' Annual Review Of Clinical Psychology'', ''13''(1), 291-315. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045244 Legg, T. (2021). Psychopath: Meaning, signs, and vs. sociopath. Healthline. https://www.healthline.com/health/psychopath Luzong, A. (July 6, 2021). Debunking dark psychology. A Little Bit Human. https://www.alittlebithuman.com/debunking-dark-psychology/ Mansfield, H. (2021). Niccolo Machiavelli | Beliefs, books, the prince, philosophy, accomplishments, & facts. Encyclopedia Britannica. <https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli> Maslow, A., & Lewis, K. J. (1987). Maslow's hierarchy of needs. ''Salenger Incorporated'','' 14';(17), 987-990. <https://www.researchhistory.org/2012/06/16/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs/> McClelland, D. C. (1987). ''Human motivation''. CUP Archive. Moss, J. A., & Barbuto Jr, J. E. (2004). Machiavellianism's association with sources of motivation and downward influence strategies. ''Psychological reports'', ''94''(3), 933-943. https://doi.org/10.2466%2Fpr0.94.3.933-943 Muris, P., Merckelbach, H., Otgaar, H., & Meijer, E. (2017). The malevolent side of human nature: A meta-analysis and critical review of the literature on the dark triad (narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy).'' Perspectives on Psychological Science'','' 12''(2), 183-204. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1745691616666070 Neubauer, A. C., & Martskvishvili, K. (2018). Creativity and intelligence: A link to different levels of human needs hierarchy?. ''Heliyon'', ''4''(5), e00623. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.heliyon.2018.e00623 O'Carroll, E. (2021). Political misquotes: The 10 most famous things never actually said. https://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/2011/0603/Political-misquotes-The-10-most-famous-things-never-actually-said/The-ends-justify-the-means.-Niccolo-Machiavelli Schultheiss, O. C. (2008). ''Implicit motives''. The Guilford Press. Skinner, B. F. (1971). Operant conditioning. ''The Encyclopedia of Education'', ''7'', 29-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781452229409.n13 PEP Web - On Narcissism: An Introduction. (2021). https://www.pep-web.org/document.php?id=se.014.0067a Pocock, J. G. (1981). The machiavellian moment revisited: a study in history and ideology. ''The Journal of Modern History'', ''53''(1), 49-72. Pujara, M., Motzkin, J. C., Newman, J. P., Kiehl, K. A., & Koenigs, M. (2014). Neural correlates of reward and loss sensitivity in psychopathy. ''Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience'','' 9''(6), 794-801. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fscan%2Fnst054 Stricker, E. M., & Sved, A. F. (2000). Thirst.'' Nutrition'',''16''(10), 821-826. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0899-9007(00)00412-3 Towler, A., (2021). Machiavellianism: What it is, how to recognize and cope with Machiavellians | CQ Net - Management skills for everyone. CQ Net - Management skills for everyone!. <https://www.ckju.net/en/dossier/machiavellianism-what-it-how-recognize-and-cope-machiavellians> Van Honk, J., & Schutter, J. L. G. (2005). Dynamic brain systems in quest for emotional homeostasis.'' Behavioral and Brain Sciences'','' 28''(2), 220-221. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0140525X05490044 Vlachopoulos, S. P., & Karageorghis, C. I. (2005). Interaction of external, introjected, and identified regulation with intrinsic motivation in exercise: relationships with exercise enjoyment. ''Journal of Applied Biobehavioral Research'', ''10''(2), 113-132. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1111/j.1751-9861.2005.tb00007.x }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=W29fU-1D2Uk In the mind of a psychopath] (TED, 2020) * [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30931827/ Malevolent motivation on the social plane] (NCBI, 2019) * [https://www.ted.com/talks/w_keith_campbell_the_psychology_of_narcissism?language=en The psychology of narcissism] (TED, 2016) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUlGtrHCGzs What Machiavellian really means] (TED, 2019) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Dark triad]] 1b11w9qihlcu6gofnbkpucqq2d8b2pt 0 277657 2415945 2415692 2022-08-18T00:08:48Z Jtneill 10242 Fix user names and titles/sub-titles wikitext text/x-wiki {{/Banner}} ==Motivation == # [[/Academic help-seeking/]] - What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered? - [[User:Ibm4444|Ibm4444]] # [[/Academic self-regulation/]] - What is academic self-regulation, why does it matter, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3216563|U3216563]] # [[/Actively open-minded thinking/]] - How can AOT be used to improve human performance? - [[User:Teermeej Hossain|Teermeej Hossain]] # [[/Active transport motivation/]] - What motivates use of active transport and how can people be encouraged to use it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Antidepressants and motivation/]] - What are the effects of popular antidepressants on motivation? - [[User:U3222363|U3222363]] # [[/Approach motivation/]] - What is approach motivation and how does it lead to behaviour? - [[User:U3189370|U3189370]] # [[/Behavioural economics and motivation/]] - What aspects of motivation theory are useful in behavioural economics? - [[User:U3141987|U3141987]] # [[/Behavioural model of health services/]] - What is the BMHS and how can it be used? - [[User:SoSilverLibby|SoSilverLibby]] # [[/Beneficence as a psychological need/]] - What is beneficence and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:CaitlinEmc|CaitlinEmc]] # [[/Brief motivational interviewing as a health intervention/]] - How can brief motivational interviewing be used as a health intervention? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Choice overload/]] - What is choice overload? What is the optimal amount of choice? - [[UserGeorgiaFairweather|GeorgiaFairweather]] # [[/Chunking and goal pursuit/]] - How does chunking affect goal pursuit? - [[User:GiovanniBartlett|GiovanniBartlett]] # [[/Cognitive entrenchment/]] - What is cognitive entrenchment and how can it be avoided? - [[User:JimmyOC1985|JimmyOC1985]] # [[/Climate change helplessness/]] - How does learned helpless impact motivation to engage in behaviours to limit climate change? - [[User:U3193000|U3193000]] # [[/Closeness communication bias/]] - What is the CCB, why does it occur, and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3215103|U3215103]] # [[/Commitment bias/]] - What motivates escalation of commitment even it does not lead to desirably outcomes? - [[User:U3203936|U3203936]] # [[/Comprehensive action determination model/]] - What is the CADM and how can it be applied to understanding human motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Conspiracy theory motivation/]] - What motivates people to believe in conspiracy theories? - [[User:KingMob221|KingMob221]] # [[/Construal level theory/]] - What is construal level theory and how can it be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Courage motivation/]] - What is courage, what motivates courage, and how can courage be enhanced? -[[User:Hanarose123|Hanarose123]] # [[/Death drive/]] - What is the death drive and how can it be negotiated? - [[User:U3086459|U3086459]] # [[/Discounts and consumer purchase behaviour/]] - What role do discounts play in consumer purchase behaviour? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Drugs-violence nexus and motivation/|Drugs-violence nexus and motivation]] - What is the role of motivation in the drugs-violence nexus? - [[Atu3202070|Atu3202070]] # [[/Domestic energy conservation motivation/]] - How can domestic energy conservation and reduced consumption be motivated and behaviour changed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic future thinking and delay discounting/]] - What is the relationship between between EFT and DD? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Episodic memory and planning/]] - What role does episodic memory play in planning? - [[User:U3246310|U3246310]] # [[/Equity theory/]] - What is equity theory and how can it be applied? - [[EKS2001|EKS2001]] # [[/ERG theory/]] - What is Alderfer's ERG theory? - [[User:Wuser1307|Wuser1307]] # [[/Environmental volunteering motivation/]] - What motivates environmental volunteering? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Frame of reference and motivation/]] - How does frame of reference affect motivation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Freedom and motivation/]] - What is the effect of freedom on motivation? - [[Cedevlin9|Cedevlin9]] # [[/Fully functioning person/]] - What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed? - [[User:Sebastian Armstrong|Sebastian Armstrong]] # [[/Functional fixedness/]] - What is functional fixedness and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3214117|U3214117]] # [[/Functional imagery training/]] - What is FIT and how can it be applied? - [[User:Btarmstrong24|Btarmstrong24]] # [[/Gamification and work motivation/]] - How can gamification enhance work motivation? - [[User:U3211125|U3211125]] # [[/Giving up goals/]] - When should we give up goals and when should we persist? - [[User:U3161584|U3161584]] # [[/Green prescription motivation/]] - What motivates green prescription compliance? - [[User:Earthxangel|Earthxangel]] # [[/Health belief model/]] - What is the HBM and how can it be used to enhance motivation for health-promoting behaviour? - [[User:Dee320|Dee320]] # [[/Help-seeking among boys/]] - What are the barriers to help-seeking for boys and what motivates them to seek help? - [[User:BradMcGrath|BradMcGrath]] # [[/Hidden costs of reward/]] - What are the hidden costs of motivating by reward? - [[User:SLoCE|SLoCE]] # [[/Hijack hypothesis of drug addiction/]] - What is the hijack hypothesis, what is the evidence, and how does it help to understand drug addiction? - [[U3218292|U3218292]] # [[/Honesty motivation/]] - What motivates honesty? - [[User:U3200859|U3200859]] # [[/Humour, leadership, and work/]] - What role does humour play in effective leadership in the workplace? - [[User:U3210264|U3210264]] # [[/IKEA effect/]] - What is the IKEA effect and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3216963|U3216963]] # [[/Intertemporal choice/]] - What are intertemporal choices and how can they be effectively negotiated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Kindness motivation/]] - What motivates kindness? - [[User:U3205429|U3205429]] # [[/Motivational music and exercise/]] - How can music be used to help motivate exercise? - [[User:U3183466|U3183466]] # [[/Non-residential energy conservation motivation/]] - How can non-residential building energy conservation and reduced consumption be motivated and behaviour changed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Novelty-variety as a psychological need/]] - What is novelty-variety and what are its implications as a psychological need? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Nucleus accumbens and motivation/]] - What role does the nucleus accumbens play in motivation? - [[User:U3213250|U3213250]] # [[/Perfectionism/]] - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed? - [[User:AEMOR|AEMOR]] # [[/Physiological needs/]] - How do human's physiological needs affect motivation? - [[User:U3203655|U3203655]] # [[/Protection motivation theory and COVID-19/]] - How does PMT apply to managing COVID-19? - [[User:U3200956|U3200956]] # [[/Psychological trauma and subsequent drug use/]] - How does psychological trauma motivate drug use? What are the strategies for treating trauma-induced drug use? - [[User:U3210431|U3210431]] # [[/Relative deprivation and motivation/]] - What is the effect of relative deprivation on motivation? - [[User:U3191574 (PHP)|U3191574 (PHP)]] # [[/Retrospective regret/]] - What is the motivational role of retrospective regret? - [[User:Will-U3214082|Will-U3214082]] # [[/Revenge motivation/]] - What motivates revenge and how does it affect us? - [[User:U3216654|U3216654]] # [[/Self-efficacy and academic achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in academic achievement? - [[User:U943292|U943292]] # [[/Self-efficacy and achievement/]] - What role does self-efficacy play in achievement outcomes? - [[User:U3216513mt|U3216513mt]] # [[/Sexual harassment at work motivation/]] - What motivates sexual harassment at work and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3037979|U3037979]] # [[/Signature strengths/]] - What are signature strengths and how can they be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Social cure/]] - What is the social cure and how can it be applied? - [[User:U3215976|U3215976]] # [[/Staff retention motivation/]] - How can organisations and managers help to motivate long-term retention of employees? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/System justification theory/]] - What is SJT, how does it affect our lives, and what can be done about it? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Stretch goals/]] - What are stretch goals? Do they work? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Sublimation/]] - What is sublimation and how can it be fostered? - [[User:Emily.desilva|Emily.desilva]] # [[/Survival needs and motivation/]] - What are survival needs and how do they influence motivation? - [[User:U3148161|U3148161]] # [[/Task initiation/]] - What are the challenges with task initiation and how to get get started? - [[User:StormSar|StormSar]] # [[/Theoretical domains framework/]] - What is the TDF and how can be used to guide behaviour change? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Time and motivation/]] - What is the effect of time on motivation? - [[User:Lturner2311|Lturner2311]] # [[/Time management/]] - How can one's time be managed effectively? - [[User:CNK.20|CNK.20]] # [[/To-do lists/]] - Are to-do lists a good idea? What are their pros and cons? How can they be used effectively? - [[User:U3207458|U3207458]] # [[/Treatment motivation in juvenile delinquency/]] - What is the role of treatment motivation for juvenile delinquency and how can it be enhanced? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Uncertainty avoidance/]] - What is uncertainty avoidance, why does it occur, and what are its consequences? - [[User:Franklin Brightt|Franklin Brightt]] # [[/Urgency bias and productivity/]] - What is the impact of urgency bias on productivity and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3055143|U3055143]] # [[/Vocational identity/]] - What is vocational identity and how does it develop? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Volunteer tourism motivation/]] - What motivates volunteer tourism? - [[User:U962051|U962051]] # [[/Wanting and liking/]] - What are the similarities and differences between wanting and liking, and what are the implications? - [[User:U3201643|U3201643]] # [[/Work breaks, well-being, and productivity/]] - How do work breaks affect well-being and productivity? - [[User:U3215603|U3215603]] # [[/Work and flow/]] - What characteristics of work can produce flow and how can flow at work be fostered? - [[User:U3213441|U3213441]] ==Emotion== # [[/Animal emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of animals? - [[User:U3216502|u3203545]] # [[/Attributions and emotion/]] - How do attributions affect emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Autonomous sensory meridian response and emotion/]] - What emotions are involved in ASMR experiences and why do they occur? - [[User:U3186959|U3186959]] # [[/Benzodiazepines and emotion/]] - What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion? - [[User:FulaAjeo22|FulaAjeo22]] # [[/Bewilderment/]] - What is bewilderment and how can it be dealt with? - [[User:SunandaUC|SunandaUC]] # [[/Burnout/]] - What is burnout and how can be it be managed and prevented? - [[User:U3202788|U3202788]] # [[/Cognitive dissonance reduction/]] - What strategies do people use to reduce cognitive dissonance and how effective are they? - [[User:Tatjurate|Tatjurate]] # [[/Colonisation and emotion in Australia/]] - What are the emotional responses to colonisation in Australia? - [[User:Micabaker1|Micabaker1]] # [[/Compassion/]] - What is compassion, what are its pros and cons, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3203545|U3203545]] # [[/Compassion fatigue in mental health professionals/]] - What causes compassion fatigue in MH professionals and how can it be prevented? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Connection to country and well-being/]] - What is the relationship between connection to country and well-being? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Contempt/]] - What is contempt, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:U3202788|U3219905]] # [[/Core emotions/]] - What are the core emotions and what is their function? U3203140 # [[/Creative arts and trauma/]] - How can creative arts help in dealing with trauma? - [[User:SashaBrooksby|SashaBrooksby]] # [[/Cultural influences on shame, guilt, and pride/]] - How does culture influence shame, guilt, and pride? - [[User:Tamika Afeaki|Tamika Afeaki]] # [[/Default mode network and the self/]] - What is the relationship between the DMN and the self? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Difficult conversations and emotion/]] - What communication and emotional skills are needed to successfully negotiate difficult conversations? - [[User:U3158968|U3158968]] # [[/Disappointment/]] - What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] # [[/DMT and spirituality/]] - How can DMT facilitate spiritual experiences? - [[User:DenniseSoleymani|DenniseSoleymani]] # [[/Durability bias in affective forecasting/]] - What role does durability bias play in affective forecasting? -]] [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Ecological grief/]] - What is ecological grief and what can be done about it? - [[User:Brewerjr|Brewerjr]] # [[/Ecopsychology and stress/]] - How can ecopsychology help to explain and deal with stress? - [[User:Jdebear|Jdebear]] # [[/Embarrassment/]] - What is embarrassment, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:U3190353|U3190353 # [[/Emotional intelligence training/]] - How can emotional intelligence be trained? - [[User:Eimilerous22|Eimilerous22]] # [[/Emotion knowledge/]] - What is emotion knowledge and how can it be developed? - [[User:GabbieUC|GabbieUC]] # [[/Emotion across the lifespan/]] - How does emotion develop across the lifespan? - [[User:U3230861|U3230861]] # [[/Endocannabinoid system and emotion/]] - What is the role of the endocannabinoid system in emotion? - [[User:RWilliams12|Rwilliams12]] # [[/Environmental grief/]] - What is eco-grief, its causes and consequences, and what can be done? - [[User:Gabrielle Eagling|Gabrielle Eagling]] # [[/Exercise and endocannabinoids/]] - What is the relationship between exercise and the endocannabinoid system? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Expressive suppression and emotion regulation/]] - What is the role of expressive suppression in emotion regulation? - [[User:U3131472|U3131472]] # [[/Fairness and emotion/]] - What is the relation between fairness and emotion? - [[User:U3246554|U3246554]] # [[/Fatigue and emotion/]] - What is the effect of fatigue on emotion and what can be done about it? - [[User:Lewis.Kusk|Lewis.Kusk]] # [[/Fear/]] - What is fear, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Icantchooseone|Icantchooseone]] # [[/Fear of working out/]] - What is FOWO and how can it be overcome? - [[User:U3216963|U3216963]] # [[/Flourishing in the elderly/]] - How can psychological flourishing be supported in the elderly? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Fundamental attribution error and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between the FAE and emotion? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gratitude and subjective wellbeing/]] - What is the relationship between gratitude and subjective wellbeing? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Gloatrage/]] - What is gloatrage, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Heart rate variability and emotion regulation/]] - What is the relationship between HRV and emotion regulation? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hedonic adaptation prevention model/]] - What is the HAP model and how can it be applied? - [[User:Lyndel Lemon|Lyndel Lemon]] # [[/Humility/]] - What is humility, what causes it, and is it desirable? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Hypomania and emotion/]] - What are the emotional characteristics of hypomania? - [[User:Alec.cortez|Alec.cortez]] # [[/Impact bias/]] - What is impact bias, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be avoided? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[Indigenous Australian emotionality]] - In what ways is emotionality experienced by Indigenous Australian people? - [[User:U3189442 - K.Ryan|U3189442 - K.Ryan]] # [[/Indigenous Australian mindfulness/]] - How has Indigenous Australian culture traditionally conceived of, and practiced, mindfulness? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Inspiration/]] - What is inspiration, what causes it, what are its consequences, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3230861|U3227354]] # [[/Insular cortex and emotion/]] - What role does the insular cortex play in emotion? - [[User:U3190094|U3190094]] # [[/Interoception and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between interoception and emotion? - [[User:U3203265|U3203265]] # [[/Kama muta/]] - What is kama muta, what are its effects, and how can it be fostered? - [[User:U3183521|U3183521]] # [[/Linguistic relativism and emotion/]] - What is the role of linguistic relativism in emotion? - [[User:U3119310|U3119310]] # [[/Menstrual cycle mood disorders/]] - What causes menstrual cycle mood disorders and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3217109|U3217109]] # [[/Mental toughness in the workplace/]] - What can mental toughness be useful in the workplace? How can it be developed? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Mindfulness and creativity/]] - How can mindfulness enhance creativity? - [[User:CaityDcr1603|U3217109]] # [[/Mindful self-care/]] - What is mindful self-care, why does it matter, and how can it be developed? - [[User:Clairelogan|Clairelogan]] # [[/Mixed emotions/]] - What are mixed emotions, what causes them, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3210490|U3210490]] # [[/Mudita/]] - What is mudita and how can it be developed? -[[User:Inandonit365|Inandonit365]] # [[/Natural disasters and emotion/]] - How do people respond emotionally to natural disasters and how can they be supported? -[[User:U3148366_Chris|U3148366_Chris]] # [[/Nature therapy/]] - What is nature therapy and how can it be applied? - [[User:Ana028|Ana028]] # [[/Narcissism and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between narcissism and emotion? - [[User:A Super Villain|A Super Villain]] # [[/Narrative therapy and emotion/]] - What is the role of emotion in narrative therapy? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Needle fear/]] - How does needle fear develop, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:U3166273|U3166273]] # [[/Occupational violence, emotion, and coping/]] - What are the emotional impacts of occupational violence and how can employees cope? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Positivity ratio/]] - What is the positivity ratio and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Post-traumatic stress disorder and emotion/]] - What is the effect of PTSD on emotion? - [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] # [[/Psychological distress/]] - What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed? - [[User:U3190773|U3190773]] # [[/Psychological trauma/]] - What causes psychological trauma, what are the consequences, and how can people recover from psychological trauma? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Psilocybin assisted psychotherapy/]] - How can psilocybin be used to assist psychotherapy? - [[User:U3083720|U3083720]] # [[/Rational compassion/]] - What is rational compassion and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Reflected glory/]] - What is reflected glory and what are its pros and cons? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Religiosity and coping/]] - What is the relationship between religiosity and coping? - [[User:Noah O'Brien|Noah O'Brien]] # [[/Resentment/]] - What is resentment, what causes it, and what are its consequences? - [[User:U3216389|U3216389]] # [[/Risk-as-feelings/]] - What is the emotional experience of risk and how does it influence decision-making and behaviour? - [[User:BenjiD'Ange|BenjiD'Ange]] # [[/Self-esteem and culture/]] - What are the cultural influences on self-esteem? - [[User:Jingru shao 0906|Jingru shao0906]] # [[/Smiling and emotion/]] - What is the relationship between smiling and emotion? - [[User:U3200902|U3200902]] # [[/Social media and suicide prevention/]] - How can social media be used to help prevent suicide? - [[JaimeTegan|JaimeTegan]] # [[/Sorry business/]] - What is sorry business and what role does it play in Indigenous communities in Australia? - [[User:Isaacem13|Isaacem13]] # [[/Stress control mindset/]] - What is a SCM, why does it matter, and how can it be cultivated? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Suffering as emotion/]] - What is the emotional experience of suffering and how can people cope with suffering? - [[User:Brookewin|Brookewin]] # [[/Telemental health/]] - What are the pros and cons of TMH and what are the key ingredients for effective TMH practices? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Topophilia/]] - What is topophilia, how does it develop, and what are the psychological impacts? - [[User:RSPMeredith|RSPMeredith]] # [[/Triumph/]] - What is triumph, what causes it, and how can it be managed? - [[User:Bill.miosge|Bill.miosge]] # [[/Unemployment and mental health/]]: What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health? - [[User:U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn|U3216958 - Tiarna.Wilson-Ginn]] # [[/Viewing natural scenes and emotion/]] - What is the effect of viewing natural scenes on emotion and how can this be applied? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Wave metaphor for emotion/]] - In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? - [[User:Jamieepiper|Jamieepiper]] # [[/Window of tolerance/]] - What is the window of tolerance and how it be applied? - [[User:U3223109|U3223109]] # [[/Workplace mental health training/]] - What is WMHT, what techniques are used, and what are the impacts? - [[User:ArtOfHappiness|ArtOfHappiness]] # [[/Zoom fatigue/]] - What is Zoom fatigue, what causes it, what are its consequences, and what can be done about it? - [[User:u3211603|U3211603]] ==Motivation and emotion== # [[/Financial investing, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in financial investing? - [[User:U3217287|U3217287]] # [[/Hostage negotiation, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does motivation and emotion play in hostage negotiation? - [[User:U3213549|U3213549]] # [[/Money priming, motivation, and emotion/]] - What is the effect of money priming on motivation and emotion? - [[User:Molzaroid|Molzaroid]] # [[/Motivational dimensional model of affect/]] - What is the motivational dimensional model of affect and what are its implications? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Napping, motivation, and emotion/]] - What are the motivational and emotional effects of napping? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Overchoice, emotion, and motivation/]] - What are the emotional and motivational effects of overchoice? - [[User:MyUserName|MyUserName]] # [[/Patience and impatience/]] - What are the psychological causes and consequences of patience and impatience? - [[User:U3100193|U3100193]] # [[/Reward system, motivation, and emotion/]] - What role does the reward system play in motivation and emotion? - [[User:U3162201|U3162201]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/2022]] gkndg8l3avwc83chxdc7woiu1hkodpi 0 277671 2415879 2415698 2022-08-17T17:09:34Z Greg at Higher Math Help 2911873 Added icon to the section with the list of participating individuals. wikitext text/x-wiki {{Eventmath tabs}} <div style="float:left; width:70%;"> {{TOC limit|2}} ==About Eventmath participants== Eventmath participants are math educators who contribute to the project in many ways: * using Eventmath lesson plans in the classroom * endorsing lesson plans based on classroom experience * spreading awareness at school or on social media (hashtag: #Eventmath) * linking to Eventmath from a personal or organizational website * creating or improving lesson plans * providing peer review * hosting workshops or edit-a-thons * etc. On this page, you can learn about the people and organizations doing this important work. We welcome you to add yourself or your organization! ==How to create an account== If you already have a Wikipedia account, that will work on Wikiversity as well. In fact, '''an account on any one Wikimedia project will work across all projects'''. If you don’t have an account yet, you can [[Special:CreateAccount|create a Wikiversity account]] for free. It’s possible to edit without an account, but we highly recommend creating one. Here are a few of the things an account allows you to do: * Create a [[Help:User_page|user page]] * Build a [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:User_contributions contribution history] * Participate on [[Help:Talk_page|talk pages]] more easily by [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Signatures signing] comments with your username * Follow changes in pages you add to your [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Watchlist watchlist] (you can even set up [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Email_notification email notifications]) * Prevent your IP address from being revealed (edits made while logged in are publicly associated with your username instead) ==How to join the participant lists== ===Organizations=== To enter your information, just click "edit source" down below, next to the heading [[Eventmath/Participants#List_of_participating_organizations|"List of participating organizations"]], and type away! You’re welcome to include any of these details: * Organization name * Social media handle * Website * Brief description ** Nature of Eventmath participation (e.g. promotion, hosting of workshops, organization of peer review) ** Benefits to Eventmath participants (e.g. newsletters, conferences, open-access journals) ===Individuals=== To enter your information, just click the "Join as individual" button below, and type away! You’re welcome to include any of these details: * Name * Social media handle * Wikiversity user page * Brief bio For the bio, you might include your interests and how you participate in Eventmath. <strong>If you make a mistake or need to update your information, don't worry.</strong> * You can edit your entry in the [[Eventmath/Participants/List|List]]. * If you do, and your updates don't appear immediately, you can click this {{Purge|purge link}} to make the update happen right away. <div style="float:left; margin-bottom:2em;"> <inputbox> type=commenttitle hidden=yes page={{FULLPAGENAME}}/List buttonlabel=Join as individual arialabel=Join the Eventmath participants list editintro=Eventmath/Participant list entry instructions preload=Template:Eventmath participant list entry </inputbox> </div> <div style="clear:left;"> </div> </div> <div style="float:left; width:30%;"> [[File:Eventmath_logo_bitmap_graphic.png|200px]] </div> <div> <div style="float:left; width:70%;"> ==List of participating organizations== <!-- INSTRUCTIONS: 1. Copy and paste the model entry below this comment. 2. Replace model text with your information. 3. Leave markup in place (=== for level 3 heading, * for bullet, '' for italics, [] for links). 4. Click "Show preview" at the bottom of this editor to see how your entry will appear. 5. Click "Publish changes" at the bottom of this editor once you're satisfied! MODEL ENTRY: ===Organization name=== * ''Twitter:'' [URL-of-twitter-profile @Twitter-username] * ''Website:'' [URL-of-organization-website text-to-display] * ''Description:'' Here, write a few sentences about how your organization participates in Eventmath. For example, this might include project promotion, hosting of workshops, or organization of peer review. If you like, you're welcome to share how your organization might benefit the Eventmath community. For example, this might include newsletter offerings, conference opportunities, or open-access journals. NOTES: A. To omit any information, simply delete the associated line of the model entry. B. If you need to insert any additional markup, click "Help" in the toolbar of this editor. --> ===The National Numeracy Network=== * ''Website:'' [http://www.nnn-us.org/ http://www.nnn-us.org/] * ''Description:'' The National Numeracy Network (NNN) promotes education that integrates quantitative skills across all disciplines and at all levels. To this end, the Network supports faculty development, curriculum design, assessment strategies, education research and systemic change. The NNN promotes Eventmath to its membership, has hosted a facilitated discussion on Eventmath at the recent NNN conference, and organizes edit-a-thons. ===The Special Interest Group of the Mathematical Association of America on Quantitative Literacy (SIGMAA QL)=== * ''Website:'' [http://sigmaa.maa.org/ql/ http://sigmaa.maa.org/ql/] * ''Description:'' SIGMAA QL is the Special Interest Group of the MAA which focuses on Quantitative Literacy (QL). SIGMAA QL aims to provide a structure within the mathematics community to identify the prerequisite mathematical skills for quantitative literacy (QL) and find innovative ways of developing and implementing QL curricula. The SIGMAA on QL sponsored a talk on Eventmath at MathFest in 2021, and has shared Eventmath with its membership, via its message board. </div> <div style="float:left; width:30%;"> [[File:Noun project organization icon.svg|Noun project organization icon|200px]] </div> <div style="float:left; width:70%;"> ==List of participating individuals== {{/List}} </div> <div style="float:left; width:30%;"> [[File:Simpleicons Places map-marker-with-a-person-shape.svg|Simpleicons Places map-marker-with-a-person-shape|200px]] </div> </div> {{Eventmath end tab}} [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] ifjeb2jxjf15mil9wrrpwhg6d7abqns 2 277702 2416019 2410618 2022-08-18T03:54:03Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography}} '''[[User:Jtwsaddress42/People_R|<big>R</big>]]''' {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} * {{cite journal | last1= Raban | first1= Morton | last2= Mislow | first2= Kurt | year= 1966 | title= The Determination Of Optical Purity By Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy II - Compounds Which Owe Their Dissymmetry To Deuterium Substitution | journal= Tetrahedron Letters | volume= 7 | number= 33 | pages= 3961-3966 | doi= 10.1016/S0040-4039(00)70010-4 | url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040403900700104 }} * {{cite book | last= Raff | first= Lionel M. | year= 1999 | title= Principles of Physical Chemistry | publisher= Prentice Hall | publication-date= 2001 | isbn= 978-0-130-27805-0 | url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/Principles_of_Physical_Chemistry/fXKCQgAACAAJ?hl=en }} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Raff,_Rudolf}} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Raine, Suzanne}} * {{cite journal | last1= Ram | first1= Monika | last2= Babbar | first2= Shashi B. | year= 2002 | title= Transient Existence of Life Without a Cell Membrane: A Novel Strategy of Siphonous Seaweed for Survival and Propagation | journal= BioEssays | volume= 27 | number= 7 | pages= 588-590 | publication-date= July 2002 | pmid= 12111719 | doi= 10.1002/bies.10117 | url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/bies.10117 }} * {{cite journal | last1= Ramachandran | first1= G.N. | last2= Ramakrishnan | first2= C. | last3= Saisekharan | first3= V. | year= 1963 | title= Stereochemistry of Polypeptide Chain Configurations | journal= Journal of Molecular Biology | volume= 7, | pages= 95-99 | publication-date= July 1963 | pmid= 13990617 | doi= 10.1016/s0022-2836(63)80023-6 | url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022283663800236?via%3Dihub }} * {{cite journal | last1= Ramakrishnan | first1= C. | last2= Ramachandran | first2= G.N. | year= 1965 | title= Stereochemical Criteria for Polypeptide and Protein Chain Conformations II. 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of Science | publisher= Norton | isbn= 978-0-393-30409-1 | publication-date= 1987 | url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/Zl57PwAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiD2b7ckez1AhWfIEQIHb9bDCkQ8fIDegQIERAL }} * {{cite journal | last1= Rebstock | first1= Anne-Sophie | last2= Mongin | first2= Florence | last3= Trecourt | first3= Francois | last4= Queguiner | first4= Guy | year= 2004 | title= Regioselectivities In Deprotonation Of 2-(4-Chloro-2-Pyridyl)Benzoic Acid And Corresponding Ester And Amide | journal= Tetrahedron Letters | volume= 60 | number= 10 | pages= 2181-2186 | publication-date= March 1, 2004 | doi= 10.1016/j.tet.2004.01.050 | url= https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0040402004001164?via%3Dihub }} * {{cite journal | last1= Reddy | first1= Chanda Raji | last2= Dharmapuri | first2= Gajula | last3= Rao | first3= Nagavaram Narsimha | year= 2009 | title= Synthesis Of The Macrocyclic Core of Iriomoteolide 3a | journal= Organic Letters | volume= 11 | number= 24 | 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"the time and geology dated before the Phanerozoic"<ref name=PrecambrianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=Precambrian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Precambrian |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> or the "eon (or supereon) and rock formations dated before 541.0±1.0 million years ago, coinciding with the first appearance of the fossils of hard-shelled animals"<ref name=PrecambrianWikt/> is called the '''Precambrian'''. '''Usage notes''' The International Commission on Stratigraphy, which attempts to standardize the vocabulary of the field, is revising the boundaries between time periods based on physical-science methods rather than the kinds of fossils present.<ref name=PrecambrianWikt/> The boundary between the Precambrian and the Phanerozoic has been changed from time to time and will be subject to change.<ref name=PrecambrianWikt/> ==Periods== {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Precambrian ! Name (English)<ref>Names from local versions of the geologic timescale can often be found in the local language. The English name is usually found by replacing the suffix in the local language for -an or -ian. Examples for "local" suffices are -en ([[French]]), -ano ([[Spanish]]), -ium ([[German]]), -aidd ([[w:Welsh language|Welsh]]) or -aan (Flemish [[w:Dutch language|Dutch]]). The English name "Norian", for example, becomes Noriano in Spanish, Norium in German, Noraidd in Welsh or Norien in French.</ref> ! base/start ([[w:Megaannum|Ma]])<ref name="time">Time is given in Megaannum (million years [[w:Before Present|BP]], unless other units are given in the table. BP stands for "years before present". For ICS-units the absolute ages are taken from Gradstein ''et al.'' (2004).</ref> ! top/end ([[w:Megaannum|Ma]])<ref name="time" /> ! status ! subdivision of ! usage ! named after ! author, year |- |[[Geochronology#Adelaidean|Adelaidean]] |1,300 |542 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Australia |[[w:Adelaide|Adelaide]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Aimchanian|Aimchanian]] | |1100 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Siberia | | |- |[[Geochronology#Algonkian|Algonkian]] | |543 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |international |[[w:Algonquian peoples|Algonquian native peoples]] of Canada | |- |[[w:Amazonian (epoch)|Amazonian]] |~1,800 |present |Martian epoch |Martian epoch |[[Mars]] |[[w:Amazonis Planitia|Amazonis Planitia]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Animikean|Animikean]] |2,225 |1,400 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |North America (obsolete) | | |- |[[Geochronology#Aphebian|Aphebian]] |2500 |1600 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |North America | | |- |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archean]] |none |2,500 |eon |[[Geochronology#Precambrian|Precambrian]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Azoic|Azoic]] | | |eon |[[Geochronology#Precambrian|Precambrian]] | | | |- |[[Geochronology#Baikalian|Baikalian]] |850 |650 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Siberia |[[w:Lake Baikal|Lake Baikal]] | |- |[[Basin Groups]] 1-9 |4,150 |3,850 |subperiod |Prenectarium |[[Moon]] (unofficial) |groups of [[w:impact basin|impact basin]]s | |- |[[Geochronology#Brioverian|Brioverian]] |~680 |~600 |age |[[Geochronology#Neoproterozoic|Neoproterozoic]] |[[Armorican Massif]], France | | |- |[[Geochronology#Burzyan|Burzyan]] |1,400 |1,375 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Russia | | |- |[[Geochronology#Calymmian|Calymmian]] |1,600 |1,400 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Carpentarian|Carpentarian]] |1,800 |1,300 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Australia |[[Gulf of Carpentaria]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Cryogenian ice age|Cryogenian]] |850 |635.5 ± 1.2<ref name=Hoffmann2004>{{cite journal | author = Hoffmann, K.H. | date = 2004-09-01 | title = U-Pb zircon date from the Neoproterozoic Ghaub Formation, Namibia: Constraints on Marinoan glaciation | journal = Geology | volume = 32 | issue = 9 | pages = 817–820 | doi = 10.1130/G20519.1 | last2 = Condon | first2 = D.J. | last3 = Bowring | first3 = S.A. | last4 = Crowley | first4 = J.L. |bibcode = 2004Geo....32..817H }}</ref> |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS |''frozen beginning'' | |- |[[w:Cryptic era|Cryptic]] |4,567 |4,150 |epoch |Prenectarian |[[Moon]] (unofficial) |''hidden'' | |- |[[Early Imbrian]] |3850 |3800 |period | |[[Moon]] |[[w:Mare Imbrium|Mare Imbrium]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Ectasian|Ectasian]] |1,400 |1,200 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Ediacaran|Ediacaran]] |635.5 ± 1.2<ref name="Hoffmann2004" /> |542.0 ± 1.0 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS |[[w:Ediacara Hills|Ediacara Hills]] (Australia) | |- |[[Geochronology#Eoarchean|Eoarchean]] |none |3.600 |era |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archean]] |ICS | | |- |[[Eratosthenian]] |3,200 |1,100 |period | |[[Moon]] |[[w:Eratosthenes (crater)|Eratosthenes]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Fupingan|Fupingan]] |3,100 |2,600 |age |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archaean]] |China | | |- |[[Geochronology#Hadean|Hadean]] |none |4000 |eon |[[Geochronology#Precambrian|Precambrian]] |ICS |[[w:Hades|Hades]], [[w:hell|hell]] |[[w:Preston Cloud|Cloud]], 1972 |- |[[Geochronology#Hadrynian|Hadrynian]] |850 |542 |age |[[Geochronology#Neoproterozoic|Neoproterozoic]] |North America | | |- |[[Geochronology#Helikian|Helikian]] |1,600 |850 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |North America | | |- |[[Hesperian]] |~3,500 |~1,800 |Martian epoch | |[[Mars]] |[[w:Hesperia Planum|Hesperia Planum]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Huronian ice age|Huronian]] |2,500 |1,400 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |worldwide (obsolete) | | |- |[[Imbrian]] |3,850 |3,200 |period | |[[Moon]] |[[w:Mare Imbrium|Mare Imbrium]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Isuan|Isuan]] |3,800 |3,500 |age |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archaean]] |Europe | | |- |[[Geochronology#Jinningian|Jinningian]] |1,750 |800 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |China | | |- |[[Geochronology#Karatau|Karatau]] |1,100 |800 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Russia | | |- |[[Geochronology#Luliangian|Luliangian]] |2,350 |1,750 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |China | | |- |[[Geochronology#Mayanan|Mayanan]] |1100 |850 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Siberia | | |- |[[Geochronology#Mesoarchean|Mesoarchean]] |3,200 |2,800 |era |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archean]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Mesoproterozoic|Mesoproterozoic]] |1,600 |1,000 |era |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Mokolian|Mokolian]] |2,050 |900 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |South Africa | | |- |[[Geochronology#Namibian|Namibian]] |900 |542 |age |[[Geochronology#Neoproterozoic|Neoproterozoic]] |South Africa |[[Namibia]] | |- |[[Nectarian]] |3920 |3850 |period | |[[Moon]] |[[w:Mare Nectaris|Mare Nectaris]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Neoarchean|Neoarchean]] |2,800 |2,500 |era |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archean]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Neoproterozoic|Neoproterozoic]] |1,000 |542.0 ± 1.0 |era | |ICS | | |- |[[Noachian]] |none |~3,500 |Martian epoch | |[[Mars]] |[[w:Noachis Terra|Noachis Terra]] | |- |[[Geochronology#Nullaginian|Nullaginian]] |2,500 |1,800 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Australia | | |- |[[Geochronology#Orosirian|Orosirian]] |2,050 |1,800 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Paleoarchean|Paleoarchean]] |3,600 |3,200 |era |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archean]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Paleoproterozoic|Paleoproterozoic]] |2,500 |1,600 |era |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Precambrian|Precambrian]] |none |542.0 ± 1.0 |none (before: eon) | |worldwide |''before the Cambrian'' | |- |[[Prenectarian]] |4567 |3850 |period | |[[Moon]] |''before the Nectarian'' | |- |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |2,500 |542.0 ± 1.0 |eon | |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Randian|Randian]] |3,000 |2,500 |age |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archaean]] |South Africa | | |- |[[Geochronology#Rhyacian|Rhyacian]] |2,300 |2,050 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Riphean|Riphean]] |1,650 |650 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |worldwide (obsolete) | | |- |[[Geochronology#Siderian|Siderian]] |2,500 |2,300 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Sinian|Sinian]] |800 |542 |age |[[Geochronology#Neoproterozoic|Neoproterozoic]] |China | | |- |[[Geochronology#Statherian|Statherian]] |1,800 |1,600 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Stenian|Stenian]] |1,200 |1,000 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Sturtian|Sturtian]] |~730 | |age |[[Geochronology#Neoproterozoic|Neoproterozoic]] |worldwide, unofficial | | |- |[[Geochronology#Swazian|Swazian]] |4,000 |3,000 |age |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archaean]] |South Africa | | |- |[[Geochronology#Tonian|Tonian]] |1,000 |850 |period |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |ICS | | |- |[[Geochronology#Vaalian|Vaalian]] |2,500 |2,050 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |South Africa | | |- |[[Geochronology#Vendian|Vendian]] |~610 |542.0 ± 1.0 |subera |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |worldwide (obsolete) | | |- |[[Geochronology#Wutaian|Wutaian]] |2,600 |2,350 |age |[[Geochronology#Archean|Archaean]]-[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |China | | |- |[[Geochronology#Yurmatian|Yurmatian]] |1,375 |1,100 |age |[[Geochronology#Proterozoic|Proterozoic]] |Russia | | |} ==Proterozoic== '''Def.''' "the eon from 2,500 Ma to 541.0±1.0 Ma, the beginning of the Phanerozoic, marked by the build up of oxygen in the atmosphere and the emergence of primitive multicellular life"<ref name=ProterozoicWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Proterozoic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Proterozoic |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Proterozoic'''. ==Upper Adelaidean== [[Image:Adelaidean upper.png|thumb|right|300px|Early Adelaidean stratigraphic column of Umberatana and Wilpena Groups show locations of ages. Credit: K.H. Mahan, B.P. Wernicke, and M.J. Jercinovic.]] The Adelaidean appears to encompass the Delamerian Granites and the Adelaide Rift Complex. "The deposits include the type sections for the often globally correlated Sturtian and Marinoan glacial sequences (e.g., Preiss, 2000) and the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the newly defined Ediacaran Period (Knoll et al., 2004)."<ref name=Mahan/> The later Adelaidean includes the Burra and Caliana Groups.<ref name=Mahan>{{ cite journal |author=K.H. Mahan, B.P. Wernicke, and M.J. Jercinovic |title=Th–U–total Pb geochronology of authigenic monazite in the Adelaide rift complex, South Australia, and implications for the age of the type Sturtian and Marinoan glacial deposits |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=15 January |year=2010 |volume=289 |issue=1-2 |pages=76-86 |url=ftp://eclogite.geo.umass.edu/pub/probe/other/Mahan_etal_2010_Adelaide_Mzt.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-01-17 }}</ref> {{clear}} ==Neoproterozoic== '''Def.''' "a geologic era within the Proterozoic eon; comprises the Tonian, Cryogenian and Ediacaran periods from about 1000 to 544 million years ago, when algae and sponges flourished"<ref name=NeoproterozoicWikt>{{ cite book |title=Neoproterozoic, In: ''Wiktionary'' |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=7 October 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Neoproterozoic |accessdate=13 February 2015 }}</ref> is called the '''Neoproterozoic'''. ==Ediacaran== [[Image:Ediacaran base GSSP.png|thumb|right|250px|Amongst the depositional sequences of the Ediacaran and Cambrian is the Ediacaran base GSSP. Credit: James G. Gehling and Mary L. Droser.]] [[Image:Ediacaran-GSSP-IMGP6652-.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The 'golden spike' (bronze disk in the lower section of the image) or 'type section' of the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Ediacaran System. Credit: [[w:user:Peter Neaum|Peter Neaum]].]] [[Image:Ediacaran GSSP - closeup.JPG|thumb|left|250px|The 'golden spike' marks the GSSP. Credit: [[c:user:Bahudhara|Bahudhara]].]] "In the central Flinders Ranges the 4.5 km thick Umberatana Group encompasses the two main phases of glacial deposition (see Thomas et al., 2012). The carbonaceous, calcareous and pyritic Tindelpina Shale Member, of the interglacial Tapley Hill Formation, caps the Fe-rich diamictite and tillite formations of the Sturt glaciation. The upper Cryogenian glacials of the Elatina Formation are truncated by the Nuccaleena Formation at the base of the Wilpena Group and the Ediacaran System."<ref name=Gehling/> "In 2004, the Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the terminal Proterozoic was placed near the base of the Nuccaleena Formation in Enorama Creek in the central Flinders Ranges [in the image on the right], thus establishing the Ediacaran System and Period (Knoll et al., 2006). As the Nuccaleena Formation has not been accurately dated, a date of c. 635 Ma from near-correlative levels in Namibia and China is presumed for the base of the Ediacaran (Hoffmann et al., 2004; Condon et al., 2005; Zhang et al., 2005)."<ref name=Gehling>{{ cite journal |author=James G. Gehling and Mary L. Droser |title=Ediacaran stratigraphy and the biota of the Adelaide Geosyncline, South Australia |journal=Episodes |date=March |year=2012 |volume=35 |issue=1 |pages=236-46 |url=http://www.episodes.co.in/contents/2012/march/p236-246.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=2015-01-19 }}</ref> '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Neoproterozoic era from about 620 to 542 million years ago"<ref name=EdiacaranWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Ediacaran |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ediacaran |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Ediacaran'''. {{clear}} ==Gucheng== The Gucheng is apparently comparable to the Marinoan. ==Jiangkou== The Jiangkou spans the Chang'an through the Gucheng. ==Chang'an== The Chang'an occurred about 715.9 ± 2.8 Ma. ==Numees== The Numees has a Sturtian age. ==Tereeken== The Tereeken occurred < 727 ± 8 Ma. ==Port Nolloth== The Port Nolloth extends from the Kaigas formation upwards to the Murmees. ==Kaigas formation== The Kaigas glaciation was a hypothesized snowball earth event in the Neoproterozoic Era, preceding the Sturtian glaciation inferred based on the interpretation of Kaigas Formation conglomerates in the stratigraphy overlying the Kalahari Craton as correlative with pre-Sturtian Numees formation glacial diamictites;<ref name="Macdonald 2010">{{cite journal|last=Macdonald|first=F. A.|author2=Schmitz, M. D.|author3=Crowley, J. L.|author4= Roots, C. F.|author5= Jones, D. S.|author6= Maloof, A. C.|author7= Strauss, J. V.|author8= Cohen, P. A.|author9= Johnston, D. T.|author10= Schrag, D. P.|title=Calibrating the Cryogenian|journal=Science|date=4 March 2010|volume=327|issue=5970|pages=1241–1243|doi=10.1126/science.1183325|pmid=20203045}} (Duration and magnitude are enigmatic)</ref> however, the Kaigas formation was later determined to be non-glacial, and a Sturtian age was assigned to the Numees diamictites.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1130/G36511.1|title=A Cryogenian chronology: Two long-lasting synchronous Neoproterozoic glaciations|journal=Geology|volume=43|issue=5|pages=459|year=2015|last1=Rooney|first1=A. D.|last2=Strauss|first2=J. V.|last3=Brandon|first3=A. D.|last4=MacDonald|first4=F. A.|bibcode=2015Geo....43..459R}}</ref> ==Vendian== The Vendian occurred about 740 Ma. The Vendian concept was formed stratigraphically top-down, and the lower boundary of the Cambrian became the upper boundary of the Vendian.<ref name=Sokolov1952>{{cite journal | author = B. M. Sokolov | year = 1952 | title = On the age of the old sedimentary cover of the Russian Platform | journal = Izvestiya Akademii Nauk SSSR, Seriya Eologicheskaya | volume = 5 | pages = 21–31 }}</ref><ref name=Sokolov1997>Sokolov, B.S. (1997). "Essays on the Advent of the Vendian System." 153 pp. KMK Scientific Press, Moscow. (in Russian)</ref> Paleontological substantiation of this boundary was worked out separately for the siliciclastic basin (base of the Baltic Stage of the Eastern European Platform<ref name=Sokolov1965>Sokolov B. S. (1965) "Abstracts of All-Union Symposium on Paleontology of the Precambrian and Early Cambrian." Nauka, Novosibirsk.</ref>) and for the carbonate basin (base of the Tommotian Stage of the Siberian Platform).<ref name=Rozanov1969>{{cite journal |author1=Rozanov, A.Y. |author2=Missarzhevskij, V.V. |author3=Volkova, N.A. |author4=Voronova, L.G. |author5=Krylov, I.N. |author6=Keller, B.M. |author7=Korolyuk, I.K. |author8=Lendzion, K. |author9=Michniak, R. |author10=Pykhova, N.G. |author11= Sidorov, A.D. |last-author-amp=yes| year = 1969 | title = The Tommotian Stage and the problem of the lower boundary of the Cambrian | journal = Trudy Geologičeskogo Instituta AN SSSR | volume = 206 | pages = 1–380 }}</ref> "During the Vendian–Early Cambrian, a complex system of island arcs (Kuznetsk-Altay island arc system) was situated at the margin of the Siberian continent (Dobretsov et al., 2004, Safonova et al., 2011)."<ref name=Pouille/> "The Vendian-Cambrian sequence that crops out along the Katun’ River (northern Gorny Altai, Katun’ zone) is mainly composed of a thick sequence of biogenic carbonate sedimentary rocks that accumulated on shallow marine depositional environments of a basaltic plateau. They belong to two laterally coeval formations, which may reach 1000 m in thickness: the Baratal Formation, made essentially of thick-bedded partly stromatolitc limestones, underlain by black shales, and the Eskongo Formation, made of dark colored dolomites and limestones with some intercalations of chert [...]. These oldest parts of the Katun sedimentary sequence are considered as Vendian to Early Cambrian (Tommotian) in age; the Baratal Formation contains microphytolites of a Vendian age (Buslov ''et al.'', 1993, Zybin and Sergeev, 1978). The Eskongo Formation contains microphytolites, calcareous algae and shelly microfauna characteristic of a Vendian-Early Cambrian age (Terleev, 1991). A lot of sponge spicules (Protospongia sp. and Chancelloria sp. and specimens of Monaxonellida, Hexactinellida and Tetraxonida) were also identified in the siliceous levels of this Formation (Zybin ''et al.'', 2000)."<ref name=Pouille/> The lower boundary of the Vendian was suggested to be defined at the base of the Varanger (Laplandian) tillites.<ref name=Sokolov1997/><ref name=Fedonkin2007>{{cite web |title=Vendian versus Ediacaran: priorities, contents, prospectives |author1=M. A. Fedonkin |author2=B. S. Sokolov |author3=M. A. Semikhatov |author4=N. M. Chumakov |year=2007 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004184527/http://vendian.net76.net/Vendian_vs_Ediacaran.htm |archivedate=October 4, 2011 }} In: {{ cite web |title=The Rise and Fall of the Vendian (Ediacaran) Biota |date=August 20–31, 2007 |work=Origin of the Modern Biosphere. Transactions of the International Conference on the IGCP Project 493n Moscow: GEOS |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121122062305/http://www.geosci.monash.edu.au/precsite/docs/workshop/moscow07/transaction.pdf |archive-date=22 November 2012 }} (82mb)</ref> The Vendian in its type area consists of large subdivisions such as Laplandian, Redkino, Kotlin and Rovno Regional stages with the globally traceable subdivisions and their boundaries, including its lower one. The Redkino, Kotlin and Rovno regional stages have been substantiated in the type area of the Vendian on the basis of the abundant organic-walled microfossils, megascopic algae, metazoan body fossils and ichnofossils.<ref name=Sokolov1997/><ref name=SokolovFedonkin1984>{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1134/S0869593808060014| title = The Yudomian of Siberia, Vendian and Ediacaran systems of the International stratigraphic scale| year = 2008| last1 = Khomentovsky | first1 = V. V.| journal = Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation| volume = 16| issue = 6| pages = 581–598 |bibcode = 2008SGC....16..581K }}</ref> The lower boundary of the Vendian could have a biostratigraphic substantiation as well taking into consideration the worldwide occurrence of the Pertatataka assemblage of giant acanthomorph acritarchs.<ref name=Fedonkin2007/> ==Kundelungu== The Kundelungu is dated to 765 ± 5 Ma. ==Sinian== The Sinian spans approximately 800 to 542 Ma. ==Hadrynian== The Hadrynian (North America) spans 850 to 542 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> ==Namibian== The Namibian (South Africa) spans 900 to 542 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> ==Mesoproterozoic== '''Def.''' "a geologic era within the Proterozoic eon; comprises the Calymmian, Ectasian and Stennian periods from about 1600 to 900 million years ago, when the Rodinia supercontinent was formed"<ref name=MesoproterozoicWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Mesoproterozoic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesoproterozoic |accessdate=9 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Mesoproterozoic'''. ==Tonian== The Tonian spans 1000 to 850 Ma.<ref>{{cite web | title=Tonian Period | work=GeoWhen Database | url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Tonian.html | accessdate=January 5, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060512164244/http://www.stratigraphy.org/geowhen/stages/Tonian.html |archivedate = May 12, 2006}}</ref><ref name=Ogg>{{cite journal | author=James G. Ogg | title=Status on Divisions of the International Geologic Time Scale | journal=Lethaia | year=2004 | volume=37 | issue= 2| pages=183&ndash;199 | doi=10.1080/00241160410006492 }}</ref> The first putative metazoans (animal) fossils dated to the late Tonian (c. 800 Mya), e.g., the ''Otavia antiqua'', which has been described as a sponge, where dating is consistent with molecular data recovered through genetic studies on modern metazoan species; more recent studies have concluded that the base of the animal phylogenetic tree is in the Tonian.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kliman |first1=Richard M. |title=Encyclopedia of Evolutionary Biology |date=Apr 14, 2016 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=9780128004265 |page=251 }}</ref> '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Neoproterozoic era from about 1000 to 850 million years ago"<ref name=TonianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Tonian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Tonian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Tonian'''. ==Karatau== The Karatau spans 1100 to 800 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> ==Stenian== The Stenian spans 1200 to 1000 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> '''Def.''' the "final geologic period in the Mesoproterozoic Era, from 1200 million to 1000 million years ago"<ref name=StenianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Equinox|Equinox]] |title=Stenian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=29 January 2013 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Stenian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Stenian'''. The "Mount John Shale Member of the overlying Wade Creek Sandstone has been dated (Rb/Sr method) at 1.128±0.1 × 10⁹ yr BP¹."<ref name=Diver>{{ cite journal |author=W. L. Diver |title=Precambrian Microfossils of Carpentarian Age from Bungle Bungle Dolomite of Western Australia |journal=Nature |date=8 February 1974 |volume=247 |issue= |pages=361–363 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/247361a0 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1038/247361a0 |pmid= |accessdate=13 March 2019 }}</ref> ==Adelaidean== The Adelaidean (Australia) spans 1300 to 542 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> ==Ectasian== '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Mesoproterozoic era from about 1400 to 1200 million years ago"<ref name=EctasianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Ectasian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ectasian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Ectasian'''. ==Calymmian== '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Mesoproterozoic era from about 1600 to 1400 million years ago"<ref name=CalymmianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Calymmian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Calymmian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Calymmian'''. ==Helikian== The Helikian (North America) spans 1600 to 850 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> ==Paleoproterozoic== '''Def.''' "a geologic era within the Proterozoic eon; comprises the Siderian, Rhyacian, Orosirian and Statherian periods from about 2500 to 1600 million years ago, when cyanobacteria increased the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere and changed life on Earth for ever"<ref name=PaleoproterozoicWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Paleoproterozoic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paleoproterozoic |accessdate=2015-02-13 }}</ref> is called the '''Paleoproterozoic'''. {| class="wikitable" style="float:center" |+ Compilation of the reported Palaeoproterozoic diamictite units in the world<ref name=Tanga>{{ cite journal |author=Haoshu Tanga and Yanjing Chen |title=Global glaciations and atmospheric change at ca. 2.3 Ga |journal=Geoscience Frontiers |date=September |year=2013 |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=583–596 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1674987113000297 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/j.gsf.2013.02.003 |pmid= |accessdate=2017-01-24 }}</ref> |- ! Continent !! Name or strata !! Geography or locality !! Age (Ma) !! References |- | N. America || Gowganda Fm., Cobalt Gp., Huronian SGp. || 45°40′–48°40′ N, 79°–85° W; Ontario, Canada || 2450–2217.5 || Krogh et al. (1984), Andrews et al. (1986) |- | N. America || Bruce Fm., Quirke Lake Gp., Huronian SGp. || 45°40′–48°40′ N, 79°–85° W; Ontario, Canada || 2450–2217.5 || Krogh et al. (1984), Andrews et al. (1986) |- | N. America || Ramsay Lake Fm., Hough Lake Gp., Huronian SGp. || 45°40′–48°40′ N, 79°–85° W; Ontario, Canada || 2450–2217.5 || Krogh et al. (1984); Andrews et al. (1986) |- | N. America || Chibougamau Fm. || 49°40′–50°15′ N, 74°40′–73°50′ W; Quebec, Canada || 2500–1800 || Frakes (1979), Hambrey and Harland (1981) |- | N. America || Padlei Fm., Hurwitz Gp. || 61°–62°30′ N, 95°–99° W; Northwest Territories, Canada || 2300–2100 || Frakes (1979), Hambrey and Harland (1981) |- | N. America || Northern Black Hills || 43°50′–44°07′ N, 103°20′–103°45′ W; South Dakota, USA || 2559–1870 || Dahl et al. (1999) |- | N. America || Bottle Creek, Singer Peak Fm., Snowy Pass Gp. || Snowy Pass Group, Sierra Madre Mountains, Wyoming, USA || <2450 || Frakes (1979), Hambrey and Harland (1981) |- | N. America || Headquarters Fm., Lower Libby Creek Gr., Snowy Pass SGp. || 41°–41°30′ N, 107°15′–106°15′ W, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA || 2451–2000 || Premo and Van Schmus (1989), Cox et al. (2000) |- | N. America || Vagner Fm., Deep Lake Gp., Snowy Pass SGp. || 41°–41°30′ N, 107°15′–106°15′ W, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA || 2451–2000 || Premo and Van Schmus (1989), Cox et al. (2000) |- | N. America || Campbell Lake Fm, Deep Lake Gr., Snowy Pass SGp. || 41°–41°30′ N, 107°15′–106°15′ W, Medicine Bow Mountains, Wyoming, USA || <2451 ± 9 || Premo and Van Schmus (1989) |- | N. America || Fem Creek Fm., Chocolay Gp., Marquette Range SGp. || Menominee and Iron River–Crystal Falls Ranges, Amasa Uplift, WI and MI, USA || 2302–2115 || Bekker et al. (2006), Vallini et al. (2006) |- | N. America || Enchantment Lake Fm., Chocolay Gp., Marquette Range SGp. || 45°49′–46°30′ N, 87°30′–88°05′ W; Marquette Trough, Upper Peninsula Michigan, USA || 2288–2131 || Bekker et al. (2006), Vallini et al. (2006) |- | Africa || Witwatersrand SGp. || South Africa || 2600–2300 || Frakes, 1979; Hambrey and Harland, 1981 |- | Africa || Makganyene Diamictite, Postmasburg Group || 28°47′ S, 23°15′ E; Griqualand West Basin, South Africa || 2415–2222 || Cornell et al. (1996), Gutzmer and Beukes (1998), Bau et al. (1999) |- | Africa || Boshoek Fm, Lower Pretoria Group, Transvaal SGp. || 25°50′ S, 28°25′ E; Transvaal Basin, South Africa || 2316–2249 || Dorland (2004), Hannah et al. (2004) |- | Africa || Duitschland Fm, Lower Pretoria Group, Transvaal SGp. || 25°50′ S, 28°25′ E; Transvaal Basin, South Africa || 2480–2316 || Pickard (2003), Hannah et al. (2004) |- | Australia || Meteorite Bore Mb., Turee Creek Group || 22°55′ S, 117° E; Hamersley basin, Western Australia || 2209–2449 || Barley et al. (1997), Trendall et al. (1998), Pickard (2002) |- | Antarctica || Widdalen Fm. || 71°51′ S, 2°43′ W or 71°05′ S, 2°21′ W || >1700 || Frakes (1979), Hambrey and Harland (1981) |- | Asia || Gangau tillites || 79°07′–79°55′ E, 24°20′–24°40′ N; Central India || 2600–1850 || Frakes (1979), Hambrey and Harland (1981) |- | Asia || Sanverdam tillites || 74°50′–73°10′ E, 15°30′–15°05′ N; South India || 2600–2200 || Frakes (1979), Hambrey and Harland (1981) |- | Europe || Sakukan tillites || Baikal, Russia || 2640–1950 || Melezhik and Fallick (1996), Melezhik et al. (1997b) |- | Europe || Lammos tillites || 68° N, 30° E; Kola Peninsula, Russia || >1900 || Melezhik and Fallick (1996), Melezhik et al. (1997b) |- | Europe || Partanen tillites || Southern Karelia, Russia || 2150–1900 || Melezhik and Fallick (1996), Melezhik et al. (1997b) |- | Europe || Sarioli tillites, Karelian Sgp. || Eastern Baltic Shield, Russia || 2455–2180 || Melezhik and Fallick (1996), Melezhik et al. (1997b) |- |} ==Jinningian== The Jinningian (China) spans 1750 to 800 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> ==Carpentarian== [[Image:Gangar.jpg|thumb|right|250px|View shows the diabase and gabbro dykes in the Koster Islands, Sweden. Credit: Svante Hultengren.]] The Carpentarian spans 1800 to 1300 Ma. The "sediments in the McArthur basin (the type locality of the Carpentarian) were deposited between 1800-1400 Ma."<ref name=Kralik>{{ cite journal |author=M. Kralik |title=Rb-Sb age determinations on Precambrian carbonate rocks of the Carpentarian McArthur basin, Northern Territories, Australia |journal=Precambrian Research |date=May 1982 |volume=18 |issue=1–2 |pages=157-170 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0301926882900444 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi=10.1016/0301-9268(82)90044-4 |pmid= |accessdate=13 March 2019 }}</ref> The "microflora of blue-green and green or red algal affinities is from chertified stromatolitic dolomites of the Bungle Bungle Dolomite which outcrops in the Osmond Range of Western Australia."<ref name=Diver/> The Bungle Bungle Dolomite [at least 1.3 km of dolomite, dolomitic shales, shales and sandstones] is considerably [older] and that an age of about 1.5×10⁹ yr for the microbiota [...] is consistent with the data available."<ref name=Diver/> Radiometric dating has shown that the Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm is about 1421 Ma and the dyke swarm may be related to extensional tectonics.<ref name=Hageskov>{{cite journal |last=Hageskov |first=Bjørn |last2=Pedersen |first2=Svend |date=1988 |title=Rb-Sr age determination of the Kattsund-Koster dyke swarm in the Østfold-Marstrand belt of the Sveconorwegian Province, W Sweden - SE Norway |url= |journal=Bulletin of the Geological Society of Denmark |publisher= |volume=37 |issue= |pages=51–61 |doi= |accessdate= }}</ref> In the image on the right, the oldest rock is a gray sediment gneiss that was deformed, heated, and partly melted about 1,560 million years ago in the Gothic mountain range (no melted fragments visible in the rock). In its final phase, a gabbromagma penetrated, a mixed rock formed; rounded balls of dark gabbro in light gray gneiss, or bright networks of molten sediment gneiss in the gabbro. A younger gray-white pegmatite passes through the mixed rock at the lighthouses. Walks of the even younger black Koster diabase cut through all rocks.<ref name=Hageskov/> {{clear}} ==Statherian== '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Paleoproterozoic era from about 1800 to 1600 million years ago"<ref name=StatherianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Statherian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Statherian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Statherian'''. ==Orosirian== [[Image:Vredefort Dome STS51I-33-56AA.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Vredefort crater, seen from space by STS-51-I, is believed to have formed in the Orosirian period. Credit: [[c:user:Tintazul|Júlio Reis]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Paleoproterozoic era from about 2050 to 1800 million years ago"<ref name=OrosirianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Orosirian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Orosirian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Orosirian'''. On the right is an image of the Vredefort crater, located at 27°0'0"S 27°30'0"E, the largest verified impact crater on Earth, more than {{convert|300|km}} across when it was formed.<ref name="DB">"Vredefort". Earth Impact Database. University of New Brunswick.</ref><ref name="current record">{{cite web| title = Deep Impact - The Vredefort Dome| url=http://www.hartrao.ac.za/other/vredefort/vredefort.html| publisher= Hartebeesthoek Radio Astronomy Observatory| accessdate = 2007-09-19| date = 2006-08-01}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Mokolian== The Mokolian (South Africa) spans 2050 to 900 Ma.<ref name=Ogg/> "Currently only two precisely dated Precambrian-age impact structures are known, the 2023 ± 4 Ma, >250 km Vredefort Dome in South Africa^8,9, and the 1850 ± 1 Ma, >200 km Sudbury structure in Canada¹⁰."<ref name=Erickson/> ==Animikean== Animikean General Stage is from 2225 to 1400 Ma.<ref name=Rohde>{{ cite book |author=Robert A. Rohde |title=GeoWhen Database |publisher=University of California at Berkeley |location=Berkeley, CA |date=January 16, 2005 |url=http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/stages/Animikean.html |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> ==Rhyacian== [[Image:Yarrabubba crater in Western Australia.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Yarrabubba crater in Western Australia is now believed to be the world's oldest impact crater, at some 2.2 billion years old. Credit: Chris Kirkland.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Paleoproterozoic era from about 2300 to 2050 million years ago"<ref name=RhyacianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Rhyacian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rhyacian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Rhyacian'''. "The ~70 km-diameter Yarrabubba impact structure in Western Australia is regarded as among Earth’s oldest [...] Shock-recrystallised monazite yields a precise impact age of 2229 ± 5 Ma, coeval with shock-reset zircon. This result establishes Yarrabubba as the oldest recognised meteorite impact structure on Earth, extending the terrestrial cratering record back >200 million years."<ref name=Erickson>{{ cite journal |author=Timmons M. Erickson, Christopher L. Kirkland, Nicholas E. Timms, Aaron J. Cavosie & Thomas M. Davison |title=Precise radiometric age establishes Yarrabubba, Western Australia, as Earth’s oldest recognised meteorite impact structure |journal=Nature Communications |date=21 January 2020 |volume=11 |issue= |pages=300 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-13985-7 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=21 January 2020 }}</ref> "The age of Yarrabubba coincides, within uncertainty, with temporal constraint for the youngest Palaeoproterozoic glacial deposits, the Rietfontein diamictite in South Africa."<ref name=Erickson/> "Numerical impact simulations indicate that a 70 km-diameter crater into a continental glacier could release between 8.7 × 10¹³ to 5.0 × 10¹⁵ kg of H₂O vapour instantaneously into the atmosphere."<ref name=Erickson/> "Yarrabubba is a recognised impact structure located within the Murchison Domain of the Archaean granite—greenstone Yilgarn Craton of Western Australia [...]. No circular crater remains at Yarrabubba; however, the structure has an elliptical aeromagnetic anomaly consisting of an even, low total magnetic intensity domain, measuring approximately 20 km N–S by 11 km E–W [...]. The present day exposure represents a deep erosional level, as neither impact breccias nor topographic expressions of the over-turned rim or central uplift are preserved. Therefore, the ~20 km diameter magnetic anomaly has been interpreted to represent the remnant of the deeply buried central uplift of the structure, which is consistent with an original crater diameter of 70 km^18,19. Unshocked dolerite dykes formed during either ca. 1200 Ma Muggamurra²⁰ or ca. 1075 Ma Warakurna21 regional volcanism cross-cut the elliptical magnetic anomaly and thus post-date the impact event."<ref name=Erickson/> {{clear}} ==Siderian== '''Def.''' "a geologic period within the Paleoproterozoic era from about 2500 to 2300 million years ago"<ref name=SiderianWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Siderian |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=1 June 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Siderian |accessdate=10 March 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Siderian'''. ==Aphebian== [[Image:Byam Martin Mountains 4 1997-08-05.jpg|right|thumb|300px|The Byam Martin Mountains are in the Sirmilik National Park, Canada. Credit: Ansgar Walk.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Spaghetti Rock.jpg|left|thumb|300px|Stirred but not shaken until broken, Aphebian-aged marble exercised its ductility. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/31856336@N03 Mike Beauregard from Nunavut, Canada].{{tlx|free media}}]] The Aphebian spans 2500 to 1600 Ma. The Penrhyn Group is a part of the Aphebian.<ref>Henderson, J. R. Structure and Metamorphism of the Aphebian Penrhyn Group and Its Archean Basement Complex in the Lyon Inlet Area, Melville Peninsula, District of Franklin. Ottawa, Ont., Canada: Geological Survey of Canada, 1983. {{ISBN|0-660-11485-2}}</ref> The Byam Martin Mountains are made up of Archean-Aphebian igneous crystalline rock and Proterozoic metasedimentary and metamorphic rock, such as gneiss with sharp peaks and ridges, divided by deep glacier-filled valleys are typical features in the range.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canadian Arctic – Bylot Island |accessdate=2009-03-14 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://oceandots.com/arctic/canada/bylot.php |archivedate=December 23, 2010 }}</ref> Nain Archean gneiss is overlain to the north of the community of Nain, Newfoundland and Labrador by the undeformed Ramah Group shale, sandstone and quartzite from the Aphebian. {{clear}} ==Transvaal== The Transvaal is approximately 2700 Ma. ==Neoarchean== [[Image:North america terrain 2003 map.jpg|right|thumb|500px|Relief map shows the varying age of bedrock underlying North America. Credit: United States Geological Survey, the Geological Survey of Canada and the Mexican Consejo Recursos de Minerales.{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:North america terrain 2003 time scale.jpg|left|thumb|300px|This is the time scale for the North America Tapestry of Time and Terrain map. Credit: USGS.{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a geologic era within the Archaean eon from about 2800 to 2500 million years ago"<ref name=NeoarcheanWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Neoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Neoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> or the "era from 2,800 Ma to 2,500 Ma"<ref name=NeoarcheanWikt1>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=Neoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=8 November 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Neoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> is called the '''Neoarchean'''. {{clear}} ==Randian== The Randian spans about 3000 to 2500 Ma. "The Witwatersrand Basin formed over a period of 360 Ma between 3074 and 2714 Ma. Pulses of sedimentation within the sequence and its precursors were episodic, occurring between 3086-3074 Ma (Dominion Group), 2970-2914 Ma (West Rand Group) and 2894-2714 Ma (Central Rand Group). Detritus was derived from a mixed granite-greenstone source of two distinct ages; the first comprises Barberton-type greenstone belts and granitoids > 3100 Ma old, and the second consists of the greenstone belt-like Kraaipan Formation and associated granitoids ≤ 3100 Ma old."<ref name=Robb>{{ cite journal |author=Laurence J. Robb and F. Michael Meyer |title=The Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa: Geological framework and mineralization processes |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |date=1995 |volume=10 |issue= |pages=67-94 |url=http://www.caraclecreek.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Wits-Basin-Framework-Robb_Meyer-1995_sm.pdf |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |accessdate=12 March 2019 }}</ref> "Metamorphism of the Witwatersrand Basin occurred at ca. 2500, 2300 and 2000 Ma. The first two events coincided with the progressive loading of the basin by Ventersdorp and Transvaal cover sequences, whereas the last reflects intrusion of the Bushveld Complex and/or the Vredefort catastrophism."<ref name=Robb/> "The Kaapvaal Craton is the name given to the ancient segment of continental crust which formed in southern Africa between about 3.7 to 2.7 Ga. Much of this continental nucleus actually formed prior to 3.1 Ga by the formation of an extensive granitoid basement and amalgamation with arc-like oceanic terranes represented by mafic/ultramafic volcanics and associated sediments (De Wit et al., 1992)."<ref name=Robb/> "The minimum age of Witwatersrand deposition is provided by the age of the Ventersdorp lavas which immediately overlie the sequence over wide areas. The lower basaltic portion of these lavas has been dated at 2714 ± 8 Ma, whereas higher up in the succession quartz porphyries have been dated at 2709 ± 4 Ma [...]."<ref name=Robb/> "The Crown lava, which occurs just beneath the West Rand- Central Rand Group transition about half way up the sequence, has been provisionally dated at 2914 ± 8 Ma [...], a figure which provides approximate maximum and minimum constraints on Central Rand and West Rand Group deposition, respectively. Detrital zircon grains from the Orange Grove quartzite and the Promise reef, both in the West Rand Group, range in age between 3330 ± 5 and 2970 ± 3 Ma; the latter date represents a maximum constraint on the depositional age of the West Rand Group, with the minimum age determined by the Crown lava at 2914 Ma [...]."<ref name=Robb/> "Detrital zircon grains from conglomerate reefs in the auriferous Central Rand Group become progressively younger upwards in the stratigraphy and the youngest grains occur in the Elsburg and Ventersdorp Contact (VCR) reefs (2894 ± 10 and 2780 ± 5 Ma, respectively). The VCR must, therefore, have been laid down sometime after 2780 Ma ago, but before or at 2714 Ma which is the age of the Ventersdorp lavas (Armstrong et al., 1991)."<ref name=Robb/> "Dominion sedimentation occurred over a relatively brief interval some time after 3086 Ma but before 3074 Ma ago."<ref name=Robb/> "West Rand Group deposition commenced subsequent to 2970 Ma and, consequently, a significant hiatus of some 100 million years appears to exist between the Dominion and West Rand Groups. The latter pulse of sedimentation was largely complete by 2914 Ma, when the Crown lava was extruded, The onset of Central Rand Group deposition commenced after 2914 Ma but may have started as late as 2894 Ma, the age of the youngest detrital zircon grain in the Elsburg reef [...]."<ref name=Robb/> "The Gaborone granite and Kanye rhyolites were emplaced at 2785 ± Ma in an interlude which may have stimulated Turffontein Subgroup deposition (i.e the upper portion of the auriferous Central Rand Group; [...]), although no detrital zircons of this age have yet been found in the latter sequence."<ref name=Robb/> ==Mesoarchean== '''Def.''' "a geologic era within the Archaean eon from about 3200 to 2800 million years ago; stromatolites have existed from this time"<ref name=MesoarcheanWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Mesoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> or the "era from 3,200 Ma to 2,800 Ma"<ref name=MesoarcheanWikt1>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=Mesoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Mesoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> is called the '''Mesoarchean'''. "The oldest record of impacts on Earth are Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic ejecta deposits found within the Kaapvaal craton of southern Africa and the Pilbara Craton in Western Australia, spanning ca. 3470 (ref. ⁶) to 2460 Ma⁷; however, no corresponding impact craters have been identified."<ref name=Erickson/> ==Paleoarchean== '''Def.''' "a geologic era within the Archaean eon from about 3600 to 3200 million years ago; the first aerobic bacteria appeared at this time"<ref name=PaleoarcheanWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Paleoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paleoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> or the "era from 3,600 Ma to 3,200 Ma"<ref name=PaleoarcheanWikt1>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=Paleoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Paleoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> is called the '''paleoarchean'''. ==Archean== [[Image:Canada Archean-Proterozoic rocks.png|right|thumb|300px|During the Archean and Proterozoic, the cratons that would soon form the core of Canada were stitched together along vast mountain chains. Credit: Lesley Stokes.{{tlx|fairuse}}]] Archaean is an alternate spelling of Archean. '''Def.''' "the geologic eon from about 3,800 to 2,500 million years ago; comprises the Eoarchean, Paleoarchean, Mesoarchean and Neoarchean eras; marked by an atmosphere with little oxygen, the formation of the first continents and oceans and the emergence of simple life"<ref name=ArchaeanWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Archaean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Archaean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> or the "eon from 2,500 Ma to 4,000 Ma"<ref name=ArchaeanWikt1>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=Archaean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Archaean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> is called the '''Archaean''', or '''Archean'''. "About 3 billion years ago, in the Archean eon, the emergence of plate tectonics moved thin and small rafts of rocks at a rate much faster than they do today. Over time, the volcanic islands butted together into large blocks of continental crust, with most of the action (in what is today’s Canada) starting around the Red Lake area, a prolific gold-mining camp in northwest Ontario."<ref name=Stokes/> "During the Archean and Proterozoic, the cratons [image on the right] that would soon form the core of Canada were stitched together along vast mountain chains. The rocks, which were made up mostly of greenstone belts and intrusives, were variably metamorphosed and eroded, and the margins of the continents were blanketed with sediments. Orogenic gold mineralization, banded-iron formations, magmatic nickel-copper, volcanogenic massive sulphide and sedex deposits predominated. Uranium mineralization fluxed into major structures during near the end of the Proterozoic."<ref name=Stokes>{{ cite web |author=Lesley Stokes |title=A 4 billion-year-old story etched in stone: Geology and metal in Canada |publisher=Northern Miner |location=Canada |date=11 April 2017 |url=https://www.northernminer.com/news/4b-year-old-story-etched-stone-geology-metal-canada/1003785337/ |accessdate=20 August 2019 }}</ref> '''Def.''' the "period of time determined to exist prior to 2.5 billion [thousand million] years ago"<ref name=ArchaeozoicWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SnoopY|SnoopY]] |title=Archaeozoic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=11 February 2006 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Archaeozoic |accessdate=21 August 2019 }}</ref> is called the '''Archaeozoic''' or '''Archeozoic'''. {{clear}} ==Isuan== The Isuan spans approximately 3800 to 3500 Ma. Isuan Period – 3810–3490 MYA – named after the Isua Greenstone Belt.<ref name="vankranendonk2012">{{ cite book|last=Van Kranendonk|first=Martin J. |title=A Chronostratigraphic Division of the Precambrian: Possibilities and Challenges, In: ''The geologic time scale 2012'' |date=2012|publisher=Elsevier|location=Amsterdam|isbn=978-0-44-459425-9|pages=359–365|edition=1st|editor=Felix M. Gradstein |editor2=James G. Ogg |editor3=Mark D. Schmitz |editor4=abi M. Ogg |doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-59425-9.00016-0 }}</ref> "The TTG basement of the Ancient Gneiss Complex of Swaziland contains minor relics which are as old as 3650-3500 Ma (Compston and Kröner, 1988) and, therefore, predate the Barberton greenstone belt."<ref name=Robb/> ==Swazian== The Swazian spans approximately 4000 to 3000 Ma. The Swazian is a poorly defined geological stage in South Africa extending from about four billion years ago to 3 billion years ago,<ref>[http://www.stratigraphy.org/bak/geowhen/region_South_Africa.html]</ref> encompassing some of the Hadean and much of the Archean on the Geologic time scale. Other scales assign the Swazian to parts of the Paleoarchean and Mesoarchean, 3.5 to 2.8 billion years ago.<ref>[http://www.palaeos.com/Timescale/Precambrian.htm]</ref> "The best exposed portion of the Archaean basement on the Kaapvaal Craton is the Barberton region and Swaziland to the east of the Witwatersrand Basin [...], where detailed study over several decades has provided an extensive data base for the study of early crustal evolution. The region is now known to comprise a collage of amalgamated terranes each of which consists of tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite (TTG) gneisses and an associated assemblage of metavolcano-sedimentary supracrustal rocks (Lowe, 1994). These terranes were mainly formed at ca. 3480-3440 and 3250-3220 Ma (Armstrong et al., 1990; De Ronde and De Wit, 1994; Kamo and Davis, 1994), although isolated remnants of TTG material and associated metavolcanics in the southwestern portion of the belt are as old as 3550-3530 Ma (Kröner et al., 1991 )."<ref name=Robb/> The "Westerdam granite (3086 ± 3 Ma) was emplaced just prior to Dominion sedimentation, the Coligny granite (3031 ± 11 Ma) was emplaced prior to West Rand Group deposition and the Schweizer-Reneke granite (2880 ± 2 Ma) may have preceded Central Rand Group sedimentation [...]."<ref name=Robb/> ==Azoic== '''Def.''' destitute "of any vestige of organic life, or at least of animal life; anterior to the existence of animal life; formed when there was no animal life on the globe"<ref name=AzoicWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Curtisweyant|Curtisweyant]] |title=azoic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=20 July 2004 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/azoic |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> is called the '''azoic'''. The Azoic "stands as the first [age] in geologic history, whether science can point out unquestionably the rocks of that age or not." When fossils had been found in strata which had previously been classified as Azoic, the boundary was simply moved lower. "Such changes are part of the progress of the science."<ref name="Dana-1863b">[https://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC59550973&id=QjwDAAAAQAAJ Dana, James Dwight (1863) ''Manual of geology: Treating of the Principles of the Science with Special Reference to American geological history, for the use of colleges, academies, and schools of science'' T. Bliss & Co., Philadelphia, p.134];</ref> ==Hypozoic== '''Def.''' "older than the lowest rocks which contain organic remains"<ref name=HypozoicWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:Embryomystic|Embryomystic]] |title=hypozoic |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=16 November 2011 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hypozoic |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> is called '''hypozoic'''. "In Scandinavia, as well as along the Alps, and Grampians, hypozoic strata are predominant, while mica schist and gneiss are rare in the Harz, Cornwall, and Wales."<ref name=Phillips>{{ cite book |author=John Phillips |title=Granite and other unstratified Rocks, the effect of Heat, In: ''A Treatise on Geology'' |publisher=Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans |location=London |date=1852 |editor= |pages=111 |url=https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Treatise_on_Geology/Chapter_4 |arxiv= |bibcode= |doi= |pmid= |isbn= |accessdate=12 August 2019 }}</ref> ==Eoarchean== [[Image:Greenlandite (fuchsite-quartz gneiss), Greenland.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Eoarchaean (3.8 b.y.) Greenlandite specimen (fuchsite-quartz gneiss) is from Nuup Kangerlua, Greenland. Credit: [https://www.flickr.com/people/47445767@N05 James St. John].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Acasta gneiss.jpg|thumb|left|250px|Fragment of Acasta gneiss is exhibited at the Natural History Museum in Vienna. Credit: [[c:user:Pedroalexandrade|Pedroalexandrade]].{{tlx|free media}}]] [[Image:Acasta Gneiss fragment.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Another fragment of Acasta gneiss is from the Collection: H. Martin, Blaise Pascal University. Credit: [[c:user:Manudouz|Emmanuel Douzery]].{{tlx|free media}}]] '''Def.''' "a geologic era within the Archaean eon from about 4600 to 3600 million years ago; the first single-celled life began at this time"<ref name=EoarcheanWikt>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Eoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> or the "era from 4,000 Ma to 3,600 Ma"<ref name=EoarcheanWikt1>{{ cite web |author=[[wikt:User:DCDuring|DCDuring]] |title=Eoarchean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=4 November 2014 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Eoarchean |accessdate=2015-02-12 }}</ref> is called the '''Eoarchean'''. "Greenland greenlandite is part of a 3.8 billion year old, highly metamorphosed succession of rocks. These represent the oldest known supracrustal rocks on Earth (the oldest crustal Earth rocks include 4.03 billion year old Acasta Gneiss, 4.28 b.y. rocks from the eastern Hudson Bay area, and 4.45-4.55 b.y. rocks in the subsurface of Baffin Island, Canada)."<ref name=John>{{ cite web |author=James St. John |title=Greenlandite (fuchsite-quartz gneiss) (Eoarchean, 3.8 Ga; Godthabsfjord area or Nuuk area of southwestern Greenland) |publisher=Flickr |location= |date=28 August 2014 |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/jsjgeology/14882301487/ |accessdate=21 August 2019 }}</ref> The rock, in the images at left and right, a tonalite gneiss, of the Acasta Gneiss exposed on an island about 300 kilometres north of Yellowknife in the Slave craton in Northwest Territories, Canada, was metamorphosed 3.58 to 4.031 billion years ago and is the oldest known intact crustal fragment on Earth.<ref>[http://www2.ess.ucla.edu/~schauble/Isotope_geochemistry/Acasta_Concordia_Bowring.pdf Bowring, S.A., and Williams, I.S., 1999. Priscoan (4.00–4.03 Ga) orthogneisses from northwestern Canada. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, v. 134, 3–16]</ref> The metamorphic rock exposed in the outcrop of the Acasta Gneiss Complex, northwestern Canada, was previously a granitoid that formed 4.2 billion years ago, an age based on radiometric dating of zircon crystals at 4.2 Ga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Iizuka|first=Tsuyoshi|last2=Komiya|first2=Tsuyoshi|last3=Ueno|first3=Yuichiro|last4=Katayama|first4=Ikuo|last5=Uehara|first5=Yosuke|last6=Maruyama|first6=Shigenori|last7=Hirata|first7=Takafumi|last8=Johnson|first8=Simon P.|last9=Dunkley|first9=Daniel J.|date=2007-03-01|title=Geology and zircon geochronology of the Acasta Gneiss Complex, northwestern Canada: New constraints on its tectonothermal history|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301926806002737|journal=Precambrian Research|volume=153|issue=3–4|pages=179–208|doi=10.1016/j.precamres.2006.11.017}}</ref> {{clear}} ==Hadean== [[Image:Jack Hills, Western Australia (Landsat 5 TM, 2009-07-14, detail).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Satellite image shows the Jack Hills in the Narryer Gneiss Terrane. Credit: [[c:user:Gretarsson|Gretarsson]].{{tlx|free media}}]] Contrast-enhanced true color satellite image (Landsat 5) of the Jack Hills in Western Australia. The rocks of the Jack Hills are very old (~ 3 Billion years) and belong to the so-called Yilgarn Craton. Yet some of these rocks, the Jack Hills conglomerate (actually a metaconglomerate) contain individual grains of zircon which are even older, more than 4 Billion years old. They are used by geoscientists to reconstruct the very early history of the earth. '''Def.''' "the geologic eon from about 4,600 to 3,800 million years ago; marked by the formation of the solar system, a stable Earth-Moon orbit and the first rocks"<ref name=HadeanWikt>{{ cite book |author=[[wikt:User:SemperBlotto|SemperBlotto]] |title=Hadean |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation, Inc |location=San Francisco, California |date=31 May 2005 |url=https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hadean |accessdate=2015-02-13 }}</ref> or the "eon before 4,000 Ma"<ref name=HadeanWikt/> is called the '''Hadean'''. {{clear}} ==Hypotheses== {{main|Hypotheses}} # Each time frame or span of time in geochronology has at least one dating technique. # Late Proterozoic and Upper Proterozoic are different time frames. # The overall size of—or efficiency of carbon export from—the biosphere decreased at the end of the Great Oxidation Event (GOE) (ca. 2,400 to 2,050 Ma). ==See also== {{div col|colwidth=20em}} * [[Geochronology/Argon–argon dating]] * [[Geochronology/Cathodoluminescence]] * [[Geochronology/Archaeology]] * [[Geochronology/Cenozoic]] * [[Geochronology/Chemostratigraphy]] * [[Geochronology/Cosmogenic radionuclide dating]] * [[Geochronology/Dates]] * [[Geochronology/Dendrochronology]] * [[Geochronology/Dye 3]] * [[Geochronology/Electron spin resonance]] * [[Geochronology/Fission track dating]] * [[Geochronology/Geomagnetic Polarity Time Scale]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores/Black ice]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores/Brittle ice]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores/Clear ice]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores/Firn]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores/Firns]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores/Quiz]] * [[Geochronology/Ice cores/Sea ice]] * [[Geochronology/Lichenometry]] * [[Geochronology/Magnetostratigraphy]] * [[Geochronology/Marker horizons]] * [[Geochronology/Medieval Warm Period]] * [[Geochronology/Mesozoic]] * [[Geochronology/Middle Ages]] * [[Geochronology/Neoglaciations]] * [[Geochronology/Optically stimulated luminescence]] * [[Geochronology/Paleomagnetic dating]] * [[Geochronology/Paleontology]] * [[Geochronology/Paleozoic]] * [[Geochronology/Palynology]] * [[Geochronology/Potassium–argon dating]] * [[Geochronology/Radiocarbon dating]] * [[Geochronology/Stratigraphy]] * [[Geochronology/Tephra layers]] * [[Geochronology/Thermoluminescence]] * [[Geochronology/Uranium–lead dating]] * [[Geochronology/Uranium-thorium dating]] * [[Geochronology/Varves]] * [[Geochronology/Cenozoic/Quiz]] * [[Geochronology/Dye 3/Quiz]] * [[Geochronology/Mesozoic/Quiz]] * [[Geochronology/Paleozoic/Quiz]] * [[Geochronology/Radiocarbon dating/Quiz]] * [[Geochronology/Stratigraphy/Quiz]] * [[Geochronology/Tephra layers/Quiz]] {{Div col end}} ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== * [http://www.stratigraphy.org/GSSP/ Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the International Commission on Stratigraphy] * [http://geochronology.geoscience.wisc.edu/ WiscAr Geochronology Laboratory, University of Wisconsin-Madison] * UC Berkeley press release: "[http://www.berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/97legacy/pompeii.html Precise dating of the destruction of Pompeii proves argon-argon method can reliably date rocks as young as 2,000 years]" * [https://geoinfo.nmt.edu/labs/argon/home.cfml New Mexico Geochronology Research Laboratory] * [http://www.gla.ac.uk/departments/suerc/nercfacilities/argonisotopefacility/ Argon Isotope Facility] of the Scottish Universities Environmental Research Council * [http://www8.open.ac.uk/science/argon-noble-gas-research Open University Ar/Ar and Noble Gas Laboratory] * [http://argon.anu.edu.au Argon Laboratory / Australian National University] <!-- footer templates --> {{tlx|Archaeology resources}}{{Geology resources}}{{Sisterlinks|Precambrian}} <!-- categories --> [[Category:Archaeology/Lectures]] [[Category:Dates/Lectures]] [[Category:Earth sciences/Lectures]] [[Category:Events/Lectures]] [[Category:Geochronology/Lectures]] [[Category:Geology/Lectures]] [[Category:Historical geology/Lectures]] [[Category:Paleontology/Lectures]] 4glahrvmcabryexgyinhno9fkd6ktbn 2 279195 2416005 2403257 2022-08-18T03:40:04Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Top Level/Header_Feature}}{{anchor|Home}}<hr/> {| align= left | width= 100% | border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="vertical-align:top; 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" |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Project Box - Ukraine}} |- |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User Commons}} |- |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User Wikipedia}} |- |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User en}} |}<br clear= right /> {| width=50% | align=right border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; " |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Quotes/Cheney, Liz 2022a}} |} {| width="220px" | align= left | border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="vertical-align:top; " |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"|{{notes}} |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"|{{Type box | name=bibliography | link=:Category:Bibliographies | cat=Bibliographies | article=a | icon={{{icon| Gnome-applications-office.svg}}} | add={{{add|}}} | style={{{style|userbox}}} | visible={{{visible|yes}}} | {{#if:{{{theme|}}} | theme={{{theme}}}}} }} |}<br clear= right /> ch5hfugrzwaktiynnyhb03quaeaqxkx 2416024 2416005 2022-08-18T04:12:33Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Top Level/Header_Feature}}{{anchor|Home}}<hr/> {| align= left | width= 100% | border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="vertical-align:top; |''[[#Top|Welcome to JTW's Bibliography & Evolutionary Origins Project]]'' | align= right |[https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:PrefixIndex?prefix=Jtwsaddress42%2F&namespace=2&stripprefix=1 Sitemap] |}<br clear="left" /> <hr /> <small><small>{{box |background= #90EE90 |align= center |text align= center |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Navigation/Bibliography Navbar}}<br />'''[[#Top|Top]]'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Navigation/Project Navbar}}&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''[[#Bottom|Bottom]]''' }}</small></small> <hr /> {| align= left | border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="font-size:85% " |<blockquote>“The very essence of instinct is that it's followed independently of reason.”{{sfn|Darwin|1871}} - Charles Darwin</blockquote> |} {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Project Boxes}} {| align= right | style="vertical-align:top; " |{{sfn|Darwin|1837}}[[File:Darwin Tree 1837.png |235px]] |}<br clear="left" /> {| width="220px" | align= left | border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="vertical-align:top; " |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Includes/Project Box - Ukraine}} |- |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User Commons}} |- |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User Wikipedia}} |- |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" |{{User en}} |}<br clear= right /> {| width=50% | align=right border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="vertical-align:top; font-size:85%; " |{{User:Jtwsaddress42/Quotes/Cheney, Liz 2022a}} |} {| width="220px" | align= left | border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 | style="vertical-align:top; " |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"|{{notes}} |span style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"|{{Type box | name=bibliography | link=:Category:Bibliographies | cat=Bibliographies | article=a | icon={{{icon| Gnome-applications-office.svg}}} | add={{{add|}}} | style={{{style|userbox}}} | visible={{{visible|yes}}} | {{#if:{{{theme|}}} | theme={{{theme}}}}} }} |}<br clear= right /> oqb3ddb653eqblwh2d0rdjsv4eopspq 2 279198 2415996 2410874 2022-08-18T03:35:27Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 /* Sources & References */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Sources & References == {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} {{refbegin}} <!-- Convert all 'cite journal' citationas to 'cite web' for citation links to work with reflist --> * {{cite book | last= Black | first= Ira B. | date= 1994 | title= Information in the Brain - A Molecular Perspective | publisher= MIT Press | isbn= 978-0-262-52188-8 | url= https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/information-brain}} * {{cite journal | last= Chomsky | first= Noam | year= 1967 | title= The Responsibility of Intellectuals | journal= The New York Review of Books | publication-date= February 23, 1967 | url= https://chomsky.info/19670223/ }} * {{cite web | last= Darwin | first= Charles | date= 1837 | title= Transmutation Diagram | publisher= Cambridge University Library | quote= Notebook B | website= University of Cambridge - Digital Library | access-date= October 18, 2021 | url= https://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/MS-DAR-00121/21 }} * {{cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | year= 1859 | title= On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life | publisher= D. Appleton and Company | location= New York | publication-date= 1869 | url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/On_the_Origin_of_Species_by_Means_of_Nat/ez9KAAAAYAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=1869+On+the+Origin+of+Species+by+Means+of+Natural+Selection,+or+the+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&printsec=frontcover }} ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KX0EwgxiAg4&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7Cnqo14_BiY09yett68y9Es&index=32 Audiobook - Part 1] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iBPVA3i8mKU&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7Cnqo14_BiY09yett68y9Es&index=30 Part 2] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uURn7dnC66I&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7Cnqo14_BiY09yett68y9Es&index=48 Part 3] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IM6fPaEHZgE&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7Cnqo14_BiY09yett68y9Es&index=18 Part 4] [[File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg|24px|video]]) * {{cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | year= 1871 | title= The Descent of Man | publisher= Prometheus Books | publication-date= 1998 | isbn= 978-1-573-92176-3 | url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/Z0B9QgAACAAJ?hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjlkr_F-vH1AhWLIkQIHVl_C6QQ8fIDegUIAxCeAg }} ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=So3GkSrFtnU&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7BYYscYohAFZAq65RwCf-K-&index=153 Audiobook - Part 1] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6gqLfFPblZ0&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7BYYscYohAFZAq65RwCf-K-&index=164 Part 2] [[File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg|24px|video]]) <!-- * {{cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | year= 1872 | title= The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals - with a preface by Konrad Lorentz | publisher= The University of Chicago Press | location= Chicago & London | publication-date= 1965 | isbn= 0-226-13656-6 | url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_an/p_ZJCgAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=The+Expression+of+the+Emotions+in+Man+and+Animals&printsec=frontcover }} ([https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AopL_EE9SIQ&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7BYYscYohAFZAq65RwCf-K-&index=90 Audiobook - Part 1] - [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_auuHHXm3ZI&list=PLZ-bKJtH3G7BYYscYohAFZAq65RwCf-K-&index=101 Part 2] [[File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg|24px|video]]) * {{cite book | last= Darwin | first= Charles | year= 1887 | title= The Autobiography of Charles Darwin 1809–1882." With the Original Omissions Restored. Edited and with Appendix and Notes by his Granddaughter Nora Barlow | publisher= W.W. Norton & Company | publication-date= 1969 | isbn= 0-393-00487-2 }} --> <!-- * {{cite journal | last= Deuchar | first= Elizabeth M. | year= 1970 | title= Diffusion in Embryogenesis | journal= Nature | volume= 225 | number= 5233 | pages= 671 | publication-date= February 14, 1970 | pmid= 16056680 | doi= 10.1038/225671b0 | url= https://www.nature.com/articles/225671b0 }} --> {{User:Jtwsaddress42/Bibliography/Dobzhansky, Theodosius}} * {{cite book | last= Edelman | first= Gerald M. | date= 1987a | title= Neural Darwinism - The Theory of Neuronal Group Selection | publisher= Basic Books | location= New York | isbn= 0-465-04934-6 | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hOdqAAAAMAAJ }} * {{cite journal | last1= Edelman | first1= Gerald M. | last2= Gally | first2= Joseph A. | date= 2001 | title= Degeneracy and Complexity in Biological Systems | journal= Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA | volume= 98 | number= 24 | pages= 13763–13768 | doi= 10.1073/pnas.231499798 | pmid= 11698650 | pmc= 61115 | bibcode= 2001PNAS...9813763E | url= https://www.pnas.org/content/98/24/13763 }} * {{cite AV media | last= Eisenhower | first= Dwight D. | year= 1953 | title= Cross of Iron - Address to the American Society of Newspaper Editors | publisher= American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank | medium= .mp3 | publication-date= April 19, 1953 | url= https://www.americanrhetoric.com/mp3clips/politicalspeeches/dwighteisenhowerpeace.mp3 }} [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/dwighteisenhowercrossofiron.htm Delivered at the Statler Hotel, Washington, D.C.] (transcript) (0:25:46) * {{cite journal | last= Hall | first= Brian K. | year= 2000a | title= The Neural Crest as a Fourth Germ Layer and Vertebrates as Quadroblastic Not Triploblastic | journal= Evolution &amp; Development | volume= 2 | number= 1 | pages= 3-5 | publication-date= January-February 2000 | pmid= 11256415 | doi= 10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00032.x | url= https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1046/j.1525-142x.2000.00032.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed }} * {{cite AV media | last= International Society for Evolutionary Protistology (ISEP/ISOP) | year= 2021 | title= “Tree of life” symposium in memory of Tom Cavalier-Smith | publisher= The International Society for Evolutionary Protistology | publication-date= July 23, 2021 | url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfeRKaDZyz0 }} [[File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg|24px|video]] (3:31:32) * {{cite AV media | last= King Jr. | first= Martin Luther | year= 1967 | title= Beyond Vietnam - A Time to Break Silence | publisher= American Rhetoric Online Speech Bank | medium= .mp3 | publication-date= April 4, 1967 | url= https://archive.org/download/BeyondVietnamATimeToBreakSilence4467/Beyond%20Vietnam-A%20Time%20to%20Break%20Silence%204-4-67.mp3 }} [https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/mlkatimetobreaksilence.htm Delivered at Riverside Church, New York City] (transcript) (0:56:20) * {{cite journal | last1= Romer | first1= Alfred Sherwood | year= 1972 | chapter= The Vertebrate as a Dual Animal — Somatic and Visceral." | editor= Dobzhansky T., Hecht MK, and Steere WC | journal= Evolutionary Biology | publisher= Springer | location= New York, NY | pages= 121–156 | doi= 10.1007/978-1-4684-9063-3_5 | isbn= 978-1-4684-9065-7 | url= https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-1-4684-9063-3_5 }} * {{cite AV media | author = United States House of Representatives | year= 2022d | series= January 6 Hearings | volume= 4 | title= Fourth Hearing on Investigation of Capitol Attack | publisher= CSpan | medium= Recorded June 21, 2022 1:00 PM ET | publication-date= June 21, 2022 | url= https://www.c-span.org/video/?521075-1/fourth-hearing-investigation-capitol-attack }} [https://january6th.house.gov Select Committee to Investigate the January 6th Attack on the United States Capitol] [[File:High-contrast-camera-video.svg|24px|video]] (2:43:17) <!-- * {{cite book | last= Stanier | first= Roger Y. | date= 1970 | chapter= Some aspects of the biology of cells and their possible evolutionary significance | title= Organization and Control in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Cells | series= Twentieth Symposium of the Society for General Microbiology | volume= 20 | pages= 1-38 | editor= Charles HP, Knight BCJG | publisher= Cambridge University Press | url= https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/hD3dxwEACAAJ?hl=en }} --> {{refend}} {{RoundBoxBottom}} <hr /> jy3t4fv8skq2grvigkf9c0mxd4mfo0h 0 279846 2415994 2413783 2022-08-18T03:29:53Z 137.92.214.39 /* Beneficence as a Motivator */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} [[File:Christian herald and signs of our times (1895) (14785180155).jpg|alt=Picture of civilians donating clothes and supplies to Volunteer Distributors|thumb|Figure 1. Volunteer Distributors receiving clothing and supplies across Ne-Braska and Kansas]] {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== * Define beneficence and it's correlation to psychological well-being * Briefly outline self determination theory * Briefly explain how beneficence impacts both the beneficence and the giver's well-being * Briefly explain different effects of beneficence in relationships & community * Explain how beneficence can contribute to an individual's motivation You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is Beneficence?== * Giving to others ** Charity ** Friends How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Self-Determination Theory== * Self determination theory ** Theory suggests people become self-determined when their universal psychological needs are met * Like physical needs, these psychological needs are considered an objective phenomena where deprivation or satisfaction of needs have significant and measurable effects on the individual. * Conceptualise needs at the psychological level Key assumptions of the theory * People are actively directed towards growth. Taking in new experiences and gaining skills are essential for developing a sense of self What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Autonomy=== Autonomy: feel in control of behaviours and goals Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Competence=== Competence: gain mastery of tasks and learn different skills Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Connection=== Connection or relatedness: experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other people [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). == Beneficence in Different Settings == Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Community=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Relationships=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. == Beneficence on Mental Well-Being == * beneficence and the giver impact * beneficence impact on ego, self esteem, confidence * can beneficence be selfish and/or addicting * can people adapt to beneficence ** start expecting it ** generational? ==== Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs ==== ==== Cognitive Perspective ==== == Beneficence as a Motivator == * How psychological needs are motivators ==== Extrinsic Motivation ==== ==== Intrinsic Motivation ==== == Neuroscience behind beneficence == ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Beneficence as a psychological need|Beneficence as a psychological need]] (Book chapter, 2021) [[User:CaitlinEmc]] jsucfxnxwd4t8jj8k1stmjnjrpre5o0 2415995 2415994 2022-08-18T03:31:29Z 137.92.214.39 /* Neuroscience behind beneficence */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} [[File:Christian herald and signs of our times (1895) (14785180155).jpg|alt=Picture of civilians donating clothes and supplies to Volunteer Distributors|thumb|Figure 1. Volunteer Distributors receiving clothing and supplies across Ne-Braska and Kansas]] {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== * Define beneficence and it's correlation to psychological well-being * Briefly outline self determination theory * Briefly explain how beneficence impacts both the beneficence and the giver's well-being * Briefly explain different effects of beneficence in relationships & community * Explain how beneficence can contribute to an individual's motivation You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is Beneficence?== * Giving to others ** Charity ** Friends How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Self-Determination Theory== * Self determination theory ** Theory suggests people become self-determined when their universal psychological needs are met * Like physical needs, these psychological needs are considered an objective phenomena where deprivation or satisfaction of needs have significant and measurable effects on the individual. * Conceptualise needs at the psychological level Key assumptions of the theory * People are actively directed towards growth. Taking in new experiences and gaining skills are essential for developing a sense of self What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Autonomy=== Autonomy: feel in control of behaviours and goals Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Competence=== Competence: gain mastery of tasks and learn different skills Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Connection=== Connection or relatedness: experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other people [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). == Beneficence in Different Settings == Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Community=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Relationships=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. == Beneficence on Mental Well-Being == * beneficence and the giver impact * beneficence impact on ego, self esteem, confidence * can beneficence be selfish and/or addicting * can people adapt to beneficence ** start expecting it ** generational? ==== Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs ==== ==== Cognitive Perspective ==== == Beneficence as a Motivator == * How psychological needs are motivators ==== Extrinsic Motivation ==== ==== Intrinsic Motivation ==== == Neuroscience behind beneficence == oxytocin? ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Beneficence as a psychological need|Beneficence as a psychological need]] (Book chapter, 2021) [[User:CaitlinEmc]] axzy34hpb60fhypwyitz200wm3gtrlb 2416013 2415995 2022-08-18T03:52:11Z CaitlinEmc 2947627 /* See also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} [[File:Christian herald and signs of our times (1895) (14785180155).jpg|alt=Picture of civilians donating clothes and supplies to Volunteer Distributors|thumb|Figure 1. Volunteer Distributors receiving clothing and supplies across Ne-Braska and Kansas]] {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== * Define beneficence and it's correlation to psychological well-being * Briefly outline self determination theory * Briefly explain how beneficence impacts both the beneficence and the giver's well-being * Briefly explain different effects of beneficence in relationships & community * Explain how beneficence can contribute to an individual's motivation You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is Beneficence?== * Giving to others ** Charity ** Friends How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Self-Determination Theory== * Self determination theory ** Theory suggests people become self-determined when their universal psychological needs are met * Like physical needs, these psychological needs are considered an objective phenomena where deprivation or satisfaction of needs have significant and measurable effects on the individual. * Conceptualise needs at the psychological level Key assumptions of the theory * People are actively directed towards growth. Taking in new experiences and gaining skills are essential for developing a sense of self What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Autonomy=== Autonomy: feel in control of behaviours and goals Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Competence=== Competence: gain mastery of tasks and learn different skills Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Connection=== Connection or relatedness: experience a sense of belonging and attachment to other people [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). == Beneficence in Different Settings == Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Community=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Relationships=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. == Beneficence on Mental Well-Being == * beneficence and the giver impact * beneficence impact on ego, self esteem, confidence * can beneficence be selfish and/or addicting * can people adapt to beneficence ** start expecting it ** generational? ==== Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs ==== ==== Cognitive Perspective ==== == Beneficence as a Motivator == * How psychological needs are motivators ==== Extrinsic Motivation ==== ==== Intrinsic Motivation ==== == Neuroscience behind beneficence == oxytocin? ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Beneficence as a psychological need|Beneficence as a psychological need]] (Book chapter, 2021) [[User:CaitlinEmc]] == Social Contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2021/Cognitive_dissonance_and_motivation&curid=276123&diff=2416011&oldid=2394580 Created heading instead of single sub-heading] 3o4095qsgi42izw0kp64bmznew9js4i 0 279851 2415998 2411720 2022-08-18T03:37:41Z U3216389 2947531 /* See also */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Resentment|Resentment]] (Book chapter, 2021) * My User Page ==External links== * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/overcoming-resentment-with-gratitude/13660930 Overcoming resentment with gratitude] (All in the Mind, 2021) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Resentment]] {{title|Resentment<br>What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Resentment == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 9pd83o65pd5bw6vr85rg4iaghcqn9dh 2415999 2415998 2022-08-18T03:38:50Z U3216389 2947531 Added a hyper link that takes people to my user page wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Resentment|Resentment]] (Book chapter, 2021) * [[User:U3216389|My User Page]] ==External links== * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/overcoming-resentment-with-gratitude/13660930 Overcoming resentment with gratitude] (All in the Mind, 2021) [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Resentment]] {{title|Resentment<br>What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Resentment == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 6xjjz7ziiv8kl0xhgsu25sfq8kk13y7 2416023 2415999 2022-08-18T04:09:33Z U3216389 2947531 wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Resentment|Resentment]] (Book chapter, 2021) ==External links== * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/overcoming-resentment-with-gratitude/13660930 Overcoming resentment with gratitude] (All in the Mind, 2021) == Link to User Page (U3216389) == [[User:U3216389|My User Page]] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Resentment]] {{title|Resentment<br>What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Resentment == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] kcbk3p5q2btxbr09fa8oeentureenk1 2416025 2416023 2022-08-18T04:16:46Z U3216389 2947531 Created some headings to structure my chapter wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Resentment|Resentment]] (Book chapter, 2021) ==External links== * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/overcoming-resentment-with-gratitude/13660930 Overcoming resentment with gratitude] (All in the Mind, 2021) == Link to User Page (U3216389) == [[User:U3216389|My User Page]] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Resentment]] {{title|Resentment<br>What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== An overview of Resentment and the topics that I will potentially discuss throughout this book chapter. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Resentment == * What is Resentment? * Where does the emotion derive from? == What Causes Resentment and What are its Consequences? == == Resentment and Morality == == Ressentiment == {{tip}} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] p5pems87vt4jvxkoo9zjl0hshllxymz 2416107 2416025 2022-08-18T10:33:58Z U3216389 2947531 Included an image of primary emotions wikitext text/x-wiki {{METP}} ==See also== * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2021/Resentment|Resentment]] (Book chapter, 2021) ==External links== * [https://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/allinthemind/overcoming-resentment-with-gratitude/13660930 Overcoming resentment with gratitude] (All in the Mind, 2021) == Link to User Page (U3216389) == [[User:U3216389|My User Page]] [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Resentment]] {{title|Resentment<br>What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== An overview of Resentment and the topics that I will potentially discuss throughout this book chapter. [[File:Emotions - 3.png|thumb|Figure 1. A diagram of the primary emotions that we all experience, with resentment sitting under anger. ]] {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Resentment == * What is Resentment? * Where does the emotion derive from? == What Causes Resentment and What are its Consequences? == == Resentment and Morality == == Ressentiment == {{tip}} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] dwm7s1szsx7u1hue0mdtmbezh7uc5du 0 281790 2415944 2412825 2022-08-18T00:07:49Z Professorbrendan 2917898 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/nthobservation @nthobservation] * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. lo2mh6n02kc1gwxd7ytg0977cr72sqs 2415947 2415944 2022-08-18T00:10:16Z Professorbrendan 2917898 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/nthobservation @nthobservation] * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! alf2s6me9mi1pwszj2z3oojzllfhjii 2415949 2415947 2022-08-18T00:11:13Z Ougurlu 2947730 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/nthobservation @nthobservation] * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! ===Name=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. i28ik71no5clev93r30oltohpn8o92g 2415950 2415949 2022-08-18T00:12:11Z Jodubdub 2948400 removed entry wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! ===Name=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. 5ahu55412jihiailg8i2i43n85qvovc 2415951 2415950 2022-08-18T00:12:54Z Ougurlu 2947730 /* Name */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ls42nvwmc9nodg0pvsg19s3fj08p2cx 2415952 2415951 2022-08-18T00:15:01Z Professorbrendan 2917898 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ===Suzie Garfield=== * ''Bio:'' I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. 0cqu35nt3c1gr9f9s1p5pes0fys0qfq 2415953 2415952 2022-08-18T00:16:27Z Lindamc29 2948372 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ===Suzie Garfield=== * ''Bio:'' I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. ===Linda McGuire=== * ''Twitter:'' [] * ''User:'' [[Lindamc29]] * ''Bio:'' I have been teaching the full spectrum of undergraduate mathematics courses for over 20 years. I also teach interdisciplinary courses in other programs such as writing, women and gender studies, and social justice. I try my best to cultivate collaborative learning spaces and I am hopeful that the Eventmath wiki will be a site of collaboration with other teaching-focused colleagues around the globe. 7ajj0e9e3fyxto2twry8rye6ox49ahg 2415954 2415953 2022-08-18T00:19:06Z Lindamc29 2948372 /* Linda McGuire */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ===Suzie Garfield=== * ''Bio:'' I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. ===Linda McGuire=== * ''User:'' [[Lindamc29]] * ''Bio:'' I have been teaching the full spectrum of undergraduate mathematics courses for over 20 years. I also teach interdisciplinary courses in other programs such as writing, women and gender studies, and social justice. I try my best to cultivate collaborative learning spaces and I am hopeful that the Eventmath wiki will be a site of collaboration with other teaching-focused colleagues around the globe. l1xd6m1g2slzsv3if88n7qnjjx05nzk 2415962 2415954 2022-08-18T00:33:34Z Asia.Matthews 2948432 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ===Suzie Garfield=== * ''Bio:'' I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. ===Linda McGuire=== * ''User:'' [[Lindamc29]] * ''Bio:'' I have been teaching the full spectrum of undergraduate mathematics courses for over 20 years. I also teach interdisciplinary courses in other programs such as writing, women and gender studies, and social justice. I try my best to cultivate collaborative learning spaces and I am hopeful that the Eventmath wiki will be a site of collaboration with other teaching-focused colleagues around the globe. ===Asia Matthews=== * ''User:'' [[User:Asia.Matthews|Asia.Matthews]] * ''Bio:'' Bio: I teach undergraduates how to think mathematically and to use this knowledge to figure out how to be in this world as one of many. I’ve been teaching undergraduate mathematics since my Master’s degree in 2005 and I like to push my students to be mathematically creative. As of 2022 I have been teaching at Quest University Canada for +/- 5 years. i8klpaj9cves9u7qez6dwkpws7701zw 2415963 2415962 2022-08-18T00:37:07Z Suzie Garfield 2948446 /* Suzie Garfield */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ===Suzie Garfield=== * ''User:'' Suzie Garfield * ''Bio:'' I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. ===Linda McGuire=== * ''User:'' [[Lindamc29]] * ''Bio:'' I have been teaching the full spectrum of undergraduate mathematics courses for over 20 years. I also teach interdisciplinary courses in other programs such as writing, women and gender studies, and social justice. I try my best to cultivate collaborative learning spaces and I am hopeful that the Eventmath wiki will be a site of collaboration with other teaching-focused colleagues around the globe. ===Asia Matthews=== * ''User:'' [[User:Asia.Matthews|Asia.Matthews]] * ''Bio:'' Bio: I teach undergraduates how to think mathematically and to use this knowledge to figure out how to be in this world as one of many. I’ve been teaching undergraduate mathematics since my Master’s degree in 2005 and I like to push my students to be mathematically creative. As of 2022 I have been teaching at Quest University Canada for +/- 5 years. k8qm2fvyu358m8iszka1rtc7gd3gi53 2415970 2415963 2022-08-18T00:43:02Z Professorbrendan 2917898 /* Suzie Garfield */ wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ===Suzie Garfield=== * ''User:'' [[User:Suzie_Garfield|Suzie Garfield]] * ''Bio:'' I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. ===Linda McGuire=== * ''User:'' [[Lindamc29]] * ''Bio:'' I have been teaching the full spectrum of undergraduate mathematics courses for over 20 years. I also teach interdisciplinary courses in other programs such as writing, women and gender studies, and social justice. I try my best to cultivate collaborative learning spaces and I am hopeful that the Eventmath wiki will be a site of collaboration with other teaching-focused colleagues around the globe. ===Asia Matthews=== * ''User:'' [[User:Asia.Matthews|Asia.Matthews]] * ''Bio:'' Bio: I teach undergraduates how to think mathematically and to use this knowledge to figure out how to be in this world as one of many. I’ve been teaching undergraduate mathematics since my Master’s degree in 2005 and I like to push my students to be mathematically creative. As of 2022 I have been teaching at Quest University Canada for +/- 5 years. 7uq9q5t2oy71vt3gkvex9fs9dy8ki36 2416036 2415970 2022-08-18T05:26:28Z Greg at Higher Math Help 2911873 /* Asia Matthews */ Removed duplicate header. wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude> Hi there! <strong>If you reached this page after clicking the join button, you can head back to the [[Eventmath/Participants|Participants page]] to see the result.</strong> If you just happened across this page and are looking to browse the list of participants, you'll want to head over to the Participants page as well. The current page only exists for technical reasons. ==How to edit an entry== To edit your entry in the participants list, just edit it directly on this page, by clicking the ''Edit source'' tab near the top of the page. The entry on the Participants page will be updated automatically. ==How to add an entry== Use the Join button on the Participants page. ==What's the purpose of this page?== The current page exists only for technical reasons... Still reading? Okay, here's the technical stuff if you care to know. Entries to the participants list get added to the current page via the Join button of the Participants page, and then the current page is [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Transclusion transcluded] into the Participants page in the appropriate place. Why? Otherwise, the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:InputBox InputBox extension] that's used to implement the Join button will simply place each entry at the very bottom of the wikitext on the Participants page. When that happens, the entries are placed outside of the main container of the page, so that they appear outside of the Eventmath content. ==The list== [[Category:Eventmath project pages]] </noinclude> ===Greg Stanton (he/him) === * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/HigherMathNotes @HigherMathNotes] * ''User:'' [[User:Greg at Higher Math Help|Greg at Higher Math Help]] * ''Bio:'' Hi there! I'm a professional tutor of high-school through graduate-level math. I was inspired by a [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda/status/1334257531271712768 conversation on Twitter] to propose Eventmath and am [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working to get this project off the ground. I’m excited to see what we can make together! ===Brendan W. Sullivan (he/him)=== * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/professorbrenda @professorbrenda] (no final N!) * ''User:'' [[User:Professorbrendan|Professorbrendan]] * ''Bio:'' I am also [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Grants:Project/Eventmath#Grantees_and_project_leads one of two Wikimedia grantees] working on this project. I've been teaching undergraduate mathematics for 7+ years (12+ including graduate school) and have experience using current events articles in the classroom to teach quantitative reasoning and problem-solving skills. I hope this project will make it easier for teachers and students to explore how mathematical thinking is useful in our modern world. ===Jyotika Wadhwa=== * ''User:'' [[User:jodubdub|jodubdub]] * ''Bio:'' I am a software engineer turned finance professional - both professions that rely heavily on quantitative reasoning. I am excited about participating in a project that uses real-life examples to further mathematical literacy. ===Heather Charles=== * ''User:'' [[User:Heathercharles|Heathercharles]] * ''Bio:'' I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! '''Ozlem Ugurlu (she/her)''' * ''Twitter:'' [https://twitter.com/ozziugurlu @Ozziugurlu] * ''User:'' [[User:Wikiversity-username|Ougurlu]] * ''Bio:'' I received my Bs and MSc in Mathematics in Turkey. In 2013, I moved to the USA to pursue my doctorate in Mathematics at Tulane University, New Orleans, LA. Since then, I have been teaching undergraduate/graduate level courses. I have no editing experience on Wiki; however, it is important to me that I can provide my students with accessible and tangible learning experiences. So, I am excited to be part of this project. ===Suzie Garfield=== * ''User:'' [[User:Suzie_Garfield|Suzie Garfield]] * ''Bio:'' I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. ===Linda McGuire=== * ''User:'' [[Lindamc29]] * ''Bio:'' I have been teaching the full spectrum of undergraduate mathematics courses for over 20 years. I also teach interdisciplinary courses in other programs such as writing, women and gender studies, and social justice. I try my best to cultivate collaborative learning spaces and I am hopeful that the Eventmath wiki will be a site of collaboration with other teaching-focused colleagues around the globe. ===Asia Matthews=== * ''User:'' [[User:Asia.Matthews|Asia.Matthews]] * ''Bio:'' I teach undergraduates how to think mathematically and to use this knowledge to figure out how to be in this world as one of many. I’ve been teaching undergraduate mathematics since my Master’s degree in 2005 and I like to push my students to be mathematically creative. As of 2022 I have been teaching at Quest University Canada for +/- 5 years. rr0ip4wrj2w6f3qvaya7yl7z99u56t9 3 282495 2415891 2383410 2022-08-17T19:30:03Z OhanaUnited 18921 /* Editorial board application */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] HariSinghw!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 14:12, 14 March 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} == Editorial board application == Hello, I noticed that you posted your application to join the editorial board on [[Talk:WikiJournal of Humanities/Editorial board]]. The reason it didn't receive any attention was that it should be posted to [[Talk:WikiJournal of Humanities/Editors]]. I have moved that conversation to the correct page for you. During this process, I noticed that you [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AWikiJournal_of_Humanities%2FEditors&type=revision&diff=2383406&oldid=2303912 applied back in March] but I removed it as the first application was incomplete (it lacked your name, professional and publishing expertise). The current application appears to be better now. I have some questions about your current application but I will post it on that page. Thanks. [[User:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: #0000FF;">OhanaUnited</span></b>]][[User talk:OhanaUnited|<b><span style="color: green;">^{Talk page}</span></b>]] 19:30, 17 August 2022 (UTC) 98pbjknbbd4xl9ymemqjff53f06zbiv 0 284038 2415880 2415481 2022-08-17T17:19:40Z Hgp113 2927722 Added pairs.panels, poster, and speaker notes example on to page wikitext text/x-wiki This provides some quick examples of how to build and read some exploratory visualizations. The set is not intended to be comprehensive -- there are many entire books and websites dedicated to the topic. Instead, in the OTOPS spirit, we focus on our favorite techniques. Why? We use them the most. The wisdom of the crowd and practical experience tell us these are "go to" techniques. They are effective. And for data workers, they are familiar. To outsiders, they may look foreign, ugly, or overwhelming at first -- which is why this set of methods is geared towards "inside" use, making sure that we understand the data before we even try to explain it to external audiences. If you only could learn three methods, the '''histogram''', '''box and whisker plot''', [[File:500 class pic 2022.jpg|thumb|Students celebrating a successful, fun, productive semester]] and the '''scatterplot''' would be enough to get you through 80% of your EDA needs. That set covers the bases across the levels of measurement, and it also provides exploratory visualizations for comparing means (the box plot leads naturally to the [https://hgaps.org Student's ''t''-test] and [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]], or their nonparametric equivalents) and the scatterplot is the basic visualization for correlation and regression (and helps a lot with outlier detection). ==Histograms== === When to use them: === === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "hist" function, that will make histograms. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} '''hist'''(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:Base histogram.png|alt=Frequency distribution of parent reported manic symptoms shown by their child or teenager|Example of a histogram made in Base R]] ==== Intermediate: ==== ==== Complicated: ==== ggplot2 has a bunch of options. One that is very helpful is being able to rotate the bar chart or histogram horizontally. This lets us use horizontal text for the labels, lining up with the direction our eye naturally reads text (versus rotating the text to squeeze into the constrained space of a vertical bar orientation). ==== Next level: ==== Population pyramids (aka back-to-back histograms) ==Boxplots== When to use them: nonparametric picture of central tendency (middle 50%), asymmetry (skew), outliers How to make them: ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "boxplot" function. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} boxplot(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:CMRS boxplot.png|alt=Boxplot of parent-reported Child Mania Rating Scale scores. |frameless|486x486px]] '''Complicated:''' Split by a factor; ggplot2 '''Next level:''' Superimpose a violin plot or a beeswarm. Here is an example<ref>DuBois, C. M., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., Findling, R. L. (2021, June 17-19). Sexual abuse and female identity significantly predict PTSD symptom presentation in children and adolescents. Poster presented at the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology’s 5th Annual Future Directions Forum, Washington, DC, United States. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UD6YB</ref> of a violin plot. It visualizes results after controlling for covariates and includes an added jitter effect showing the data distribution. [[File:DuBois et al., 2021 Poster Violin Plot.png|left|thumb|288x288px|'''Title:''' Influence of Trauma Type on PTSD Symptom Severity [from DuBois et al., 2021]. ''Points that are lighter are closer to the mean Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) score (M = 14.50), and the effects of gender and race/ethnicity are controlled for. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.'']] Here is the code used to create this plot, which can be adapted for other research projects.<blockquote>effect_plot(results2, pred = traumaTypes, interval = TRUE, plot.points = TRUE, jitter = .2) fill_values<-scales::seq_gradient_pal("#99badd", "#4ea4f7")(seq(0, 1, length.out=5)) ggplot(cpssFileNA, aes(x = traumaTypes, y = resids)) + geom_violin(aes(fill = traumaTypes)) + geom_jitter(aes(color=CPSStot)) + labs(x = 'Trauma Types', y = 'PTSD Symptom Severity', position = position_jitter(.15)) + scale_fill_manual(values=fill_values) + scale_color_gradient2(low="#0055B3", mid="white", high="#0055B3", midpoint = mean(cpssFileNA$CPSStot), limits=c(0, 50), labs(y = "PTSD Symptom Severity")) + scale_x_discrete(labels = c('No Trauma', 'Physical Abuse','Neglect','Sexual Abuse', 'Multiple Types'))</blockquote> ==Scatterplots== === When to use them: === two dimensional/continuous variables === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== plot ==== Complicated: ==== pairs.panels, correlogram; ggplot === Next level: === pairs.panels, or type layering (see Follet et al. for example) == Pairs.Panels == === When to use them: === === How to make them: === [[File:Pairs.Panels for "Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences".png|left|thumb|312x312px]] == Small multiples == Cleveland and Tufte -- two giants in the visualization world -- developed and popularized the idea of small multiples. par(mfrow...) trellis and now let's look at pairs.panels again == Data Visualization Within Posters == Below are just a few examples of how data visualizations, like the ones described above, are presented within posters. [[File:"Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences" Poster.png|left|thumb|335x335px]] == Placing Code in Speaker Notes of Presentation == For both educational and replication purposes, it can be helpful to place your data visualization code within the speaker notes of your presentation (example below). [[File:Data within Speaker Notes Example.png|left|thumb]] == What's missing? == We deliberately left out some familiar ones, because experts think they are inefficient and hard to interpret (pie charts are an example -- lots of ink for a handful of numbers; and boxplots provide more than 5x as much information as a similar bar chart). What are some gaps you may need to address? If your analysis is going to look at two or more nominal variables (a chi-squared scenario), making a set of histograms will tell you about each variable by itself, but it won't provide a picture of if and how they are related. This is similar to how histograms (or boxplots) of height and weight will tell you about the distribution of each, but nothing about whether they are correlated -- a scatterplot would show that more directly and clearly. We need a visualization equivalent of a scatterplot for categorical variables. They exist, and R can make them, but we'll need to use ggplot2 or specialized packages like mosaic designed specifically for that scenario. == If you only take away one thing.... == Remember the idea that a "vital few" versatile plots will be tools that get you through ~80% of what you need to understand patterns in your data! == External links == Here are some helpful pages: == References == [[Category:EDA]] [[Category:Exploratory visualization]] cdak8wej54mhsqkd2qqaa4h54gv7m4t 2415881 2415880 2022-08-17T17:21:02Z Hgp113 2927722 wikitext text/x-wiki This provides some quick examples of how to build and read some exploratory visualizations. The set is not intended to be comprehensive -- there are many entire books and websites dedicated to the topic. Instead, in the OTOPS spirit, we focus on our favorite techniques. Why? We use them the most. The wisdom of the crowd and practical experience tell us these are "go to" techniques. They are effective. And for data workers, they are familiar. To outsiders, they may look foreign, ugly, or overwhelming at first -- which is why this set of methods is geared towards "inside" use, making sure that we understand the data before we even try to explain it to external audiences. If you only could learn three methods, the '''histogram''', '''box and whisker plot''', [[File:500 class pic 2022.jpg|thumb|Students celebrating a successful, fun, productive semester]] and the '''scatterplot''' would be enough to get you through 80% of your EDA needs. That set covers the bases across the levels of measurement, and it also provides exploratory visualizations for comparing means (the box plot leads naturally to the [https://hgaps.org Student's ''t''-test] and [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]], or their nonparametric equivalents) and the scatterplot is the basic visualization for correlation and regression (and helps a lot with outlier detection). ==Histograms== === When to use them: === === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "hist" function, that will make histograms. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} '''hist'''(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:Base histogram.png|alt=Frequency distribution of parent reported manic symptoms shown by their child or teenager|Example of a histogram made in Base R]] ==== Intermediate: ==== ==== Complicated: ==== ggplot2 has a bunch of options. One that is very helpful is being able to rotate the bar chart or histogram horizontally. This lets us use horizontal text for the labels, lining up with the direction our eye naturally reads text (versus rotating the text to squeeze into the constrained space of a vertical bar orientation). ==== Next level: ==== Population pyramids (aka back-to-back histograms) ==Boxplots== When to use them: nonparametric picture of central tendency (middle 50%), asymmetry (skew), outliers How to make them: ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "boxplot" function. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} boxplot(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:CMRS boxplot.png|alt=Boxplot of parent-reported Child Mania Rating Scale scores. |frameless|486x486px]] '''Complicated:''' Split by a factor; ggplot2 '''Next level:''' Superimpose a violin plot or a beeswarm. Here is an example<ref>DuBois, C. M., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., Findling, R. L. (2021, June 17-19). Sexual abuse and female identity significantly predict PTSD symptom presentation in children and adolescents. Poster presented at the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology’s 5th Annual Future Directions Forum, Washington, DC, United States. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UD6YB</ref> of a violin plot. It visualizes results after controlling for covariates and includes an added jitter effect showing the data distribution. [[File:DuBois et al., 2021 Poster Violin Plot.png|left|thumb|288x288px|'''Title:''' Influence of Trauma Type on PTSD Symptom Severity [from DuBois et al., 2021]. ''Points that are lighter are closer to the mean Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) score (M = 14.50), and the effects of gender and race/ethnicity are controlled for. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.'']] Here is the code used to create this plot, which can be adapted for other research projects.<blockquote>effect_plot(results2, pred = traumaTypes, interval = TRUE, plot.points = TRUE, jitter = .2) fill_values<-scales::seq_gradient_pal("#99badd", "#4ea4f7")(seq(0, 1, length.out=5)) ggplot(cpssFileNA, aes(x = traumaTypes, y = resids)) + geom_violin(aes(fill = traumaTypes)) + geom_jitter(aes(color=CPSStot)) + labs(x = 'Trauma Types', y = 'PTSD Symptom Severity', position = position_jitter(.15)) + scale_fill_manual(values=fill_values) + scale_color_gradient2(low="#0055B3", mid="white", high="#0055B3", midpoint = mean(cpssFileNA$CPSStot), limits=c(0, 50), labs(y = "PTSD Symptom Severity")) + scale_x_discrete(labels = c('No Trauma', 'Physical Abuse','Neglect','Sexual Abuse', 'Multiple Types'))</blockquote> ==Scatterplots== === When to use them: === two dimensional/continuous variables === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== plot ==== Complicated: ==== pairs.panels, correlogram; ggplot === Next level: === pairs.panels, or type layering (see Follet et al. for example) == Small multiples == Cleveland and Tufte -- two giants in the visualization world -- developed and popularized the idea of small multiples. par(mfrow...) trellis and now let's look at pairs.panels again == Pairs.Panels == === When to use them: === === How to make them: === [[File:Pairs.Panels for "Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences".png|left|thumb|312x312px]] == Data Visualization Within Posters == Below are just a few examples of how data visualizations, like the ones described above, are presented within posters. [[File:"Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences" Poster.png|left|thumb|335x335px]] == Placing Code in Speaker Notes of Presentation == For both educational and replication purposes, it can be helpful to place your data visualization code within the speaker notes of your presentation (example below). [[File:Data within Speaker Notes Example.png|left|thumb]] == What's missing? == We deliberately left out some familiar ones, because experts think they are inefficient and hard to interpret (pie charts are an example -- lots of ink for a handful of numbers; and boxplots provide more than 5x as much information as a similar bar chart). What are some gaps you may need to address? If your analysis is going to look at two or more nominal variables (a chi-squared scenario), making a set of histograms will tell you about each variable by itself, but it won't provide a picture of if and how they are related. This is similar to how histograms (or boxplots) of height and weight will tell you about the distribution of each, but nothing about whether they are correlated -- a scatterplot would show that more directly and clearly. We need a visualization equivalent of a scatterplot for categorical variables. They exist, and R can make them, but we'll need to use ggplot2 or specialized packages like mosaic designed specifically for that scenario. == If you only take away one thing.... == Remember the idea that a "vital few" versatile plots will be tools that get you through ~80% of what you need to understand patterns in your data! == External links == Here are some helpful pages: == References == [[Category:EDA]] [[Category:Exploratory visualization]] ij08clf0qclcn16dfojslc5xw8fcwow 2415882 2415881 2022-08-17T17:21:38Z Hgp113 2927722 /* Data Visualization Within Posters */ wikitext text/x-wiki This provides some quick examples of how to build and read some exploratory visualizations. The set is not intended to be comprehensive -- there are many entire books and websites dedicated to the topic. Instead, in the OTOPS spirit, we focus on our favorite techniques. Why? We use them the most. The wisdom of the crowd and practical experience tell us these are "go to" techniques. They are effective. And for data workers, they are familiar. To outsiders, they may look foreign, ugly, or overwhelming at first -- which is why this set of methods is geared towards "inside" use, making sure that we understand the data before we even try to explain it to external audiences. If you only could learn three methods, the '''histogram''', '''box and whisker plot''', [[File:500 class pic 2022.jpg|thumb|Students celebrating a successful, fun, productive semester]] and the '''scatterplot''' would be enough to get you through 80% of your EDA needs. That set covers the bases across the levels of measurement, and it also provides exploratory visualizations for comparing means (the box plot leads naturally to the [https://hgaps.org Student's ''t''-test] and [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]], or their nonparametric equivalents) and the scatterplot is the basic visualization for correlation and regression (and helps a lot with outlier detection). ==Histograms== === When to use them: === === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "hist" function, that will make histograms. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} '''hist'''(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:Base histogram.png|alt=Frequency distribution of parent reported manic symptoms shown by their child or teenager|Example of a histogram made in Base R]] ==== Intermediate: ==== ==== Complicated: ==== ggplot2 has a bunch of options. One that is very helpful is being able to rotate the bar chart or histogram horizontally. This lets us use horizontal text for the labels, lining up with the direction our eye naturally reads text (versus rotating the text to squeeze into the constrained space of a vertical bar orientation). ==== Next level: ==== Population pyramids (aka back-to-back histograms) ==Boxplots== When to use them: nonparametric picture of central tendency (middle 50%), asymmetry (skew), outliers How to make them: ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "boxplot" function. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} boxplot(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:CMRS boxplot.png|alt=Boxplot of parent-reported Child Mania Rating Scale scores. |frameless|486x486px]] '''Complicated:''' Split by a factor; ggplot2 '''Next level:''' Superimpose a violin plot or a beeswarm. Here is an example<ref>DuBois, C. M., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., Findling, R. L. (2021, June 17-19). Sexual abuse and female identity significantly predict PTSD symptom presentation in children and adolescents. Poster presented at the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology’s 5th Annual Future Directions Forum, Washington, DC, United States. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UD6YB</ref> of a violin plot. It visualizes results after controlling for covariates and includes an added jitter effect showing the data distribution. [[File:DuBois et al., 2021 Poster Violin Plot.png|left|thumb|288x288px|'''Title:''' Influence of Trauma Type on PTSD Symptom Severity [from DuBois et al., 2021]. ''Points that are lighter are closer to the mean Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) score (M = 14.50), and the effects of gender and race/ethnicity are controlled for. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.'']] Here is the code used to create this plot, which can be adapted for other research projects.<blockquote>effect_plot(results2, pred = traumaTypes, interval = TRUE, plot.points = TRUE, jitter = .2) fill_values<-scales::seq_gradient_pal("#99badd", "#4ea4f7")(seq(0, 1, length.out=5)) ggplot(cpssFileNA, aes(x = traumaTypes, y = resids)) + geom_violin(aes(fill = traumaTypes)) + geom_jitter(aes(color=CPSStot)) + labs(x = 'Trauma Types', y = 'PTSD Symptom Severity', position = position_jitter(.15)) + scale_fill_manual(values=fill_values) + scale_color_gradient2(low="#0055B3", mid="white", high="#0055B3", midpoint = mean(cpssFileNA$CPSStot), limits=c(0, 50), labs(y = "PTSD Symptom Severity")) + scale_x_discrete(labels = c('No Trauma', 'Physical Abuse','Neglect','Sexual Abuse', 'Multiple Types'))</blockquote> ==Scatterplots== === When to use them: === two dimensional/continuous variables === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== plot ==== Complicated: ==== pairs.panels, correlogram; ggplot === Next level: === pairs.panels, or type layering (see Follet et al. for example) == Small multiples == Cleveland and Tufte -- two giants in the visualization world -- developed and popularized the idea of small multiples. par(mfrow...) trellis and now let's look at pairs.panels again == Pairs.Panels == === When to use them: === === How to make them: === [[File:Pairs.Panels for "Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences".png|left|thumb|312x312px]] == Data Visualization Within Posters == Below are just a few examples of how data visualizations, like the ones described above, are presented within posters. [[File:"Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences" Poster.png|left|thumb|335x335px]] == Placing Code in Speaker Notes of Presentation == For both educational and replication purposes, it can be helpful to place your data visualization code within the speaker notes of your presentation (example below). [[File:Data within Speaker Notes Example.png|left|thumb]] == What's missing? == We deliberately left out some familiar ones, because experts think they are inefficient and hard to interpret (pie charts are an example -- lots of ink for a handful of numbers; and boxplots provide more than 5x as much information as a similar bar chart). What are some gaps you may need to address? If your analysis is going to look at two or more nominal variables (a chi-squared scenario), making a set of histograms will tell you about each variable by itself, but it won't provide a picture of if and how they are related. This is similar to how histograms (or boxplots) of height and weight will tell you about the distribution of each, but nothing about whether they are correlated -- a scatterplot would show that more directly and clearly. We need a visualization equivalent of a scatterplot for categorical variables. They exist, and R can make them, but we'll need to use ggplot2 or specialized packages like mosaic designed specifically for that scenario. == If you only take away one thing.... == Remember the idea that a "vital few" versatile plots will be tools that get you through ~80% of what you need to understand patterns in your data! == External links == Here are some helpful pages: == References == [[Category:EDA]] [[Category:Exploratory visualization]] dq4ucn7wac8i26l0ubnk4zxzcbj7ezw 2415883 2415882 2022-08-17T17:22:45Z Hgp113 2927722 wikitext text/x-wiki This provides some quick examples of how to build and read some exploratory visualizations. The set is not intended to be comprehensive -- there are many entire books and websites dedicated to the topic. Instead, in the OTOPS spirit, we focus on our favorite techniques. Why? We use them the most. The wisdom of the crowd and practical experience tell us these are "go to" techniques. They are effective. And for data workers, they are familiar. To outsiders, they may look foreign, ugly, or overwhelming at first -- which is why this set of methods is geared towards "inside" use, making sure that we understand the data before we even try to explain it to external audiences. If you only could learn three methods, the '''histogram''', '''box and whisker plot''', [[File:500 class pic 2022.jpg|thumb|Students celebrating a successful, fun, productive semester]] and the '''scatterplot''' would be enough to get you through 80% of your EDA needs. That set covers the bases across the levels of measurement, and it also provides exploratory visualizations for comparing means (the box plot leads naturally to the [https://hgaps.org Student's ''t''-test] and [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]], or their nonparametric equivalents) and the scatterplot is the basic visualization for correlation and regression (and helps a lot with outlier detection). ==Histograms== === When to use them: === === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "hist" function, that will make histograms. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} '''hist'''(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:Base histogram.png|alt=Frequency distribution of parent reported manic symptoms shown by their child or teenager|Example of a histogram made in Base R]] ==== Intermediate: ==== ==== Complicated: ==== ggplot2 has a bunch of options. One that is very helpful is being able to rotate the bar chart or histogram horizontally. This lets us use horizontal text for the labels, lining up with the direction our eye naturally reads text (versus rotating the text to squeeze into the constrained space of a vertical bar orientation). ==== Next level: ==== Population pyramids (aka back-to-back histograms) ==Boxplots== When to use them: nonparametric picture of central tendency (middle 50%), asymmetry (skew), outliers How to make them: ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "boxplot" function. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} boxplot(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:CMRS boxplot.png|alt=Boxplot of parent-reported Child Mania Rating Scale scores. |frameless|486x486px]] '''Complicated:''' Split by a factor; ggplot2 '''Next level:''' Superimpose a violin plot or a beeswarm. Here is an example<ref>DuBois, C. M., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., Findling, R. L. (2021, June 17-19). Sexual abuse and female identity significantly predict PTSD symptom presentation in children and adolescents. Poster presented at the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology’s 5th Annual Future Directions Forum, Washington, DC, United States. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UD6YB</ref> of a violin plot. It visualizes results after controlling for covariates and includes an added jitter effect showing the data distribution. [[File:DuBois et al., 2021 Poster Violin Plot.png|left|thumb|288x288px|'''Title:''' Influence of Trauma Type on PTSD Symptom Severity [from DuBois et al., 2021]. ''Points that are lighter are closer to the mean Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) score (M = 14.50), and the effects of gender and race/ethnicity are controlled for. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.'']] Here is the code used to create this plot, which can be adapted for other research projects.<blockquote>effect_plot(results2, pred = traumaTypes, interval = TRUE, plot.points = TRUE, jitter = .2) fill_values<-scales::seq_gradient_pal("#99badd", "#4ea4f7")(seq(0, 1, length.out=5)) ggplot(cpssFileNA, aes(x = traumaTypes, y = resids)) + geom_violin(aes(fill = traumaTypes)) + geom_jitter(aes(color=CPSStot)) + labs(x = 'Trauma Types', y = 'PTSD Symptom Severity', position = position_jitter(.15)) + scale_fill_manual(values=fill_values) + scale_color_gradient2(low="#0055B3", mid="white", high="#0055B3", midpoint = mean(cpssFileNA$CPSStot), limits=c(0, 50), labs(y = "PTSD Symptom Severity")) + scale_x_discrete(labels = c('No Trauma', 'Physical Abuse','Neglect','Sexual Abuse', 'Multiple Types'))</blockquote> ==Scatterplots== === When to use them: === two dimensional/continuous variables === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== plot ==== Complicated: ==== pairs.panels, correlogram; ggplot === Next level: === pairs.panels, or type layering (see Follet et al. for example) == Small multiples == Cleveland and Tufte -- two giants in the visualization world -- developed and popularized the idea of small multiples. par(mfrow...) trellis and now let's look at pairs.panels again == Pairs.Panels == === When to use them: === === How to make them: === [[File:Pairs.Panels for "Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences".png|left|thumb|179x179px]] . == Data Visualization Within Posters == Below are just a few examples of how data visualizations, like the ones described above, are presented within posters. [[File:"Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences" Poster.png|left|thumb|335x335px]] . == Placing Code in Speaker Notes of Presentation == For both educational and replication purposes, it can be helpful to place your data visualization code within the speaker notes of your presentation (example below). [[File:Data within Speaker Notes Example.png|left|thumb]] . == What's missing? == We deliberately left out some familiar ones, because experts think they are inefficient and hard to interpret (pie charts are an example -- lots of ink for a handful of numbers; and boxplots provide more than 5x as much information as a similar bar chart). What are some gaps you may need to address? If your analysis is going to look at two or more nominal variables (a chi-squared scenario), making a set of histograms will tell you about each variable by itself, but it won't provide a picture of if and how they are related. This is similar to how histograms (or boxplots) of height and weight will tell you about the distribution of each, but nothing about whether they are correlated -- a scatterplot would show that more directly and clearly. We need a visualization equivalent of a scatterplot for categorical variables. They exist, and R can make them, but we'll need to use ggplot2 or specialized packages like mosaic designed specifically for that scenario. == If you only take away one thing.... == Remember the idea that a "vital few" versatile plots will be tools that get you through ~80% of what you need to understand patterns in your data! == External links == Here are some helpful pages: == References == [[Category:EDA]] [[Category:Exploratory visualization]] c3ioiviyvia0ez6nymgyfvhpq22m7i4 2415884 2415883 2022-08-17T17:23:18Z Hgp113 2927722 wikitext text/x-wiki This provides some quick examples of how to build and read some exploratory visualizations. The set is not intended to be comprehensive -- there are many entire books and websites dedicated to the topic. Instead, in the OTOPS spirit, we focus on our favorite techniques. Why? We use them the most. The wisdom of the crowd and practical experience tell us these are "go to" techniques. They are effective. And for data workers, they are familiar. To outsiders, they may look foreign, ugly, or overwhelming at first -- which is why this set of methods is geared towards "inside" use, making sure that we understand the data before we even try to explain it to external audiences. If you only could learn three methods, the '''histogram''', '''box and whisker plot''', [[File:500 class pic 2022.jpg|thumb|Students celebrating a successful, fun, productive semester]] and the '''scatterplot''' would be enough to get you through 80% of your EDA needs. That set covers the bases across the levels of measurement, and it also provides exploratory visualizations for comparing means (the box plot leads naturally to the [https://hgaps.org Student's ''t''-test] and [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]], or their nonparametric equivalents) and the scatterplot is the basic visualization for correlation and regression (and helps a lot with outlier detection). ==Histograms== === When to use them: === === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "hist" function, that will make histograms. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} '''hist'''(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:Base histogram.png|alt=Frequency distribution of parent reported manic symptoms shown by their child or teenager|Example of a histogram made in Base R]] ==== Intermediate: ==== ==== Complicated: ==== ggplot2 has a bunch of options. One that is very helpful is being able to rotate the bar chart or histogram horizontally. This lets us use horizontal text for the labels, lining up with the direction our eye naturally reads text (versus rotating the text to squeeze into the constrained space of a vertical bar orientation). ==== Next level: ==== Population pyramids (aka back-to-back histograms) ==Boxplots== When to use them: nonparametric picture of central tendency (middle 50%), asymmetry (skew), outliers How to make them: ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "boxplot" function. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} boxplot(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:CMRS boxplot.png|alt=Boxplot of parent-reported Child Mania Rating Scale scores. |frameless|486x486px]] '''Complicated:''' Split by a factor; ggplot2 '''Next level:''' Superimpose a violin plot or a beeswarm. Here is an example<ref>DuBois, C. M., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., Findling, R. L. (2021, June 17-19). Sexual abuse and female identity significantly predict PTSD symptom presentation in children and adolescents. Poster presented at the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology’s 5th Annual Future Directions Forum, Washington, DC, United States. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UD6YB</ref> of a violin plot. It visualizes results after controlling for covariates and includes an added jitter effect showing the data distribution. [[File:DuBois et al., 2021 Poster Violin Plot.png|left|thumb|288x288px|'''Title:''' Influence of Trauma Type on PTSD Symptom Severity [from DuBois et al., 2021]. ''Points that are lighter are closer to the mean Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) score (M = 14.50), and the effects of gender and race/ethnicity are controlled for. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.'']] Here is the code used to create this plot, which can be adapted for other research projects.<blockquote>effect_plot(results2, pred = traumaTypes, interval = TRUE, plot.points = TRUE, jitter = .2) fill_values<-scales::seq_gradient_pal("#99badd", "#4ea4f7")(seq(0, 1, length.out=5)) ggplot(cpssFileNA, aes(x = traumaTypes, y = resids)) + geom_violin(aes(fill = traumaTypes)) + geom_jitter(aes(color=CPSStot)) + labs(x = 'Trauma Types', y = 'PTSD Symptom Severity', position = position_jitter(.15)) + scale_fill_manual(values=fill_values) + scale_color_gradient2(low="#0055B3", mid="white", high="#0055B3", midpoint = mean(cpssFileNA$CPSStot), limits=c(0, 50), labs(y = "PTSD Symptom Severity")) + scale_x_discrete(labels = c('No Trauma', 'Physical Abuse','Neglect','Sexual Abuse', 'Multiple Types'))</blockquote> ==Scatterplots== === When to use them: === two dimensional/continuous variables === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== plot ==== Complicated: ==== pairs.panels, correlogram; ggplot === Next level: === pairs.panels, or type layering (see Follet et al. for example) == Small multiples == Cleveland and Tufte -- two giants in the visualization world -- developed and popularized the idea of small multiples. par(mfrow...) trellis and now let's look at pairs.panels again == Pairs.Panels == === When to use them: === === How to make them: === [[File:Pairs.Panels for "Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences".png|left|thumb|179x179px]] . == Data Visualization Within Posters == Below are just a few examples of how data visualizations, like the ones described above, are presented within posters. [[File:"Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences" Poster.png|left|thumb|199x199px]] . == Placing Code in Speaker Notes of Presentation == For both educational and replication purposes, it can be helpful to place your data visualization code within the speaker notes of your presentation (example below). [[File:Data within Speaker Notes Example.png|left|thumb|131x131px]] . == What's missing? == We deliberately left out some familiar ones, because experts think they are inefficient and hard to interpret (pie charts are an example -- lots of ink for a handful of numbers; and boxplots provide more than 5x as much information as a similar bar chart). What are some gaps you may need to address? If your analysis is going to look at two or more nominal variables (a chi-squared scenario), making a set of histograms will tell you about each variable by itself, but it won't provide a picture of if and how they are related. This is similar to how histograms (or boxplots) of height and weight will tell you about the distribution of each, but nothing about whether they are correlated -- a scatterplot would show that more directly and clearly. We need a visualization equivalent of a scatterplot for categorical variables. They exist, and R can make them, but we'll need to use ggplot2 or specialized packages like mosaic designed specifically for that scenario. == If you only take away one thing.... == Remember the idea that a "vital few" versatile plots will be tools that get you through ~80% of what you need to understand patterns in your data! == External links == Here are some helpful pages: == References == [[Category:EDA]] [[Category:Exploratory visualization]] 0j7y8yb9aueyophe0c1ttnuwrxwi8ns 2415923 2415884 2022-08-17T21:56:57Z Chasedubois99 2911448 Added full poster, poster with speaker notes in code, and updated formatting wikitext text/x-wiki This provides some quick examples of how to build and read some exploratory visualizations. The set is not intended to be comprehensive -- there are many entire books and websites dedicated to the topic. Instead, in the OTOPS spirit, we focus on our favorite techniques. Why? We use them the most. The wisdom of the crowd and practical experience tell us these are "go to" techniques. They are effective. And for data workers, they are familiar. To outsiders, they may look foreign, ugly, or overwhelming at first -- which is why this set of methods is geared towards "inside" use, making sure that we understand the data before we even try to explain it to external audiences. If you only could learn three methods, the '''histogram''', '''box and whisker plot''', [[File:500 class pic 2022.jpg|thumb|Students celebrating a successful, fun, productive semester]] and the '''scatterplot''' would be enough to get you through 80% of your EDA needs. That set covers the bases across the levels of measurement, and it also provides exploratory visualizations for comparing means (the box plot leads naturally to the [https://hgaps.org Student's ''t''-test] and [[Analysis of variance|ANOVA]], or their nonparametric equivalents) and the scatterplot is the basic visualization for correlation and regression (and helps a lot with outlier detection). ==Histograms== === When to use them: === === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "hist" function, that will make histograms. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} '''hist'''(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:Base histogram.png|alt=Frequency distribution of parent reported manic symptoms shown by their child or teenager|Example of a histogram made in Base R]] ==== Intermediate: ==== ==== Complicated: ==== ggplot2 has a bunch of options. One that is very helpful is being able to rotate the bar chart or histogram horizontally. This lets us use horizontal text for the labels, lining up with the direction our eye naturally reads text (versus rotating the text to squeeze into the constrained space of a vertical bar orientation). ==== Next level: ==== Population pyramids (aka back-to-back histograms) ==Boxplots== When to use them: nonparametric picture of central tendency (middle 50%), asymmetry (skew), outliers How to make them: ==== Simple: ==== Base R includes the "boxplot" function. One word of code is enough! <code> ```{r Simple scoring example} boxplot(alldata$cmrsptot) ```</code> That code produces something like this: [[File:CMRS boxplot.png|alt=Boxplot of parent-reported Child Mania Rating Scale scores. |frameless|486x486px]] '''Complicated:''' Split by a factor; ggplot2 '''Next level:''' Superimpose a violin plot or a beeswarm. Here is an example<ref>DuBois, C. M., Youngstrom, E. A., Youngstrom, J. K., Feeny, N. C., Findling, R. L. (2021, June 17-19). Sexual abuse and female identity significantly predict PTSD symptom presentation in children and adolescents. Poster presented at the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology’s 5th Annual Future Directions Forum, Washington, DC, United States. https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/UD6YB</ref> of a violin plot. It visualizes results after controlling for covariates and includes an added jitter effect showing the data distribution. [[File:DuBois et al., 2021 Poster Violin Plot.png|thumb|420x420px|'''Title:''' Influence of Trauma Type on PTSD Symptom Severity [from DuBois et al., 2021]. ''Points that are lighter are closer to the mean Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) score (M = 14.50), and the effects of gender and race/ethnicity are controlled for. *p < .05, **p < .01, ***p < .001.''|none]] Here is the code used to create this plot, which can be adapted for other research projects.<blockquote>effect_plot(results2, pred = traumaTypes, interval = TRUE, plot.points = TRUE, jitter = .2) fill_values<-scales::seq_gradient_pal("#99badd", "#4ea4f7")(seq(0, 1, length.out=5)) ggplot(cpssFileNA, aes(x = traumaTypes, y = resids)) + geom_violin(aes(fill = traumaTypes)) + geom_jitter(aes(color=CPSStot)) + labs(x = 'Trauma Types', y = 'PTSD Symptom Severity', position = position_jitter(.15)) + scale_fill_manual(values=fill_values) + scale_color_gradient2(low="#0055B3", mid="white", high="#0055B3", midpoint = mean(cpssFileNA$CPSStot), limits=c(0, 50), labs(y = "PTSD Symptom Severity")) + scale_x_discrete(labels = c('No Trauma', 'Physical Abuse','Neglect','Sexual Abuse', 'Multiple Types'))</blockquote> ==Scatterplots== === When to use them: === two dimensional/continuous variables === How to make them: === ==== Simple: ==== plot ==== Complicated: ==== pairs.panels, correlogram; ggplot === Next level: === pairs.panels, or type layering (see Follet et al. for example) == Small multiples == Cleveland and Tufte -- two giants in the visualization world -- developed and popularized the idea of small multiples. par(mfrow...) trellis and now let's look at pairs.panels again == Pairs.Panels == === When to use them: === === How to make them: === [[File:Pairs.Panels for "Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences".png|left|thumb|179x179px]] . == Data Visualization Within Posters == Below are just a few examples of how data visualizations, like the ones described above, are presented within posters. [[File:"Examining the Relationship Between a Child’s Sense of Community and the Frequency of Sleep Disturbances due to Traumatic Experiences" Poster.png|left|thumb|199x199px]] [[File:Research Poster - Sexual Abuse and Female Identity Significantly Predict PTSD Symptom Presentation in Children and Adolescents.jpg|none|thumb|224x224px]] . == Placing Code in Speaker Notes of Presentation == For both educational and replication purposes, it can be helpful to place your data visualization code within the speaker notes of your presentation (example below). [[File:Data within Speaker Notes Example.png|left|thumb|131x131px]] [[File:DuBois et al., 2021 Poster with Code in Speaker Notes.png|none|thumb|130x130px]] . == What's missing? == We deliberately left out some familiar ones, because experts think they are inefficient and hard to interpret (pie charts are an example -- lots of ink for a handful of numbers; and boxplots provide more than 5x as much information as a similar bar chart). What are some gaps you may need to address? If your analysis is going to look at two or more nominal variables (a chi-squared scenario), making a set of histograms will tell you about each variable by itself, but it won't provide a picture of if and how they are related. This is similar to how histograms (or boxplots) of height and weight will tell you about the distribution of each, but nothing about whether they are correlated -- a scatterplot would show that more directly and clearly. We need a visualization equivalent of a scatterplot for categorical variables. They exist, and R can make them, but we'll need to use ggplot2 or specialized packages like mosaic designed specifically for that scenario. == If you only take away one thing.... == Remember the idea that a "vital few" versatile plots will be tools that get you through ~80% of what you need to understand patterns in your data! == External links == Here are some helpful pages: == References == [[Category:EDA]] [[Category:Exploratory visualization]] axo6byxtayraje57x7dcwm2s2gobssg 2 285229 2416056 2415654 2022-08-18T06:21:41Z U3216256 2942574 Hyperlinked my name to external ePortfolio wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello everyone, My name is [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/view/view.php?t=rufMvX4S27FDnj9lZR85 Ebony] and I am a second year Bachelor of Science in Psychology student at the ''University of Canberra''. I am excited to contribute to the 2022 [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022|Motivation and Emotion]] Book. As a first-generation University student, I am passionate about education and bringing awareness to issues that first-generation students face. == Hobbies == University related: * [https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/CLSS CLSS Treasurer] * UCPS President (2021) Other hobbies: * Knitting/Crocheting * Baking * Reading - Mostly fiction, such as novels by Terry Pratchett, Neil Gaiman, and A. A. Milne ([https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1333202.The_Red_House_Mystery The Red House Mystery]). == The book chapter I am working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Disappointment|Disappointment: What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed?]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Work_and_flow&diff=2411657&oldid=2411646 13:29, 4 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Work and Flow chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation+and+emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FTime+Management&date-range-to=&tagfilter=&action=history 13:39, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time Management chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Time_and_motivation&action=history 13:44, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time and Motivation chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Wave_metaphor_for_emotion&oldid=2412979 13:58, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Wave metaphor for emotion chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Suffering_as_emotion&oldid=2412994 14:02, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Suffering as emotion chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:06, 17 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Kindness motivation chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:15, 17 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Kindness motivation chapter (discussion page)] oo2ofupc23u3ghm8x7xqlq3s21okub0 2416093 2416056 2022-08-18T09:01:52Z U3216256 2942574 /* Social contributions */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello everyone, My name is [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/view/view.php?t=rufMvX4S27FDnj9lZR85 Ebony] and I am a second year Bachelor of Science in Psychology student at the ''University of Canberra''. I am excited to contribute to the 2022 [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022|Motivation and Emotion]] Book. As a first-generation University student, I am passionate about education and bringing awareness to issues that first-generation students face. == Hobbies == University related: * [https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/CLSS CLSS Treasurer] * UCPS President (2021) Other hobbies: * Knitting/Crocheting * Baking * Reading - Mostly fiction, such as novels by Terry Pratchett, Neil Gaiman, and A. A. Milne ([https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1333202.The_Red_House_Mystery The Red House Mystery]). == The book chapter I am working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Disappointment|Disappointment: What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed?]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Work_and_flow&diff=2411657&oldid=2411646 13:29, 4 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Work and Flow chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation+and+emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FTime+Management&date-range-to=&tagfilter=&action=history 13:39, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time Management chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Time_and_motivation&action=history 13:44, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time and Motivation chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Wave_metaphor_for_emotion&oldid=2412979 13:58, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Wave metaphor for emotion chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Suffering_as_emotion&oldid=2412994 14:02, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Suffering as emotion chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:06, 17 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Kindness motivation chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:15, 17 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Kindness motivation chapter (discussion page)] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Psychological_distress&action=history 19:00, 18 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Psychological distress chapter (discussion page)] i2kwbvemqn2s5iavd1pd48583xt1yut 2416095 2416093 2022-08-18T09:10:20Z U3216256 2942574 /* Social contributions */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello everyone, My name is [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/view/view.php?t=rufMvX4S27FDnj9lZR85 Ebony] and I am a second year Bachelor of Science in Psychology student at the ''University of Canberra''. I am excited to contribute to the 2022 [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022|Motivation and Emotion]] Book. As a first-generation University student, I am passionate about education and bringing awareness to issues that first-generation students face. == Hobbies == University related: * [https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/CLSS CLSS Treasurer] * UCPS President (2021) Other hobbies: * Knitting/Crocheting * Baking * Reading - Mostly fiction, such as novels by Terry Pratchett, Neil Gaiman, and A. A. Milne ([https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1333202.The_Red_House_Mystery The Red House Mystery]). == The book chapter I am working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Disappointment|Disappointment: What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed?]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Work_and_flow&diff=2411657&oldid=2411646 13:29, 4 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Work and Flow chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation+and+emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FTime+Management&date-range-to=&tagfilter=&action=history 13:39, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time Management chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Time_and_motivation&action=history 13:44, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time and Motivation chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Wave_metaphor_for_emotion&oldid=2412979 13:58, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Wave metaphor for emotion chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Suffering_as_emotion&oldid=2412994 14:02, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Suffering as emotion chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:06, 17 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Kindness motivation chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:15, 17 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Kindness motivation chapter (discussion page)] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Psychological_distress&action=history 19:00, 18 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Psychological distress chapter (discussion page)] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FPsychological_distress&action=historysubmit&type=revision&diff=2416094&oldid=2413286 19:08, 18 August 2022: Added title and subtitle to Psychological distress chapter] 2cfjzqjbge27kp6q3to6hucee274edb 2416097 2416095 2022-08-18T09:13:18Z U3216256 2942574 /* Social contributions */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hello everyone, My name is [https://portfolio.canberra.edu.au/view/view.php?t=rufMvX4S27FDnj9lZR85 Ebony] and I am a second year Bachelor of Science in Psychology student at the ''University of Canberra''. I am excited to contribute to the 2022 [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022|Motivation and Emotion]] Book. As a first-generation University student, I am passionate about education and bringing awareness to issues that first-generation students face. == Hobbies == University related: * [https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/CLSS CLSS Treasurer] * UCPS President (2021) Other hobbies: * Knitting/Crocheting * Baking * Reading - Mostly fiction, such as novels by Terry Pratchett, Neil Gaiman, and A. A. Milne ([https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/1333202.The_Red_House_Mystery The Red House Mystery]). == The book chapter I am working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Disappointment|Disappointment: What is disappointment, what causes disappointment, and how can disappointment be managed?]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Work_and_flow&diff=2411657&oldid=2411646 13:29, 4 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Work and Flow chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation+and+emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FTime+Management&date-range-to=&tagfilter=&action=history 13:39, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time Management chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Time_and_motivation&action=history 13:44, 4 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Time and Motivation chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Wave_metaphor_for_emotion&oldid=2412979 13:58, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Wave metaphor for emotion chapter] # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Suffering_as_emotion&oldid=2412994 14:02, 10 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Suffering as emotion chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:06, 17 August 2022: Added the Motivation and Emotion quick start template to the Kindness motivation chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Kindness_motivation&action=history 10:15, 17 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Kindness motivation chapter (discussion page)] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022/Psychological_distress&action=history 19:00, 18 August 2022: Suggested multiple resources that could be used for the Psychological distress chapter (discussion page)] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FPsychological_distress&action=historysubmit&type=revision&diff=2416094&oldid=2413286 19:08, 18 August 2022: Added title and subtitle to Psychological distress chapter] #[https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion%2FBook%2F2022%2FAcademic_help-seeking&type=revision&diff=2416096&oldid=2415946 19:12, 18 August 2022: Added title and subtitle to Academic help-seeking chapter] 50gcqmz9tt6tdcozxs8ufcmroorfhi6 2 285347 2415942 2413030 2022-08-18T00:05:16Z U943292 2946502 /* Book chapter I'm working on */ wikitext text/x-wiki == Useful links / things to know whilst I'm creating my book chapter == Get images via https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page == About me == Psychology undergrad at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au University of Canberra]. == Book chapter I'm working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Self-efficacy and academic achievement|Self-efficacy and Academic Achievement]] for ''[[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]'' == Social contributions == # 6w5qyljr99flpx1hpu368wb6mskl4kv 0 285380 2415841 2415577 2022-08-17T13:49:53Z Young1lim 21186 /* Handling Series of Data */ wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.A.20220816.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.A.20180726.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.A.20220816.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20220418.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.11.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series1App.Array.1.A.20220817.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series7.AppPoint.1.A.20200424.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series3App.ArrayPointer.1.A.2022024.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming]] </br> 42ysrz7kcdvt78pm6bn2k6s0646rb09 2415844 2415841 2022-08-17T13:51:41Z Young1lim 21186 /* Handling Series of Data */ wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.A.20220817.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.A.20180726.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.A.20220817.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20220418.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.11.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series1App.Array.1.A.20220817.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series7.AppPoint.1.A.20200424.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.Series3App.ArrayPointer.1.A.2022024.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming]] </br> 67lbqe37chw3ac8fvl5eblepgfajh6r 0 285384 2416082 2414169 2022-08-18T07:50:21Z Young1lim 21186 /* Workings of the GNU Compiler */ wikitext text/x-wiki === Workings of the GNU Compiler === * Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]]) * Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]]) * Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20220815.pdf |pdf]]) * Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) * Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]]) * Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]]) * Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Workings of the GNU Linker === ==== Overview ==== * Static Linking Overview ([[Media:Link.1.StaticOverview.20181120.pdf |pdf]]) * Dynamic Linking Overview ([[Media:Link.2.DynamicOverview.20181120.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Linking Process ==== * Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Example I ==== * Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples II ==== * analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming]] lf9e8dm9hv04ojkltu0zilkpy3sey2p 2416084 2416082 2022-08-18T07:51:42Z Young1lim 21186 /* Workings of the GNU Compiler */ wikitext text/x-wiki === Workings of the GNU Compiler === * Overview ([[Media:Overview.20200211.pdf |pdf]]) * Access ([[Media:Access.20200409.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:Operator.20200427.pdf |pdf]]) * Conditions ([[Media:Condition.20220816.pdf |pdf]]) * Control ([[Media:Control.20220616.pdf |pdf]]) * Procedure ([[Media:Procedure.20220412.pdf |pdf]]) * Recursion ([[Media:Recursion.20210824-2.pdf |pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:Array.20211018.pdf |pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:Structure.20220101.pdf |pdf]]) * Alignment ([[Media:Alignment.20201117.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointers ([[Media:Pointer.20201106.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Workings of the GNU Linker === ==== Overview ==== * Static Linking Overview ([[Media:Link.1.StaticOverview.20181120.pdf |pdf]]) * Dynamic Linking Overview ([[Media:Link.2.DynamicOverview.20181120.pdf |pdf]]) ==== Linking Process ==== * Object Files ([[Media:Link.3.A.Object.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.3.B.Object.20190405.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Symbols ([[Media:Link.4.A.Symbol.20190312.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.4.B.Symbol.20190312.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Relocation ([[Media:Link.5.A.Relocation.20190320.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.5.B.Relocation.20190322.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Loading ([[Media:Link.6.A.Loading.20190501.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.6.B.Loading.20190126.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Static Linking ([[Media:Link.7.A.StaticLink.20190122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.7.B.StaticLink.20190128.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Dynamic Linking ([[Media:Link.8.A.DynamicLink.20190207.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.8.B.DynamicLink.20190209.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Position Independent Code ([[Media:Link.9.A.PIC.20190304.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Link.9.B.PIC.20190309.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Example I ==== * Vector addition ([[Media:Eg1.1A.Vector.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.1B.Vector.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Swapping array elements ([[Media:Eg1.2A.Swap.20190302.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.2B.Swap.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Nested functions ([[Media:Eg1.3A.Nest.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Eg1.3B.Nest.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples II ==== * analysis of static linking ([[Media:Ex1.A.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Ex2.B.StaticLinkEx.20190121.pdf |B.pdf]]) * analysis of dynamic linking ([[Media:Ex2.A.DynamicLinkEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * analysis of PIC ([[Media:Ex3.A.PICEx.20190121.pdf |A.pdf]]) </br> go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming]] 8s5iem6vbjysyji4kyeob2a745oib3t 0 285908 2415978 2415771 2022-08-18T02:22:24Z 110.141.171.254 /* What causes disappointment? */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : Regret is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : Anger is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : Disillusionment is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': emotional reactions, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * * * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) *The ventromedial prefrontal cortex *Orbitofrontal cortex Insert Quiz on why John could be disappointed ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003) * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing * key content: how to mitigate/reduce disappointment (reference) * key content: something else (reference) === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) 6dn9i65wzncjai6t7tjqrhc8faki1rn 2415982 2415978 2022-08-18T02:31:35Z 2001:8003:1C14:D601:88F8:1241:A119:8106 /* References */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : Regret is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : Anger is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : Disillusionment is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': emotional reactions, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * * * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) *The ventromedial prefrontal cortex *Orbitofrontal cortex Insert Quiz on why John could be disappointed ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003) * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing * key content: how to mitigate/reduce disappointment (reference) * key content: something else (reference) === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) e8zsjwvdwsrah05prunjrvwtq83br68 2415987 2415982 2022-08-18T03:02:21Z U3216256 2942574 /* What causes disappointment? */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : Regret is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : Anger is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : Disillusionment is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Anterior Insula === * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Prefrontal cortex === * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) oc23gi4knbe25o78n8hpzmy3vx2kprd 2416033 2415987 2022-08-18T04:58:07Z U3216256 2942574 /* What causes disappointment? */ Inserted images of the brain wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : Regret is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : Anger is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : Disillusionment is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior Insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2:'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3:'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4'': Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) et4duik1xzedeloadg5tgdifi7er5sb 2416034 2416033 2022-08-18T04:58:48Z U3216256 2942574 /* What causes disappointment? */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : Regret is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : Anger is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : Disillusionment is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2:'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3:'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4'': Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) plecvwc8u8lg5vpyt5dckoqn1g2ztr3 2416072 2416034 2022-08-18T06:30:19Z U3216256 2942574 /* What is disappointment? */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret Regret] is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger Anger] is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disillusionment Disillusionment] is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2:'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3:'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4'': Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) bewe4bzyz0g8kqa5vxbig8wmn33fwsz 2416077 2416072 2022-08-18T06:33:16Z U3216256 2942574 /* Subcortical structure: Anterior insula */ changed image title wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret Regret] is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger Anger] is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disillusionment Disillusionment] is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3.'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4.'' Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) duxxc0hioew575rb2q8naq0ejwf77eq 2416079 2416077 2022-08-18T06:38:30Z U3216256 2942574 /* External links */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret Regret] is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger Anger] is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disillusionment Disillusionment] is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3.'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4.'' Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Learning features== ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE Feeling all the feels: Crash course psychology #25] (YouTube) plpcre6m6slrqpx4k8x5as6839bro4t 2416086 2416079 2022-08-18T08:39:25Z U3216256 2942574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret Regret] is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger Anger] is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disillusionment Disillusionment] is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment, their anterior insula and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex are activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3.'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4.'' Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE Feeling all the feels: Crash course psychology #25] (YouTube) btugbe954ltu3iv6ho1buo0fbmnu92p 2416087 2416086 2022-08-18T08:40:42Z U3216256 2942574 /* Subcortical structure: Anterior insula */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret Regret] is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger Anger] is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disillusionment Disillusionment] is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment their anterior insula is activated (Chua et al., 2009) * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3.'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4.'' Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex - responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). *When individuals experience disappointment their dorsomedial prefrontal cortex is activated (Chua et al., 2009) Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE Feeling all the feels: Crash course psychology #25] (YouTube) p7753k15cyk1n4sgeiy743xgmubyfa8 2416089 2416087 2022-08-18T08:45:37Z U3216256 2942574 /* Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Disappointment<br>What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== [[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|alt=Older woman with a disappointed look on her face in a busy market place.|thumb|''Figure 1.'' Person expressing disappointment through facial features]] * Example (case study) of disappointment - include statistics on frequency of occurrence (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002) * Define [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]], what emotions involve. (Reeve, 2018; Izard, 2010) Reference Figure 1 * Overview of what the chapter explores * Note on emotion research (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}} '''Key questions:''' * What is disappointment? * What causes disappointment? * How can disappointment be managed? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What is disappointment?== * Disappointment occurs when the outcome that has occurred is not as good as the outcome that could have occurred, or when your expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). * Disappointment involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999) * Disappointment is a complex emotion (Ramachandran & Jalal, 2017) * Disappointment can be categorised as outcome-related or person-related; where outcome-related disappointment (ORD) occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome has not occurred, and person-related disappointment (PRD) occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to a\ person (you blame them for the 'bad' outcome) (Van Dijk & Zeelenberg, 2002). {{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Emotions similar to disappointment}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Regret''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regret Regret] is a negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). "Regret stems from bad decisions" (Zeelenberg et al., 1998). '''Anger''' : [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger Anger] is a simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al., 1999). '''Disillusionment''' : [https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/disillusionment Disillusionment] is a complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment. </div> {{Robelbox/close}} Test yourself:<quiz display="simple"> {Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience: |type="()"} + Person-related disappointment - Outcome-related disappointment {Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience: |type="()"} - Person-related disappointment + Outcome-related disappointment </quiz> == What causes disappointment? == * Disappointment occurs when expectations are not met (Chua et al., 2009). * Brain regions that have shown to be important in decision making/disappointment are the anterior insula, and various regions of the prefrontal cortex (Chua et al., 2009: Mohr et al., 2010: Kalat, 2019). === Subcortical structure: Anterior insula === [[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|''Figure 2.'' Insula]] * When individuals experience disappointment their anterior insula is activated (Chua et al., 2009). See figure 2. * The anterior insula is active in the presence of potential loss, a part of the brain known for processing emotions such as disappointment (Mohr et al., 2010) === Cortical structure: Prefrontal cortex === [[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 3.'' Left hemisphere prefrontal cortex]] [[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|''Figure 4.'' Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC), dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC/MOPFC).]] * prefrontal cortex - middle 'zone': <u>emotional reactions</u>, cognitive control, and working memory (Kalat, 2019). * prefrontal cortex - anterior (front): decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). * Prefrontal cortex - see figure 3. * The ventromedial prefrontal cortex [VMPFC] learns what choices are more beneficial for the individual and adjusts decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). It also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). Individuals with damage to their VMPFC tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). *Orbitofrontal cortex [OFC]- responds to information from the VMPFC based on how the expected reward compares to other possible choices (Kalat, 2019). The OFC changes and updates the expected outcomes of actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). *When individuals experience disappointment their dorsomedial prefrontal cortex [DMPFC] is activated (Chua et al., 2009) *See figure 4 for VMPFC, OFC, and DMPFC. Insert Quiz on brain regions and how they contribute to decision-making/disappointment OR insert table with brain region - what it does - how it contributes to disappointment ==How can disappointment be managed?== * Disappointment can be managed by lowering expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). The ventromedial prefrontal cortex monitors how confident you should be about a decision (Kalat, 2019). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ... ^ therefore having lower expectations can improve wellbeing === The benefits of disappointment === * Expressing disappointment encourages higher levels of cooperation in others (Olekalns & Druckman, 2014). * Expressing disappointment can lead to helping behaviour in others (Johnson & Connelly, 2014). === The downsides to disappointment === * Disappointment can taint relationships, leading to blaming or [[wikipedia:Scapegoating|scapegoating]] (Clancy et al., 2012). * Mistaken expectations lower overall [[wikipedia:Well-being|wellbeing]] (de Meza & Dawson, 2021) ==Conclusion== * Restate what disappointment is, the types of disappointment, and emotions similar to disappointment. * Restate the causes of disappointment * Restate how disappointment can be managed * Take home message: everybody experiences disappointment, but there are things you can do to minimise experiencing it and you can even take advantage of it. == See also == * [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011) ==References== {{Hanging indent|1= Chua, Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., & Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 Clancy, A., Vince, R., & Gabriel, Y. (2012). That Unwanted Feeling: A Psychodynamic Study of Disappointment in Organizations. ''British Journal of Management, 23''(4), 518–531. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8551.2011.00780.x de Meza, D., & Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an Optimist Nor a Pessimist Be: Mistaken Expectations Lower Well-Being. ''Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577 Izard, C. E. (2010). The Many Meanings/Aspects of Emotion: Definitions, Functions, Activation, and Regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661 Johnson, G., & Connelly, S. (2014). Negative emotions in informal feedback: The benefits of disappointment and drawbacks of anger. ''Human Relations (New York), 67''(10), 1265–1290. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726714532856 Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Boston, MA, USA: Cengage Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., & Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., & van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: a prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764 Olekalns, M., & Druckman, D. (2014). With Feeling: How Emotions Shape Negotiation. ''Negotiation Journal, 30''(4), 455–478. https://doi.org/10.1111/nejo.12071 Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., & Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010 Ramachandran, V.S., & Jalal, B. (2017). The Evolutionary Psychology of Envy and Jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', 1619–1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 Reeve, J. (2018). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (7th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley van Dijk, W. W., & Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not Having What You Want versus Having What You Do Not Want: The Impact of Type of Negative Outcome on the Experience of Disappointment and Related Emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., & van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8 Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., & der Pligt, J. (1998). The Experience of Regret and Disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727 }} ==External links== * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE Feeling all the feels: Crash course psychology #25] (YouTube) 3urisr19zav1lb5za4k0tmi4dyziiiv 0 285916 2415948 2411293 2022-08-18T00:10:31Z Jtneill 10242 Adjust casing and sub-title wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Window of tolerance:<br>What is the window of tolerance and how can it be applied? }} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] htplcsmlpfqwed3zhaca4b93pi2t4n2 0 285934 2415846 2415445 2022-08-17T13:54:19Z 137.92.214.46 /* What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal * Oral |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == == Region in the brain affected by benzos == * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions == Effects of benzodiapines on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects == * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) == Effects of BNZ on social cognition == * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment === Withdrawal === === Dependence === == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioral therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" 99r1gbivjmfjta9kl8w14s73m1m0y8l 2415849 2415846 2022-08-17T13:55:37Z 137.92.214.46 /* Region in the brain affected by benzos */ SUBHEADING wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal * Oral |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions == Effects of benzodiapines on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects == * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) == Effects of BNZ on social cognition == * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment === Withdrawal === === Dependence === == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioral therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" ffnryemuhc5xmyij7dcp2sg1so0hfo0 2415851 2415849 2022-08-17T13:59:14Z 137.92.214.46 /* Effects of benzodiapines on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal * Oral |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions ==== Effects of benzodiapines on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects ==== * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) ===== Effects of BNZ on social cognition ===== * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment === Withdrawal === === Dependence === == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioral therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" i413lt7nylmra1gvz09hdy3oem56oe2 2415857 2415851 2022-08-17T14:31:22Z 137.92.214.46 /* The role of GABA */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal * Oral |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also known as neurotransmitters is the primary inhibitory in the brain (central nervous system). Benzodiazepines amplifies GABA effects by inhibitory neurotransmitter (Lydiard, 2003). == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions ==== Effects of benzodiapines on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects ==== * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) ===== Effects of BNZ on social cognition ===== * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment === Withdrawal === === Dependence === == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioral therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" si1kznedqhte1zaa278wy8ji79o04dh 2415859 2415857 2022-08-17T14:48:06Z 137.92.214.46 /* Withdrawal */ adding contents wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal * Oral |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also known as neurotransmitters is the primary inhibitory in the brain (central nervous system). Benzodiazepines amplifies GABA effects by inhibitory neurotransmitter (Lydiard, 2003). == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions ==== Effects of benzodiapines on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects ==== * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) ===== Effects of BNZ on social cognition ===== * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment === Issues related with withdrawal from benzodiazepines: === * Increased level of anxiety * Insomnia- difficulty with sleep or falling a sleep * Lack of appetite - lack of motivation to seek for food or eat food * Weight lose - losing weight without trying * Perception disturbance * Tremor === Dependence === == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioral therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" feit6cwewo67zl45qjtwidzi920wnx4 2415860 2415859 2022-08-17T14:51:04Z 137.92.214.46 /* Routes */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal - through anus * Oral - through mouth |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also known as neurotransmitters is the primary inhibitory in the brain (central nervous system). Benzodiazepines amplifies GABA effects by inhibitory neurotransmitter (Lydiard, 2003). == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions ==== Effects of benzodiapines on behavioral and neurophysiological aspects ==== * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) ===== Effects of BNZ on social cognition ===== * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment === Issues related with withdrawal from benzodiazepines: === * Increased level of anxiety * Insomnia- difficulty with sleep or falling a sleep * Lack of appetite - lack of motivation to seek for food or eat food * Weight lose - losing weight without trying * Perception disturbance * Tremor === Dependence === == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioral therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" n5ikm4zpc3touidbfvn3g1d9eaqxi76 2415862 2415860 2022-08-17T15:14:29Z 137.92.214.46 /* Dependence */ adding content wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal - through anus * Oral - through mouth |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also known as neurotransmitters is the primary inhibitory in the brain (central nervous system). Benzodiazepines amplifies GABA effects by inhibitory neurotransmitter (Lydiard, 2003). == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions ==== Effects of benzodiazepines on behavioural and neurophysiological aspects ==== * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) ===== Effects of BNZ on social cognition ===== * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment === Issues related with withdrawal from benzodiazepines: === * Increased level of anxiety * Insomnia- difficulty with sleep or falling a sleep * Lack of appetite - lack of motivation to seek for food or eat food * Weight lose - losing weight without trying * Perception disturbance * Tremor * Irritability * Nausea * Panic attacks * Headache * Sweating * Problem with concentration (Petursson,1994). == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioural therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" jqneic9zsvdeuarzyga28fjvev4qfj4 2415863 2415862 2022-08-17T15:16:42Z 137.92.214.46 /* Effects of BNZ on social cognition */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal - through anus * Oral - through mouth |} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also known as neurotransmitters is the primary inhibitory in the brain (central nervous system). Benzodiazepines amplifies GABA effects by inhibitory neurotransmitter (Lydiard, 2003). == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions ==== Effects of benzodiazepines on behavioural and neurophysiological aspects ==== * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) ===== Effects of BNZ on social cognition ===== * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment (Haime, Watson, Crellin, Marston, Joyce, & Moncrieff, 2021). === Issues related with withdrawal from benzodiazepines: === * Increased level of anxiety * Insomnia- difficulty with sleep or falling a sleep * Lack of appetite - lack of motivation to seek for food or eat food * Weight lose - losing weight without trying * Perception disturbance * Tremor * Irritability * Nausea * Panic attacks * Headache * Sweating * Problem with concentration (Petursson,1994). == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioural therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" mydncgsxz4s512zqx8s5g1eki1fwhei 2416003 2415863 2022-08-18T03:39:50Z 137.92.223.124 /* Routes */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title| Benzodiazepines and emotion:<br> What are the effects of benzodiazepines on emotion?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== Have you used something you believed at the time have no harm and later realised it has more risk (harm) than good? Well although many people believe benzodiazepines (BNZ) can do no harms, physician have serious concern about misuse and abuse of these drugs by patients. Many doctors and psychiatrics are still wondering by benzodiazepines are still prescribe for patients despite all risk associate the drugs . This book chapter will discuss the effects of BNZ on emotion, biological, cognitive, psychological aspects of BNZ. Additional, book chapter will touch on pathophysiology of anxiety, theories, and interventions. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are benzodiazepines use for? * What roles does benzodiazepines play on emotions? * Can people management their emotions without benzodiazepines? {{RoundBoxBottom}} [[File:Benzodiazepine.svg|thumb|''Figure 1''. Description of benzodiazepines |169x169px]] ==What are benzodiazepines?== Benzodiazepines (BNZ) also known as CNS depressants- {| class="wikitable" |+ ! colspan="4" | |- | === Effects of benzodiazepines === | === Benzodiazepines commonly prescribed === | === Clinical aspect of benzodiazepines === | === Routes === |- | * Sedative effects * Hypnotic effects * Anxiolytic effects | * Alprazolam * Lorazepam * Temazepam * Diazepam * Midazolam and more | * Anxiety * Seizure * Insomnia * Panic attack * Before procedure (surgery) * Alcohol withdrawal | * IV - intravenous * IM - intramuscular * Rectal - through anus * Oral - through mouth |} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} == What is emotion? == === Region in the brain affected by benzos === * Amygdala * Brain stem * Cortical region === The role of GABA === Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) also known as neurotransmitters is the primary inhibitory in the brain (central nervous system). Benzodiazepines amplifies GABA effects by inhibitory neurotransmitter (Lydiard, 2003). == What is the effects of benzodiazepines on emotions == * Impaired threat processing * Generalised fear of threat * Reduce total alertness response * Lack of ability to recognised facial expressions ==== Effects of benzodiazepines on behavioural and neurophysiological aspects ==== * Impaired psychomotor activities and motor control * Impaired memory functions especially working and verbal memory * Decreased alertness on environmental threat * Increased reaction times and while as decrease * Driving impairments ( Stone, Corea, Brown, Spurgin, Stikic, Johnson, & Berka, 2015) ===== Effects of BNZ on social cognition ===== * Activities in amygdala reduce * Reduction in emotional processing ability * Affect motivation and emotion * Deficit in social cognition due to emotional suppression * Alleviate anxiety symptoms and improve social cognitions impairment (Haime, Watson, Crellin, Marston, Joyce, & Moncrieff, 2021). === Issues related with withdrawal from benzodiazepines: === * Increased level of anxiety * Insomnia- difficulty with sleep or falling a sleep * Lack of appetite - lack of motivation to seek for food or eat food * Weight lose - losing weight without trying * Perception disturbance * Tremor * Irritability * Nausea * Panic attacks * Headache * Sweating * Problem with concentration (Petursson,1994). == Pathophysiology of anxiety and other emotional related disorders == == Theories == * Darwin biological and genetic theory on emotion * Psychological cognitive theory == Recommendation for interventions == * Cognitive therapy * Behavioural therapy * Psychological therapy * Life styles == conclusion == ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Methamphetamine and emotion|Methamphetamine and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2020) # [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2019/Opioid system and human emotion|Opioid system and human emotion]] (Book chapter, 2019) # [[wikipedia:Benzodiazepine|Benzodiazepine]] (Wikipedia) Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]" f54ioujz289wo245zsk0tnm3zu59u58 0 286014 2415971 2415516 2022-08-18T01:24:13Z Sebastian Armstrong 2947157 /* Plan */ Added marking rubric wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title: Fully functioning person <br>Subtitle: What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ == Plan == === '''Overview''' === ''What is a FFP and How can full functioning be developed?'' # <u>A growing openness to experience</u> # <u>An increasingly existential lifestyle</u> # <u>Increasing organismic trust</u> # <u>Freedom of choice</u> # <u>Creativity</u> # <u>Reliability and constructiveness</u> # <u>A rich full life</u> #* Rogers, Carl (1961). ''On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy''. London: Constable. ISBN <bdi>978-1-84529-057-3</bdi>. ==== [[Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Person centred care|person-centered theory of personality]] ==== === '''History''' === <u>Both Plato and Aristotle proposed theories about goodness in which functioning worked as the most central concept. Arguments about goodness and functioning keep developing in contemporary work on human goodness. The work of Sen, Staudinger, and Tomasello serves as renowned examples. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1469)</u> ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] ==== ==== [[Talk:Carl Rogers]] ==== ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Self-actualisation|Self-actualisation]] ==== ==== [[wikipedia:Abraham_Maslow|Abraham Maslow]] ==== [[File:Carl Rogers.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Carl Rogers|alt=Artist rendition of Carl Rogers]] === '''Clinical uses''' === * === '''Other uses''' === === '''Conclusion''' === Easy to read and understand overview of the chapter. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeTheory - Breadth Theoretical framework for understanding the topic. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeTheory - Depth Clearly explain and integrate the theory(ies). This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeResearch - Key findings Explain how key, peer-reviewed research findings apply to the problem. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeResearch - Critical thinking Critically analyse the research discussed. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeIntegration Integrate discussion of theory and review of relevant research. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeConclusion Emphasise the key points and take-home messages. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeWritten expression - Style Readable for a layperson interested in psychological science. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeWritten expression - Learning features Invite interactivity through features such as case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quizzes. This criterion is linked to a learning outcomeSocial contribution Editing which enhances the quality of other book chapters. --- Add an image == Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] itdh9ecukrp4qywtg42urdp8brftbn9 2415984 2415971 2022-08-18T02:38:46Z Sebastian Armstrong 2947157 /* Conclusion */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title: Fully functioning person <br>Subtitle: What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ == Plan == === '''Overview''' === ''What is a FFP and How can full functioning be developed?'' # <u>A growing openness to experience</u> # <u>An increasingly existential lifestyle</u> # <u>Increasing organismic trust</u> # <u>Freedom of choice</u> # <u>Creativity</u> # <u>Reliability and constructiveness</u> # <u>A rich full life</u> #* Rogers, Carl (1961). ''On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy''. London: Constable. ISBN <bdi>978-1-84529-057-3</bdi>. ==== [[Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Person centred care|person-centered theory of personality]] ==== === '''History''' === <u>Both Plato and Aristotle proposed theories about goodness in which functioning worked as the most central concept. Arguments about goodness and functioning keep developing in contemporary work on human goodness. The work of Sen, Staudinger, and Tomasello serves as renowned examples. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1469)</u> ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] ==== ==== [[Talk:Carl Rogers]] ==== ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Self-actualisation|Self-actualisation]] ==== ==== [[wikipedia:Abraham_Maslow|Abraham Maslow]] ==== [[File:Carl Rogers.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Carl Rogers|alt=Artist rendition of Carl Rogers]] === '''Clinical uses''' === * === '''Other uses''' === === '''Conclusion''' === === Other === ==== Overview ==== Easy to read and understand overview of the chapter. ==== Breadth ==== Theoretical framework for understanding the topic. ==== Depth ==== Clearly explain and integrate the theory(ies). ==== Key findings ==== Explain how key, peer-reviewed research findings apply to the problem. ==== Critical thinking ==== Critically analyse the research discussed. ==== Integration ==== Integrate discussion of theory and review of relevant research. ==== Conclusion ==== Emphasise the key points and take-home messages. ==== Written expression - Style ==== Readable for a layperson interested in psychological science. ==== Written expression - Learning features ==== Invite interactivity through features such as case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quizzes. ==== Social contribution ==== Editing which enhances the quality of other book chapters. --- Add an image == Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 227n23i2hdcfnv9bxv5y9j99otx2se4 2415985 2415984 2022-08-18T02:39:29Z Sebastian Armstrong 2947157 /* Other */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title: Fully functioning person <br>Subtitle: What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ == Plan == === '''Overview''' === ''What is a FFP and How can full functioning be developed?'' # <u>A growing openness to experience</u> # <u>An increasingly existential lifestyle</u> # <u>Increasing organismic trust</u> # <u>Freedom of choice</u> # <u>Creativity</u> # <u>Reliability and constructiveness</u> # <u>A rich full life</u> #* Rogers, Carl (1961). ''On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy''. London: Constable. ISBN <bdi>978-1-84529-057-3</bdi>. ==== [[Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Person centred care|person-centered theory of personality]] ==== === '''History''' === <u>Both Plato and Aristotle proposed theories about goodness in which functioning worked as the most central concept. Arguments about goodness and functioning keep developing in contemporary work on human goodness. The work of Sen, Staudinger, and Tomasello serves as renowned examples. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1469)</u> ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] ==== ==== [[Talk:Carl Rogers]] ==== ==== [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Self-actualisation|Self-actualisation]] ==== ==== [[wikipedia:Abraham_Maslow|Abraham Maslow]] ==== [[File:Carl Rogers.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Carl Rogers|alt=Artist rendition of Carl Rogers]] === '''Clinical uses''' === * === '''Other uses''' === === '''Conclusion''' === === Marking rubric === ==== Overview ==== Easy to read and understand overview of the chapter. ==== Breadth ==== Theoretical framework for understanding the topic. ==== Depth ==== Clearly explain and integrate the theory(ies). ==== Key findings ==== Explain how key, peer-reviewed research findings apply to the problem. ==== Critical thinking ==== Critically analyse the research discussed. ==== Integration ==== Integrate discussion of theory and review of relevant research. ==== Conclusion ==== Emphasise the key points and take-home messages. ==== Written expression - Style ==== Readable for a layperson interested in psychological science. ==== Written expression - Learning features ==== Invite interactivity through features such as case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quizzes. ==== Social contribution ==== Editing which enhances the quality of other book chapters. --- Add an image == Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] ea96xd5v2vndp531vpjir9qgiwzfder 2416022 2415985 2022-08-18T04:07:09Z Jtneill 10242 Tidied up some formatting wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Fully functioning person <br>What is a FFP and how can full functioning be developed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ == Plan == === Overview === ''What is a FFP and How can full functioning be developed?'' # <u>A growing openness to experience</u> # <u>An increasingly existential lifestyle</u> # <u>Increasing organismic trust</u> # <u>Freedom of choice</u> # <u>Creativity</u> # <u>Reliability and constructiveness</u> # <u>A rich full life</u> #* Rogers, Carl (1961). ''On becoming a person: A therapist's view of psychotherapy''. London: Constable. ISBN <bdi>978-1-84529-057-3</bdi>. == [[Caregiving and dementia/Topics/Person centred care|person-centered theory of personality]] == == History == <u>Both Plato and Aristotle proposed theories about goodness in which functioning worked as the most central concept. Arguments about goodness and functioning keep developing in contemporary work on human goodness. The work of Sen, Staudinger, and Tomasello serves as renowned examples. (https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_1469)</u> === [[Motivation and emotion/Tutorials/Growth psychology|Growth psychology]] === === [[Talk:Carl Rogers]] === === [[Motivation and emotion/Textbook/Motivation/Self-actualisation|Self-actualisation]] === === [[wikipedia:Abraham_Maslow|Abraham Maslow]] === [[File:Carl Rogers.jpg|thumb|Figure 1. Carl Rogers|alt=Artist rendition of Carl Rogers]] == Clinical uses == * == Other uses == == Conclusion == === Marking rubric === ==== Overview ==== Easy to read and understand overview of the chapter. ==== Breadth ==== Theoretical framework for understanding the topic. ==== Depth ==== Clearly explain and integrate the theory(ies). ==== Key findings ==== Explain how key, peer-reviewed research findings apply to the problem. ==== Critical thinking ==== Critically analyse the research discussed. ==== Integration ==== Integrate discussion of theory and review of relevant research. ==== Conclusion ==== Emphasise the key points and take-home messages. ==== Written expression - Style ==== Readable for a layperson interested in psychological science. ==== Written expression - Learning features ==== Invite interactivity through features such as case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quizzes. ==== Social contribution ==== Editing which enhances the quality of other book chapters. --- Add an image == Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 5kxjwh0iiinq1uttqx5e3sgthyhr490 0 286028 2415852 2415451 2022-08-17T14:01:15Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Consonance and musical intervals */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) Next we consider a new value of the shorter period, <math>\widetilde T_q=T_q-\Delta T_q\,.</math> After one beat period, <math>T_c</math>, we arrange for an extra cycle to be present: :<math>N_0T_0 = (N_0+1) \widetilde T_0 = (N_0+1)(\left(T_0+\Delta T_0\right)</math> In the approximation that, <math>N_0>>1</math> and <math>\Delta T_0<<T_0</math> this simplifies to:<ref>The absolute value sign is needed because in this example, \Delta T_0 <0.</ref> :<math>N_0=\left|\frac{T_0}{\Delta T_0}\right|=\left|\frac{T_q}{\Delta T_q}\right|</math> Since the phase shift between the two waves has returned to its original value after <math>N_0</math> cycles of <math>T_0</math>, we have: :<math>T_c= N_0T_0=\left|\frac{T_q T_0}{\Delta T_q}\right| </math> Use: <math>T_q=qT_0\,,</math> <math>qT_p=pT_q\,, </math> <math>T_b=1/f_b=\left|\frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q}\right|</math> {{clear}} <math> T_c= \underbrace{T_q}_{\frac q p T_p}\cdot \underbrace{T_0}_{\frac 1 q T_q}\cdot \frac{1}{\Delta T_q} </math> <math> =\frac{T_pT_q}{p\Delta T_q}=\frac q p \frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q} = \frac q p T_b </math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- o7oz47l6y602xw7qgrh4d8trxma1qlu 2415853 2415852 2022-08-17T14:02:50Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Images */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) Next we consider a new value of the shorter period, <math>\widetilde T_q=T_q-\Delta T_q\,.</math> After one beat period, <math>T_c</math>, we arrange for an extra cycle to be present: :<math>N_0T_0 = (N_0+1) \widetilde T_0 = (N_0+1)(\left(T_0+\Delta T_0\right)</math> In the approximation that, <math>N_0>>1</math> and <math>\Delta T_0<<T_0</math> this simplifies to:<ref>The absolute value sign is needed because in this example, \Delta T_0 <0.</ref> :<math>N_0=\left|\frac{T_0}{\Delta T_0}\right|=\left|\frac{T_q}{\Delta T_q}\right|</math> Since the phase shift between the two waves has returned to its original value after <math>N_0</math> cycles of <math>T_0</math>, we have: :<math>T_c= N_0T_0=\left|\frac{T_q T_0}{\Delta T_q}\right| </math> Use: <math>T_q=qT_0\,,</math> <math>qT_p=pT_q\,, </math> <math>T_b=1/f_b=\left|\frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q}\right|</math> {{clear}} <math> T_c= \underbrace{T_q}_{\frac q p T_p}\cdot \underbrace{T_0}_{\frac 1 q T_q}\cdot \frac{1}{\Delta T_q} </math> <math> =\frac{T_pT_q}{p\Delta T_q}=\frac q p \frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q} = \frac q p T_b </math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- lg7v8yq2tlsmmkjgib5t3ni17b05ap3 2416110 2415853 2022-08-18T10:45:37Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) Next we consider a new value of the shorter period, <math>\widetilde T_q=T_q-\Delta T_q\,.</math> After one beat period, <math>T_c</math>, we arrange for an extra cycle to be present: 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 :<math>N_0T_0 = (N_0+1) \widetilde T_0 = (N_0+1)(\left(T_0+pq\Delta T_0\right)</math> As shown in FIGURE ???, we seek an extra cycle of period <math>pqT_0</math> In the approximation that, <math>N_0>>1</math> and <math>\Delta T_0<<T_0</math> this simplifies to:<ref>The absolute value sign is needed because in this example, \Delta T_0 <0.</ref> :<math>N_0=\left|\frac{T_0}{\Delta T_0}\right|=\left|\frac{T_q}{\Delta T_q}\right|</math> Since the phase shift between the two waves has returned to its original value after <math>N_0</math> cycles of <math>T_0</math>, we have: :<math>T_c= N_0T_0=\left|\frac{T_q T_0}{\Delta T_q}\right| </math> Use: <math>T_q=qT_0\,,</math> <math>qT_p=pT_q\,, </math> <math>T_b=1/f_b=\left|\frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q}\right|</math> {{clear}} <math> T_c= \underbrace{T_q}_{\frac q p T_p}\cdot \underbrace{T_0}_{\frac 1 q T_q}\cdot \frac{1}{\Delta T_q} </math> <math> =\frac{T_pT_q}{p\Delta T_q}=\frac q p \frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q} = \frac q p T_b </math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 19uvkv9cb4hweo79dteod39ggt939f0 2416111 2416110 2022-08-18T10:49:06Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) Next we consider a new value of the shorter period, <math>\widetilde T_q=T_q-\Delta T_q\,.</math> After one beat period, <math>T_c</math>, we arrange for an extra cycle to be present: 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 :<math>NT_0 = (N+1) \widetilde T_0 = (N+1)(\left(T_0+pq\Delta T_0\right)</math> As shown in FIGURE ???, we seek an extra cycle of period <math>pqT_0</math> For sufficiently large values of <math>N</math> this simplifies to:<ref>The absolute value sign is needed because in this example, \Delta T_0 <0.</ref> :<math>N=\left|\frac{T_0}{pq\Delta T_0}\right|</math> Since the phase shift between the two waves has returned to its original value after <math>N_0</math> cycles of <math>T_0</math>, we have: :<math>T_c= N_0T_0=\left|\frac{T_q T_0}{\Delta T_q}\right| </math> Use: <math>T_q=qT_0\,,</math> <math>qT_p=pT_q\,, </math> <math>T_b=1/f_b=\left|\frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q}\right|</math> {{clear}} <math> T_c= \underbrace{T_q}_{\frac q p T_p}\cdot \underbrace{T_0}_{\frac 1 q T_q}\cdot \frac{1}{\Delta T_q} </math> <math> =\frac{T_pT_q}{p\Delta T_q}=\frac q p \frac{T_pT_q}{q\Delta T_q} = \frac q p T_b </math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- ikdx881rat9f995963ndjey0e3er64o 2416112 2416111 2022-08-18T10:50:59Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) Next we consider a new value of the shorter period, <math>\widetilde T_q=T_q-\Delta T_q\,.</math> After one beat period, <math>T_c</math>, we arrange for an extra cycle to be present: 88888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888888 :<math>NT_0 = (N+1) \widetilde T_0 = (N+1)(\left(T_0+pq\Delta T_0\right)</math> As shown in FIGURE ???, we seek an extra cycle of period <math>pqT_0</math> For sufficiently large values of <math>N</math> this simplifies to:<ref>The absolute value sign is needed because in this example, \Delta T_0 <0.</ref> :<math>N=\left|\frac{T_0}{pq\Delta T_0}\right|</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 6xys6jsq5pkpzil3jczyki2g4ffgl1a 2416113 2416112 2022-08-18T10:56:21Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>pqT_0</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- tdl4d7gubjp0lj5c7v2c25qscem0dud 2416114 2416113 2022-08-18T10:56:49Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :T_L<math>pqT_0</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 0vl1ync6cbbz7d505f6znpx9sw9b7hp 2416115 2416114 2022-08-18T10:57:07Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- q96ovp9lt9poqj68xsqifv23xfvc3gw 2416116 2416115 2022-08-18T11:04:24Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1) ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 3lpahqj3ofyk6j83f9bqpevunfiy833 2416117 2416116 2022-08-18T11:04:42Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Discussion */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- d0taucsd0bcvpmlp1nujbqqu3f2kqfh 2416118 2416117 2022-08-18T11:24:04Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Helmholtz model */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Confusing notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable" |+ <math>p>q |- | f_p=pf_0 || f_q=qf_0 || q |- | pT_p=T_0 || qT_q=T_0 |- | Example || Example |- | Example || Example |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- ibprac19sxtrfpm9r792yusduq57xja 2416119 2416118 2022-08-18T11:26:19Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Confusing notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Confusing notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable" |+ <math>p>q<math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> || <math>q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>qT_q=T_0</math> || <math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- qwznufcoh1mgs1wk4ikl91de9e6hdyo 2416121 2416119 2022-08-18T11:26:56Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Confusing notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Confusing notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable" | |+ <math>p>q<math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> || <math>q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>qT_q=T_0</math> || <math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- c65f0stwpl12858lttptslw1hqq94bs 2416122 2416121 2022-08-18T11:28:05Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Confusing notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Confusing notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> || <math>q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>qT_q=T_0</math> || <math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Caption text |- ! Header text !! Header text !! Header text |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- jsnmuefqs5gsfjhp8qkpmk5yx8461aw 2416123 2416122 2022-08-18T11:34:07Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Confusing notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Confusing notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable", style="floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> || <math>q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>qT_q=T_0</math> || <math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Caption text |- ! Header text !! Header text !! Header text |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- dfw4n4o89sm74xogxiaj33wqyra6wlh 2416124 2416123 2022-08-18T11:34:46Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Confusing notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Confusing notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> || <math>q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>qT_q=T_0</math> || <math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Caption text |- ! Header text !! Header text !! Header text |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- sz5wgbuw036x8gq91wmwc3kfsku9p1n 2416125 2416124 2022-08-18T11:39:25Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Confusing notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Confusing notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} {| class="wikitable" |+ Caption text |- ! Header text !! Header text !! Header text |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |- | Example || Example || Example |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- ht1dp3tngeazx9macp3i504zhkkpbok 2416126 2416125 2022-08-18T11:41:41Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Confusing notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- dswpbdp29so7jla4gvjnr8rhrc3ugaf 2416127 2416126 2022-08-18T11:42:03Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 2uer93thny1mth921pc23knimc4w34a 2416128 2416127 2022-08-18T11:48:20Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |+ <math>f_p>f_q>f_0 \quad T_0<T_p<T_q</math> |} Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- kz2fqqru2ytr08qgm06ull9l2wurmcd 2416129 2416128 2022-08-18T11:49:05Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- <math>f_p>f_q>f_0 \quad T_0<T_p<T_q</math> |} Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 2dpu2ohq5ji61zill4tydygwzonwq8e 2416130 2416129 2022-08-18T11:51:44Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |+ <math>f_pq>f_p>f_q>f_0 \quad T_0<T_p<T_q<T_pq</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 098a1gjvta6yfrrqfyhzs1z2hoyrodm 2416131 2416130 2022-08-18T11:53:40Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>p>q</math> |+ <math>f_pq>f_p>f_q>f_0</math> |+ <math>T_0<T_p<T_q<T_pq</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- adjtwh7jj077kqyttoiuze6iadyjbtr 2416132 2416131 2022-08-18T11:55:31Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math2>p>q>1</math> |+ <math>f_{pq}>f_p>f_q>f_0</math> |+ <math>T_0<T_p<T_q<T_{pq}</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 9esxq8gnlt8ujxk4q38ltjm2dbirz62 2416133 2416132 2022-08-18T11:55:59Z Guy vandegrift 813252 /* Notation */ wikitext text/x-wiki __TOC__ ==Consonance and musical intervals== {{center|''The reader should know that this section is poorly understood. Look elsewhere if you want simple answers or a full discussion. <br>The intent here is to create an excuse for [https://www.pinterest.com/pin/164662930098107644/ "messing around"] with mathematical and computational methods.''}} [[Image:Beating Frequency.svg|thumb|300px|Diagram of beat frequency]] [[w:special:permalink/1102305761|Wikipedia has defined]] a '''beat''' as an [[w:Interference (wave propagation)|interference]] pattern between two [[w:sound|sounds]] of slightly different [[w:frequency|frequencies]], ''perceived'' as a periodic variation in [[w:amplitude (music)|volume]] whose rate is the [[w:Difference (mathematics)|difference]] of the two frequencies. [[w:Special:Permalink/1102305761#Mathematics_and_physics_of_beat_tones|The mathematics of beating]] can be summarized by the figure to the left, which leads to the following: ::<math> f_\text{beat} = f_2 - f_1 = \frac{1}{T_b} = \frac{\left|\omega_2-\omega_1\right|}{2\pi}</math> ::where, ::<math>fT =1</math>, and <math>\omega T = 2\pi,</math> ::are easy ways to remember the relation between frequency <math>f</math>, period <math>T</math>, and angular frequency, <math>\omega</math>. ===Notation=== {| class="wikitable floatright" |+ <math>2>p>q>1</math> |+ <math>f_{pq}>f_p>f_q>f_0</math> |+ <math>T_0<T_p<T_q<T_{pq}</math> |- | <math>f_p=pf_0</math> || <math>f_q=qf_0</math> ||<math>qf_p=pf_q</math> |- | <math>pT_p=T_0</math> || <math>T_q=qT_0</math> ||<math>pT_p=qT_q</math> || |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |- | <math>x</math> || <math>x</math> ||<math>x</math> |} Notation will always be confusing if we mix periods and frequencies in the same discussion. Here we adopt the following convention: ===Helmholtz model=== [[w:special:permalink/1101504020#Consonant_and_dissonant|Helmholtz]] proposed that beats produced by the consonant musical intervals are caused by beating between pairs of harmonics of the two pitches which have nearly the same frequency. It is not difficult to calculate the beat frequency associated with this model: Define interval ratio, <math>1<p/q<2</math>, where: <math>\omega_p=p\omega_0</math> and <math>\omega_q=q\omega_0</math> The the lowest common harmonic of <math>\omega_p</math> and <math>\omega_q</math> is <math>\omega_h=pq\omega_0</math> Replace <math>p\to p+\Delta p </math> and <math>q\to q+\Delta q </math> :<math>2\pi / T_b = \omega_\text{beat}=\left| (p+\Delta p)q\omega_0 - p(q+\Delta q)\omega_0 \right| = \left|p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p\right| \implies</math> :<math>f_b=\left|\frac{p\Delta\omega_q - q\Delta\omega_p}{2\pi}\right|= \left| p\Delta f_q - q\Delta f_p\right|</math> Use <math>q\omega_p=p\omega_q \equiv qf_p=pf_q \equiv pT_p = qT_q</math> where <math>T=1/f</math> denotes period. It is easy to show<ref>Let <math>f(t)=T^{-1}</math>, and take the derivative to get, <math>df/dt=-T^{-2}</math>, which leads to: <math>df/f=-dT/T</math></ref> that :<math>\frac{\Delta f}{f}=-\frac{\Delta T}{T}</math><math>\implies \Delta f = -\frac{\Delta T}{T^2}</math>. Hence we can also express the beat frequency in terms of beat periods: :<math>f_b=\frac{1}{T_b}=\left| \frac{q\Delta T_p}{T_p^2} - \frac{p\Delta T_q}{T_q^2} \right|= \left| \frac{p\Delta T_p-q\Delta T_q}{T_pT_q}\right|</math> These formulas should be trusted only in the limit that <math>\Delta f/f</math> is small. '''It is also essential to understand both formulas might be wrong!''' ==Cycle repetition== ===Images=== {{wide image|Beat pattern for fifth.svg|1600px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} {{wide image|File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|1400px|Beat pattern for a 3:2 ratio (perfect fifth) that is out of tune by 57 cents.}} [[File:Beat pattern for tritone.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] [[File:Perfect fifth phase shift.svg|thumb|220px|Range of phase shifts for a just perfect fifth musical interval]] ===Discussion=== Consider a just interval between the two periods, <math>T_p=pT_0</math>, and <math>T_q=qT_0</math>, where <math>p=3</math> and <math>q=2</math> as shown in the figure. Because <math>T_p</math> and <math>T_q</math> make an exactly just interval, we have: :<math>q T_p =p T_q</math> ( <math>3 T_p = 2T_q</math> for a P5<ref>P5 denotes a perfect fifth, a 3:2 frequency ratio.</ref>) ALSO DEFINE A LONG PERIOD :<math>T_L=pqT_0=qT_p=pT_q</math> CHANGE EITHER <math>T_p\rightarrow T_p+\Delta T_p</math> or <math>T_q\rightarrow T_q+\Delta T_q</math> to change number of long periods by one: <math>(N+1)</math> ===Code=== ‎<syntaxhighlight lang="python"> triton=True if tritone: p , q = 7, 4 f_0=50 Df_p=2 else: p , q = 3, 2 f_0=100 Df_p=2 Df_q=0 f_p= p*f_0 f_q= q*f_0 Df_q=0 f_b=abs(p*Df_q - q*Df_p)#--------------------Helmholtz (checked) f_c=p*f_b/q#new T_c=1/f_c#new cents=1200*(np.log2(1+Df_p/f_p)-np.log2(1+Df_q/f_q))#error (cents) tbeat=1/f_b#-----------------------------------calculate beat period topi=2*np.pi om_p,om_q=(f_p+Df_p)*topi,(f_q+Df_q)*topi#-----define two omegas yp=Amplitude*np.cos(om_p*t)/2 yq=Amplitude*np.cos(om_q*t)/2 y=yp+yq </syntaxhighlight> ==Fourier analysis== {{cot|Not yet needed}} ''See also'' [[w:Kramers–Kronig relations]], [[w:Cauchy principal value]], [https://wiki.seg.org/wiki/Dictionary:Hilbert_transform]and [[w:Sokhotski–Plemelj theorem]] <math> \int_\infty^\infty e^{i\omega t}d\omega=2\pi\delta(t)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - i \pi \delta(X)</math> <math>\frac{1}{X+i\epsilon} = \frac {X}{X^2+ \epsilon^2} - \frac {i\epsilon}{X^2+ \epsilon^2}</math> <math>\frac 1 X = \text{pp} \frac 1 X -i\pi \delta(X)</math> {{cob}} ==Links== '''Basic''' * <u>[[Wikipedia:Beat (acoustics)]]</u>: The fact that Wikipedia only covers the basic ideas supports my contention that material beyond these well known topics will always be murky.<ref>{{cite journal |last= Weinberger |first= Norman |date= September 2006 |title= Music And The Brain |url= https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/music-and-the-brain-2006-09/ |journal= Scientific American |volume= 16 |issue= 3 |pages= 36-43 |doi= 10.1038/scientificamerican0906-36sp |accessdate=2022-08-04 }}</ref><ref>Note the inserted footnote templates regarding "verification" and "original research?" at [[w:special:permalink/1102305761]]. </ref> * <u>[http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Sound/beat.html Hyperphysics: Sound/beat:]</u> parallels the Wikipedia article. * [https://www.omnicalculator.com/physics/beat-frequency <u>Omnicalculator's beat frequency demonstration</u>] effectively how the 3:2 rhythm pattern is just an ultra slow version of the consonant perfect fifth in music. '''Advanced (or otherwise different)''' * <u>[https://www.violinist.com/discussion/archive/18551/ Violinist.com]</u> discussion on using beats to tune a violin ----- 48ztlaet3n8k7nxrhd3nmuyu7o2a8po 0 286109 2416090 2415764 2022-08-18T08:54:15Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Unemployment and mental health:<br>What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{Robelbox|theme=11|icon=48px|iconwidth=Ambox blue question.svg|title=Focus questions}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> * What are the main causes of unemployment? * What are the main causes of mental health? * The impact of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment </div>{{Roundboxbottom}} == What are the main causes of unemployment? == How you are going to structure the chapter? {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==What are the main causes of mental health?== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages == The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment == {{Robelbox|width=100%|title=Quiz|iconwidth=Ambox blue question.svg|theme=0|icon=48px}}<div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> <quiz display=simple> {Which of the following blah blah?} - b - b - b + a - b </quiz> </div> ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip}} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] tp8g5tq5hgn40378hbn0dxl38ku3vvk 2416091 2416090 2022-08-18T08:58:41Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Unemployment and mental health:<br>What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{Robelbox|theme=11|icon=48px|iconwidth=Ambox blue question.svg|title=Focus questions}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> * What are the main causes of unemployment? * What are the main causes of mental health? * The impact of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment </div>{{Roundboxbottom}} == What are the main causes of unemployment? == How you are going to structure the chapter? {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==What are the main causes of mental health?== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages == The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment == a a a a a == Quiz == a a a a == Figures == a a a a == Links == a a a a == Tables == a a a a == Quizzes == a a a a == Conclusion == a a a a == See also == a a a a == References == a a a a == External links == sb778p1rji2m1sz8vz37bchbkamczig 2416098 2416091 2022-08-18T09:19:00Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Unemployment and mental health:<br>What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{Robelbox|theme=11|icon=48px|iconwidth=Ambox blue question.svg|title=Focus questions}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> * What are the main causes of unemployment? * What are the main causes of mental health? * The impact of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment </div>{{Roundboxbottom}} == What are the main causes of unemployment? == How you are going to structure the chapter? {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==What are the main causes of mental health?== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages == The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment == {{Tip|TIP}} a a a a == Quiz (make one to insert here) == a a a == Figures == {{Tip|TIP}} a a a a == Links == a a a == Tables == a a a a == Quizzes == a a a a == Conclusion == a a a a == See also == a a a a == References == a a a a == External links == i8wuahedup8mlrjg8d2yglkawua9ghh 2416099 2416098 2022-08-18T09:24:08Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 {{subst:ME/BCS}} wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]{{title|Unemployment and mental health:<br>What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{Robelbox|theme=11|icon=48px|iconwidth=Ambox blue question.svg|title=Focus questions}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> * What are the main causes of unemployment? * What are the main causes of mental health? * The impact of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment </div>{{Roundboxbottom}} == What are the main causes of unemployment? == How you are going to structure the chapter? {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==What are the main causes of mental health?== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages == The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment == {{Tip|TIP}} a a a a == Quiz (make one to insert here) == a a a == Figures == {{Tip|TIP}} a a a a == Links == a a a == Tables == a a a a == Quizzes == a a a a == Conclusion == a a a a == See also == a a a a == References == a a a a == External links == 4tjvcxzq88k2fgo8iqknycd131ealp7 2416100 2416099 2022-08-18T09:26:14Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] __TOC__ sf0i3mkbct7f0k9f22j1o6tsqkea8oq 2416102 2416100 2022-08-18T09:34:53Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Unemployment and mental health:<br>What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are the main causes of unemployment? * What are the main causes of mental health? *The relationship between unemployment and mental health. * The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What are the main causes of unemployment?== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==What are the main causes of mental health? == What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. == The relationship between unemployment and mental health == == The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment == ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] __TOC__ qw1cyp1kl6xa5g2ds624pkysr5vzkk3 2416103 2416102 2022-08-18T09:40:30Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Unemployment and mental health:<br>What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== * Brief introduction on unemployment. * Brief introduction on mental health. * State how there is a relationship between unemployment and mental health. * Touch on how COVID-19 plays a huge role since the beginning of the pandemic, unemployment and mental health have risen. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are the main causes of unemployment? * What are the main causes of mental health? *The relationship between unemployment and mental health. * The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What are the main causes of unemployment?== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==What are the main causes of mental health? == What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. == The relationship between unemployment and mental health == == The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment == ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] __TOC__ 96qugjukigyutfmvtjgmpc3inmqfgqz 2416106 2416103 2022-08-18T10:20:11Z Tiarnawilson01 2947756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Unemployment and mental health:<br>What is the relationship between unemployment and mental health?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== * Brief introduction on unemployment. * Brief introduction on mental health. * State how there is a relationship between unemployment and mental health. * Touch on how COVID-19 plays a huge role since the beginning of the pandemic, unemployment and mental health have risen. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are the main causes of unemployment? * What are the main causes of mental health? *The relationship between unemployment and mental health. * The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What are the main causes of unemployment?== * What is unemployment? Definition. * Main causes (sub-headings): # Mental health # lack of education in specific fields # burnout # gender discrimination # physical health problems {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==What are the main causes of mental health? == * What is mental health? Definition. * Main causes (sub-headings): # Trauma # drug and alcohol abuse/addiction # family history # abuse # up-bringing (government care, foster home, home placement) == The relationship between unemployment and mental health == * Discuss how mental health can lead to/makes an individual unemployed: * Define Depression - And touch on Low self worth, low self esteem, no motivation, anxiety, feeling unwell. Discuss its impact on person physical and mental health and how that leads/creates unemployment. * Lack of motivation, hygiene, time management skills. Discuss its impact on person physical and mental health and how that leads/creates to unemployment. * Define Anxiety - Discuss its impact on person physical and mental health and how that creates unemployment. * Discuss how unemployment spikes/increases mental health. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. == The effects of COVID-19 on mental health and unemployment == * Discuss how mental health and suicide attempts has increased since the pandemic has started (isolation, stuck with abuser, increase fear) * Discuss the increase of mental health and strain of essential workers. Provide a case. Example = nurses. * Discuss how COVID-19 has affected unemployment (job-loss, shortage) Example = flight attendants, family businesses. * Discuss how job loss has affected and/or increase mental health. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] __TOC__ pj7ch8qwv6u9qnmyhrcbfzgs8598f2e 0 286127 2415957 2412379 2022-08-18T00:29:41Z Ougurlu 2947730 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--CONTRIBUTOR INSTRUCTIONS 1. This text is a comment: it'll be hidden from the published lesson plan, so it's just for you! If you see unfamiliar code, look for an explanation in a comment like this. 2. Heads up: you'll find a comment at the bottom with simple instructions on adding "category tags," which will help people find this lesson plan. Please follow them :) --> <!-- DON'T MESS WITH THIS BIT --> {{Eventmath draft header}} <div style="background-color: #DAF3EF; padding: 1em; overflow:hidden;"> <div style="overflow:hidden;"> <div style="width:50%; float:left;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview <!--EDIT BELOW THIS LINE ONLY--> <!-- The summary below is displayed as a guide for visitors and contributors. You can publish without it, but it's required for removal from draft status.--> |assumed-knowledge = <!--Below, please briefly describe any mathematical skills or background knowledge students should have before completing this lesson.--> Students are expected to have basic knowledge of combinatorics, such as permutations and combinations. |activities = <!--Below, please briefly summarize what students will do during this lesson and what they will learn. Using inclusion-exclusion to understand COVID reinfection--> Students will read an NPR article discussing the reinfection rate of COVID-19, and then they will create a combinatorial model. |class-time = <!--Below, please type one of the following, exactly as it appears: 00-15 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 30-45 minutes, 45-60 minutes, 60-90 minutes, more than 90 minutes. Your best guess is fine! It can be changed later.--> 30-45 minutes <!--Next, you'll provide all citation data for the source (article/social media post/video). Article example: | source-website = NPR | source-title = The future of the pandemic is looking clearer as we learn more about infection | source-date = 2022-02-07 | source-url = https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/07/1057245449/the-future-of-the-pandemic-is-looking-clearer-as-we-learn-more-about-infection--> | source-website = NPR | source-title = The future of the pandemic is looking clearer as we learn more about infection | source-date = 2022-02-07 | source-url = https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2022/02/07/1057245449/the-future-of-the-pandemic-is-looking-clearer-as-we-learn-more-about-infection }} </div> <div style="float:left; width:20%;"> [[File:Eventmath_logo_bitmap_graphic.png|250px]] </div> </div> <div style="width:70%; float:left;"> <!--INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE BODY OF THE LESSON PLAN 1. Note that "==My heading==" is a level 2 section heading, "===My subheading===" is level 3, etc. Level 1 is reserved for the title. 2. After you fill in a section, please delete the ''italicized instructions.'' 3. Check out the "Advanced" and "Help" menus at the top of the editor if you don't know how to format lists, etc. --> ==Activities== ''This is the main content of the lesson plan. Write as much or as little as needed to convey the main objective, the activities and tasks, and any other essential information. You may organize this content however you'd like.'' ''You can use LaTeX to render mathematical symbols, such as <math>\sum_{k=1}^n k^2 = \frac{1}{6}n(n+1)(2n+1)</math>. See the [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Help:Formula Help:Formula] page for more details.'' ''You may also wish to include helpful materials for an instructor, such as:'' * ''solutions to problems posed by the lesson,'' * ''anticipated points of confusion and suggestions,'' * ''discussion topics that may arise when working with students, or'' * ''any other relevant ideas or materials.'' ==Assignments== ''You're welcome to suggest any exercises, activities, assignments, or projects based on the material of this lesson.'' ==Resources== ''(Include these sections at your discretion, keeping in mind that you and others can always edit and add more to these sections later.)'' ===Background=== ''You're welcome to share links to openly-accessible content (e.g. from Khan Academy, YouTube, Wikiversity, etc.) about domain knowledge or math skills students should have. Likewise, you may wish to include contextual information for the instructor.'' ===Explorations=== ''You're welcome to share references for additional learning and exploration, such as links to other articles, videos, spreadsheets, or computer code. When an open-access substitute is unavailable, links to paywalled sites are acceptable in this section.'' ==Feedback== <!--PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS SECTION DIRECTLY.--> Have you found this lesson plan helpful? Tell us about it! Just click ''Endorse'' below to open up an editor and type your comments. When you're ready, they'll appear at the bottom of this section to help other educators look for good lesson plans. (Alternatively, if you see a way to improve this lesson plan, be bold and make an edit! You're also welcome to discuss the lesson plan or provide constructive feedback on its [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion page]].) <div style="float:left;"> <inputbox> type=commenttitle hidden=yes page={{FULLPAGENAME}} buttonlabel=Endorse arialabel=Endorse the lesson plan editintro=Eventmath/Lesson plan endorsement instructions preload=Template:Eventmath lesson plan endorsement </inputbox> </div> </div> <div style="width:10%; padding:4em; float:left;"> __TOC__ </div> </div> <!--CATEGORY TAG INSTRUCTIONS Please follow these instructions so that people can find this lesson plan! 1. Select a primary event type from the following list: government, health 2. Select a primary math type from the following list: combinatorics 3. Type your category tags directly underneath "[[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]]," at the bottom of this editor. For example, if you choose calculus and economics, you would have the following category tags on consecutive lines: [[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]] [[Category: Eventmath calculus]] [[Category: Eventmath economics]] NOTE: Be sure to use sentence casing for the category names (e.g. "Eventmath calculus" not "Eventmath Calculus"). FAQ Q: Can I apply multiple event or math tags? A: Yes! For example, you might want both a probability tag and a statistics tag. Q: Can I make a new category? A: Yes! Just type it in the same format. Example: [[Category: Eventmath number theory]] However, this category will not automatically have its own display box on the Lesson plans page. If you think there should be one, you can add one. If you don't know how, leave a comment on the Lesson plans "Discuss" tab. Alternatively, you might interpret an existing category more broadly. For example, if you have a lesson plan for differential equations, you might decide to include that under the calculus category. It's up to you. --> [[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]] sr87mr512crsfifffen5xw2jklshh3y 0 286194 2416105 2413727 2022-08-18T09:55:52Z Jamieepiper 2947632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|The wave metaphor for emotion:<br> In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC____TOC__ ==Overview== * The wave metaphor for [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotion]]<nowiki/>s is a way to conceptualise emotions in a physical way. * In summary the metaphor discusses the representation of the inner movement that emotions create. * emotions vary light and calm or heavy and angry * Uncontrollable movements and unpreventable * also referred to as "Riding the wave" This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] ([[User talk:U3216256|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3216256|contribs]]) 03:57, 10 August 2022 (UTC) p2i6vfx0nrqcyjjkz0aelbvorq3jzvs 2 286212 2415976 2413273 2022-08-18T02:17:56Z U3216389 2947531 fleshed out my about me user page wikitext text/x-wiki == ''About Me:'' == [[File:Happiness .jpg|thumb|no caption]] Hello, my name is Caleb and I am a student at the '''University of Canberra.[https://www.canberra.edu.au/]''' == Hobbies == I like to participate in sports such as Soccer and Basketball and I also enjoy playing video games and hanging out with my friends. == Book Chapter == The book chapter that I am working on is Resentment and I will be answering the questions What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences? as well as other things, as I will attempt to look at resentment through a number of different perspectives. == What am I studying == I am currently studying studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology with a breadth major in counselling and I am in my third and final year, however, I am hoping to further my studies. rl3wt843b4didzle7npcx479mb0fu2e 2415980 2415976 2022-08-18T02:27:32Z U3216389 2947531 image caption wikitext text/x-wiki == ''About Me:'' == [[File:Happiness .jpg|thumb|Joy]] Hello, my name is Caleb and I am a student at the '''University of Canberra.[https://www.canberra.edu.au/]''' == Hobbies == I like to participate in sports such as Soccer and Basketball and I also enjoy playing video games and hanging out with my friends. == Book Chapter == The book chapter that I am working on is Resentment and I will be answering the questions What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences? as well as other things, as I will attempt to look at resentment through a number of different perspectives. == What am I studying == I am currently studying studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology with a breadth major in counselling and I am in my third and final year, however, I am hoping to further my studies. qg0fvph6yr4xm52osjqjc6gd4k5k5rh 2415983 2415980 2022-08-18T02:32:47Z U3216389 2947531 wikitext text/x-wiki == ''About Me:'' == [[File:Happiness .jpg|thumb|Joy]] Hello, my name is Caleb and I am a student at the '''University of Canberra.[https://www.canberra.edu.au/]''' == Hobbies == I like to participate in sports such as Soccer and Basketball and I also enjoy playing video games and hanging out with my friends. == Book Chapter == The book chapter that I am working on is Resentment and I will be answering the questions What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences? as well as other things, as I will attempt to look at resentment through a number of different perspectives. == What am I studying == I am currently studying studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology with a breadth major in counselling and I am in my third and final year, however, I am hoping to further my studies. == Social Contributions == jmr6jc5vzfentugcsf87cj97icsp8ak 2415986 2415983 2022-08-18T02:40:52Z U3216389 2947531 /* Book Chapter */ added link wikitext text/x-wiki == ''About Me:'' == [[File:Happiness .jpg|thumb|Joy]] Hello, my name is Caleb and I am a student at the '''University of Canberra.[https://www.canberra.edu.au/]''' == Hobbies == I like to participate in sports such as Soccer and Basketball and I also enjoy playing video games and hanging out with my friends. == Book Chapter == The book chapter that I am working on is [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Resentment|Resentment]] and I will be answering the questions What is Resentment, what causes it, and what are it's consequences? as well as other things, as I will attempt to look at resentment through a number of different perspectives. == What am I studying == I am currently studying studying a Bachelor of Science in Psychology with a breadth major in counselling and I am in my third and final year, however, I am hoping to further my studies. == Social Contributions == k1mca2u599gbc1ktw4lteglwbh7v53f 0 286221 2416094 2413286 2022-08-18T09:08:43Z U3216256 2942574 Added title and subtitle wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Psychological distress:<br>What is PD, what are the main types, and how can they be managed?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ [[File:Hair_pulling_stress.jpg|alt=A boy pulling his hair is displayed|Figure 1. Shows a boy pulling on his hair|thumb|220x220px]] ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 62554royhhq9bnmr5aqccw152z13zbl 2 286259 2415979 2413575 2022-08-18T02:24:22Z Jtneill 10242 /* Social contributions */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == I work at the ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]''. I teach '''[[w:Psychology|psychology]]'''. This semester I'm teaching [[motivation and emotion]]. === Hobbies === [[File:Akseli Gallen-Kallela - Lemminkäinen's Mother - Google Art Project.jpg|alt=Painting showing woman looking to the heavens while looking after someone dying|thumb|Figure 1. Hope is an example of a human emotion.]] * Gardening * Mountain biking * Keeping chickens # Cricket # Podcasts === Book chapter I'm working on === [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Revenge motivation|Revenge motivation]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2021/Environment-friendly_behaviour_motivation&diff=prev&oldid=2415977 Simplified a sentence] - 18/8/22 kr12pwvho9jm8kz46eny0udfx8jgm1n 0 286271 2415946 2413585 2022-08-18T00:09:28Z Jtneill 10242 Jtneill moved page [[Academic help-seeking]] to [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Academic help-seeking]] without leaving a redirect wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] rvmx4r8uvndeai5otlivmh3og3xuaay 2416096 2415946 2022-08-18T09:12:09Z U3216256 2942574 Added title and subtitle wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Academic help-seeking:<br>What are the barriers and enablers of AHS and how can AHS be fostered?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] lar932x5gypdk5spw80opukkwg5bj9v 2 286276 2416000 2415011 2022-08-18T03:39:01Z U3183466 2947633 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''About Me''' == I am a university student studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]. === Hobbies === * Gaming * Listening to Music * Construction * Interior Design === Qualifications === * Student of a '''Bachelor of Science''' in ''[[wikipedia:Psychology|Psychology]]''. * Have an '''Advanced Diploma''' in ''Game Design and Development''. * '''President''' of ''[https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/UCREC UCREC].'' * '''Vice-President''' of ''[https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/SAC SAC].'' === Book Chapter I'm working on === [[File:Cartoon Woman Listening To Music Post-Workout.svg|thumb|Figure 1. Music can help one keep to a rhythm during their exercise as well as help calm down and relax them after exercise.]] ''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Motivational music and exercise|Motivational Music and Exercise]]'' ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=motivational+music&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image use this for images]) ([[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Social contributions|use this for social contributions]]) pkgh6znvmq7hqxunsvmqwtx0y80ti99 2416008 2416000 2022-08-18T03:43:45Z U3183466 2947633 wikitext text/x-wiki == '''About Me''' == I am a university student studying [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]. === Hobbies === * Gaming * Listening to Music * Construction * Interior Design === Qualifications === * Student of a '''Bachelor of Science''' in ''[[wikipedia:Psychology|Psychology]]''. * Have an '''Advanced Diploma''' in ''Game Design and Development''. * '''President''' of ''[https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/UCREC UCREC].'' * '''Vice-President''' of ''[https://clubs.canberra.edu.au/Clubs/SAC SAC].'' === Book Chapter I'm working on === [[File:Cartoon Woman Listening To Music Post-Workout.svg|thumb|Figure 1. Music can help one keep to a rhythm during their exercise as well as help calm down and relax them after exercise.]] ''[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Motivational music and exercise|Motivational Music and Exercise]]'' ([https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?search=motivational+music&title=Special:MediaSearch&go=Go&type=image use this for images]) == Social Contributions == ([[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Social contributions|use this for social contributions]]) tja6lxi2ek3eb859ian2k6wrc4adm0l 2 286278 2416009 2413705 2022-08-18T03:44:18Z Jtneill 10242 /* Social contributions */ + 1 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == [[File:Communication sender-message-reciever.png|alt=Cartoon showing one personal communicating to another|thumb|Figure 1. Communication biases can occur during interpersonal communication]] I teach '''[[w:Psychology|psychology]]''' at the ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]''. I am currently teaching [[motivation and emotion]]. === Hobbies === * Gardening * Keeping chickens * Playing cricket # Mountain biking # Podcasts === Book chapter I'm working on === [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Closeness communication bias|Closeness communication bias]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2021/COVID-19_vaccine_motivation&diff=prev&oldid=2416006 Fixed some et al. formatting] - 18/8/22 luj2u54dzrsi9712g4b9mvcwlbbmipy 2 286283 2416088 2413676 2022-08-18T08:45:21Z CaitlinEmc 2947627 /* Social Contributions */ wikitext text/x-wiki == '''About Me:''' == My name is Caitlin McClung and I am studying a Bachelor of Science in [[w:Psychology|Psychology]] at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]. This is my third year of study. === Work === I am currently working in [https://www.mackillop.org.au/programs/intensive-therapeutic-care Intensive Therapeutic Care] in Youth Out of Home Care, where I provide troubled youth with a supportive environment and apply therapeutic approaches to my interaction with clients. I also work in the [https://www.health.gov.au/ Department of Health] Mental Health sector within the Youth Engagement team, providing me with an interesting new perspective of youth care. === Book Chapter I'm Working on === [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Beneficence as a psychological need|Beneficence as a Psychological Need]] === Social Contributions === [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2021/Cognitive_dissonance_and_motivation&curid=276123&diff=2416011&oldid=2394580 Created heading instead of single sub-heading] ptj1rkqntjtw0ui4tura7wswua9hpg2 2 286287 2416104 2413707 2022-08-18T09:47:54Z Jamieepiper 2947632 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me: == I am currently undergoing a double degree in '''''[[wikipedia:Psychology|psychology]]''''' and '''''[[wikipedia:Global_studies|global studies]]''''' at the '''''[https://www.canberra.edu.au University of Canberra]'''''. Enrolled in the unit [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]. === Work: === * Barista at a cafe in the defence buildings * After school care educator * Focus on children with special needs. === Hobbies: === * Arial dance classes * Roller derby training * Walking my dogs * Colouring ins === Book chapter I am working on: === [[File:Waves July 2009-1.jpg|alt=picture of beach waves in continuous motion |left|thumb|320x320px|Figure 1. real beach waves to example the notion of the metaphor]] The [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Wave metaphor for emotion|wave metaphor for emotion]]- In what respects is an ocean wave a helpful metaphor for understanding human emotions? === '''Social Contributions''' === f9vkuda6b9nxll64qgz1oy84o2kd4ju 2 286297 2415929 2413949 2022-08-17T22:59:32Z AEMOR 2947559 /* Social contributions */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hi, my name is '''Anna Morrison'''. I am a '''student''' at the ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]'' studying [[w: Psychology|psychology]]. [[File:Border collie flyball.jpg|thumb|313x313px|Figure 1. A Border Collie is my favourite kind of dog]] I am enrolled in the unit [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]. === Hobbies === * Cooking * Running * Gardening # Music # Movies == Book chapter I'm working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed?]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2021/Dark_triad_personality_and_motivation&diff=prev&oldid=2415928 Fixed some awkward phrasing and grammar on 2021 page] 18/8/22 facat6blhbf9smi9cumiq4pcmq1pkai 2415930 2415929 2022-08-17T23:03:28Z AEMOR 2947559 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == Hi, my name is '''Anna Morrison'''. I am a '''student''' at the ''[https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra]'' studying [[w: Psychology|psychology]]. [[File:Border collie flyball.jpg|thumb|313x313px|Figure 1. I have four Border Collie dogs]] I am enrolled in the unit [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]]. === Hobbies === * Cooking * Running * Gardening # Music # Movies == Book chapter I'm working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Perfectionism|Perfectionism - What motivates perfectionism? Is perfectionism good or bad? How can it be managed?]] == Social contributions == # [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2021/Dark_triad_personality_and_motivation&diff=prev&oldid=2415928 Fixed some awkward phrasing and grammar on 2021 page] 18/8/22 p50jl6baqs88ezmiqjl441rlgkpyhg2 0 286371 2415831 2415830 2022-08-17T12:00:17Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Comparisons */ wikitext text/x-wiki —Unleashing collaboration == Introduction == [[File:3d10 fm de vilafranca.jpg|thumb| thumb | Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]].]] Almost all people on earth are ruled by obsolete [[w:Government|government]] systems that were developed centuries ago. For example, the [[w:Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitution of the United States]] was ratified in 1788, a full 50 years before the [[w:Electrical_telegraph|first telegram]] was sent by Samuel Morse in 1838, 115 years before the Wright Brothers [[w:Wright_brothers#First_powered_flight|first powered airplane flight]] in 1903, and 140 years before [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] discovered [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]] in 1928, the first antibiotic. {{TOC right |limit=2}} Today we have indoor plumbing, air travel, space exploration, electric automobiles, smartphones, and advanced medical procedures. Technology evolves quickly because many innovations are subjected to selection pressures that test fitness for use. Similarly, we can accelerate the [[w:Evolvability|evolvability]] of government systems by harnessing variability and subjecting government policies to effective selection pressures. == Objectives == {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objective of this course is to accelerate the evolution of governments to better serve the needs of the people as we harness the [[wisdom]] of humanity. This is a course in the [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|''possibilities'' curriculum]], currently being developed as part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom Curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Evolving_Governments|discussion page]]. == Evolution == [[w:Evolution|Evolution]] occurs when variability is subjected to selection pressures. In [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]] living organisms are selected primarily based on reproductive success. In his book ''The Evolution of Everything''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge|last=Ridley|first=Matt|date=October 25, 2016|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0062296016|pages=368|author-link=w:Matt_Ridley}}</ref> , [[w:Matt Ridley|Matt Ridley]] describes the evolution of the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, the internet and the future. Each of these systems evolves based on specialized generation, variation, and selection mechanisms. [[w:Evolvability|Evolvability]] is the capacity of a system for [[w:Adaptation|adaptive evolution]]. Evolvability increases when [[w:Evolvability#Generating%20more%20variation|more variation is generated]] and when [[w:Evolvability#Enhancement%20of%20selection|selection pressures]] are enhanced. While these ideas are well studied in biological systems, they are not often analyzed and applied to [[w:Governance|governance]] systems. This course applies these concepts to governance systems. == Generating Variation == Generating variation is the first component of evolvability. There are several existing and potential sources of variation in governments. These include 1) history, 2) comparisons, 3) leadership and policy changes, and 4) experimentation. These are discussed further below. === History === Historians, [[w:Political philosophy|political philosophers]], [[w:Political science|political scientists]], and others have studied the structure and results of government systems throughout human history. Much is known about the results of various government approaches. By applying criteria for evaluating government results, the effectiveness of various government structures is evaluated. As we discuss in the [[Evolving Governments#Defining Democracy|sections on democracy]], various [[w:Types of democracy|forms of democracy]] have provided the best results to date. === Comparisons === Businesses routinely use [[w:Benchmarking|benchmarking]] to compare the results of various industry practices and identify best practices. Policy makers, government officials, and citizens have a similar opportunity to practice [[w:Comparative politics|comparative politics]] and compare the results of various governments. These are forms of [[w:Natural experiment|natural experiments]]. Examples of this work include: * The ''[[w:Freedom in the World|Freedom in the World]]'' report<ref>Freedom in the World, Freedom House, <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world</nowiki></ref> compiled by [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], * The [[w:Democracy Index|Democracy Index]], compiled by the [[w:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]]. * The [[w:Democracy Ranking|Democracy ranking]] compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award. * The [[w:Index of Freedom in the World|Index of Freedom in the World]], published by Canada’s Fraser Institute. * Indices published by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|Varieties of Democracy institute]], * The [[w:Worldwide Governance Indicators|Worldwide Governance Indicators]] compiled by the World Bank. * World Report 2022, published by [[w:Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>World Report 2022, Human Rights Watch. See: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022</ref> * The [[w:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compiled by the United Nations, and * others in this [[w:List of freedom indices|list of freedom indices]]. Several specialized comparisons study the performance of various policies. Examples include: *the [[w:Education Index|education index]], *the [[w:Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty index]], *the [[w:World Happiness Report|world happiness report]], *the [[w:Human Capital Index|Human Capital Index]], *the World Health Organization [[w:World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000|ranking of health systems in 2000]], *the [[w:List_of_countries_by_quality_of_healthcare|list of countries by quality of healthcare]] published by the OECD, and * these [[w:List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy|lists of countries by life expectancy]]. === Assignment === # Find your country on one of the reports or indices listed above, or on some other reliable ranked evaluation. # If your country is ranked at the top, congratulations; enjoy your country’s success, and consider sharing successful ideas and policies with others. # Otherwise, study the policy in place at the highest-ranking countries and work to have them enacted appropriately in your country. === Leadership and Policy Changes === Leadership changes occur because of [[w:Term limit|term limits]], [[w:Election|elections]], [[w:Order of succession|succession]], [[w:Coup d'état|coups]], or [[w:Revolution|revolution]]. This provides citizens and researchers with an opportunity to evaluate the results obtained by one leader compared to others. This comparison is often difficult because of the complexity of government and the need to distinguish between local and global effects and short term and long-term effects. Access to reliable information regarding the effectiveness of various policies is often difficult to obtain and evaluate due to [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]], unreliable reporting, [[w:Media bias|media bias]], limited data availability, and the effort required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. In addition, each of us is constrained by our [[w:Bounded rationality|bounded rationality]]—the limited capacity of people to direct attention to these issues and make optimal decisions. Policy changes also take place and provide opportunities and difficulties like those in evaluating leadership changes. === Experimentation === An [[w:Experiment|experiment]] is a procedure carried out to determine the effectiveness of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into [[w:Causality|cause-and-effect]] by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on a repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. In a laboratory experiment condition are controlled, one factor to be studied is manipulated and the results are recorded, analyzed, studied, and reported. It is rarely feasible to carry out such experiments in social settings because of the difficulties and ethical concerns of manipulating groups of people. [[w:Natural experiment|Natural experimental studies]] are used in these cases. A [[w:Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]] (RCT) or Randomized Field Trial (RFT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are [[w:Clinical trial|clinical trials]] that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, or other medical treatments. Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled. By randomly allocating participants among compared treatments, an RCT enables statistical control over these influences. Provided it is designed well, conducted properly, and enrolls enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. Randomly controlled trials can be used to conduct [[w:Policy experimentation|social experiments]], as the following examples show. The [[w:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) is an excellent example of using experimentation to inform policy decisions. The lab is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific evidence]]. J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty, and builds partnerships with governments, [[w:Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], donors, and others to generate new research, share knowledge, and scale up effective programs. Other organizations conducting actionable research using social experiments include the EdRedesign Lab<ref>The EdRedesign Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education. See: <nowiki>https://edredesign.org/</nowiki></ref> , and the work of [[w:John A. List|John A. List]] in performing [[w:Field experiments|field experiments]] in economics. Experiments in government are carried out in various national and local settings. Ongoing experiments include: * Rank choice voting, also known as [[w:Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting]], is a type of ranked preferential voting. It uses a majority voting rule in single-winner elections where there are more than two candidates. It has a significant and [[w:History and use of instant-runoff voting|growing history of use]] around the world, including [[w:Ranked-choice voting in the United States|within the United States]] where it is advocated by the [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization. * The [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization advocates within the United States for: ** [[w:Single transferable vote|Fair]] [[w:Proportional representation|Representation Voting]], ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting|Ranked Choice Voting]], ** the Constitutional Right to Vote, and ** the [[w:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact|National Popular Vote]]. * The Institute for Political Innovation<ref>The Institute for Political Innovation. See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org</nowiki></ref> advocates for: ** [[w:Top-four primary#Final%20Five%20Voting|Final-Five Voting]] which is a variation of a [[w:Top-four primary|Top-four primary]] soon to be used in Alaska, and ** Zero-Based Rule Making<ref>See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org/zero-basedrulemaking/</nowiki></ref> which promises to eliminate constraints on thinking and open new possibilities for [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. This proposal is modeled on [[w:Zero-based budgeting|zero-based budgeting]] practices often used in business settings. * [[w:Liquid democracy|Liquid democracy]] is a form of [[w:Delegative democracy|delegative democracy]], whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] and [[w:Representative democracy|representative democracy]]. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues as in a direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf as in representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". Several [[w:Liquid democracy#Examples|implementations are being used]]. * The GovLab<ref>https://thegovlab.org</ref> is relying on reproducible experiments and metrics to better understand what works (and what doesn’t) and to translate theory and hypotheses into actionable insights. They collaborate and connect with experts and practitioners across sectors and disciplines, levels of government, and geographies to learn how to govern more effectively and legitimately. * Several [[w:Basic income pilots|pilot programs are underway]] to experiment with various forms of [[Universal basic income|Universal Basic Income]]. * The [[w:Forward (United States)|Forward Party]] is a political action committee (PAC) that seeks to form a new centrist political party in the United States. Author Jim Manzi advocates institutionalized social experimentation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> Decentralized experimentation would be encouraged and would be subjected to standardized experimental evaluation and reporting to Congress. He suggests conducting as many social policy randomized controlled trials as we do clinical trials, about 10,000 each year. ==== Assignment ==== # Choose some local setting where you can run an experiment. This may be a [[w:Student council|student council election]], a committee appointment, a local election, or some other arena. # Choose an innovation from the above list, or some other source. # Run a trial of the chosen innovation in the chosen setting. For example, use rank choice voting to select the student class president at a local school. # Reflect on what was learned from that experiment. # Consider how larger experiments can be carried out. # Engage with at least one of the organizations mentioned above. # Work with them to evolve government. == Selection Pressures == The evolution of government will depend on the selection pressures each government system is subjected to. Selection pressures have two parts 1) selection ''criteria''—identifying what we want—and 2) selection ''forces''—making changes that progress toward the selection criteria. These are the system [[w:Feedback|feedback]] mechanisms. Each is described below. == Selection Criteria == Selection criteria form the basis for choosing the best alternative from several available choices. Evolution is accelerated when useful selection criteria are coupled with effective selection forces. In this section we develop useful criteria for selecting the best government options. === Selecting Leaders === It may be easier to select [[Wisdom|wise]] leaders than it is to understand, evaluate, and select various policy options. ==== Assignment ==== # Assess the [[intellectual honesty]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that is not intellectually honest. # Assess the [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that does not consistently demonstrate well developed moral reasoning. # Complete the [[Wisdom#Assessing Wisdom|Assessing Wisdom section]] of the Wikiversity course on [[Wisdom]]. # Follow the instructions and complete the [[Wisdom/wisdom assessment form|wisdom assessment form]] to evaluate the viable candidates. Establish a rank ordering of the most attractive candidates. # Consider supporting, campaigning, and voting for the candidate that scores best. Act to place wise leaders in office. # Make these important [[Wisdom#Wise Decision Making|decisions wisely]]. === Policy-based Selections === In addition to choosing wise leaders, it is helpful to advocate for policy positions that lead to [[w:Good government|good government]] and [[w:Good governance|good governance]]. The [[w:United Nations|United Nations]] is playing an increasing role in promoting good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN follows eight principles:<ref>What is Good Governance, UN ESCAP Report, July 10, 2009. See: <nowiki>https://www.unescap.org/resources/what-good-governance</nowiki></ref> * Participation – People can voice their own opinions through legitimate intermediate organizations or representatives. * [[w:Rule of law|Rule of Law]] – Legal frameworks are enforced impartially, especially on human right laws. * Consensus Orientation– Differing interests are mediated to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. * Equity and Inclusiveness – People have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. * Effectiveness and Efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. * Accountability – Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations are held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. * Transparency – Information is accessible to the public and is understandable and monitored. * Responsiveness – Institutions and processes serve all stakeholders. Going beyond these general principles, good government is most likely to mean supporting policies that strengthen the democratic processes. === Defining Democracy === Although not necessarily the best possible governance system, [[w:Democracy|democracy]] is widely acknowledged as the most effective governance system in wide use today. For example, [[w:Derek Bok|Derek Bok]] states “In this regard, it is noteworthy that almost all the countries in the world that rank highest in overall satisfaction with life have been successful democracies for more than 80 years.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy. Karl Popper says that the "classical" view of democracy is "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people, and that the people have a right to rule." Kofi Annan states that "there are as many different forms of democracy as there are democratic nations in the world." One study identified 2,234 adjectives used in the English language to describe democracy.<ref>Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). "2,234 Descriptions of Democracy". Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050107. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 149825810.</ref> Democratic principles require all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution. Freedom House provides this characterization of democracy: <blockquote> “Democracy means more than just majority rule, however. In its ideal form, it is a governing system based on the will and consent of the governed, institutions that are accountable to all citizens, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights. It is a network of mutually reinforcing structures in which those exercising power are subject to checks both within and outside the state, for example, from independent courts, an independent press, and civil society. It requires an openness to alternations in power, with rival candidates or parties competing fairly to govern for the good of the public as a whole, not just themselves or those who voted for them. It creates a level playing field so that all people, no matter the circumstances of their birth or background, can enjoy the universal human rights to which they are entitled and participate in politics and governance.”<ref>Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, Page 5</ref> </blockquote> === Characteristics of Democracy === [[File:Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920.jpg|thumb|Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920]] [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]] has established detailed criteria for evaluating various forms of democracy.<ref>Freedom in the World Research Methodology. See: <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology</nowiki> </ref> These criteria are summarized below: ==== Electoral process. ==== #'''Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?''' Considerations include independent [[w:Election monitoring|election monitoring]], adequate time for candidates to enter and campaign, accurate [[w:Voter registration|registration of voters]], inclusion of women and minority candidates, opportunities for candidates to address voters, make speeches, hold public meetings, and obtain media access, use of [[w:Secret ballot|secret ballot]], lack of pressure or voter intimidation, transparent vote counting, access to voting places, and the [[w:Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. #'''Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?''' The considerations are like the above. #'''Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?''' Considerations include use of a fair legislative framework for conducting elections, an independent election commission, [[w:Universal suffrage|universal suffrage]], fair [[w:Electoral district|election districts]], and fair procedures for [[w:Electoral reform|electoral reform]]. ==== Political Pluralism and Participation ==== #'''Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?''' Considerations include opportunities to form [[w:Political party|political parties]], freedom to hold meetings, rallies, and obtain media access, fair and equitable rules for party financing, freedom of [[w:Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]], and opportunities for [[w:Independent politician|independent candidates]]. #'''Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?''' Considerations include freedom of opposition parties to increase their support base and compete in elections, are opposition parties in positions of authority, and is there a significant opposition vote? #'''Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?''' Considerations include lack of intimidation by military, foreign powers, oligarchies, criminal organizations, or other powerful groups, absence of [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Corruption|corruption]], improper [[w:Quid pro quo|quid pro quo]], or other improper influences, lack of dominant political donors, transparent [[w:Campaign finance|campaign financing]], and accountability to the voters. #'''Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?''' Considerations include addressing minority issues, participation of [[w:Minority group|minority groups]] in political life, full inclusion of women, and [[w:Citizenship|citizenship]] opportunities for minorities. ==== Functioning of government ==== #'''Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?''' Considerations include installation of the elected officials into office, ability to form a functioning government, non-interference by [[w:Non-state actor|nonstate actors]], lack of military influence on government operations, independence of the executive and legislative branches, and frequency of [[w:Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] actions. #'''Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?''' Considerations include effectiveness of anticorruption laws and programs, independent oversight and auditing, investigation of alleged corruption, and [[w:Whistleblower|whistleblower]] protections. #'''Does the government operate with openness and transparency?''' Considerations include ability of citizens to obtain accurate information about state operations, ability to petition government agencies for information, publication of state information, ability to access and comment on pending legislations, public review of budget processes, transparency in awarding contracts, and public scrutiny of [[w:Financial disclosure of public servants|government officials’ financial disclosure]]. ==== Additional discretionary political rights question ==== #'''Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group?''' Considerations include providing incentives to change the [[w:Ethnic group|ethnic composition]] of a region, forcibly moving people into or out of certain regions, and arresting or killing members of certain ethnic groups. ==== Civil Liberties ==== ==== Freedom of Expression and belief ==== #'''Are there free and independent media?''' Considerations include [[w:Media (communication)|media]] [[w:Censorship|censorship]], pressure or surveillance, punishment of journalists, [[w:Freedom of speech|freedom of speech]] regarding criticism of government officials, government control of media, [[w:Editorial independence|editorial independence,]] nonpartisan coverage, government influence of media coverage, involvement of women and minorities, free expression in works of literature, and other cultural expressions. #'''Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?''' Considerations include [[w:Freedom of religion|freedom of religious]] institutions to function, freedom from harassment of minority faith members, lack of government involvement in appointing religious leaders, freedom to distribute religious writings, freedom to construct and occupy religious buildings, lack of government involvement in religious education, and freedom to eschew religious beliefs and practices. #'''Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?''' Considerations include [[w:Academic freedom|freedom of educators]] to pursue political activities, non-interference in school [[w:Curriculum|curriculums]], fair allocation of funding, freedom of student associations to pursue political activities, and freedom of students to support candidates of their choice. #'''Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?''' Considerations include the ability to engage in discussions, including [[w:Political criticism|political discussions]], in public, or private places, including online communications, and lack of surveillance of antigovernment conversations. ==== Associational and organizational rights ==== #I'''s there [[w:Freedom of assembly|freedom of assembly]]?''' Considerations include freedom to protest peacefully, lack of intimidation or harassment of peaceful protesters, censorship of peaceful protester’s communications, and freedom to petition the public, #'''Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?''' Considerations include ease of creating [[w:Non-governmental organization|nongovernment organizations]], fair rules for financing the work, and freedom from government intimidation or harassment. #'''Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?''' Considerations include unfettered formation and operation of [[w:Trade union|trade unions]], lack of pressure to join or not join certain trade unions, ability to [[w:Strike action|strike]] without reprisals, [[w:Collective bargaining|collective bargaining]], and free operation of professional organizations. ==== Rule of Law ==== #'''Is there an independent judiciary?''' Considerations include noninterference by the executive branch or other influences, fair appointment of judges, impartial rulings by judges, compliance with judicial decisions, and the absence of powerful influences over judicial decisions. #'''Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?''' Considerations include [[w:Presumption of innocence|presumption of innocence]], access to effective [[w:Counsel|counsel]], fair [[w:Trial|trial]], fair access to the [[w:Judiciary|court system]], independent [[w:Prosecutor|prosecutors]], fair and effective law enforcement, and upholding of [[w:Due process|due process]] without interference. #'''Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?''' Considerations include absence of excessive force during arrest and detainment, humane conditions in pretrial detention facilities and prisons, effective redress of abuse, absence of [[w:Corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], minimal application of [[w:Corporal punishment|capital punishment]], lack of violent crime, and safety for the population. #'''Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?''' Considerations include the ability of distinctive or minority groups to exercise their [[w:Human rights|human rights]], lack of violence against such groups, lack of discrimination against such groups, granting of [[w:Right of asylum|asylum]], and protection of [[w:Human rights|human rights]]. ==== Personal autonomy and individual rights ==== #'''Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?''' Considerations include freedom of foreign travel, freedom of movement within the country, lack of bribery and other corruption, safe travel, and equal rights for women. #'''Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?''' Considerations include the ability to purchase or sell land and other property, equal [[w:Women'27s rights|rights for women]], lack of favoritism, [[w:Cronyism|cronyism]], [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Extortion|extortion]], and other forms of [[w:Political corruption|corruption]], and ease of doing business, #'''Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?''' Considerations include lack of personal and domestic violence, freedom to [[w:Same-sex marriage|marry your chosen partner]], fair divorce and child custody decisions, and free choice of dress and appearance. #'''Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?''' Considerations include lack of worker exploitation, economic opportunity, fair competition, and absence of [[w:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]. While the Freedom House characteristics of democracy criteria are extensive, a more extensive set of criteria is used by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|V-Dem institute]] to evaluate democracies around the world. Their document “V-Dem Methodology v11.1”<ref>V-Dem Methodology v11.1 See: <nowiki>https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/methodologyv111.pdf</nowiki></ref> describes their methodology in detail. Interested students can study that document for more detail. Other authors advocate for additional characteristics including increasing [[w:Human capital|human capital]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> through more effective and relevant education<ref>The Relevant Education Project. See: <nowiki>https://relevant.education</nowiki></ref>, improving our shared knowledge base, increasing [[Emotional Competency|emotional intelligence]], and increasing our [[w:Collective intelligence|collective intelligence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}} Page 91 of 405</ref>^,<ref>See, for example the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. <nowiki>https://cci.mit.edu</nowiki></ref> === Assignment === # Study the above criteria used to evaluate democracies. # Find where your country ranks on the Freedom House Freedom in the world report. # Identify areas for improvement. # Advocate for policies that improve attainment of these criteria within your government. === Results-based selections === Better governance systems attain better results. A governance system can be evaluated by the contribution it makes toward helping the governed organization reach its goals. If the governed organization is a corporation, then the best governance system is the one that results in the most profits, along with consideration of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, relevant regulations, and social responsibility. For other organizations, the effectiveness of a governance system can be judged by how well the governed organization meets its stated mission. In the case of international, national, state, regional, or local governments the mission will be assumed to be the [[w:Well-being|well-being]] of the people. One attractive option recognizes that “There are powerful arguments for making happiness a focal point for government policy.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Because happiness is often fleeting, we propose a more substantial and enduring basis for evaluating and selecting government systems. [[File:Evaluating Good Government.jpg|thumb|Better governments allow more people to meet more of their needs.]] Here we suggest that <blockquote> '''The government that meets more of the needs of more of the people is the better system.'''<ref>Good Government, Substack Article, Leland Beaumont, July 17, 2022</ref> </blockquote> To be specific, in this definition we use [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]]<ref>Researchers continue to refine and extend Maslow’s original thesis. It may be wise to use these updated views rather than Maslow’s original thesis.  </ref> as our reference standard for defining the needs of the people. A population where more people are meeting more of their higher-level needs is benefiting from the better governance system. The fewer people who have unmet needs the better. The more people who have high level needs met the better.<ref>It may be wise to consider it unacceptable to leave the basic needs of anyone unmet. Therefore, it may be important to meet everyone’s basic needs before turning attention to meeting the higher-level needs of the few. This suggests a [[w:Minimax#Maximin|Maximin]] approach and is consistent with the doctrine of sufficiency.</ref> Alternative standards might include measures of: * Adherence to the [[w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], * [[w:Well-being|Well-being]], * [[w:Subjective well-being|Subjective well-being]], or * Some blend, weighing, or aggregation of these. In any case, the question of “what is the better government system?” can be answered [[w:Empiricism|empirically]] rather than hypothetically or speculatively. Evaluating results would require an independent rating agency, such as the [[w:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], a [[w:Nationally recognized statistical rating organization|nationally recognized statistical rating organization]], or other organizations, such as [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], to study, analyze, and publish results. === Assignment === # Read the essay [[/Good Government/]]. # Estimate where you are now on Maslow’s needs hierarchy. # Use your estimate of the well-being of the population of your country or region to draw a diagram like the one shown above on the right. == Selection Forces == [[File:Vote Carefully.jpg|thumb|Vote conscientiously to evolve governments.]] Selection forces—actions that select for the preferred outcome—are the engine of evolution. Within a nation with a functioning democracy, selection forces include: * Voting. There are good arguments supporting the conclusion that citizens in a democracy have a moral duty to vote.<ref>Christiano, Tom and Sameer Bajaj, "Democracy", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/democracy/</nowiki>>. Section 4.3.1.</ref> Register to vote, study the candidates and the issues, and vote in every election you are eligible to vote in. * Campaigning; * supporting desirable candidates; * Supporting desirable policy and legislation; * Communicating with elected officials; * Financial contributions; * influencing public opinion, and * running for office. Options are more difficult in non-democratic nations. In this case, read the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''<ref>{{cite book|title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation|last=Sharp|first=Gene|date=September 4, 2012|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595588500|pages=160|author-link=w:Gene_Sharp}}</ref> and complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. The Wikiversity course [[Confronting Tyranny]] may also be helpful. == Possibilities == Imagine how it can be! === Assignment === This assignment is entirely optional, and it is likely that most students will skip it. The assignment is provided here to stimulate the imagination of interested students. # Read the book ''The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}}</ref> # Read the book ''Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>[1] {{cite book|title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973927|pages=495}}</ref> # Study the work of the [[Level 5 Research Center]]. # Study the work of the [[Wisdom Research|Wisdom and the Future Research Center]]. # Study the course [[A Journey to GameB]]. # Participate in the research project to [[Living Wisely/Improving our Social Operating Systems|improve our social operating systems]]. # Read the essay “3 Design principles for Protopian Governance".<ref>3 Design principles for Protopian Governance, Hanzi Freinacht, May 22, 2022, See: <nowiki>https://medium.com/@hanzifreinacht/3-design-principles-for-protopian-governance-bc2bfa7faa9a</nowiki></ref> # Study courses in the [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|possibilities curriculum]]. # Read the essay [[Assessing Human Rights/Beyond Olympic Gold|Beyond Olympic gold]]. ## Work to [[Assessing Human Rights|advance human rights worldwide]]. # Read the [[w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] article on Global Democracy.<ref>Kuyper, Jonathan, "Global Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/global-democracy/</nowiki>>.</ref> # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Intentional Evolution|Intentional evolution]]. ##Complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Envisioning Our Future]]. ## Write down [[Envisioning Our Future#Write Down Your Vision of Our Future|your vision of our future]]. ## Use the essay you wrote as a guide toward action. ## Act to make the future you envision a reality. == Assignment == # [[Living Wisely|Live wisely]]. # Read the essay [[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Aligning Worldviews]]. ## Align your worldview with reality. # Complete the course [[Intentional Evolution]]. ## Apply the principles taught in the Intentional Evolution course to accelerate the evolution of governments. # Become an informed and engaged citizen. # Practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Collaborate with others who practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Without compromising your values, [[Finding Common Ground|seek common ground]] with those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Transcending Conflict|Transcending conflict]]. ### Work to transcend conflict. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Common Ground|Finding common ground]]. ### Seek common ground # Challenge, confront, and [[w:Persuasion|persuade]] those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|Seek first to understand, then to be understood]]. ## As a gentle starting point, become comfortable using [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|these phrases]] in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] to encourage the participants to act in good faith. ## Support and vote for political leaders who support values and policies that advance this evolutionary worldview. ## Protect your own safety. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Courage]]. ###Find the moral courage to act according to your well-chosen values and confront antagonists. ## Apply suitable techniques discussed in the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''.<ref>Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1595588500.</ref> ## Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Confronting Tyranny]]. ###Confront tyranny # Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]]. # [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seek real good]]. == Further Reading == Students who are interested in learning more about evolving governments may wish to read these books: * {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |author-link= |date=October 25, 2012 |title=Governance: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=147 |isbn=978-0199606412}} * {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link= |date=October 10, 2002 | title=Democracy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=145 |isbn=978-0192802507}} * {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology * {{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}} * {{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}} * {{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} * {{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}} * {{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }} * {{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441 |isbn=978-0316230032}} * {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} *{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}} * {{cite book |last=Camp |first=Robert C. |date=May 1, 1989 |title=Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance |publisher=Amer Society for Quality |pages=299 |isbn=978-0873890588}} * The Modern Political Traditions: Hobbes to Habermas, Wondrium I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *{{cite book |last1=Gneezy |first1=Uri |last2=List |first2=John |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life |publisher=Cornerstone |pages= |isbn=978-1847946751}} *{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |author-link=w:Ian_Bremmer |date=September 11, 2007 |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall |publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=336|isbn=978-0743274722}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=August 16, 2022 |title=What We Owe the Future Hardcover |publisher=Basic Books |pages=352 |isbn=978-1541618626}} *{{cite book |last=Borders |first=Max |date=May 2, 2022|title=The Decentralist: Mission, Morality, and Meaning in the Age of Crypto |publisher=Social Evolution |pages=214 |isbn=978-1732039421}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Government]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] {{Possibilities}} c0kmjg8ryhe084j26k7a7719ctq9c5a 2415832 2415831 2022-08-17T12:04:12Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Comparisons */ Added chart wikitext text/x-wiki —Unleashing collaboration == Introduction == [[File:3d10 fm de vilafranca.jpg|thumb| thumb | Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]].]] Almost all people on earth are ruled by obsolete [[w:Government|government]] systems that were developed centuries ago. For example, the [[w:Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitution of the United States]] was ratified in 1788, a full 50 years before the [[w:Electrical_telegraph|first telegram]] was sent by Samuel Morse in 1838, 115 years before the Wright Brothers [[w:Wright_brothers#First_powered_flight|first powered airplane flight]] in 1903, and 140 years before [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] discovered [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]] in 1928, the first antibiotic. {{TOC right |limit=2}} Today we have indoor plumbing, air travel, space exploration, electric automobiles, smartphones, and advanced medical procedures. Technology evolves quickly because many innovations are subjected to selection pressures that test fitness for use. Similarly, we can accelerate the [[w:Evolvability|evolvability]] of government systems by harnessing variability and subjecting government policies to effective selection pressures. == Objectives == {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objective of this course is to accelerate the evolution of governments to better serve the needs of the people as we harness the [[wisdom]] of humanity. This is a course in the [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|''possibilities'' curriculum]], currently being developed as part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom Curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Evolving_Governments|discussion page]]. == Evolution == [[w:Evolution|Evolution]] occurs when variability is subjected to selection pressures. In [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]] living organisms are selected primarily based on reproductive success. In his book ''The Evolution of Everything''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge|last=Ridley|first=Matt|date=October 25, 2016|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0062296016|pages=368|author-link=w:Matt_Ridley}}</ref> , [[w:Matt Ridley|Matt Ridley]] describes the evolution of the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, the internet and the future. Each of these systems evolves based on specialized generation, variation, and selection mechanisms. [[w:Evolvability|Evolvability]] is the capacity of a system for [[w:Adaptation|adaptive evolution]]. Evolvability increases when [[w:Evolvability#Generating%20more%20variation|more variation is generated]] and when [[w:Evolvability#Enhancement%20of%20selection|selection pressures]] are enhanced. While these ideas are well studied in biological systems, they are not often analyzed and applied to [[w:Governance|governance]] systems. This course applies these concepts to governance systems. == Generating Variation == Generating variation is the first component of evolvability. There are several existing and potential sources of variation in governments. These include 1) history, 2) comparisons, 3) leadership and policy changes, and 4) experimentation. These are discussed further below. === History === Historians, [[w:Political philosophy|political philosophers]], [[w:Political science|political scientists]], and others have studied the structure and results of government systems throughout human history. Much is known about the results of various government approaches. By applying criteria for evaluating government results, the effectiveness of various government structures is evaluated. As we discuss in the [[Evolving Governments#Defining Democracy|sections on democracy]], various [[w:Types of democracy|forms of democracy]] have provided the best results to date. === Comparisons === Businesses routinely use [[w:Benchmarking|benchmarking]] to compare the results of various industry practices and identify best practices. Policy makers, government officials, and citizens have a similar opportunity to practice [[w:Comparative politics|comparative politics]] and compare the results of various governments. These are forms of [[w:Natural experiment|natural experiments]]. Examples of this work include: * The ''[[w:Freedom in the World|Freedom in the World]]'' report<ref>Freedom in the World, Freedom House, <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world</nowiki></ref> compiled by [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], * The [[w:Democracy Index|Democracy Index]], compiled by the [[w:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]]. * The [[w:Democracy Ranking|Democracy ranking]] compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award. * The [[w:Index of Freedom in the World|Index of Freedom in the World]], published by Canada’s Fraser Institute. * Indices published by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|Varieties of Democracy institute]], * The [[w:Worldwide Governance Indicators|Worldwide Governance Indicators]] compiled by the World Bank. * World Report 2022, published by [[w:Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>World Report 2022, Human Rights Watch. See: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022</ref> * The [[w:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compiled by the United Nations, and * others in this [[w:List of freedom indices|list of freedom indices]]. [[File:Comparison gender life expectancy WHO.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparison of average female and male life expectancy as defined by [[w:World Health Organization|WHO]] for 2019. Open the original [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Comparison_gender_life_expectancy_WHO.svg chart] in a separate tab and hover over a bubble to highlight it. The squares of bubbles are proportional to country population according to estimation of the [[w:United Nations|UN]] for 2019.]] Several specialized comparisons study the performance of various policies. Examples include: *the [[w:Education Index|education index]], *the [[w:Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty index]], *the [[w:World Happiness Report|world happiness report]], *the [[w:Human Capital Index|Human Capital Index]], *the World Health Organization [[w:World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000|ranking of health systems in 2000]], *the [[w:List_of_countries_by_quality_of_healthcare|list of countries by quality of healthcare]] published by the OECD, and * these [[w:List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy|lists of countries by life expectancy]]. === Assignment === # Find your country on one of the reports or indices listed above, or on some other reliable ranked evaluation. # If your country is ranked at the top, congratulations; enjoy your country’s success, and consider sharing successful ideas and policies with others. # Otherwise, study the policy in place at the highest-ranking countries and work to have them enacted appropriately in your country. === Leadership and Policy Changes === Leadership changes occur because of [[w:Term limit|term limits]], [[w:Election|elections]], [[w:Order of succession|succession]], [[w:Coup d'état|coups]], or [[w:Revolution|revolution]]. This provides citizens and researchers with an opportunity to evaluate the results obtained by one leader compared to others. This comparison is often difficult because of the complexity of government and the need to distinguish between local and global effects and short term and long-term effects. Access to reliable information regarding the effectiveness of various policies is often difficult to obtain and evaluate due to [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]], unreliable reporting, [[w:Media bias|media bias]], limited data availability, and the effort required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. In addition, each of us is constrained by our [[w:Bounded rationality|bounded rationality]]—the limited capacity of people to direct attention to these issues and make optimal decisions. Policy changes also take place and provide opportunities and difficulties like those in evaluating leadership changes. === Experimentation === An [[w:Experiment|experiment]] is a procedure carried out to determine the effectiveness of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into [[w:Causality|cause-and-effect]] by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on a repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. In a laboratory experiment condition are controlled, one factor to be studied is manipulated and the results are recorded, analyzed, studied, and reported. It is rarely feasible to carry out such experiments in social settings because of the difficulties and ethical concerns of manipulating groups of people. [[w:Natural experiment|Natural experimental studies]] are used in these cases. A [[w:Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]] (RCT) or Randomized Field Trial (RFT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are [[w:Clinical trial|clinical trials]] that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, or other medical treatments. Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled. By randomly allocating participants among compared treatments, an RCT enables statistical control over these influences. Provided it is designed well, conducted properly, and enrolls enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. Randomly controlled trials can be used to conduct [[w:Policy experimentation|social experiments]], as the following examples show. The [[w:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) is an excellent example of using experimentation to inform policy decisions. The lab is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific evidence]]. J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty, and builds partnerships with governments, [[w:Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], donors, and others to generate new research, share knowledge, and scale up effective programs. Other organizations conducting actionable research using social experiments include the EdRedesign Lab<ref>The EdRedesign Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education. See: <nowiki>https://edredesign.org/</nowiki></ref> , and the work of [[w:John A. List|John A. List]] in performing [[w:Field experiments|field experiments]] in economics. Experiments in government are carried out in various national and local settings. Ongoing experiments include: * Rank choice voting, also known as [[w:Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting]], is a type of ranked preferential voting. It uses a majority voting rule in single-winner elections where there are more than two candidates. It has a significant and [[w:History and use of instant-runoff voting|growing history of use]] around the world, including [[w:Ranked-choice voting in the United States|within the United States]] where it is advocated by the [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization. * The [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization advocates within the United States for: ** [[w:Single transferable vote|Fair]] [[w:Proportional representation|Representation Voting]], ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting|Ranked Choice Voting]], ** the Constitutional Right to Vote, and ** the [[w:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact|National Popular Vote]]. * The Institute for Political Innovation<ref>The Institute for Political Innovation. See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org</nowiki></ref> advocates for: ** [[w:Top-four primary#Final%20Five%20Voting|Final-Five Voting]] which is a variation of a [[w:Top-four primary|Top-four primary]] soon to be used in Alaska, and ** Zero-Based Rule Making<ref>See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org/zero-basedrulemaking/</nowiki></ref> which promises to eliminate constraints on thinking and open new possibilities for [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. This proposal is modeled on [[w:Zero-based budgeting|zero-based budgeting]] practices often used in business settings. * [[w:Liquid democracy|Liquid democracy]] is a form of [[w:Delegative democracy|delegative democracy]], whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] and [[w:Representative democracy|representative democracy]]. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues as in a direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf as in representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". Several [[w:Liquid democracy#Examples|implementations are being used]]. * The GovLab<ref>https://thegovlab.org</ref> is relying on reproducible experiments and metrics to better understand what works (and what doesn’t) and to translate theory and hypotheses into actionable insights. They collaborate and connect with experts and practitioners across sectors and disciplines, levels of government, and geographies to learn how to govern more effectively and legitimately. * Several [[w:Basic income pilots|pilot programs are underway]] to experiment with various forms of [[Universal basic income|Universal Basic Income]]. * The [[w:Forward (United States)|Forward Party]] is a political action committee (PAC) that seeks to form a new centrist political party in the United States. Author Jim Manzi advocates institutionalized social experimentation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> Decentralized experimentation would be encouraged and would be subjected to standardized experimental evaluation and reporting to Congress. He suggests conducting as many social policy randomized controlled trials as we do clinical trials, about 10,000 each year. ==== Assignment ==== # Choose some local setting where you can run an experiment. This may be a [[w:Student council|student council election]], a committee appointment, a local election, or some other arena. # Choose an innovation from the above list, or some other source. # Run a trial of the chosen innovation in the chosen setting. For example, use rank choice voting to select the student class president at a local school. # Reflect on what was learned from that experiment. # Consider how larger experiments can be carried out. # Engage with at least one of the organizations mentioned above. # Work with them to evolve government. == Selection Pressures == The evolution of government will depend on the selection pressures each government system is subjected to. Selection pressures have two parts 1) selection ''criteria''—identifying what we want—and 2) selection ''forces''—making changes that progress toward the selection criteria. These are the system [[w:Feedback|feedback]] mechanisms. Each is described below. == Selection Criteria == Selection criteria form the basis for choosing the best alternative from several available choices. Evolution is accelerated when useful selection criteria are coupled with effective selection forces. In this section we develop useful criteria for selecting the best government options. === Selecting Leaders === It may be easier to select [[Wisdom|wise]] leaders than it is to understand, evaluate, and select various policy options. ==== Assignment ==== # Assess the [[intellectual honesty]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that is not intellectually honest. # Assess the [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that does not consistently demonstrate well developed moral reasoning. # Complete the [[Wisdom#Assessing Wisdom|Assessing Wisdom section]] of the Wikiversity course on [[Wisdom]]. # Follow the instructions and complete the [[Wisdom/wisdom assessment form|wisdom assessment form]] to evaluate the viable candidates. Establish a rank ordering of the most attractive candidates. # Consider supporting, campaigning, and voting for the candidate that scores best. Act to place wise leaders in office. # Make these important [[Wisdom#Wise Decision Making|decisions wisely]]. === Policy-based Selections === In addition to choosing wise leaders, it is helpful to advocate for policy positions that lead to [[w:Good government|good government]] and [[w:Good governance|good governance]]. The [[w:United Nations|United Nations]] is playing an increasing role in promoting good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN follows eight principles:<ref>What is Good Governance, UN ESCAP Report, July 10, 2009. See: <nowiki>https://www.unescap.org/resources/what-good-governance</nowiki></ref> * Participation – People can voice their own opinions through legitimate intermediate organizations or representatives. * [[w:Rule of law|Rule of Law]] – Legal frameworks are enforced impartially, especially on human right laws. * Consensus Orientation– Differing interests are mediated to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. * Equity and Inclusiveness – People have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. * Effectiveness and Efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. * Accountability – Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations are held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. * Transparency – Information is accessible to the public and is understandable and monitored. * Responsiveness – Institutions and processes serve all stakeholders. Going beyond these general principles, good government is most likely to mean supporting policies that strengthen the democratic processes. === Defining Democracy === Although not necessarily the best possible governance system, [[w:Democracy|democracy]] is widely acknowledged as the most effective governance system in wide use today. For example, [[w:Derek Bok|Derek Bok]] states “In this regard, it is noteworthy that almost all the countries in the world that rank highest in overall satisfaction with life have been successful democracies for more than 80 years.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy. Karl Popper says that the "classical" view of democracy is "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people, and that the people have a right to rule." Kofi Annan states that "there are as many different forms of democracy as there are democratic nations in the world." One study identified 2,234 adjectives used in the English language to describe democracy.<ref>Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). "2,234 Descriptions of Democracy". Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050107. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 149825810.</ref> Democratic principles require all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution. Freedom House provides this characterization of democracy: <blockquote> “Democracy means more than just majority rule, however. In its ideal form, it is a governing system based on the will and consent of the governed, institutions that are accountable to all citizens, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights. It is a network of mutually reinforcing structures in which those exercising power are subject to checks both within and outside the state, for example, from independent courts, an independent press, and civil society. It requires an openness to alternations in power, with rival candidates or parties competing fairly to govern for the good of the public as a whole, not just themselves or those who voted for them. It creates a level playing field so that all people, no matter the circumstances of their birth or background, can enjoy the universal human rights to which they are entitled and participate in politics and governance.”<ref>Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, Page 5</ref> </blockquote> === Characteristics of Democracy === [[File:Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920.jpg|thumb|Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920]] [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]] has established detailed criteria for evaluating various forms of democracy.<ref>Freedom in the World Research Methodology. See: <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology</nowiki> </ref> These criteria are summarized below: ==== Electoral process. ==== #'''Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?''' Considerations include independent [[w:Election monitoring|election monitoring]], adequate time for candidates to enter and campaign, accurate [[w:Voter registration|registration of voters]], inclusion of women and minority candidates, opportunities for candidates to address voters, make speeches, hold public meetings, and obtain media access, use of [[w:Secret ballot|secret ballot]], lack of pressure or voter intimidation, transparent vote counting, access to voting places, and the [[w:Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. #'''Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?''' The considerations are like the above. #'''Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?''' Considerations include use of a fair legislative framework for conducting elections, an independent election commission, [[w:Universal suffrage|universal suffrage]], fair [[w:Electoral district|election districts]], and fair procedures for [[w:Electoral reform|electoral reform]]. ==== Political Pluralism and Participation ==== #'''Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?''' Considerations include opportunities to form [[w:Political party|political parties]], freedom to hold meetings, rallies, and obtain media access, fair and equitable rules for party financing, freedom of [[w:Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]], and opportunities for [[w:Independent politician|independent candidates]]. #'''Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?''' Considerations include freedom of opposition parties to increase their support base and compete in elections, are opposition parties in positions of authority, and is there a significant opposition vote? #'''Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?''' Considerations include lack of intimidation by military, foreign powers, oligarchies, criminal organizations, or other powerful groups, absence of [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Corruption|corruption]], improper [[w:Quid pro quo|quid pro quo]], or other improper influences, lack of dominant political donors, transparent [[w:Campaign finance|campaign financing]], and accountability to the voters. #'''Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?''' Considerations include addressing minority issues, participation of [[w:Minority group|minority groups]] in political life, full inclusion of women, and [[w:Citizenship|citizenship]] opportunities for minorities. ==== Functioning of government ==== #'''Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?''' Considerations include installation of the elected officials into office, ability to form a functioning government, non-interference by [[w:Non-state actor|nonstate actors]], lack of military influence on government operations, independence of the executive and legislative branches, and frequency of [[w:Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] actions. #'''Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?''' Considerations include effectiveness of anticorruption laws and programs, independent oversight and auditing, investigation of alleged corruption, and [[w:Whistleblower|whistleblower]] protections. #'''Does the government operate with openness and transparency?''' Considerations include ability of citizens to obtain accurate information about state operations, ability to petition government agencies for information, publication of state information, ability to access and comment on pending legislations, public review of budget processes, transparency in awarding contracts, and public scrutiny of [[w:Financial disclosure of public servants|government officials’ financial disclosure]]. ==== Additional discretionary political rights question ==== #'''Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group?''' Considerations include providing incentives to change the [[w:Ethnic group|ethnic composition]] of a region, forcibly moving people into or out of certain regions, and arresting or killing members of certain ethnic groups. ==== Civil Liberties ==== ==== Freedom of Expression and belief ==== #'''Are there free and independent media?''' Considerations include [[w:Media (communication)|media]] [[w:Censorship|censorship]], pressure or surveillance, punishment of journalists, [[w:Freedom of speech|freedom of speech]] regarding criticism of government officials, government control of media, [[w:Editorial independence|editorial independence,]] nonpartisan coverage, government influence of media coverage, involvement of women and minorities, free expression in works of literature, and other cultural expressions. #'''Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?''' Considerations include [[w:Freedom of religion|freedom of religious]] institutions to function, freedom from harassment of minority faith members, lack of government involvement in appointing religious leaders, freedom to distribute religious writings, freedom to construct and occupy religious buildings, lack of government involvement in religious education, and freedom to eschew religious beliefs and practices. #'''Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?''' Considerations include [[w:Academic freedom|freedom of educators]] to pursue political activities, non-interference in school [[w:Curriculum|curriculums]], fair allocation of funding, freedom of student associations to pursue political activities, and freedom of students to support candidates of their choice. #'''Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?''' Considerations include the ability to engage in discussions, including [[w:Political criticism|political discussions]], in public, or private places, including online communications, and lack of surveillance of antigovernment conversations. ==== Associational and organizational rights ==== #I'''s there [[w:Freedom of assembly|freedom of assembly]]?''' Considerations include freedom to protest peacefully, lack of intimidation or harassment of peaceful protesters, censorship of peaceful protester’s communications, and freedom to petition the public, #'''Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?''' Considerations include ease of creating [[w:Non-governmental organization|nongovernment organizations]], fair rules for financing the work, and freedom from government intimidation or harassment. #'''Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?''' Considerations include unfettered formation and operation of [[w:Trade union|trade unions]], lack of pressure to join or not join certain trade unions, ability to [[w:Strike action|strike]] without reprisals, [[w:Collective bargaining|collective bargaining]], and free operation of professional organizations. ==== Rule of Law ==== #'''Is there an independent judiciary?''' Considerations include noninterference by the executive branch or other influences, fair appointment of judges, impartial rulings by judges, compliance with judicial decisions, and the absence of powerful influences over judicial decisions. #'''Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?''' Considerations include [[w:Presumption of innocence|presumption of innocence]], access to effective [[w:Counsel|counsel]], fair [[w:Trial|trial]], fair access to the [[w:Judiciary|court system]], independent [[w:Prosecutor|prosecutors]], fair and effective law enforcement, and upholding of [[w:Due process|due process]] without interference. #'''Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?''' Considerations include absence of excessive force during arrest and detainment, humane conditions in pretrial detention facilities and prisons, effective redress of abuse, absence of [[w:Corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], minimal application of [[w:Corporal punishment|capital punishment]], lack of violent crime, and safety for the population. #'''Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?''' Considerations include the ability of distinctive or minority groups to exercise their [[w:Human rights|human rights]], lack of violence against such groups, lack of discrimination against such groups, granting of [[w:Right of asylum|asylum]], and protection of [[w:Human rights|human rights]]. ==== Personal autonomy and individual rights ==== #'''Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?''' Considerations include freedom of foreign travel, freedom of movement within the country, lack of bribery and other corruption, safe travel, and equal rights for women. #'''Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?''' Considerations include the ability to purchase or sell land and other property, equal [[w:Women'27s rights|rights for women]], lack of favoritism, [[w:Cronyism|cronyism]], [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Extortion|extortion]], and other forms of [[w:Political corruption|corruption]], and ease of doing business, #'''Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?''' Considerations include lack of personal and domestic violence, freedom to [[w:Same-sex marriage|marry your chosen partner]], fair divorce and child custody decisions, and free choice of dress and appearance. #'''Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?''' Considerations include lack of worker exploitation, economic opportunity, fair competition, and absence of [[w:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]. While the Freedom House characteristics of democracy criteria are extensive, a more extensive set of criteria is used by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|V-Dem institute]] to evaluate democracies around the world. Their document “V-Dem Methodology v11.1”<ref>V-Dem Methodology v11.1 See: <nowiki>https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/methodologyv111.pdf</nowiki></ref> describes their methodology in detail. Interested students can study that document for more detail. Other authors advocate for additional characteristics including increasing [[w:Human capital|human capital]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> through more effective and relevant education<ref>The Relevant Education Project. See: <nowiki>https://relevant.education</nowiki></ref>, improving our shared knowledge base, increasing [[Emotional Competency|emotional intelligence]], and increasing our [[w:Collective intelligence|collective intelligence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}} Page 91 of 405</ref>^,<ref>See, for example the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. <nowiki>https://cci.mit.edu</nowiki></ref> === Assignment === # Study the above criteria used to evaluate democracies. # Find where your country ranks on the Freedom House Freedom in the world report. # Identify areas for improvement. # Advocate for policies that improve attainment of these criteria within your government. === Results-based selections === Better governance systems attain better results. A governance system can be evaluated by the contribution it makes toward helping the governed organization reach its goals. If the governed organization is a corporation, then the best governance system is the one that results in the most profits, along with consideration of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, relevant regulations, and social responsibility. For other organizations, the effectiveness of a governance system can be judged by how well the governed organization meets its stated mission. In the case of international, national, state, regional, or local governments the mission will be assumed to be the [[w:Well-being|well-being]] of the people. One attractive option recognizes that “There are powerful arguments for making happiness a focal point for government policy.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Because happiness is often fleeting, we propose a more substantial and enduring basis for evaluating and selecting government systems. [[File:Evaluating Good Government.jpg|thumb|Better governments allow more people to meet more of their needs.]] Here we suggest that <blockquote> '''The government that meets more of the needs of more of the people is the better system.'''<ref>Good Government, Substack Article, Leland Beaumont, July 17, 2022</ref> </blockquote> To be specific, in this definition we use [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]]<ref>Researchers continue to refine and extend Maslow’s original thesis. It may be wise to use these updated views rather than Maslow’s original thesis.  </ref> as our reference standard for defining the needs of the people. A population where more people are meeting more of their higher-level needs is benefiting from the better governance system. The fewer people who have unmet needs the better. The more people who have high level needs met the better.<ref>It may be wise to consider it unacceptable to leave the basic needs of anyone unmet. Therefore, it may be important to meet everyone’s basic needs before turning attention to meeting the higher-level needs of the few. This suggests a [[w:Minimax#Maximin|Maximin]] approach and is consistent with the doctrine of sufficiency.</ref> Alternative standards might include measures of: * Adherence to the [[w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], * [[w:Well-being|Well-being]], * [[w:Subjective well-being|Subjective well-being]], or * Some blend, weighing, or aggregation of these. In any case, the question of “what is the better government system?” can be answered [[w:Empiricism|empirically]] rather than hypothetically or speculatively. Evaluating results would require an independent rating agency, such as the [[w:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], a [[w:Nationally recognized statistical rating organization|nationally recognized statistical rating organization]], or other organizations, such as [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], to study, analyze, and publish results. === Assignment === # Read the essay [[/Good Government/]]. # Estimate where you are now on Maslow’s needs hierarchy. # Use your estimate of the well-being of the population of your country or region to draw a diagram like the one shown above on the right. == Selection Forces == [[File:Vote Carefully.jpg|thumb|Vote conscientiously to evolve governments.]] Selection forces—actions that select for the preferred outcome—are the engine of evolution. Within a nation with a functioning democracy, selection forces include: * Voting. There are good arguments supporting the conclusion that citizens in a democracy have a moral duty to vote.<ref>Christiano, Tom and Sameer Bajaj, "Democracy", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/democracy/</nowiki>>. Section 4.3.1.</ref> Register to vote, study the candidates and the issues, and vote in every election you are eligible to vote in. * Campaigning; * supporting desirable candidates; * Supporting desirable policy and legislation; * Communicating with elected officials; * Financial contributions; * influencing public opinion, and * running for office. Options are more difficult in non-democratic nations. In this case, read the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''<ref>{{cite book|title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation|last=Sharp|first=Gene|date=September 4, 2012|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595588500|pages=160|author-link=w:Gene_Sharp}}</ref> and complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. The Wikiversity course [[Confronting Tyranny]] may also be helpful. == Possibilities == Imagine how it can be! === Assignment === This assignment is entirely optional, and it is likely that most students will skip it. The assignment is provided here to stimulate the imagination of interested students. # Read the book ''The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}}</ref> # Read the book ''Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>[1] {{cite book|title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973927|pages=495}}</ref> # Study the work of the [[Level 5 Research Center]]. # Study the work of the [[Wisdom Research|Wisdom and the Future Research Center]]. # Study the course [[A Journey to GameB]]. # Participate in the research project to [[Living Wisely/Improving our Social Operating Systems|improve our social operating systems]]. # Read the essay “3 Design principles for Protopian Governance".<ref>3 Design principles for Protopian Governance, Hanzi Freinacht, May 22, 2022, See: <nowiki>https://medium.com/@hanzifreinacht/3-design-principles-for-protopian-governance-bc2bfa7faa9a</nowiki></ref> # Study courses in the [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|possibilities curriculum]]. # Read the essay [[Assessing Human Rights/Beyond Olympic Gold|Beyond Olympic gold]]. ## Work to [[Assessing Human Rights|advance human rights worldwide]]. # Read the [[w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] article on Global Democracy.<ref>Kuyper, Jonathan, "Global Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/global-democracy/</nowiki>>.</ref> # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Intentional Evolution|Intentional evolution]]. ##Complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Envisioning Our Future]]. ## Write down [[Envisioning Our Future#Write Down Your Vision of Our Future|your vision of our future]]. ## Use the essay you wrote as a guide toward action. ## Act to make the future you envision a reality. == Assignment == # [[Living Wisely|Live wisely]]. # Read the essay [[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Aligning Worldviews]]. ## Align your worldview with reality. # Complete the course [[Intentional Evolution]]. ## Apply the principles taught in the Intentional Evolution course to accelerate the evolution of governments. # Become an informed and engaged citizen. # Practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Collaborate with others who practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Without compromising your values, [[Finding Common Ground|seek common ground]] with those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Transcending Conflict|Transcending conflict]]. ### Work to transcend conflict. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Common Ground|Finding common ground]]. ### Seek common ground # Challenge, confront, and [[w:Persuasion|persuade]] those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|Seek first to understand, then to be understood]]. ## As a gentle starting point, become comfortable using [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|these phrases]] in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] to encourage the participants to act in good faith. ## Support and vote for political leaders who support values and policies that advance this evolutionary worldview. ## Protect your own safety. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Courage]]. ###Find the moral courage to act according to your well-chosen values and confront antagonists. ## Apply suitable techniques discussed in the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''.<ref>Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1595588500.</ref> ## Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Confronting Tyranny]]. ###Confront tyranny # Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]]. # [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seek real good]]. == Further Reading == Students who are interested in learning more about evolving governments may wish to read these books: * {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |author-link= |date=October 25, 2012 |title=Governance: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=147 |isbn=978-0199606412}} * {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link= |date=October 10, 2002 | title=Democracy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=145 |isbn=978-0192802507}} * {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology * {{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}} * {{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}} * {{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} * {{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}} * {{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }} * {{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441 |isbn=978-0316230032}} * {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} *{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}} * {{cite book |last=Camp |first=Robert C. |date=May 1, 1989 |title=Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance |publisher=Amer Society for Quality |pages=299 |isbn=978-0873890588}} * The Modern Political Traditions: Hobbes to Habermas, Wondrium I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *{{cite book |last1=Gneezy |first1=Uri |last2=List |first2=John |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life |publisher=Cornerstone |pages= |isbn=978-1847946751}} *{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |author-link=w:Ian_Bremmer |date=September 11, 2007 |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall |publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=336|isbn=978-0743274722}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=August 16, 2022 |title=What We Owe the Future Hardcover |publisher=Basic Books |pages=352 |isbn=978-1541618626}} *{{cite book |last=Borders |first=Max |date=May 2, 2022|title=The Decentralist: Mission, Morality, and Meaning in the Age of Crypto |publisher=Social Evolution |pages=214 |isbn=978-1732039421}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Government]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] {{Possibilities}} obhiqt17zotysx22yvupyuhqciccdvm 2415833 2415832 2022-08-17T12:05:51Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Comparisons */ wikitext text/x-wiki —Unleashing collaboration == Introduction == [[File:3d10 fm de vilafranca.jpg|thumb| thumb | Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]].]] Almost all people on earth are ruled by obsolete [[w:Government|government]] systems that were developed centuries ago. For example, the [[w:Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitution of the United States]] was ratified in 1788, a full 50 years before the [[w:Electrical_telegraph|first telegram]] was sent by Samuel Morse in 1838, 115 years before the Wright Brothers [[w:Wright_brothers#First_powered_flight|first powered airplane flight]] in 1903, and 140 years before [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] discovered [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]] in 1928, the first antibiotic. {{TOC right |limit=2}} Today we have indoor plumbing, air travel, space exploration, electric automobiles, smartphones, and advanced medical procedures. Technology evolves quickly because many innovations are subjected to selection pressures that test fitness for use. Similarly, we can accelerate the [[w:Evolvability|evolvability]] of government systems by harnessing variability and subjecting government policies to effective selection pressures. == Objectives == {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objective of this course is to accelerate the evolution of governments to better serve the needs of the people as we harness the [[wisdom]] of humanity. This is a course in the [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|''possibilities'' curriculum]], currently being developed as part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom Curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Evolving_Governments|discussion page]]. == Evolution == [[w:Evolution|Evolution]] occurs when variability is subjected to selection pressures. In [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]] living organisms are selected primarily based on reproductive success. In his book ''The Evolution of Everything''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge|last=Ridley|first=Matt|date=October 25, 2016|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0062296016|pages=368|author-link=w:Matt_Ridley}}</ref> , [[w:Matt Ridley|Matt Ridley]] describes the evolution of the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, the internet and the future. Each of these systems evolves based on specialized generation, variation, and selection mechanisms. [[w:Evolvability|Evolvability]] is the capacity of a system for [[w:Adaptation|adaptive evolution]]. Evolvability increases when [[w:Evolvability#Generating%20more%20variation|more variation is generated]] and when [[w:Evolvability#Enhancement%20of%20selection|selection pressures]] are enhanced. While these ideas are well studied in biological systems, they are not often analyzed and applied to [[w:Governance|governance]] systems. This course applies these concepts to governance systems. == Generating Variation == Generating variation is the first component of evolvability. There are several existing and potential sources of variation in governments. These include 1) history, 2) comparisons, 3) leadership and policy changes, and 4) experimentation. These are discussed further below. === History === Historians, [[w:Political philosophy|political philosophers]], [[w:Political science|political scientists]], and others have studied the structure and results of government systems throughout human history. Much is known about the results of various government approaches. By applying criteria for evaluating government results, the effectiveness of various government structures is evaluated. As we discuss in the [[Evolving Governments#Defining Democracy|sections on democracy]], various [[w:Types of democracy|forms of democracy]] have provided the best results to date. === Comparisons === Businesses routinely use [[w:Benchmarking|benchmarking]] to compare the results of various industry practices and identify best practices. Policy makers, government officials, and citizens have a similar opportunity to practice [[w:Comparative politics|comparative politics]] and compare the results of various governments. These are forms of [[w:Natural experiment|natural experiments]]. Examples of this work include: * The ''[[w:Freedom in the World|Freedom in the World]]'' report<ref>Freedom in the World, Freedom House, <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world</nowiki></ref> compiled by [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], * The [[w:Democracy Index|Democracy Index]], compiled by the [[w:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]]. * The [[w:Democracy Ranking|Democracy ranking]] compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award. * The [[w:Index of Freedom in the World|Index of Freedom in the World]], published by Canada’s Fraser Institute. * Indices published by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|Varieties of Democracy institute]], * The [[w:Worldwide Governance Indicators|Worldwide Governance Indicators]] compiled by the World Bank. * World Report 2022, published by [[w:Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>World Report 2022, Human Rights Watch. See: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022</ref> * The [[w:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compiled by the United Nations, and * others in this [[w:List of freedom indices|list of freedom indices]]. [[File:Comparison gender life expectancy WHO.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparison of average female and male life expectancy as defined by [[w:World Health Organization|WHO]] for 2019. Open the original [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Comparison_gender_life_expectancy_WHO.svg chart] in a separate tab and hover over a bubble to highlight it. The size of bubbles are proportional to country population according to estimation of the [[w:United Nations|UN]] for 2019.]] Several specialized comparisons study the performance of various policies. Examples include: *the [[w:Education Index|education index]], *the [[w:Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty index]], *the [[w:World Happiness Report|world happiness report]], *the [[w:Human Capital Index|Human Capital Index]], *the World Health Organization [[w:World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000|ranking of health systems in 2000]], *the [[w:List_of_countries_by_quality_of_healthcare|list of countries by quality of healthcare]] published by the OECD, and * these [[w:List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy|lists of countries by life expectancy]]. === Assignment === # Find your country on one of the reports or indices listed above, or on some other reliable ranked evaluation. # If your country is ranked at the top, congratulations; enjoy your country’s success, and consider sharing successful ideas and policies with others. # Otherwise, study the policy in place at the highest-ranking countries and work to have them enacted appropriately in your country. === Leadership and Policy Changes === Leadership changes occur because of [[w:Term limit|term limits]], [[w:Election|elections]], [[w:Order of succession|succession]], [[w:Coup d'état|coups]], or [[w:Revolution|revolution]]. This provides citizens and researchers with an opportunity to evaluate the results obtained by one leader compared to others. This comparison is often difficult because of the complexity of government and the need to distinguish between local and global effects and short term and long-term effects. Access to reliable information regarding the effectiveness of various policies is often difficult to obtain and evaluate due to [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]], unreliable reporting, [[w:Media bias|media bias]], limited data availability, and the effort required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. In addition, each of us is constrained by our [[w:Bounded rationality|bounded rationality]]—the limited capacity of people to direct attention to these issues and make optimal decisions. Policy changes also take place and provide opportunities and difficulties like those in evaluating leadership changes. === Experimentation === An [[w:Experiment|experiment]] is a procedure carried out to determine the effectiveness of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into [[w:Causality|cause-and-effect]] by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on a repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. In a laboratory experiment condition are controlled, one factor to be studied is manipulated and the results are recorded, analyzed, studied, and reported. It is rarely feasible to carry out such experiments in social settings because of the difficulties and ethical concerns of manipulating groups of people. [[w:Natural experiment|Natural experimental studies]] are used in these cases. A [[w:Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]] (RCT) or Randomized Field Trial (RFT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are [[w:Clinical trial|clinical trials]] that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, or other medical treatments. Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled. By randomly allocating participants among compared treatments, an RCT enables statistical control over these influences. Provided it is designed well, conducted properly, and enrolls enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. Randomly controlled trials can be used to conduct [[w:Policy experimentation|social experiments]], as the following examples show. The [[w:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) is an excellent example of using experimentation to inform policy decisions. The lab is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific evidence]]. J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty, and builds partnerships with governments, [[w:Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], donors, and others to generate new research, share knowledge, and scale up effective programs. Other organizations conducting actionable research using social experiments include the EdRedesign Lab<ref>The EdRedesign Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education. See: <nowiki>https://edredesign.org/</nowiki></ref> , and the work of [[w:John A. List|John A. List]] in performing [[w:Field experiments|field experiments]] in economics. Experiments in government are carried out in various national and local settings. Ongoing experiments include: * Rank choice voting, also known as [[w:Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting]], is a type of ranked preferential voting. It uses a majority voting rule in single-winner elections where there are more than two candidates. It has a significant and [[w:History and use of instant-runoff voting|growing history of use]] around the world, including [[w:Ranked-choice voting in the United States|within the United States]] where it is advocated by the [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization. * The [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization advocates within the United States for: ** [[w:Single transferable vote|Fair]] [[w:Proportional representation|Representation Voting]], ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting|Ranked Choice Voting]], ** the Constitutional Right to Vote, and ** the [[w:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact|National Popular Vote]]. * The Institute for Political Innovation<ref>The Institute for Political Innovation. See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org</nowiki></ref> advocates for: ** [[w:Top-four primary#Final%20Five%20Voting|Final-Five Voting]] which is a variation of a [[w:Top-four primary|Top-four primary]] soon to be used in Alaska, and ** Zero-Based Rule Making<ref>See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org/zero-basedrulemaking/</nowiki></ref> which promises to eliminate constraints on thinking and open new possibilities for [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. This proposal is modeled on [[w:Zero-based budgeting|zero-based budgeting]] practices often used in business settings. * [[w:Liquid democracy|Liquid democracy]] is a form of [[w:Delegative democracy|delegative democracy]], whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] and [[w:Representative democracy|representative democracy]]. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues as in a direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf as in representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". Several [[w:Liquid democracy#Examples|implementations are being used]]. * The GovLab<ref>https://thegovlab.org</ref> is relying on reproducible experiments and metrics to better understand what works (and what doesn’t) and to translate theory and hypotheses into actionable insights. They collaborate and connect with experts and practitioners across sectors and disciplines, levels of government, and geographies to learn how to govern more effectively and legitimately. * Several [[w:Basic income pilots|pilot programs are underway]] to experiment with various forms of [[Universal basic income|Universal Basic Income]]. * The [[w:Forward (United States)|Forward Party]] is a political action committee (PAC) that seeks to form a new centrist political party in the United States. Author Jim Manzi advocates institutionalized social experimentation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> Decentralized experimentation would be encouraged and would be subjected to standardized experimental evaluation and reporting to Congress. He suggests conducting as many social policy randomized controlled trials as we do clinical trials, about 10,000 each year. ==== Assignment ==== # Choose some local setting where you can run an experiment. This may be a [[w:Student council|student council election]], a committee appointment, a local election, or some other arena. # Choose an innovation from the above list, or some other source. # Run a trial of the chosen innovation in the chosen setting. For example, use rank choice voting to select the student class president at a local school. # Reflect on what was learned from that experiment. # Consider how larger experiments can be carried out. # Engage with at least one of the organizations mentioned above. # Work with them to evolve government. == Selection Pressures == The evolution of government will depend on the selection pressures each government system is subjected to. Selection pressures have two parts 1) selection ''criteria''—identifying what we want—and 2) selection ''forces''—making changes that progress toward the selection criteria. These are the system [[w:Feedback|feedback]] mechanisms. Each is described below. == Selection Criteria == Selection criteria form the basis for choosing the best alternative from several available choices. Evolution is accelerated when useful selection criteria are coupled with effective selection forces. In this section we develop useful criteria for selecting the best government options. === Selecting Leaders === It may be easier to select [[Wisdom|wise]] leaders than it is to understand, evaluate, and select various policy options. ==== Assignment ==== # Assess the [[intellectual honesty]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that is not intellectually honest. # Assess the [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that does not consistently demonstrate well developed moral reasoning. # Complete the [[Wisdom#Assessing Wisdom|Assessing Wisdom section]] of the Wikiversity course on [[Wisdom]]. # Follow the instructions and complete the [[Wisdom/wisdom assessment form|wisdom assessment form]] to evaluate the viable candidates. Establish a rank ordering of the most attractive candidates. # Consider supporting, campaigning, and voting for the candidate that scores best. Act to place wise leaders in office. # Make these important [[Wisdom#Wise Decision Making|decisions wisely]]. === Policy-based Selections === In addition to choosing wise leaders, it is helpful to advocate for policy positions that lead to [[w:Good government|good government]] and [[w:Good governance|good governance]]. The [[w:United Nations|United Nations]] is playing an increasing role in promoting good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN follows eight principles:<ref>What is Good Governance, UN ESCAP Report, July 10, 2009. See: <nowiki>https://www.unescap.org/resources/what-good-governance</nowiki></ref> * Participation – People can voice their own opinions through legitimate intermediate organizations or representatives. * [[w:Rule of law|Rule of Law]] – Legal frameworks are enforced impartially, especially on human right laws. * Consensus Orientation– Differing interests are mediated to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. * Equity and Inclusiveness – People have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. * Effectiveness and Efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. * Accountability – Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations are held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. * Transparency – Information is accessible to the public and is understandable and monitored. * Responsiveness – Institutions and processes serve all stakeholders. Going beyond these general principles, good government is most likely to mean supporting policies that strengthen the democratic processes. === Defining Democracy === Although not necessarily the best possible governance system, [[w:Democracy|democracy]] is widely acknowledged as the most effective governance system in wide use today. For example, [[w:Derek Bok|Derek Bok]] states “In this regard, it is noteworthy that almost all the countries in the world that rank highest in overall satisfaction with life have been successful democracies for more than 80 years.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy. Karl Popper says that the "classical" view of democracy is "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people, and that the people have a right to rule." Kofi Annan states that "there are as many different forms of democracy as there are democratic nations in the world." One study identified 2,234 adjectives used in the English language to describe democracy.<ref>Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). "2,234 Descriptions of Democracy". Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050107. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 149825810.</ref> Democratic principles require all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution. Freedom House provides this characterization of democracy: <blockquote> “Democracy means more than just majority rule, however. In its ideal form, it is a governing system based on the will and consent of the governed, institutions that are accountable to all citizens, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights. It is a network of mutually reinforcing structures in which those exercising power are subject to checks both within and outside the state, for example, from independent courts, an independent press, and civil society. It requires an openness to alternations in power, with rival candidates or parties competing fairly to govern for the good of the public as a whole, not just themselves or those who voted for them. It creates a level playing field so that all people, no matter the circumstances of their birth or background, can enjoy the universal human rights to which they are entitled and participate in politics and governance.”<ref>Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, Page 5</ref> </blockquote> === Characteristics of Democracy === [[File:Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920.jpg|thumb|Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920]] [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]] has established detailed criteria for evaluating various forms of democracy.<ref>Freedom in the World Research Methodology. See: <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology</nowiki> </ref> These criteria are summarized below: ==== Electoral process. ==== #'''Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?''' Considerations include independent [[w:Election monitoring|election monitoring]], adequate time for candidates to enter and campaign, accurate [[w:Voter registration|registration of voters]], inclusion of women and minority candidates, opportunities for candidates to address voters, make speeches, hold public meetings, and obtain media access, use of [[w:Secret ballot|secret ballot]], lack of pressure or voter intimidation, transparent vote counting, access to voting places, and the [[w:Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. #'''Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?''' The considerations are like the above. #'''Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?''' Considerations include use of a fair legislative framework for conducting elections, an independent election commission, [[w:Universal suffrage|universal suffrage]], fair [[w:Electoral district|election districts]], and fair procedures for [[w:Electoral reform|electoral reform]]. ==== Political Pluralism and Participation ==== #'''Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?''' Considerations include opportunities to form [[w:Political party|political parties]], freedom to hold meetings, rallies, and obtain media access, fair and equitable rules for party financing, freedom of [[w:Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]], and opportunities for [[w:Independent politician|independent candidates]]. #'''Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?''' Considerations include freedom of opposition parties to increase their support base and compete in elections, are opposition parties in positions of authority, and is there a significant opposition vote? #'''Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?''' Considerations include lack of intimidation by military, foreign powers, oligarchies, criminal organizations, or other powerful groups, absence of [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Corruption|corruption]], improper [[w:Quid pro quo|quid pro quo]], or other improper influences, lack of dominant political donors, transparent [[w:Campaign finance|campaign financing]], and accountability to the voters. #'''Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?''' Considerations include addressing minority issues, participation of [[w:Minority group|minority groups]] in political life, full inclusion of women, and [[w:Citizenship|citizenship]] opportunities for minorities. ==== Functioning of government ==== #'''Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?''' Considerations include installation of the elected officials into office, ability to form a functioning government, non-interference by [[w:Non-state actor|nonstate actors]], lack of military influence on government operations, independence of the executive and legislative branches, and frequency of [[w:Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] actions. #'''Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?''' Considerations include effectiveness of anticorruption laws and programs, independent oversight and auditing, investigation of alleged corruption, and [[w:Whistleblower|whistleblower]] protections. #'''Does the government operate with openness and transparency?''' Considerations include ability of citizens to obtain accurate information about state operations, ability to petition government agencies for information, publication of state information, ability to access and comment on pending legislations, public review of budget processes, transparency in awarding contracts, and public scrutiny of [[w:Financial disclosure of public servants|government officials’ financial disclosure]]. ==== Additional discretionary political rights question ==== #'''Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group?''' Considerations include providing incentives to change the [[w:Ethnic group|ethnic composition]] of a region, forcibly moving people into or out of certain regions, and arresting or killing members of certain ethnic groups. ==== Civil Liberties ==== ==== Freedom of Expression and belief ==== #'''Are there free and independent media?''' Considerations include [[w:Media (communication)|media]] [[w:Censorship|censorship]], pressure or surveillance, punishment of journalists, [[w:Freedom of speech|freedom of speech]] regarding criticism of government officials, government control of media, [[w:Editorial independence|editorial independence,]] nonpartisan coverage, government influence of media coverage, involvement of women and minorities, free expression in works of literature, and other cultural expressions. #'''Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?''' Considerations include [[w:Freedom of religion|freedom of religious]] institutions to function, freedom from harassment of minority faith members, lack of government involvement in appointing religious leaders, freedom to distribute religious writings, freedom to construct and occupy religious buildings, lack of government involvement in religious education, and freedom to eschew religious beliefs and practices. #'''Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?''' Considerations include [[w:Academic freedom|freedom of educators]] to pursue political activities, non-interference in school [[w:Curriculum|curriculums]], fair allocation of funding, freedom of student associations to pursue political activities, and freedom of students to support candidates of their choice. #'''Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?''' Considerations include the ability to engage in discussions, including [[w:Political criticism|political discussions]], in public, or private places, including online communications, and lack of surveillance of antigovernment conversations. ==== Associational and organizational rights ==== #I'''s there [[w:Freedom of assembly|freedom of assembly]]?''' Considerations include freedom to protest peacefully, lack of intimidation or harassment of peaceful protesters, censorship of peaceful protester’s communications, and freedom to petition the public, #'''Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?''' Considerations include ease of creating [[w:Non-governmental organization|nongovernment organizations]], fair rules for financing the work, and freedom from government intimidation or harassment. #'''Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?''' Considerations include unfettered formation and operation of [[w:Trade union|trade unions]], lack of pressure to join or not join certain trade unions, ability to [[w:Strike action|strike]] without reprisals, [[w:Collective bargaining|collective bargaining]], and free operation of professional organizations. ==== Rule of Law ==== #'''Is there an independent judiciary?''' Considerations include noninterference by the executive branch or other influences, fair appointment of judges, impartial rulings by judges, compliance with judicial decisions, and the absence of powerful influences over judicial decisions. #'''Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?''' Considerations include [[w:Presumption of innocence|presumption of innocence]], access to effective [[w:Counsel|counsel]], fair [[w:Trial|trial]], fair access to the [[w:Judiciary|court system]], independent [[w:Prosecutor|prosecutors]], fair and effective law enforcement, and upholding of [[w:Due process|due process]] without interference. #'''Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?''' Considerations include absence of excessive force during arrest and detainment, humane conditions in pretrial detention facilities and prisons, effective redress of abuse, absence of [[w:Corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], minimal application of [[w:Corporal punishment|capital punishment]], lack of violent crime, and safety for the population. #'''Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?''' Considerations include the ability of distinctive or minority groups to exercise their [[w:Human rights|human rights]], lack of violence against such groups, lack of discrimination against such groups, granting of [[w:Right of asylum|asylum]], and protection of [[w:Human rights|human rights]]. ==== Personal autonomy and individual rights ==== #'''Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?''' Considerations include freedom of foreign travel, freedom of movement within the country, lack of bribery and other corruption, safe travel, and equal rights for women. #'''Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?''' Considerations include the ability to purchase or sell land and other property, equal [[w:Women'27s rights|rights for women]], lack of favoritism, [[w:Cronyism|cronyism]], [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Extortion|extortion]], and other forms of [[w:Political corruption|corruption]], and ease of doing business, #'''Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?''' Considerations include lack of personal and domestic violence, freedom to [[w:Same-sex marriage|marry your chosen partner]], fair divorce and child custody decisions, and free choice of dress and appearance. #'''Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?''' Considerations include lack of worker exploitation, economic opportunity, fair competition, and absence of [[w:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]. While the Freedom House characteristics of democracy criteria are extensive, a more extensive set of criteria is used by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|V-Dem institute]] to evaluate democracies around the world. Their document “V-Dem Methodology v11.1”<ref>V-Dem Methodology v11.1 See: <nowiki>https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/methodologyv111.pdf</nowiki></ref> describes their methodology in detail. Interested students can study that document for more detail. Other authors advocate for additional characteristics including increasing [[w:Human capital|human capital]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> through more effective and relevant education<ref>The Relevant Education Project. See: <nowiki>https://relevant.education</nowiki></ref>, improving our shared knowledge base, increasing [[Emotional Competency|emotional intelligence]], and increasing our [[w:Collective intelligence|collective intelligence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}} Page 91 of 405</ref>^,<ref>See, for example the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. <nowiki>https://cci.mit.edu</nowiki></ref> === Assignment === # Study the above criteria used to evaluate democracies. # Find where your country ranks on the Freedom House Freedom in the world report. # Identify areas for improvement. # Advocate for policies that improve attainment of these criteria within your government. === Results-based selections === Better governance systems attain better results. A governance system can be evaluated by the contribution it makes toward helping the governed organization reach its goals. If the governed organization is a corporation, then the best governance system is the one that results in the most profits, along with consideration of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, relevant regulations, and social responsibility. For other organizations, the effectiveness of a governance system can be judged by how well the governed organization meets its stated mission. In the case of international, national, state, regional, or local governments the mission will be assumed to be the [[w:Well-being|well-being]] of the people. One attractive option recognizes that “There are powerful arguments for making happiness a focal point for government policy.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Because happiness is often fleeting, we propose a more substantial and enduring basis for evaluating and selecting government systems. [[File:Evaluating Good Government.jpg|thumb|Better governments allow more people to meet more of their needs.]] Here we suggest that <blockquote> '''The government that meets more of the needs of more of the people is the better system.'''<ref>Good Government, Substack Article, Leland Beaumont, July 17, 2022</ref> </blockquote> To be specific, in this definition we use [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]]<ref>Researchers continue to refine and extend Maslow’s original thesis. It may be wise to use these updated views rather than Maslow’s original thesis.  </ref> as our reference standard for defining the needs of the people. A population where more people are meeting more of their higher-level needs is benefiting from the better governance system. The fewer people who have unmet needs the better. The more people who have high level needs met the better.<ref>It may be wise to consider it unacceptable to leave the basic needs of anyone unmet. Therefore, it may be important to meet everyone’s basic needs before turning attention to meeting the higher-level needs of the few. This suggests a [[w:Minimax#Maximin|Maximin]] approach and is consistent with the doctrine of sufficiency.</ref> Alternative standards might include measures of: * Adherence to the [[w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], * [[w:Well-being|Well-being]], * [[w:Subjective well-being|Subjective well-being]], or * Some blend, weighing, or aggregation of these. In any case, the question of “what is the better government system?” can be answered [[w:Empiricism|empirically]] rather than hypothetically or speculatively. Evaluating results would require an independent rating agency, such as the [[w:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], a [[w:Nationally recognized statistical rating organization|nationally recognized statistical rating organization]], or other organizations, such as [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], to study, analyze, and publish results. === Assignment === # Read the essay [[/Good Government/]]. # Estimate where you are now on Maslow’s needs hierarchy. # Use your estimate of the well-being of the population of your country or region to draw a diagram like the one shown above on the right. == Selection Forces == [[File:Vote Carefully.jpg|thumb|Vote conscientiously to evolve governments.]] Selection forces—actions that select for the preferred outcome—are the engine of evolution. Within a nation with a functioning democracy, selection forces include: * Voting. There are good arguments supporting the conclusion that citizens in a democracy have a moral duty to vote.<ref>Christiano, Tom and Sameer Bajaj, "Democracy", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/democracy/</nowiki>>. Section 4.3.1.</ref> Register to vote, study the candidates and the issues, and vote in every election you are eligible to vote in. * Campaigning; * supporting desirable candidates; * Supporting desirable policy and legislation; * Communicating with elected officials; * Financial contributions; * influencing public opinion, and * running for office. Options are more difficult in non-democratic nations. In this case, read the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''<ref>{{cite book|title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation|last=Sharp|first=Gene|date=September 4, 2012|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595588500|pages=160|author-link=w:Gene_Sharp}}</ref> and complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. The Wikiversity course [[Confronting Tyranny]] may also be helpful. == Possibilities == Imagine how it can be! === Assignment === This assignment is entirely optional, and it is likely that most students will skip it. The assignment is provided here to stimulate the imagination of interested students. # Read the book ''The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}}</ref> # Read the book ''Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>[1] {{cite book|title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973927|pages=495}}</ref> # Study the work of the [[Level 5 Research Center]]. # Study the work of the [[Wisdom Research|Wisdom and the Future Research Center]]. # Study the course [[A Journey to GameB]]. # Participate in the research project to [[Living Wisely/Improving our Social Operating Systems|improve our social operating systems]]. # Read the essay “3 Design principles for Protopian Governance".<ref>3 Design principles for Protopian Governance, Hanzi Freinacht, May 22, 2022, See: <nowiki>https://medium.com/@hanzifreinacht/3-design-principles-for-protopian-governance-bc2bfa7faa9a</nowiki></ref> # Study courses in the [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|possibilities curriculum]]. # Read the essay [[Assessing Human Rights/Beyond Olympic Gold|Beyond Olympic gold]]. ## Work to [[Assessing Human Rights|advance human rights worldwide]]. # Read the [[w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] article on Global Democracy.<ref>Kuyper, Jonathan, "Global Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/global-democracy/</nowiki>>.</ref> # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Intentional Evolution|Intentional evolution]]. ##Complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Envisioning Our Future]]. ## Write down [[Envisioning Our Future#Write Down Your Vision of Our Future|your vision of our future]]. ## Use the essay you wrote as a guide toward action. ## Act to make the future you envision a reality. == Assignment == # [[Living Wisely|Live wisely]]. # Read the essay [[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Aligning Worldviews]]. ## Align your worldview with reality. # Complete the course [[Intentional Evolution]]. ## Apply the principles taught in the Intentional Evolution course to accelerate the evolution of governments. # Become an informed and engaged citizen. # Practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Collaborate with others who practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Without compromising your values, [[Finding Common Ground|seek common ground]] with those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Transcending Conflict|Transcending conflict]]. ### Work to transcend conflict. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Common Ground|Finding common ground]]. ### Seek common ground # Challenge, confront, and [[w:Persuasion|persuade]] those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|Seek first to understand, then to be understood]]. ## As a gentle starting point, become comfortable using [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|these phrases]] in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] to encourage the participants to act in good faith. ## Support and vote for political leaders who support values and policies that advance this evolutionary worldview. ## Protect your own safety. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Courage]]. ###Find the moral courage to act according to your well-chosen values and confront antagonists. ## Apply suitable techniques discussed in the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''.<ref>Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1595588500.</ref> ## Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Confronting Tyranny]]. ###Confront tyranny # Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]]. # [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seek real good]]. == Further Reading == Students who are interested in learning more about evolving governments may wish to read these books: * {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |author-link= |date=October 25, 2012 |title=Governance: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=147 |isbn=978-0199606412}} * {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link= |date=October 10, 2002 | title=Democracy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=145 |isbn=978-0192802507}} * {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology * {{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}} * {{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}} * {{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} * {{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}} * {{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }} * {{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441 |isbn=978-0316230032}} * {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} *{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}} * {{cite book |last=Camp |first=Robert C. |date=May 1, 1989 |title=Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance |publisher=Amer Society for Quality |pages=299 |isbn=978-0873890588}} * The Modern Political Traditions: Hobbes to Habermas, Wondrium I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *{{cite book |last1=Gneezy |first1=Uri |last2=List |first2=John |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life |publisher=Cornerstone |pages= |isbn=978-1847946751}} *{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |author-link=w:Ian_Bremmer |date=September 11, 2007 |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall |publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=336|isbn=978-0743274722}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=August 16, 2022 |title=What We Owe the Future Hardcover |publisher=Basic Books |pages=352 |isbn=978-1541618626}} *{{cite book |last=Borders |first=Max |date=May 2, 2022|title=The Decentralist: Mission, Morality, and Meaning in the Age of Crypto |publisher=Social Evolution |pages=214 |isbn=978-1732039421}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Government]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] {{Possibilities}} nkw22c4kc3ovcibbxk8zid0h9ap21h2 2415834 2415833 2022-08-17T12:14:33Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Selection Forces */ Added civic engagnemet wikitext text/x-wiki —Unleashing collaboration == Introduction == [[File:3d10 fm de vilafranca.jpg|thumb| thumb | Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]].]] Almost all people on earth are ruled by obsolete [[w:Government|government]] systems that were developed centuries ago. For example, the [[w:Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitution of the United States]] was ratified in 1788, a full 50 years before the [[w:Electrical_telegraph|first telegram]] was sent by Samuel Morse in 1838, 115 years before the Wright Brothers [[w:Wright_brothers#First_powered_flight|first powered airplane flight]] in 1903, and 140 years before [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] discovered [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]] in 1928, the first antibiotic. {{TOC right |limit=2}} Today we have indoor plumbing, air travel, space exploration, electric automobiles, smartphones, and advanced medical procedures. Technology evolves quickly because many innovations are subjected to selection pressures that test fitness for use. Similarly, we can accelerate the [[w:Evolvability|evolvability]] of government systems by harnessing variability and subjecting government policies to effective selection pressures. == Objectives == {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objective of this course is to accelerate the evolution of governments to better serve the needs of the people as we harness the [[wisdom]] of humanity. This is a course in the [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|''possibilities'' curriculum]], currently being developed as part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom Curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Evolving_Governments|discussion page]]. == Evolution == [[w:Evolution|Evolution]] occurs when variability is subjected to selection pressures. In [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]] living organisms are selected primarily based on reproductive success. In his book ''The Evolution of Everything''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge|last=Ridley|first=Matt|date=October 25, 2016|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0062296016|pages=368|author-link=w:Matt_Ridley}}</ref> , [[w:Matt Ridley|Matt Ridley]] describes the evolution of the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, the internet and the future. Each of these systems evolves based on specialized generation, variation, and selection mechanisms. [[w:Evolvability|Evolvability]] is the capacity of a system for [[w:Adaptation|adaptive evolution]]. Evolvability increases when [[w:Evolvability#Generating%20more%20variation|more variation is generated]] and when [[w:Evolvability#Enhancement%20of%20selection|selection pressures]] are enhanced. While these ideas are well studied in biological systems, they are not often analyzed and applied to [[w:Governance|governance]] systems. This course applies these concepts to governance systems. == Generating Variation == Generating variation is the first component of evolvability. There are several existing and potential sources of variation in governments. These include 1) history, 2) comparisons, 3) leadership and policy changes, and 4) experimentation. These are discussed further below. === History === Historians, [[w:Political philosophy|political philosophers]], [[w:Political science|political scientists]], and others have studied the structure and results of government systems throughout human history. Much is known about the results of various government approaches. By applying criteria for evaluating government results, the effectiveness of various government structures is evaluated. As we discuss in the [[Evolving Governments#Defining Democracy|sections on democracy]], various [[w:Types of democracy|forms of democracy]] have provided the best results to date. === Comparisons === Businesses routinely use [[w:Benchmarking|benchmarking]] to compare the results of various industry practices and identify best practices. Policy makers, government officials, and citizens have a similar opportunity to practice [[w:Comparative politics|comparative politics]] and compare the results of various governments. These are forms of [[w:Natural experiment|natural experiments]]. Examples of this work include: * The ''[[w:Freedom in the World|Freedom in the World]]'' report<ref>Freedom in the World, Freedom House, <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world</nowiki></ref> compiled by [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], * The [[w:Democracy Index|Democracy Index]], compiled by the [[w:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]]. * The [[w:Democracy Ranking|Democracy ranking]] compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award. * The [[w:Index of Freedom in the World|Index of Freedom in the World]], published by Canada’s Fraser Institute. * Indices published by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|Varieties of Democracy institute]], * The [[w:Worldwide Governance Indicators|Worldwide Governance Indicators]] compiled by the World Bank. * World Report 2022, published by [[w:Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>World Report 2022, Human Rights Watch. See: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022</ref> * The [[w:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compiled by the United Nations, and * others in this [[w:List of freedom indices|list of freedom indices]]. [[File:Comparison gender life expectancy WHO.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparison of average female and male life expectancy as defined by [[w:World Health Organization|WHO]] for 2019. Open the original [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Comparison_gender_life_expectancy_WHO.svg chart] in a separate tab and hover over a bubble to highlight it. The size of bubbles are proportional to country population according to estimation of the [[w:United Nations|UN]] for 2019.]] Several specialized comparisons study the performance of various policies. Examples include: *the [[w:Education Index|education index]], *the [[w:Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty index]], *the [[w:World Happiness Report|world happiness report]], *the [[w:Human Capital Index|Human Capital Index]], *the World Health Organization [[w:World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000|ranking of health systems in 2000]], *the [[w:List_of_countries_by_quality_of_healthcare|list of countries by quality of healthcare]] published by the OECD, and * these [[w:List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy|lists of countries by life expectancy]]. === Assignment === # Find your country on one of the reports or indices listed above, or on some other reliable ranked evaluation. # If your country is ranked at the top, congratulations; enjoy your country’s success, and consider sharing successful ideas and policies with others. # Otherwise, study the policy in place at the highest-ranking countries and work to have them enacted appropriately in your country. === Leadership and Policy Changes === Leadership changes occur because of [[w:Term limit|term limits]], [[w:Election|elections]], [[w:Order of succession|succession]], [[w:Coup d'état|coups]], or [[w:Revolution|revolution]]. This provides citizens and researchers with an opportunity to evaluate the results obtained by one leader compared to others. This comparison is often difficult because of the complexity of government and the need to distinguish between local and global effects and short term and long-term effects. Access to reliable information regarding the effectiveness of various policies is often difficult to obtain and evaluate due to [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]], unreliable reporting, [[w:Media bias|media bias]], limited data availability, and the effort required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. In addition, each of us is constrained by our [[w:Bounded rationality|bounded rationality]]—the limited capacity of people to direct attention to these issues and make optimal decisions. Policy changes also take place and provide opportunities and difficulties like those in evaluating leadership changes. === Experimentation === An [[w:Experiment|experiment]] is a procedure carried out to determine the effectiveness of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into [[w:Causality|cause-and-effect]] by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on a repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. In a laboratory experiment condition are controlled, one factor to be studied is manipulated and the results are recorded, analyzed, studied, and reported. It is rarely feasible to carry out such experiments in social settings because of the difficulties and ethical concerns of manipulating groups of people. [[w:Natural experiment|Natural experimental studies]] are used in these cases. A [[w:Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]] (RCT) or Randomized Field Trial (RFT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are [[w:Clinical trial|clinical trials]] that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, or other medical treatments. Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled. By randomly allocating participants among compared treatments, an RCT enables statistical control over these influences. Provided it is designed well, conducted properly, and enrolls enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. Randomly controlled trials can be used to conduct [[w:Policy experimentation|social experiments]], as the following examples show. The [[w:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) is an excellent example of using experimentation to inform policy decisions. The lab is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific evidence]]. J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty, and builds partnerships with governments, [[w:Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], donors, and others to generate new research, share knowledge, and scale up effective programs. Other organizations conducting actionable research using social experiments include the EdRedesign Lab<ref>The EdRedesign Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education. See: <nowiki>https://edredesign.org/</nowiki></ref> , and the work of [[w:John A. List|John A. List]] in performing [[w:Field experiments|field experiments]] in economics. Experiments in government are carried out in various national and local settings. Ongoing experiments include: * Rank choice voting, also known as [[w:Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting]], is a type of ranked preferential voting. It uses a majority voting rule in single-winner elections where there are more than two candidates. It has a significant and [[w:History and use of instant-runoff voting|growing history of use]] around the world, including [[w:Ranked-choice voting in the United States|within the United States]] where it is advocated by the [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization. * The [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization advocates within the United States for: ** [[w:Single transferable vote|Fair]] [[w:Proportional representation|Representation Voting]], ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting|Ranked Choice Voting]], ** the Constitutional Right to Vote, and ** the [[w:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact|National Popular Vote]]. * The Institute for Political Innovation<ref>The Institute for Political Innovation. See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org</nowiki></ref> advocates for: ** [[w:Top-four primary#Final%20Five%20Voting|Final-Five Voting]] which is a variation of a [[w:Top-four primary|Top-four primary]] soon to be used in Alaska, and ** Zero-Based Rule Making<ref>See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org/zero-basedrulemaking/</nowiki></ref> which promises to eliminate constraints on thinking and open new possibilities for [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. This proposal is modeled on [[w:Zero-based budgeting|zero-based budgeting]] practices often used in business settings. * [[w:Liquid democracy|Liquid democracy]] is a form of [[w:Delegative democracy|delegative democracy]], whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] and [[w:Representative democracy|representative democracy]]. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues as in a direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf as in representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". Several [[w:Liquid democracy#Examples|implementations are being used]]. * The GovLab<ref>https://thegovlab.org</ref> is relying on reproducible experiments and metrics to better understand what works (and what doesn’t) and to translate theory and hypotheses into actionable insights. They collaborate and connect with experts and practitioners across sectors and disciplines, levels of government, and geographies to learn how to govern more effectively and legitimately. * Several [[w:Basic income pilots|pilot programs are underway]] to experiment with various forms of [[Universal basic income|Universal Basic Income]]. * The [[w:Forward (United States)|Forward Party]] is a political action committee (PAC) that seeks to form a new centrist political party in the United States. Author Jim Manzi advocates institutionalized social experimentation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> Decentralized experimentation would be encouraged and would be subjected to standardized experimental evaluation and reporting to Congress. He suggests conducting as many social policy randomized controlled trials as we do clinical trials, about 10,000 each year. ==== Assignment ==== # Choose some local setting where you can run an experiment. This may be a [[w:Student council|student council election]], a committee appointment, a local election, or some other arena. # Choose an innovation from the above list, or some other source. # Run a trial of the chosen innovation in the chosen setting. For example, use rank choice voting to select the student class president at a local school. # Reflect on what was learned from that experiment. # Consider how larger experiments can be carried out. # Engage with at least one of the organizations mentioned above. # Work with them to evolve government. == Selection Pressures == The evolution of government will depend on the selection pressures each government system is subjected to. Selection pressures have two parts 1) selection ''criteria''—identifying what we want—and 2) selection ''forces''—making changes that progress toward the selection criteria. These are the system [[w:Feedback|feedback]] mechanisms. Each is described below. == Selection Criteria == Selection criteria form the basis for choosing the best alternative from several available choices. Evolution is accelerated when useful selection criteria are coupled with effective selection forces. In this section we develop useful criteria for selecting the best government options. === Selecting Leaders === It may be easier to select [[Wisdom|wise]] leaders than it is to understand, evaluate, and select various policy options. ==== Assignment ==== # Assess the [[intellectual honesty]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that is not intellectually honest. # Assess the [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that does not consistently demonstrate well developed moral reasoning. # Complete the [[Wisdom#Assessing Wisdom|Assessing Wisdom section]] of the Wikiversity course on [[Wisdom]]. # Follow the instructions and complete the [[Wisdom/wisdom assessment form|wisdom assessment form]] to evaluate the viable candidates. Establish a rank ordering of the most attractive candidates. # Consider supporting, campaigning, and voting for the candidate that scores best. Act to place wise leaders in office. # Make these important [[Wisdom#Wise Decision Making|decisions wisely]]. === Policy-based Selections === In addition to choosing wise leaders, it is helpful to advocate for policy positions that lead to [[w:Good government|good government]] and [[w:Good governance|good governance]]. The [[w:United Nations|United Nations]] is playing an increasing role in promoting good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN follows eight principles:<ref>What is Good Governance, UN ESCAP Report, July 10, 2009. See: <nowiki>https://www.unescap.org/resources/what-good-governance</nowiki></ref> * Participation – People can voice their own opinions through legitimate intermediate organizations or representatives. * [[w:Rule of law|Rule of Law]] – Legal frameworks are enforced impartially, especially on human right laws. * Consensus Orientation– Differing interests are mediated to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. * Equity and Inclusiveness – People have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. * Effectiveness and Efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. * Accountability – Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations are held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. * Transparency – Information is accessible to the public and is understandable and monitored. * Responsiveness – Institutions and processes serve all stakeholders. Going beyond these general principles, good government is most likely to mean supporting policies that strengthen the democratic processes. === Defining Democracy === Although not necessarily the best possible governance system, [[w:Democracy|democracy]] is widely acknowledged as the most effective governance system in wide use today. For example, [[w:Derek Bok|Derek Bok]] states “In this regard, it is noteworthy that almost all the countries in the world that rank highest in overall satisfaction with life have been successful democracies for more than 80 years.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy. Karl Popper says that the "classical" view of democracy is "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people, and that the people have a right to rule." Kofi Annan states that "there are as many different forms of democracy as there are democratic nations in the world." One study identified 2,234 adjectives used in the English language to describe democracy.<ref>Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). "2,234 Descriptions of Democracy". Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050107. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 149825810.</ref> Democratic principles require all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution. Freedom House provides this characterization of democracy: <blockquote> “Democracy means more than just majority rule, however. In its ideal form, it is a governing system based on the will and consent of the governed, institutions that are accountable to all citizens, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights. It is a network of mutually reinforcing structures in which those exercising power are subject to checks both within and outside the state, for example, from independent courts, an independent press, and civil society. It requires an openness to alternations in power, with rival candidates or parties competing fairly to govern for the good of the public as a whole, not just themselves or those who voted for them. It creates a level playing field so that all people, no matter the circumstances of their birth or background, can enjoy the universal human rights to which they are entitled and participate in politics and governance.”<ref>Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, Page 5</ref> </blockquote> === Characteristics of Democracy === [[File:Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920.jpg|thumb|Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920]] [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]] has established detailed criteria for evaluating various forms of democracy.<ref>Freedom in the World Research Methodology. See: <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology</nowiki> </ref> These criteria are summarized below: ==== Electoral process. ==== #'''Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?''' Considerations include independent [[w:Election monitoring|election monitoring]], adequate time for candidates to enter and campaign, accurate [[w:Voter registration|registration of voters]], inclusion of women and minority candidates, opportunities for candidates to address voters, make speeches, hold public meetings, and obtain media access, use of [[w:Secret ballot|secret ballot]], lack of pressure or voter intimidation, transparent vote counting, access to voting places, and the [[w:Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. #'''Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?''' The considerations are like the above. #'''Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?''' Considerations include use of a fair legislative framework for conducting elections, an independent election commission, [[w:Universal suffrage|universal suffrage]], fair [[w:Electoral district|election districts]], and fair procedures for [[w:Electoral reform|electoral reform]]. ==== Political Pluralism and Participation ==== #'''Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?''' Considerations include opportunities to form [[w:Political party|political parties]], freedom to hold meetings, rallies, and obtain media access, fair and equitable rules for party financing, freedom of [[w:Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]], and opportunities for [[w:Independent politician|independent candidates]]. #'''Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?''' Considerations include freedom of opposition parties to increase their support base and compete in elections, are opposition parties in positions of authority, and is there a significant opposition vote? #'''Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?''' Considerations include lack of intimidation by military, foreign powers, oligarchies, criminal organizations, or other powerful groups, absence of [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Corruption|corruption]], improper [[w:Quid pro quo|quid pro quo]], or other improper influences, lack of dominant political donors, transparent [[w:Campaign finance|campaign financing]], and accountability to the voters. #'''Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?''' Considerations include addressing minority issues, participation of [[w:Minority group|minority groups]] in political life, full inclusion of women, and [[w:Citizenship|citizenship]] opportunities for minorities. ==== Functioning of government ==== #'''Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?''' Considerations include installation of the elected officials into office, ability to form a functioning government, non-interference by [[w:Non-state actor|nonstate actors]], lack of military influence on government operations, independence of the executive and legislative branches, and frequency of [[w:Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] actions. #'''Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?''' Considerations include effectiveness of anticorruption laws and programs, independent oversight and auditing, investigation of alleged corruption, and [[w:Whistleblower|whistleblower]] protections. #'''Does the government operate with openness and transparency?''' Considerations include ability of citizens to obtain accurate information about state operations, ability to petition government agencies for information, publication of state information, ability to access and comment on pending legislations, public review of budget processes, transparency in awarding contracts, and public scrutiny of [[w:Financial disclosure of public servants|government officials’ financial disclosure]]. ==== Additional discretionary political rights question ==== #'''Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group?''' Considerations include providing incentives to change the [[w:Ethnic group|ethnic composition]] of a region, forcibly moving people into or out of certain regions, and arresting or killing members of certain ethnic groups. ==== Civil Liberties ==== ==== Freedom of Expression and belief ==== #'''Are there free and independent media?''' Considerations include [[w:Media (communication)|media]] [[w:Censorship|censorship]], pressure or surveillance, punishment of journalists, [[w:Freedom of speech|freedom of speech]] regarding criticism of government officials, government control of media, [[w:Editorial independence|editorial independence,]] nonpartisan coverage, government influence of media coverage, involvement of women and minorities, free expression in works of literature, and other cultural expressions. #'''Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?''' Considerations include [[w:Freedom of religion|freedom of religious]] institutions to function, freedom from harassment of minority faith members, lack of government involvement in appointing religious leaders, freedom to distribute religious writings, freedom to construct and occupy religious buildings, lack of government involvement in religious education, and freedom to eschew religious beliefs and practices. #'''Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?''' Considerations include [[w:Academic freedom|freedom of educators]] to pursue political activities, non-interference in school [[w:Curriculum|curriculums]], fair allocation of funding, freedom of student associations to pursue political activities, and freedom of students to support candidates of their choice. #'''Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?''' Considerations include the ability to engage in discussions, including [[w:Political criticism|political discussions]], in public, or private places, including online communications, and lack of surveillance of antigovernment conversations. ==== Associational and organizational rights ==== #I'''s there [[w:Freedom of assembly|freedom of assembly]]?''' Considerations include freedom to protest peacefully, lack of intimidation or harassment of peaceful protesters, censorship of peaceful protester’s communications, and freedom to petition the public, #'''Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?''' Considerations include ease of creating [[w:Non-governmental organization|nongovernment organizations]], fair rules for financing the work, and freedom from government intimidation or harassment. #'''Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?''' Considerations include unfettered formation and operation of [[w:Trade union|trade unions]], lack of pressure to join or not join certain trade unions, ability to [[w:Strike action|strike]] without reprisals, [[w:Collective bargaining|collective bargaining]], and free operation of professional organizations. ==== Rule of Law ==== #'''Is there an independent judiciary?''' Considerations include noninterference by the executive branch or other influences, fair appointment of judges, impartial rulings by judges, compliance with judicial decisions, and the absence of powerful influences over judicial decisions. #'''Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?''' Considerations include [[w:Presumption of innocence|presumption of innocence]], access to effective [[w:Counsel|counsel]], fair [[w:Trial|trial]], fair access to the [[w:Judiciary|court system]], independent [[w:Prosecutor|prosecutors]], fair and effective law enforcement, and upholding of [[w:Due process|due process]] without interference. #'''Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?''' Considerations include absence of excessive force during arrest and detainment, humane conditions in pretrial detention facilities and prisons, effective redress of abuse, absence of [[w:Corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], minimal application of [[w:Corporal punishment|capital punishment]], lack of violent crime, and safety for the population. #'''Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?''' Considerations include the ability of distinctive or minority groups to exercise their [[w:Human rights|human rights]], lack of violence against such groups, lack of discrimination against such groups, granting of [[w:Right of asylum|asylum]], and protection of [[w:Human rights|human rights]]. ==== Personal autonomy and individual rights ==== #'''Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?''' Considerations include freedom of foreign travel, freedom of movement within the country, lack of bribery and other corruption, safe travel, and equal rights for women. #'''Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?''' Considerations include the ability to purchase or sell land and other property, equal [[w:Women'27s rights|rights for women]], lack of favoritism, [[w:Cronyism|cronyism]], [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Extortion|extortion]], and other forms of [[w:Political corruption|corruption]], and ease of doing business, #'''Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?''' Considerations include lack of personal and domestic violence, freedom to [[w:Same-sex marriage|marry your chosen partner]], fair divorce and child custody decisions, and free choice of dress and appearance. #'''Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?''' Considerations include lack of worker exploitation, economic opportunity, fair competition, and absence of [[w:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]. While the Freedom House characteristics of democracy criteria are extensive, a more extensive set of criteria is used by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|V-Dem institute]] to evaluate democracies around the world. Their document “V-Dem Methodology v11.1”<ref>V-Dem Methodology v11.1 See: <nowiki>https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/methodologyv111.pdf</nowiki></ref> describes their methodology in detail. Interested students can study that document for more detail. Other authors advocate for additional characteristics including increasing [[w:Human capital|human capital]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> through more effective and relevant education<ref>The Relevant Education Project. See: <nowiki>https://relevant.education</nowiki></ref>, improving our shared knowledge base, increasing [[Emotional Competency|emotional intelligence]], and increasing our [[w:Collective intelligence|collective intelligence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}} Page 91 of 405</ref>^,<ref>See, for example the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. <nowiki>https://cci.mit.edu</nowiki></ref> === Assignment === # Study the above criteria used to evaluate democracies. # Find where your country ranks on the Freedom House Freedom in the world report. # Identify areas for improvement. # Advocate for policies that improve attainment of these criteria within your government. === Results-based selections === Better governance systems attain better results. A governance system can be evaluated by the contribution it makes toward helping the governed organization reach its goals. If the governed organization is a corporation, then the best governance system is the one that results in the most profits, along with consideration of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, relevant regulations, and social responsibility. For other organizations, the effectiveness of a governance system can be judged by how well the governed organization meets its stated mission. In the case of international, national, state, regional, or local governments the mission will be assumed to be the [[w:Well-being|well-being]] of the people. One attractive option recognizes that “There are powerful arguments for making happiness a focal point for government policy.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Because happiness is often fleeting, we propose a more substantial and enduring basis for evaluating and selecting government systems. [[File:Evaluating Good Government.jpg|thumb|Better governments allow more people to meet more of their needs.]] Here we suggest that <blockquote> '''The government that meets more of the needs of more of the people is the better system.'''<ref>Good Government, Substack Article, Leland Beaumont, July 17, 2022</ref> </blockquote> To be specific, in this definition we use [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]]<ref>Researchers continue to refine and extend Maslow’s original thesis. It may be wise to use these updated views rather than Maslow’s original thesis.  </ref> as our reference standard for defining the needs of the people. A population where more people are meeting more of their higher-level needs is benefiting from the better governance system. The fewer people who have unmet needs the better. The more people who have high level needs met the better.<ref>It may be wise to consider it unacceptable to leave the basic needs of anyone unmet. Therefore, it may be important to meet everyone’s basic needs before turning attention to meeting the higher-level needs of the few. This suggests a [[w:Minimax#Maximin|Maximin]] approach and is consistent with the doctrine of sufficiency.</ref> Alternative standards might include measures of: * Adherence to the [[w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], * [[w:Well-being|Well-being]], * [[w:Subjective well-being|Subjective well-being]], or * Some blend, weighing, or aggregation of these. In any case, the question of “what is the better government system?” can be answered [[w:Empiricism|empirically]] rather than hypothetically or speculatively. Evaluating results would require an independent rating agency, such as the [[w:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], a [[w:Nationally recognized statistical rating organization|nationally recognized statistical rating organization]], or other organizations, such as [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], to study, analyze, and publish results. === Assignment === # Read the essay [[/Good Government/]]. # Estimate where you are now on Maslow’s needs hierarchy. # Use your estimate of the well-being of the population of your country or region to draw a diagram like the one shown above on the right. == Selection Forces == [[File:Vote Carefully.jpg|thumb|Vote conscientiously to evolve governments.]] Selection forces—actions that select for the preferred outcome—are the engine of evolution. Within a nation with a functioning democracy, selection forces include: *[[w:Civic_engagement|Civic engagement]]; * voting. There are good arguments supporting the conclusion that citizens in a democracy have a moral duty to vote.<ref>Christiano, Tom and Sameer Bajaj, "Democracy", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/democracy/</nowiki>>. Section 4.3.1.</ref> Register to vote, study the candidates and the issues, and vote in every election you are eligible to vote in. * Campaigning; * supporting desirable candidates; **[[w:Get_out_the_vote|getting out the vote]]; * supporting desirable policies and legislation; * communicating with elected officials; * making financial contributions to support desirable polices and candidates; * influencing public opinion, and * running for office. Options are more difficult in non-democratic nations. In this case, read the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''<ref>{{cite book|title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation|last=Sharp|first=Gene|date=September 4, 2012|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595588500|pages=160|author-link=w:Gene_Sharp}}</ref> and complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. The Wikiversity course [[Confronting Tyranny]] may also be helpful. == Possibilities == Imagine how it can be! === Assignment === This assignment is entirely optional, and it is likely that most students will skip it. The assignment is provided here to stimulate the imagination of interested students. # Read the book ''The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}}</ref> # Read the book ''Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>[1] {{cite book|title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973927|pages=495}}</ref> # Study the work of the [[Level 5 Research Center]]. # Study the work of the [[Wisdom Research|Wisdom and the Future Research Center]]. # Study the course [[A Journey to GameB]]. # Participate in the research project to [[Living Wisely/Improving our Social Operating Systems|improve our social operating systems]]. # Read the essay “3 Design principles for Protopian Governance".<ref>3 Design principles for Protopian Governance, Hanzi Freinacht, May 22, 2022, See: <nowiki>https://medium.com/@hanzifreinacht/3-design-principles-for-protopian-governance-bc2bfa7faa9a</nowiki></ref> # Study courses in the [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|possibilities curriculum]]. # Read the essay [[Assessing Human Rights/Beyond Olympic Gold|Beyond Olympic gold]]. ## Work to [[Assessing Human Rights|advance human rights worldwide]]. # Read the [[w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] article on Global Democracy.<ref>Kuyper, Jonathan, "Global Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/global-democracy/</nowiki>>.</ref> # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Intentional Evolution|Intentional evolution]]. ##Complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Envisioning Our Future]]. ## Write down [[Envisioning Our Future#Write Down Your Vision of Our Future|your vision of our future]]. ## Use the essay you wrote as a guide toward action. ## Act to make the future you envision a reality. == Assignment == # [[Living Wisely|Live wisely]]. # Read the essay [[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Aligning Worldviews]]. ## Align your worldview with reality. # Complete the course [[Intentional Evolution]]. ## Apply the principles taught in the Intentional Evolution course to accelerate the evolution of governments. # Become an informed and engaged citizen. # Practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Collaborate with others who practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Without compromising your values, [[Finding Common Ground|seek common ground]] with those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Transcending Conflict|Transcending conflict]]. ### Work to transcend conflict. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Common Ground|Finding common ground]]. ### Seek common ground # Challenge, confront, and [[w:Persuasion|persuade]] those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|Seek first to understand, then to be understood]]. ## As a gentle starting point, become comfortable using [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|these phrases]] in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] to encourage the participants to act in good faith. ## Support and vote for political leaders who support values and policies that advance this evolutionary worldview. ## Protect your own safety. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Courage]]. ###Find the moral courage to act according to your well-chosen values and confront antagonists. ## Apply suitable techniques discussed in the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''.<ref>Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1595588500.</ref> ## Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Confronting Tyranny]]. ###Confront tyranny # Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]]. # [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seek real good]]. == Further Reading == Students who are interested in learning more about evolving governments may wish to read these books: * {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |author-link= |date=October 25, 2012 |title=Governance: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=147 |isbn=978-0199606412}} * {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link= |date=October 10, 2002 | title=Democracy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=145 |isbn=978-0192802507}} * {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology * {{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}} * {{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}} * {{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} * {{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}} * {{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }} * {{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441 |isbn=978-0316230032}} * {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} *{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}} * {{cite book |last=Camp |first=Robert C. |date=May 1, 1989 |title=Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance |publisher=Amer Society for Quality |pages=299 |isbn=978-0873890588}} * The Modern Political Traditions: Hobbes to Habermas, Wondrium I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *{{cite book |last1=Gneezy |first1=Uri |last2=List |first2=John |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life |publisher=Cornerstone |pages= |isbn=978-1847946751}} *{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |author-link=w:Ian_Bremmer |date=September 11, 2007 |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall |publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=336|isbn=978-0743274722}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=August 16, 2022 |title=What We Owe the Future Hardcover |publisher=Basic Books |pages=352 |isbn=978-1541618626}} *{{cite book |last=Borders |first=Max |date=May 2, 2022|title=The Decentralist: Mission, Morality, and Meaning in the Age of Crypto |publisher=Social Evolution |pages=214 |isbn=978-1732039421}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Government]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] {{Possibilities}} s65luuo51lwjgij5inkpj8117zbne1u 2415925 2415834 2022-08-17T22:41:59Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Selection Forces */ Expanded the money section wikitext text/x-wiki —Unleashing collaboration == Introduction == [[File:3d10 fm de vilafranca.jpg|thumb| thumb | Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]].]] Almost all people on earth are ruled by obsolete [[w:Government|government]] systems that were developed centuries ago. For example, the [[w:Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitution of the United States]] was ratified in 1788, a full 50 years before the [[w:Electrical_telegraph|first telegram]] was sent by Samuel Morse in 1838, 115 years before the Wright Brothers [[w:Wright_brothers#First_powered_flight|first powered airplane flight]] in 1903, and 140 years before [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] discovered [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]] in 1928, the first antibiotic. {{TOC right |limit=2}} Today we have indoor plumbing, air travel, space exploration, electric automobiles, smartphones, and advanced medical procedures. Technology evolves quickly because many innovations are subjected to selection pressures that test fitness for use. Similarly, we can accelerate the [[w:Evolvability|evolvability]] of government systems by harnessing variability and subjecting government policies to effective selection pressures. == Objectives == {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objective of this course is to accelerate the evolution of governments to better serve the needs of the people as we harness the [[wisdom]] of humanity. This is a course in the [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|''possibilities'' curriculum]], currently being developed as part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom Curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Evolving_Governments|discussion page]]. == Evolution == [[w:Evolution|Evolution]] occurs when variability is subjected to selection pressures. In [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]] living organisms are selected primarily based on reproductive success. In his book ''The Evolution of Everything''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge|last=Ridley|first=Matt|date=October 25, 2016|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0062296016|pages=368|author-link=w:Matt_Ridley}}</ref> , [[w:Matt Ridley|Matt Ridley]] describes the evolution of the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, the internet and the future. Each of these systems evolves based on specialized generation, variation, and selection mechanisms. [[w:Evolvability|Evolvability]] is the capacity of a system for [[w:Adaptation|adaptive evolution]]. Evolvability increases when [[w:Evolvability#Generating%20more%20variation|more variation is generated]] and when [[w:Evolvability#Enhancement%20of%20selection|selection pressures]] are enhanced. While these ideas are well studied in biological systems, they are not often analyzed and applied to [[w:Governance|governance]] systems. This course applies these concepts to governance systems. == Generating Variation == Generating variation is the first component of evolvability. There are several existing and potential sources of variation in governments. These include 1) history, 2) comparisons, 3) leadership and policy changes, and 4) experimentation. These are discussed further below. === History === Historians, [[w:Political philosophy|political philosophers]], [[w:Political science|political scientists]], and others have studied the structure and results of government systems throughout human history. Much is known about the results of various government approaches. By applying criteria for evaluating government results, the effectiveness of various government structures is evaluated. As we discuss in the [[Evolving Governments#Defining Democracy|sections on democracy]], various [[w:Types of democracy|forms of democracy]] have provided the best results to date. === Comparisons === Businesses routinely use [[w:Benchmarking|benchmarking]] to compare the results of various industry practices and identify best practices. Policy makers, government officials, and citizens have a similar opportunity to practice [[w:Comparative politics|comparative politics]] and compare the results of various governments. These are forms of [[w:Natural experiment|natural experiments]]. Examples of this work include: * The ''[[w:Freedom in the World|Freedom in the World]]'' report<ref>Freedom in the World, Freedom House, <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world</nowiki></ref> compiled by [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], * The [[w:Democracy Index|Democracy Index]], compiled by the [[w:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]]. * The [[w:Democracy Ranking|Democracy ranking]] compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award. * The [[w:Index of Freedom in the World|Index of Freedom in the World]], published by Canada’s Fraser Institute. * Indices published by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|Varieties of Democracy institute]], * The [[w:Worldwide Governance Indicators|Worldwide Governance Indicators]] compiled by the World Bank. * World Report 2022, published by [[w:Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>World Report 2022, Human Rights Watch. See: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022</ref> * The [[w:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compiled by the United Nations, and * others in this [[w:List of freedom indices|list of freedom indices]]. [[File:Comparison gender life expectancy WHO.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparison of average female and male life expectancy as defined by [[w:World Health Organization|WHO]] for 2019. Open the original [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Comparison_gender_life_expectancy_WHO.svg chart] in a separate tab and hover over a bubble to highlight it. The size of bubbles are proportional to country population according to estimation of the [[w:United Nations|UN]] for 2019.]] Several specialized comparisons study the performance of various policies. Examples include: *the [[w:Education Index|education index]], *the [[w:Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty index]], *the [[w:World Happiness Report|world happiness report]], *the [[w:Human Capital Index|Human Capital Index]], *the World Health Organization [[w:World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000|ranking of health systems in 2000]], *the [[w:List_of_countries_by_quality_of_healthcare|list of countries by quality of healthcare]] published by the OECD, and * these [[w:List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy|lists of countries by life expectancy]]. === Assignment === # Find your country on one of the reports or indices listed above, or on some other reliable ranked evaluation. # If your country is ranked at the top, congratulations; enjoy your country’s success, and consider sharing successful ideas and policies with others. # Otherwise, study the policy in place at the highest-ranking countries and work to have them enacted appropriately in your country. === Leadership and Policy Changes === Leadership changes occur because of [[w:Term limit|term limits]], [[w:Election|elections]], [[w:Order of succession|succession]], [[w:Coup d'état|coups]], or [[w:Revolution|revolution]]. This provides citizens and researchers with an opportunity to evaluate the results obtained by one leader compared to others. This comparison is often difficult because of the complexity of government and the need to distinguish between local and global effects and short term and long-term effects. Access to reliable information regarding the effectiveness of various policies is often difficult to obtain and evaluate due to [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]], unreliable reporting, [[w:Media bias|media bias]], limited data availability, and the effort required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. In addition, each of us is constrained by our [[w:Bounded rationality|bounded rationality]]—the limited capacity of people to direct attention to these issues and make optimal decisions. Policy changes also take place and provide opportunities and difficulties like those in evaluating leadership changes. === Experimentation === An [[w:Experiment|experiment]] is a procedure carried out to determine the effectiveness of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into [[w:Causality|cause-and-effect]] by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on a repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. In a laboratory experiment condition are controlled, one factor to be studied is manipulated and the results are recorded, analyzed, studied, and reported. It is rarely feasible to carry out such experiments in social settings because of the difficulties and ethical concerns of manipulating groups of people. [[w:Natural experiment|Natural experimental studies]] are used in these cases. A [[w:Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]] (RCT) or Randomized Field Trial (RFT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are [[w:Clinical trial|clinical trials]] that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, or other medical treatments. Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled. By randomly allocating participants among compared treatments, an RCT enables statistical control over these influences. Provided it is designed well, conducted properly, and enrolls enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. Randomly controlled trials can be used to conduct [[w:Policy experimentation|social experiments]], as the following examples show. The [[w:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) is an excellent example of using experimentation to inform policy decisions. The lab is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific evidence]]. J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty, and builds partnerships with governments, [[w:Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], donors, and others to generate new research, share knowledge, and scale up effective programs. Other organizations conducting actionable research using social experiments include the EdRedesign Lab<ref>The EdRedesign Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education. See: <nowiki>https://edredesign.org/</nowiki></ref> , and the work of [[w:John A. List|John A. List]] in performing [[w:Field experiments|field experiments]] in economics. Experiments in government are carried out in various national and local settings. Ongoing experiments include: * Rank choice voting, also known as [[w:Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting]], is a type of ranked preferential voting. It uses a majority voting rule in single-winner elections where there are more than two candidates. It has a significant and [[w:History and use of instant-runoff voting|growing history of use]] around the world, including [[w:Ranked-choice voting in the United States|within the United States]] where it is advocated by the [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization. * The [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization advocates within the United States for: ** [[w:Single transferable vote|Fair]] [[w:Proportional representation|Representation Voting]], ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting|Ranked Choice Voting]], ** the Constitutional Right to Vote, and ** the [[w:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact|National Popular Vote]]. * The Institute for Political Innovation<ref>The Institute for Political Innovation. See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org</nowiki></ref> advocates for: ** [[w:Top-four primary#Final%20Five%20Voting|Final-Five Voting]] which is a variation of a [[w:Top-four primary|Top-four primary]] soon to be used in Alaska, and ** Zero-Based Rule Making<ref>See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org/zero-basedrulemaking/</nowiki></ref> which promises to eliminate constraints on thinking and open new possibilities for [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. This proposal is modeled on [[w:Zero-based budgeting|zero-based budgeting]] practices often used in business settings. * [[w:Liquid democracy|Liquid democracy]] is a form of [[w:Delegative democracy|delegative democracy]], whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] and [[w:Representative democracy|representative democracy]]. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues as in a direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf as in representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". Several [[w:Liquid democracy#Examples|implementations are being used]]. * The GovLab<ref>https://thegovlab.org</ref> is relying on reproducible experiments and metrics to better understand what works (and what doesn’t) and to translate theory and hypotheses into actionable insights. They collaborate and connect with experts and practitioners across sectors and disciplines, levels of government, and geographies to learn how to govern more effectively and legitimately. * Several [[w:Basic income pilots|pilot programs are underway]] to experiment with various forms of [[Universal basic income|Universal Basic Income]]. * The [[w:Forward (United States)|Forward Party]] is a political action committee (PAC) that seeks to form a new centrist political party in the United States. Author Jim Manzi advocates institutionalized social experimentation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> Decentralized experimentation would be encouraged and would be subjected to standardized experimental evaluation and reporting to Congress. He suggests conducting as many social policy randomized controlled trials as we do clinical trials, about 10,000 each year. ==== Assignment ==== # Choose some local setting where you can run an experiment. This may be a [[w:Student council|student council election]], a committee appointment, a local election, or some other arena. # Choose an innovation from the above list, or some other source. # Run a trial of the chosen innovation in the chosen setting. For example, use rank choice voting to select the student class president at a local school. # Reflect on what was learned from that experiment. # Consider how larger experiments can be carried out. # Engage with at least one of the organizations mentioned above. # Work with them to evolve government. == Selection Pressures == The evolution of government will depend on the selection pressures each government system is subjected to. Selection pressures have two parts 1) selection ''criteria''—identifying what we want—and 2) selection ''forces''—making changes that progress toward the selection criteria. These are the system [[w:Feedback|feedback]] mechanisms. Each is described below. == Selection Criteria == Selection criteria form the basis for choosing the best alternative from several available choices. Evolution is accelerated when useful selection criteria are coupled with effective selection forces. In this section we develop useful criteria for selecting the best government options. === Selecting Leaders === It may be easier to select [[Wisdom|wise]] leaders than it is to understand, evaluate, and select various policy options. ==== Assignment ==== # Assess the [[intellectual honesty]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that is not intellectually honest. # Assess the [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that does not consistently demonstrate well developed moral reasoning. # Complete the [[Wisdom#Assessing Wisdom|Assessing Wisdom section]] of the Wikiversity course on [[Wisdom]]. # Follow the instructions and complete the [[Wisdom/wisdom assessment form|wisdom assessment form]] to evaluate the viable candidates. Establish a rank ordering of the most attractive candidates. # Consider supporting, campaigning, and voting for the candidate that scores best. Act to place wise leaders in office. # Make these important [[Wisdom#Wise Decision Making|decisions wisely]]. === Policy-based Selections === In addition to choosing wise leaders, it is helpful to advocate for policy positions that lead to [[w:Good government|good government]] and [[w:Good governance|good governance]]. The [[w:United Nations|United Nations]] is playing an increasing role in promoting good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN follows eight principles:<ref>What is Good Governance, UN ESCAP Report, July 10, 2009. See: <nowiki>https://www.unescap.org/resources/what-good-governance</nowiki></ref> * Participation – People can voice their own opinions through legitimate intermediate organizations or representatives. * [[w:Rule of law|Rule of Law]] – Legal frameworks are enforced impartially, especially on human right laws. * Consensus Orientation– Differing interests are mediated to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. * Equity and Inclusiveness – People have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. * Effectiveness and Efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. * Accountability – Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations are held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. * Transparency – Information is accessible to the public and is understandable and monitored. * Responsiveness – Institutions and processes serve all stakeholders. Going beyond these general principles, good government is most likely to mean supporting policies that strengthen the democratic processes. === Defining Democracy === Although not necessarily the best possible governance system, [[w:Democracy|democracy]] is widely acknowledged as the most effective governance system in wide use today. For example, [[w:Derek Bok|Derek Bok]] states “In this regard, it is noteworthy that almost all the countries in the world that rank highest in overall satisfaction with life have been successful democracies for more than 80 years.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy. Karl Popper says that the "classical" view of democracy is "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people, and that the people have a right to rule." Kofi Annan states that "there are as many different forms of democracy as there are democratic nations in the world." One study identified 2,234 adjectives used in the English language to describe democracy.<ref>Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). "2,234 Descriptions of Democracy". Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050107. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 149825810.</ref> Democratic principles require all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution. Freedom House provides this characterization of democracy: <blockquote> “Democracy means more than just majority rule, however. In its ideal form, it is a governing system based on the will and consent of the governed, institutions that are accountable to all citizens, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights. It is a network of mutually reinforcing structures in which those exercising power are subject to checks both within and outside the state, for example, from independent courts, an independent press, and civil society. It requires an openness to alternations in power, with rival candidates or parties competing fairly to govern for the good of the public as a whole, not just themselves or those who voted for them. It creates a level playing field so that all people, no matter the circumstances of their birth or background, can enjoy the universal human rights to which they are entitled and participate in politics and governance.”<ref>Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, Page 5</ref> </blockquote> === Characteristics of Democracy === [[File:Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920.jpg|thumb|Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920]] [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]] has established detailed criteria for evaluating various forms of democracy.<ref>Freedom in the World Research Methodology. See: <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology</nowiki> </ref> These criteria are summarized below: ==== Electoral process. ==== #'''Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?''' Considerations include independent [[w:Election monitoring|election monitoring]], adequate time for candidates to enter and campaign, accurate [[w:Voter registration|registration of voters]], inclusion of women and minority candidates, opportunities for candidates to address voters, make speeches, hold public meetings, and obtain media access, use of [[w:Secret ballot|secret ballot]], lack of pressure or voter intimidation, transparent vote counting, access to voting places, and the [[w:Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. #'''Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?''' The considerations are like the above. #'''Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?''' Considerations include use of a fair legislative framework for conducting elections, an independent election commission, [[w:Universal suffrage|universal suffrage]], fair [[w:Electoral district|election districts]], and fair procedures for [[w:Electoral reform|electoral reform]]. ==== Political Pluralism and Participation ==== #'''Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?''' Considerations include opportunities to form [[w:Political party|political parties]], freedom to hold meetings, rallies, and obtain media access, fair and equitable rules for party financing, freedom of [[w:Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]], and opportunities for [[w:Independent politician|independent candidates]]. #'''Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?''' Considerations include freedom of opposition parties to increase their support base and compete in elections, are opposition parties in positions of authority, and is there a significant opposition vote? #'''Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?''' Considerations include lack of intimidation by military, foreign powers, oligarchies, criminal organizations, or other powerful groups, absence of [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Corruption|corruption]], improper [[w:Quid pro quo|quid pro quo]], or other improper influences, lack of dominant political donors, transparent [[w:Campaign finance|campaign financing]], and accountability to the voters. #'''Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?''' Considerations include addressing minority issues, participation of [[w:Minority group|minority groups]] in political life, full inclusion of women, and [[w:Citizenship|citizenship]] opportunities for minorities. ==== Functioning of government ==== #'''Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?''' Considerations include installation of the elected officials into office, ability to form a functioning government, non-interference by [[w:Non-state actor|nonstate actors]], lack of military influence on government operations, independence of the executive and legislative branches, and frequency of [[w:Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] actions. #'''Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?''' Considerations include effectiveness of anticorruption laws and programs, independent oversight and auditing, investigation of alleged corruption, and [[w:Whistleblower|whistleblower]] protections. #'''Does the government operate with openness and transparency?''' Considerations include ability of citizens to obtain accurate information about state operations, ability to petition government agencies for information, publication of state information, ability to access and comment on pending legislations, public review of budget processes, transparency in awarding contracts, and public scrutiny of [[w:Financial disclosure of public servants|government officials’ financial disclosure]]. ==== Additional discretionary political rights question ==== #'''Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group?''' Considerations include providing incentives to change the [[w:Ethnic group|ethnic composition]] of a region, forcibly moving people into or out of certain regions, and arresting or killing members of certain ethnic groups. ==== Civil Liberties ==== ==== Freedom of Expression and belief ==== #'''Are there free and independent media?''' Considerations include [[w:Media (communication)|media]] [[w:Censorship|censorship]], pressure or surveillance, punishment of journalists, [[w:Freedom of speech|freedom of speech]] regarding criticism of government officials, government control of media, [[w:Editorial independence|editorial independence,]] nonpartisan coverage, government influence of media coverage, involvement of women and minorities, free expression in works of literature, and other cultural expressions. #'''Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?''' Considerations include [[w:Freedom of religion|freedom of religious]] institutions to function, freedom from harassment of minority faith members, lack of government involvement in appointing religious leaders, freedom to distribute religious writings, freedom to construct and occupy religious buildings, lack of government involvement in religious education, and freedom to eschew religious beliefs and practices. #'''Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?''' Considerations include [[w:Academic freedom|freedom of educators]] to pursue political activities, non-interference in school [[w:Curriculum|curriculums]], fair allocation of funding, freedom of student associations to pursue political activities, and freedom of students to support candidates of their choice. #'''Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?''' Considerations include the ability to engage in discussions, including [[w:Political criticism|political discussions]], in public, or private places, including online communications, and lack of surveillance of antigovernment conversations. ==== Associational and organizational rights ==== #I'''s there [[w:Freedom of assembly|freedom of assembly]]?''' Considerations include freedom to protest peacefully, lack of intimidation or harassment of peaceful protesters, censorship of peaceful protester’s communications, and freedom to petition the public, #'''Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?''' Considerations include ease of creating [[w:Non-governmental organization|nongovernment organizations]], fair rules for financing the work, and freedom from government intimidation or harassment. #'''Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?''' Considerations include unfettered formation and operation of [[w:Trade union|trade unions]], lack of pressure to join or not join certain trade unions, ability to [[w:Strike action|strike]] without reprisals, [[w:Collective bargaining|collective bargaining]], and free operation of professional organizations. ==== Rule of Law ==== #'''Is there an independent judiciary?''' Considerations include noninterference by the executive branch or other influences, fair appointment of judges, impartial rulings by judges, compliance with judicial decisions, and the absence of powerful influences over judicial decisions. #'''Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?''' Considerations include [[w:Presumption of innocence|presumption of innocence]], access to effective [[w:Counsel|counsel]], fair [[w:Trial|trial]], fair access to the [[w:Judiciary|court system]], independent [[w:Prosecutor|prosecutors]], fair and effective law enforcement, and upholding of [[w:Due process|due process]] without interference. #'''Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?''' Considerations include absence of excessive force during arrest and detainment, humane conditions in pretrial detention facilities and prisons, effective redress of abuse, absence of [[w:Corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], minimal application of [[w:Corporal punishment|capital punishment]], lack of violent crime, and safety for the population. #'''Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?''' Considerations include the ability of distinctive or minority groups to exercise their [[w:Human rights|human rights]], lack of violence against such groups, lack of discrimination against such groups, granting of [[w:Right of asylum|asylum]], and protection of [[w:Human rights|human rights]]. ==== Personal autonomy and individual rights ==== #'''Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?''' Considerations include freedom of foreign travel, freedom of movement within the country, lack of bribery and other corruption, safe travel, and equal rights for women. #'''Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?''' Considerations include the ability to purchase or sell land and other property, equal [[w:Women'27s rights|rights for women]], lack of favoritism, [[w:Cronyism|cronyism]], [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Extortion|extortion]], and other forms of [[w:Political corruption|corruption]], and ease of doing business, #'''Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?''' Considerations include lack of personal and domestic violence, freedom to [[w:Same-sex marriage|marry your chosen partner]], fair divorce and child custody decisions, and free choice of dress and appearance. #'''Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?''' Considerations include lack of worker exploitation, economic opportunity, fair competition, and absence of [[w:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]. While the Freedom House characteristics of democracy criteria are extensive, a more extensive set of criteria is used by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|V-Dem institute]] to evaluate democracies around the world. Their document “V-Dem Methodology v11.1”<ref>V-Dem Methodology v11.1 See: <nowiki>https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/methodologyv111.pdf</nowiki></ref> describes their methodology in detail. Interested students can study that document for more detail. Other authors advocate for additional characteristics including increasing [[w:Human capital|human capital]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> through more effective and relevant education<ref>The Relevant Education Project. See: <nowiki>https://relevant.education</nowiki></ref>, improving our shared knowledge base, increasing [[Emotional Competency|emotional intelligence]], and increasing our [[w:Collective intelligence|collective intelligence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}} Page 91 of 405</ref>^,<ref>See, for example the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. <nowiki>https://cci.mit.edu</nowiki></ref> === Assignment === # Study the above criteria used to evaluate democracies. # Find where your country ranks on the Freedom House Freedom in the world report. # Identify areas for improvement. # Advocate for policies that improve attainment of these criteria within your government. === Results-based selections === Better governance systems attain better results. A governance system can be evaluated by the contribution it makes toward helping the governed organization reach its goals. If the governed organization is a corporation, then the best governance system is the one that results in the most profits, along with consideration of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, relevant regulations, and social responsibility. For other organizations, the effectiveness of a governance system can be judged by how well the governed organization meets its stated mission. In the case of international, national, state, regional, or local governments the mission will be assumed to be the [[w:Well-being|well-being]] of the people. One attractive option recognizes that “There are powerful arguments for making happiness a focal point for government policy.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Because happiness is often fleeting, we propose a more substantial and enduring basis for evaluating and selecting government systems. [[File:Evaluating Good Government.jpg|thumb|Better governments allow more people to meet more of their needs.]] Here we suggest that <blockquote> '''The government that meets more of the needs of more of the people is the better system.'''<ref>Good Government, Substack Article, Leland Beaumont, July 17, 2022</ref> </blockquote> To be specific, in this definition we use [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]]<ref>Researchers continue to refine and extend Maslow’s original thesis. It may be wise to use these updated views rather than Maslow’s original thesis.  </ref> as our reference standard for defining the needs of the people. A population where more people are meeting more of their higher-level needs is benefiting from the better governance system. The fewer people who have unmet needs the better. The more people who have high level needs met the better.<ref>It may be wise to consider it unacceptable to leave the basic needs of anyone unmet. Therefore, it may be important to meet everyone’s basic needs before turning attention to meeting the higher-level needs of the few. This suggests a [[w:Minimax#Maximin|Maximin]] approach and is consistent with the doctrine of sufficiency.</ref> Alternative standards might include measures of: * Adherence to the [[w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], * [[w:Well-being|Well-being]], * [[w:Subjective well-being|Subjective well-being]], or * Some blend, weighing, or aggregation of these. In any case, the question of “what is the better government system?” can be answered [[w:Empiricism|empirically]] rather than hypothetically or speculatively. Evaluating results would require an independent rating agency, such as the [[w:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], a [[w:Nationally recognized statistical rating organization|nationally recognized statistical rating organization]], or other organizations, such as [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], to study, analyze, and publish results. === Assignment === # Read the essay [[/Good Government/]]. # Estimate where you are now on Maslow’s needs hierarchy. # Use your estimate of the well-being of the population of your country or region to draw a diagram like the one shown above on the right. == Selection Forces == [[File:Vote Carefully.jpg|thumb|Vote conscientiously to evolve governments.]] Selection forces—actions that select for the preferred outcome—are the engine of evolution. Within a nation with a functioning democracy, selection forces include: *[[w:Civic_engagement|Civic engagement]]; * voting. There are good arguments supporting the conclusion that citizens in a democracy have a moral duty to vote.<ref>Christiano, Tom and Sameer Bajaj, "Democracy", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/democracy/</nowiki>>. Section 4.3.1.</ref> Register to vote, study the candidates and the issues, and vote in every election you are eligible to vote in. * Campaigning; * supporting desirable candidates; **[[w:Get_out_the_vote|getting out the vote]]; * supporting desirable policies and legislation; * communicating with elected officials. * [[w:Follow_the_money|Money is powerful]]. Align money toward the good. **Practice [[w:Socially_responsible_investing|socially responsible investing]] to shift investments from supporting harmful polices toward supporting wise policies. ***As an example, the [[w:Fossil_fuel_divestment|fossil free divestment]] movement is taking such action. **Make financial contributions to support desirable polices and candidates. **Work to reform [[w:Campaign_finance|campaign financing]] laws and practices. **Use information available from [[w:OpenSecrets|OpenSecrets]], or a similar organization, to understand how political campaigns are financed. Be wary of candidates that obtain large financial contributions from special interests. * influencing public opinion, and * running for office. Options are more difficult in non-democratic nations. In this case, read the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''<ref>{{cite book|title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation|last=Sharp|first=Gene|date=September 4, 2012|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595588500|pages=160|author-link=w:Gene_Sharp}}</ref> and complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. The Wikiversity course [[Confronting Tyranny]] may also be helpful. == Possibilities == Imagine how it can be! === Assignment === This assignment is entirely optional, and it is likely that most students will skip it. The assignment is provided here to stimulate the imagination of interested students. # Read the book ''The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}}</ref> # Read the book ''Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>[1] {{cite book|title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973927|pages=495}}</ref> # Study the work of the [[Level 5 Research Center]]. # Study the work of the [[Wisdom Research|Wisdom and the Future Research Center]]. # Study the course [[A Journey to GameB]]. # Participate in the research project to [[Living Wisely/Improving our Social Operating Systems|improve our social operating systems]]. # Read the essay “3 Design principles for Protopian Governance".<ref>3 Design principles for Protopian Governance, Hanzi Freinacht, May 22, 2022, See: <nowiki>https://medium.com/@hanzifreinacht/3-design-principles-for-protopian-governance-bc2bfa7faa9a</nowiki></ref> # Study courses in the [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|possibilities curriculum]]. # Read the essay [[Assessing Human Rights/Beyond Olympic Gold|Beyond Olympic gold]]. ## Work to [[Assessing Human Rights|advance human rights worldwide]]. # Read the [[w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] article on Global Democracy.<ref>Kuyper, Jonathan, "Global Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/global-democracy/</nowiki>>.</ref> # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Intentional Evolution|Intentional evolution]]. ##Complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Envisioning Our Future]]. ## Write down [[Envisioning Our Future#Write Down Your Vision of Our Future|your vision of our future]]. ## Use the essay you wrote as a guide toward action. ## Act to make the future you envision a reality. == Assignment == # [[Living Wisely|Live wisely]]. # Read the essay [[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Aligning Worldviews]]. ## Align your worldview with reality. # Complete the course [[Intentional Evolution]]. ## Apply the principles taught in the Intentional Evolution course to accelerate the evolution of governments. # Become an informed and engaged citizen. # Practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Collaborate with others who practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Without compromising your values, [[Finding Common Ground|seek common ground]] with those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Transcending Conflict|Transcending conflict]]. ### Work to transcend conflict. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Common Ground|Finding common ground]]. ### Seek common ground # Challenge, confront, and [[w:Persuasion|persuade]] those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|Seek first to understand, then to be understood]]. ## As a gentle starting point, become comfortable using [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|these phrases]] in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] to encourage the participants to act in good faith. ## Support and vote for political leaders who support values and policies that advance this evolutionary worldview. ## Protect your own safety. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Courage]]. ###Find the moral courage to act according to your well-chosen values and confront antagonists. ## Apply suitable techniques discussed in the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''.<ref>Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1595588500.</ref> ## Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Confronting Tyranny]]. ###Confront tyranny # Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]]. # [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seek real good]]. == Further Reading == Students who are interested in learning more about evolving governments may wish to read these books: * {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |author-link= |date=October 25, 2012 |title=Governance: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=147 |isbn=978-0199606412}} * {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link= |date=October 10, 2002 | title=Democracy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=145 |isbn=978-0192802507}} * {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology * {{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}} * {{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}} * {{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} * {{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}} * {{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }} * {{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441 |isbn=978-0316230032}} * {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} *{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}} * {{cite book |last=Camp |first=Robert C. |date=May 1, 1989 |title=Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance |publisher=Amer Society for Quality |pages=299 |isbn=978-0873890588}} * The Modern Political Traditions: Hobbes to Habermas, Wondrium I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *{{cite book |last1=Gneezy |first1=Uri |last2=List |first2=John |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life |publisher=Cornerstone |pages= |isbn=978-1847946751}} *{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |author-link=w:Ian_Bremmer |date=September 11, 2007 |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall |publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=336|isbn=978-0743274722}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=August 16, 2022 |title=What We Owe the Future Hardcover |publisher=Basic Books |pages=352 |isbn=978-1541618626}} *{{cite book |last=Borders |first=Max |date=May 2, 2022|title=The Decentralist: Mission, Morality, and Meaning in the Age of Crypto |publisher=Social Evolution |pages=214 |isbn=978-1732039421}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Government]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] {{Possibilities}} 2v3ne2ldt30f6iwky0blfshf3zdi6bo 2415926 2415925 2022-08-17T22:47:07Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Selection Forces */ wikitext text/x-wiki —Unleashing collaboration == Introduction == [[File:3d10 fm de vilafranca.jpg|thumb| thumb | Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]].]] Almost all people on earth are ruled by obsolete [[w:Government|government]] systems that were developed centuries ago. For example, the [[w:Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitution of the United States]] was ratified in 1788, a full 50 years before the [[w:Electrical_telegraph|first telegram]] was sent by Samuel Morse in 1838, 115 years before the Wright Brothers [[w:Wright_brothers#First_powered_flight|first powered airplane flight]] in 1903, and 140 years before [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] discovered [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]] in 1928, the first antibiotic. {{TOC right |limit=2}} Today we have indoor plumbing, air travel, space exploration, electric automobiles, smartphones, and advanced medical procedures. Technology evolves quickly because many innovations are subjected to selection pressures that test fitness for use. Similarly, we can accelerate the [[w:Evolvability|evolvability]] of government systems by harnessing variability and subjecting government policies to effective selection pressures. == Objectives == {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objective of this course is to accelerate the evolution of governments to better serve the needs of the people as we harness the [[wisdom]] of humanity. This is a course in the [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|''possibilities'' curriculum]], currently being developed as part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom Curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Evolving_Governments|discussion page]]. == Evolution == [[w:Evolution|Evolution]] occurs when variability is subjected to selection pressures. In [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]] living organisms are selected primarily based on reproductive success. In his book ''The Evolution of Everything''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge|last=Ridley|first=Matt|date=October 25, 2016|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0062296016|pages=368|author-link=w:Matt_Ridley}}</ref> , [[w:Matt Ridley|Matt Ridley]] describes the evolution of the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, the internet and the future. Each of these systems evolves based on specialized generation, variation, and selection mechanisms. [[w:Evolvability|Evolvability]] is the capacity of a system for [[w:Adaptation|adaptive evolution]]. Evolvability increases when [[w:Evolvability#Generating%20more%20variation|more variation is generated]] and when [[w:Evolvability#Enhancement%20of%20selection|selection pressures]] are enhanced. While these ideas are well studied in biological systems, they are not often analyzed and applied to [[w:Governance|governance]] systems. This course applies these concepts to governance systems. == Generating Variation == Generating variation is the first component of evolvability. There are several existing and potential sources of variation in governments. These include 1) history, 2) comparisons, 3) leadership and policy changes, and 4) experimentation. These are discussed further below. === History === Historians, [[w:Political philosophy|political philosophers]], [[w:Political science|political scientists]], and others have studied the structure and results of government systems throughout human history. Much is known about the results of various government approaches. By applying criteria for evaluating government results, the effectiveness of various government structures is evaluated. As we discuss in the [[Evolving Governments#Defining Democracy|sections on democracy]], various [[w:Types of democracy|forms of democracy]] have provided the best results to date. === Comparisons === Businesses routinely use [[w:Benchmarking|benchmarking]] to compare the results of various industry practices and identify best practices. Policy makers, government officials, and citizens have a similar opportunity to practice [[w:Comparative politics|comparative politics]] and compare the results of various governments. These are forms of [[w:Natural experiment|natural experiments]]. Examples of this work include: * The ''[[w:Freedom in the World|Freedom in the World]]'' report<ref>Freedom in the World, Freedom House, <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world</nowiki></ref> compiled by [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], * The [[w:Democracy Index|Democracy Index]], compiled by the [[w:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]]. * The [[w:Democracy Ranking|Democracy ranking]] compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award. * The [[w:Index of Freedom in the World|Index of Freedom in the World]], published by Canada’s Fraser Institute. * Indices published by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|Varieties of Democracy institute]], * The [[w:Worldwide Governance Indicators|Worldwide Governance Indicators]] compiled by the World Bank. * World Report 2022, published by [[w:Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>World Report 2022, Human Rights Watch. See: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022</ref> * The [[w:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compiled by the United Nations, and * others in this [[w:List of freedom indices|list of freedom indices]]. [[File:Comparison gender life expectancy WHO.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparison of average female and male life expectancy as defined by [[w:World Health Organization|WHO]] for 2019. Open the original [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Comparison_gender_life_expectancy_WHO.svg chart] in a separate tab and hover over a bubble to highlight it. The size of bubbles are proportional to country population according to estimation of the [[w:United Nations|UN]] for 2019.]] Several specialized comparisons study the performance of various policies. Examples include: *the [[w:Education Index|education index]], *the [[w:Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty index]], *the [[w:World Happiness Report|world happiness report]], *the [[w:Human Capital Index|Human Capital Index]], *the World Health Organization [[w:World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000|ranking of health systems in 2000]], *the [[w:List_of_countries_by_quality_of_healthcare|list of countries by quality of healthcare]] published by the OECD, and * these [[w:List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy|lists of countries by life expectancy]]. === Assignment === # Find your country on one of the reports or indices listed above, or on some other reliable ranked evaluation. # If your country is ranked at the top, congratulations; enjoy your country’s success, and consider sharing successful ideas and policies with others. # Otherwise, study the policy in place at the highest-ranking countries and work to have them enacted appropriately in your country. === Leadership and Policy Changes === Leadership changes occur because of [[w:Term limit|term limits]], [[w:Election|elections]], [[w:Order of succession|succession]], [[w:Coup d'état|coups]], or [[w:Revolution|revolution]]. This provides citizens and researchers with an opportunity to evaluate the results obtained by one leader compared to others. This comparison is often difficult because of the complexity of government and the need to distinguish between local and global effects and short term and long-term effects. Access to reliable information regarding the effectiveness of various policies is often difficult to obtain and evaluate due to [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]], unreliable reporting, [[w:Media bias|media bias]], limited data availability, and the effort required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. In addition, each of us is constrained by our [[w:Bounded rationality|bounded rationality]]—the limited capacity of people to direct attention to these issues and make optimal decisions. Policy changes also take place and provide opportunities and difficulties like those in evaluating leadership changes. === Experimentation === An [[w:Experiment|experiment]] is a procedure carried out to determine the effectiveness of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into [[w:Causality|cause-and-effect]] by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on a repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. In a laboratory experiment condition are controlled, one factor to be studied is manipulated and the results are recorded, analyzed, studied, and reported. It is rarely feasible to carry out such experiments in social settings because of the difficulties and ethical concerns of manipulating groups of people. [[w:Natural experiment|Natural experimental studies]] are used in these cases. A [[w:Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]] (RCT) or Randomized Field Trial (RFT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are [[w:Clinical trial|clinical trials]] that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, or other medical treatments. Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled. By randomly allocating participants among compared treatments, an RCT enables statistical control over these influences. Provided it is designed well, conducted properly, and enrolls enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. Randomly controlled trials can be used to conduct [[w:Policy experimentation|social experiments]], as the following examples show. The [[w:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) is an excellent example of using experimentation to inform policy decisions. The lab is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific evidence]]. J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty, and builds partnerships with governments, [[w:Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], donors, and others to generate new research, share knowledge, and scale up effective programs. Other organizations conducting actionable research using social experiments include the EdRedesign Lab<ref>The EdRedesign Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education. See: <nowiki>https://edredesign.org/</nowiki></ref> , and the work of [[w:John A. List|John A. List]] in performing [[w:Field experiments|field experiments]] in economics. Experiments in government are carried out in various national and local settings. Ongoing experiments include: * Rank choice voting, also known as [[w:Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting]], is a type of ranked preferential voting. It uses a majority voting rule in single-winner elections where there are more than two candidates. It has a significant and [[w:History and use of instant-runoff voting|growing history of use]] around the world, including [[w:Ranked-choice voting in the United States|within the United States]] where it is advocated by the [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization. * The [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization advocates within the United States for: ** [[w:Single transferable vote|Fair]] [[w:Proportional representation|Representation Voting]], ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting|Ranked Choice Voting]], ** the Constitutional Right to Vote, and ** the [[w:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact|National Popular Vote]]. * The Institute for Political Innovation<ref>The Institute for Political Innovation. See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org</nowiki></ref> advocates for: ** [[w:Top-four primary#Final%20Five%20Voting|Final-Five Voting]] which is a variation of a [[w:Top-four primary|Top-four primary]] soon to be used in Alaska, and ** Zero-Based Rule Making<ref>See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org/zero-basedrulemaking/</nowiki></ref> which promises to eliminate constraints on thinking and open new possibilities for [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. This proposal is modeled on [[w:Zero-based budgeting|zero-based budgeting]] practices often used in business settings. * [[w:Liquid democracy|Liquid democracy]] is a form of [[w:Delegative democracy|delegative democracy]], whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] and [[w:Representative democracy|representative democracy]]. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues as in a direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf as in representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". Several [[w:Liquid democracy#Examples|implementations are being used]]. * The GovLab<ref>https://thegovlab.org</ref> is relying on reproducible experiments and metrics to better understand what works (and what doesn’t) and to translate theory and hypotheses into actionable insights. They collaborate and connect with experts and practitioners across sectors and disciplines, levels of government, and geographies to learn how to govern more effectively and legitimately. * Several [[w:Basic income pilots|pilot programs are underway]] to experiment with various forms of [[Universal basic income|Universal Basic Income]]. * The [[w:Forward (United States)|Forward Party]] is a political action committee (PAC) that seeks to form a new centrist political party in the United States. Author Jim Manzi advocates institutionalized social experimentation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> Decentralized experimentation would be encouraged and would be subjected to standardized experimental evaluation and reporting to Congress. He suggests conducting as many social policy randomized controlled trials as we do clinical trials, about 10,000 each year. ==== Assignment ==== # Choose some local setting where you can run an experiment. This may be a [[w:Student council|student council election]], a committee appointment, a local election, or some other arena. # Choose an innovation from the above list, or some other source. # Run a trial of the chosen innovation in the chosen setting. For example, use rank choice voting to select the student class president at a local school. # Reflect on what was learned from that experiment. # Consider how larger experiments can be carried out. # Engage with at least one of the organizations mentioned above. # Work with them to evolve government. == Selection Pressures == The evolution of government will depend on the selection pressures each government system is subjected to. Selection pressures have two parts 1) selection ''criteria''—identifying what we want—and 2) selection ''forces''—making changes that progress toward the selection criteria. These are the system [[w:Feedback|feedback]] mechanisms. Each is described below. == Selection Criteria == Selection criteria form the basis for choosing the best alternative from several available choices. Evolution is accelerated when useful selection criteria are coupled with effective selection forces. In this section we develop useful criteria for selecting the best government options. === Selecting Leaders === It may be easier to select [[Wisdom|wise]] leaders than it is to understand, evaluate, and select various policy options. ==== Assignment ==== # Assess the [[intellectual honesty]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that is not intellectually honest. # Assess the [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that does not consistently demonstrate well developed moral reasoning. # Complete the [[Wisdom#Assessing Wisdom|Assessing Wisdom section]] of the Wikiversity course on [[Wisdom]]. # Follow the instructions and complete the [[Wisdom/wisdom assessment form|wisdom assessment form]] to evaluate the viable candidates. Establish a rank ordering of the most attractive candidates. # Consider supporting, campaigning, and voting for the candidate that scores best. Act to place wise leaders in office. # Make these important [[Wisdom#Wise Decision Making|decisions wisely]]. === Policy-based Selections === In addition to choosing wise leaders, it is helpful to advocate for policy positions that lead to [[w:Good government|good government]] and [[w:Good governance|good governance]]. The [[w:United Nations|United Nations]] is playing an increasing role in promoting good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN follows eight principles:<ref>What is Good Governance, UN ESCAP Report, July 10, 2009. See: <nowiki>https://www.unescap.org/resources/what-good-governance</nowiki></ref> * Participation – People can voice their own opinions through legitimate intermediate organizations or representatives. * [[w:Rule of law|Rule of Law]] – Legal frameworks are enforced impartially, especially on human right laws. * Consensus Orientation– Differing interests are mediated to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. * Equity and Inclusiveness – People have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. * Effectiveness and Efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. * Accountability – Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations are held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. * Transparency – Information is accessible to the public and is understandable and monitored. * Responsiveness – Institutions and processes serve all stakeholders. Going beyond these general principles, good government is most likely to mean supporting policies that strengthen the democratic processes. === Defining Democracy === Although not necessarily the best possible governance system, [[w:Democracy|democracy]] is widely acknowledged as the most effective governance system in wide use today. For example, [[w:Derek Bok|Derek Bok]] states “In this regard, it is noteworthy that almost all the countries in the world that rank highest in overall satisfaction with life have been successful democracies for more than 80 years.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy. Karl Popper says that the "classical" view of democracy is "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people, and that the people have a right to rule." Kofi Annan states that "there are as many different forms of democracy as there are democratic nations in the world." One study identified 2,234 adjectives used in the English language to describe democracy.<ref>Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). "2,234 Descriptions of Democracy". Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050107. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 149825810.</ref> Democratic principles require all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution. Freedom House provides this characterization of democracy: <blockquote> “Democracy means more than just majority rule, however. In its ideal form, it is a governing system based on the will and consent of the governed, institutions that are accountable to all citizens, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights. It is a network of mutually reinforcing structures in which those exercising power are subject to checks both within and outside the state, for example, from independent courts, an independent press, and civil society. It requires an openness to alternations in power, with rival candidates or parties competing fairly to govern for the good of the public as a whole, not just themselves or those who voted for them. It creates a level playing field so that all people, no matter the circumstances of their birth or background, can enjoy the universal human rights to which they are entitled and participate in politics and governance.”<ref>Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, Page 5</ref> </blockquote> === Characteristics of Democracy === [[File:Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920.jpg|thumb|Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920]] [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]] has established detailed criteria for evaluating various forms of democracy.<ref>Freedom in the World Research Methodology. See: <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology</nowiki> </ref> These criteria are summarized below: ==== Electoral process. ==== #'''Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?''' Considerations include independent [[w:Election monitoring|election monitoring]], adequate time for candidates to enter and campaign, accurate [[w:Voter registration|registration of voters]], inclusion of women and minority candidates, opportunities for candidates to address voters, make speeches, hold public meetings, and obtain media access, use of [[w:Secret ballot|secret ballot]], lack of pressure or voter intimidation, transparent vote counting, access to voting places, and the [[w:Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. #'''Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?''' The considerations are like the above. #'''Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?''' Considerations include use of a fair legislative framework for conducting elections, an independent election commission, [[w:Universal suffrage|universal suffrage]], fair [[w:Electoral district|election districts]], and fair procedures for [[w:Electoral reform|electoral reform]]. ==== Political Pluralism and Participation ==== #'''Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?''' Considerations include opportunities to form [[w:Political party|political parties]], freedom to hold meetings, rallies, and obtain media access, fair and equitable rules for party financing, freedom of [[w:Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]], and opportunities for [[w:Independent politician|independent candidates]]. #'''Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?''' Considerations include freedom of opposition parties to increase their support base and compete in elections, are opposition parties in positions of authority, and is there a significant opposition vote? #'''Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?''' Considerations include lack of intimidation by military, foreign powers, oligarchies, criminal organizations, or other powerful groups, absence of [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Corruption|corruption]], improper [[w:Quid pro quo|quid pro quo]], or other improper influences, lack of dominant political donors, transparent [[w:Campaign finance|campaign financing]], and accountability to the voters. #'''Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?''' Considerations include addressing minority issues, participation of [[w:Minority group|minority groups]] in political life, full inclusion of women, and [[w:Citizenship|citizenship]] opportunities for minorities. ==== Functioning of government ==== #'''Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?''' Considerations include installation of the elected officials into office, ability to form a functioning government, non-interference by [[w:Non-state actor|nonstate actors]], lack of military influence on government operations, independence of the executive and legislative branches, and frequency of [[w:Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] actions. #'''Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?''' Considerations include effectiveness of anticorruption laws and programs, independent oversight and auditing, investigation of alleged corruption, and [[w:Whistleblower|whistleblower]] protections. #'''Does the government operate with openness and transparency?''' Considerations include ability of citizens to obtain accurate information about state operations, ability to petition government agencies for information, publication of state information, ability to access and comment on pending legislations, public review of budget processes, transparency in awarding contracts, and public scrutiny of [[w:Financial disclosure of public servants|government officials’ financial disclosure]]. ==== Additional discretionary political rights question ==== #'''Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group?''' Considerations include providing incentives to change the [[w:Ethnic group|ethnic composition]] of a region, forcibly moving people into or out of certain regions, and arresting or killing members of certain ethnic groups. ==== Civil Liberties ==== ==== Freedom of Expression and belief ==== #'''Are there free and independent media?''' Considerations include [[w:Media (communication)|media]] [[w:Censorship|censorship]], pressure or surveillance, punishment of journalists, [[w:Freedom of speech|freedom of speech]] regarding criticism of government officials, government control of media, [[w:Editorial independence|editorial independence,]] nonpartisan coverage, government influence of media coverage, involvement of women and minorities, free expression in works of literature, and other cultural expressions. #'''Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?''' Considerations include [[w:Freedom of religion|freedom of religious]] institutions to function, freedom from harassment of minority faith members, lack of government involvement in appointing religious leaders, freedom to distribute religious writings, freedom to construct and occupy religious buildings, lack of government involvement in religious education, and freedom to eschew religious beliefs and practices. #'''Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?''' Considerations include [[w:Academic freedom|freedom of educators]] to pursue political activities, non-interference in school [[w:Curriculum|curriculums]], fair allocation of funding, freedom of student associations to pursue political activities, and freedom of students to support candidates of their choice. #'''Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?''' Considerations include the ability to engage in discussions, including [[w:Political criticism|political discussions]], in public, or private places, including online communications, and lack of surveillance of antigovernment conversations. ==== Associational and organizational rights ==== #I'''s there [[w:Freedom of assembly|freedom of assembly]]?''' Considerations include freedom to protest peacefully, lack of intimidation or harassment of peaceful protesters, censorship of peaceful protester’s communications, and freedom to petition the public, #'''Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?''' Considerations include ease of creating [[w:Non-governmental organization|nongovernment organizations]], fair rules for financing the work, and freedom from government intimidation or harassment. #'''Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?''' Considerations include unfettered formation and operation of [[w:Trade union|trade unions]], lack of pressure to join or not join certain trade unions, ability to [[w:Strike action|strike]] without reprisals, [[w:Collective bargaining|collective bargaining]], and free operation of professional organizations. ==== Rule of Law ==== #'''Is there an independent judiciary?''' Considerations include noninterference by the executive branch or other influences, fair appointment of judges, impartial rulings by judges, compliance with judicial decisions, and the absence of powerful influences over judicial decisions. #'''Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?''' Considerations include [[w:Presumption of innocence|presumption of innocence]], access to effective [[w:Counsel|counsel]], fair [[w:Trial|trial]], fair access to the [[w:Judiciary|court system]], independent [[w:Prosecutor|prosecutors]], fair and effective law enforcement, and upholding of [[w:Due process|due process]] without interference. #'''Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?''' Considerations include absence of excessive force during arrest and detainment, humane conditions in pretrial detention facilities and prisons, effective redress of abuse, absence of [[w:Corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], minimal application of [[w:Corporal punishment|capital punishment]], lack of violent crime, and safety for the population. #'''Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?''' Considerations include the ability of distinctive or minority groups to exercise their [[w:Human rights|human rights]], lack of violence against such groups, lack of discrimination against such groups, granting of [[w:Right of asylum|asylum]], and protection of [[w:Human rights|human rights]]. ==== Personal autonomy and individual rights ==== #'''Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?''' Considerations include freedom of foreign travel, freedom of movement within the country, lack of bribery and other corruption, safe travel, and equal rights for women. #'''Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?''' Considerations include the ability to purchase or sell land and other property, equal [[w:Women'27s rights|rights for women]], lack of favoritism, [[w:Cronyism|cronyism]], [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Extortion|extortion]], and other forms of [[w:Political corruption|corruption]], and ease of doing business, #'''Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?''' Considerations include lack of personal and domestic violence, freedom to [[w:Same-sex marriage|marry your chosen partner]], fair divorce and child custody decisions, and free choice of dress and appearance. #'''Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?''' Considerations include lack of worker exploitation, economic opportunity, fair competition, and absence of [[w:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]. While the Freedom House characteristics of democracy criteria are extensive, a more extensive set of criteria is used by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|V-Dem institute]] to evaluate democracies around the world. Their document “V-Dem Methodology v11.1”<ref>V-Dem Methodology v11.1 See: <nowiki>https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/methodologyv111.pdf</nowiki></ref> describes their methodology in detail. Interested students can study that document for more detail. Other authors advocate for additional characteristics including increasing [[w:Human capital|human capital]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> through more effective and relevant education<ref>The Relevant Education Project. See: <nowiki>https://relevant.education</nowiki></ref>, improving our shared knowledge base, increasing [[Emotional Competency|emotional intelligence]], and increasing our [[w:Collective intelligence|collective intelligence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}} Page 91 of 405</ref>^,<ref>See, for example the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. <nowiki>https://cci.mit.edu</nowiki></ref> === Assignment === # Study the above criteria used to evaluate democracies. # Find where your country ranks on the Freedom House Freedom in the world report. # Identify areas for improvement. # Advocate for policies that improve attainment of these criteria within your government. === Results-based selections === Better governance systems attain better results. A governance system can be evaluated by the contribution it makes toward helping the governed organization reach its goals. If the governed organization is a corporation, then the best governance system is the one that results in the most profits, along with consideration of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, relevant regulations, and social responsibility. For other organizations, the effectiveness of a governance system can be judged by how well the governed organization meets its stated mission. In the case of international, national, state, regional, or local governments the mission will be assumed to be the [[w:Well-being|well-being]] of the people. One attractive option recognizes that “There are powerful arguments for making happiness a focal point for government policy.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Because happiness is often fleeting, we propose a more substantial and enduring basis for evaluating and selecting government systems. [[File:Evaluating Good Government.jpg|thumb|Better governments allow more people to meet more of their needs.]] Here we suggest that <blockquote> '''The government that meets more of the needs of more of the people is the better system.'''<ref>Good Government, Substack Article, Leland Beaumont, July 17, 2022</ref> </blockquote> To be specific, in this definition we use [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]]<ref>Researchers continue to refine and extend Maslow’s original thesis. It may be wise to use these updated views rather than Maslow’s original thesis.  </ref> as our reference standard for defining the needs of the people. A population where more people are meeting more of their higher-level needs is benefiting from the better governance system. The fewer people who have unmet needs the better. The more people who have high level needs met the better.<ref>It may be wise to consider it unacceptable to leave the basic needs of anyone unmet. Therefore, it may be important to meet everyone’s basic needs before turning attention to meeting the higher-level needs of the few. This suggests a [[w:Minimax#Maximin|Maximin]] approach and is consistent with the doctrine of sufficiency.</ref> Alternative standards might include measures of: * Adherence to the [[w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], * [[w:Well-being|Well-being]], * [[w:Subjective well-being|Subjective well-being]], or * Some blend, weighing, or aggregation of these. In any case, the question of “what is the better government system?” can be answered [[w:Empiricism|empirically]] rather than hypothetically or speculatively. Evaluating results would require an independent rating agency, such as the [[w:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], a [[w:Nationally recognized statistical rating organization|nationally recognized statistical rating organization]], or other organizations, such as [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], to study, analyze, and publish results. === Assignment === # Read the essay [[/Good Government/]]. # Estimate where you are now on Maslow’s needs hierarchy. # Use your estimate of the well-being of the population of your country or region to draw a diagram like the one shown above on the right. == Selection Forces == [[File:Vote Carefully.jpg|thumb|Vote conscientiously to evolve governments.]] Selection forces—actions that select for the preferred outcome—are the engine of evolution. Within a nation with a functioning democracy, selection forces include: *[[w:Civic_engagement|Civic engagement]]; * voting. There are good arguments supporting the conclusion that citizens in a democracy have a moral duty to vote.<ref>Christiano, Tom and Sameer Bajaj, "Democracy", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/democracy/</nowiki>>. Section 4.3.1.</ref> Register to vote, study the candidates and the issues, and vote in every election you are eligible to vote in. * Campaigning; * supporting desirable candidates; **[[w:Get_out_the_vote|getting out the vote]]; * supporting desirable policies and legislation; * communicating with elected officials. * [[w:Follow_the_money|Money is powerful]]. Align money toward the good. **Practice [[w:Socially_responsible_investing|socially responsible investing]] to shift investments from supporting harmful polices toward supporting wise policies. ***As an example, the [[w:Fossil_fuel_divestment|fossil free divestment]] movement is taking such action. **Make financial contributions to support desirable polices and candidates. **Work to reform [[w:Campaign_finance|campaign financing]] laws and practices. **Use information available from [[w:OpenSecrets|OpenSecrets]], or a similar organization, to understand how political campaigns are financed. Be wary of candidates that obtain large financial contributions from special interests. * influencing public opinion, and * running for office. Options are more difficult in non-democratic nations. In this case, read the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''<ref>{{cite book|title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation|last=Sharp|first=Gene|date=September 4, 2012|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595588500|pages=160|author-link=w:Gene_Sharp}}</ref> and complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. The Wikiversity course [[Confronting Tyranny]] may also be helpful. === Assignment === *Use these selection forces [[Wisdom|wisely]]. *Exercise your [[What_you_can_change_and_what_you_cannot#Agency|agency]] for the good. == Possibilities == Imagine how it can be! === Assignment === This assignment is entirely optional, and it is likely that most students will skip it. The assignment is provided here to stimulate the imagination of interested students. # Read the book ''The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}}</ref> # Read the book ''Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>[1] {{cite book|title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973927|pages=495}}</ref> # Study the work of the [[Level 5 Research Center]]. # Study the work of the [[Wisdom Research|Wisdom and the Future Research Center]]. # Study the course [[A Journey to GameB]]. # Participate in the research project to [[Living Wisely/Improving our Social Operating Systems|improve our social operating systems]]. # Read the essay “3 Design principles for Protopian Governance".<ref>3 Design principles for Protopian Governance, Hanzi Freinacht, May 22, 2022, See: <nowiki>https://medium.com/@hanzifreinacht/3-design-principles-for-protopian-governance-bc2bfa7faa9a</nowiki></ref> # Study courses in the [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|possibilities curriculum]]. # Read the essay [[Assessing Human Rights/Beyond Olympic Gold|Beyond Olympic gold]]. ## Work to [[Assessing Human Rights|advance human rights worldwide]]. # Read the [[w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] article on Global Democracy.<ref>Kuyper, Jonathan, "Global Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/global-democracy/</nowiki>>.</ref> # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Intentional Evolution|Intentional evolution]]. ##Complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Envisioning Our Future]]. ## Write down [[Envisioning Our Future#Write Down Your Vision of Our Future|your vision of our future]]. ## Use the essay you wrote as a guide toward action. ## Act to make the future you envision a reality. == Assignment == # [[Living Wisely|Live wisely]]. # Read the essay [[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Aligning Worldviews]]. ## Align your worldview with reality. # Complete the course [[Intentional Evolution]]. ## Apply the principles taught in the Intentional Evolution course to accelerate the evolution of governments. # Become an informed and engaged citizen. # Practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Collaborate with others who practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Without compromising your values, [[Finding Common Ground|seek common ground]] with those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Transcending Conflict|Transcending conflict]]. ### Work to transcend conflict. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Common Ground|Finding common ground]]. ### Seek common ground # Challenge, confront, and [[w:Persuasion|persuade]] those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|Seek first to understand, then to be understood]]. ## As a gentle starting point, become comfortable using [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|these phrases]] in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] to encourage the participants to act in good faith. ## Support and vote for political leaders who support values and policies that advance this evolutionary worldview. ## Protect your own safety. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Courage]]. ###Find the moral courage to act according to your well-chosen values and confront antagonists. ## Apply suitable techniques discussed in the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''.<ref>Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1595588500.</ref> ## Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Confronting Tyranny]]. ###Confront tyranny # Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]]. # [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seek real good]]. == Further Reading == Students who are interested in learning more about evolving governments may wish to read these books: * {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |author-link= |date=October 25, 2012 |title=Governance: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=147 |isbn=978-0199606412}} * {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link= |date=October 10, 2002 | title=Democracy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=145 |isbn=978-0192802507}} * {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology * {{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}} * {{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}} * {{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} * {{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}} * {{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }} * {{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441 |isbn=978-0316230032}} * {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} *{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}} * {{cite book |last=Camp |first=Robert C. |date=May 1, 1989 |title=Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance |publisher=Amer Society for Quality |pages=299 |isbn=978-0873890588}} * The Modern Political Traditions: Hobbes to Habermas, Wondrium I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *{{cite book |last1=Gneezy |first1=Uri |last2=List |first2=John |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life |publisher=Cornerstone |pages= |isbn=978-1847946751}} *{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |author-link=w:Ian_Bremmer |date=September 11, 2007 |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall |publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=336|isbn=978-0743274722}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=August 16, 2022 |title=What We Owe the Future Hardcover |publisher=Basic Books |pages=352 |isbn=978-1541618626}} *{{cite book |last=Borders |first=Max |date=May 2, 2022|title=The Decentralist: Mission, Morality, and Meaning in the Age of Crypto |publisher=Social Evolution |pages=214 |isbn=978-1732039421}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Government]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] {{Possibilities}} jgqxzzd2mersmicxdr2s8aey07ihvbg 2415927 2415926 2022-08-17T22:52:03Z Lbeaumont 278565 /* Comparisons */ Added List of countries by intentional homicide rate wikitext text/x-wiki —Unleashing collaboration == Introduction == [[File:3d10 fm de vilafranca.jpg|thumb| thumb | Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]].]] Almost all people on earth are ruled by obsolete [[w:Government|government]] systems that were developed centuries ago. For example, the [[w:Constitution_of_the_United_States|constitution of the United States]] was ratified in 1788, a full 50 years before the [[w:Electrical_telegraph|first telegram]] was sent by Samuel Morse in 1838, 115 years before the Wright Brothers [[w:Wright_brothers#First_powered_flight|first powered airplane flight]] in 1903, and 140 years before [[w:Alexander_Fleming|Alexander Fleming]] discovered [[w:Penicillin|penicillin]] in 1928, the first antibiotic. {{TOC right |limit=2}} Today we have indoor plumbing, air travel, space exploration, electric automobiles, smartphones, and advanced medical procedures. Technology evolves quickly because many innovations are subjected to selection pressures that test fitness for use. Similarly, we can accelerate the [[w:Evolvability|evolvability]] of government systems by harnessing variability and subjecting government policies to effective selection pressures. == Objectives == {{100%done}}{{By|lbeaumont}} The objective of this course is to accelerate the evolution of governments to better serve the needs of the people as we harness the [[wisdom]] of humanity. This is a course in the [[Unleashing_Creativity/possibilities_curriculum|''possibilities'' curriculum]], currently being developed as part of the [[Wisdom/Curriculum|Applied Wisdom Curriculum]]. If you wish to contact the instructor, please [[Special:Emailuser/Lbeaumont | click here to send me an email]] or leave a comment or question on the [[Talk:Evolving_Governments|discussion page]]. == Evolution == [[w:Evolution|Evolution]] occurs when variability is subjected to selection pressures. In [[w:Evolution|biological evolution]] living organisms are selected primarily based on reproductive success. In his book ''The Evolution of Everything''<ref>{{cite book|title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge|last=Ridley|first=Matt|date=October 25, 2016|publisher=Harper Perennial|isbn=978-0062296016|pages=368|author-link=w:Matt_Ridley}}</ref> , [[w:Matt Ridley|Matt Ridley]] describes the evolution of the universe, morality, life, genes, culture, the economy, technology, the mind, personality, education, population, leadership, government, religion, money, the internet and the future. Each of these systems evolves based on specialized generation, variation, and selection mechanisms. [[w:Evolvability|Evolvability]] is the capacity of a system for [[w:Adaptation|adaptive evolution]]. Evolvability increases when [[w:Evolvability#Generating%20more%20variation|more variation is generated]] and when [[w:Evolvability#Enhancement%20of%20selection|selection pressures]] are enhanced. While these ideas are well studied in biological systems, they are not often analyzed and applied to [[w:Governance|governance]] systems. This course applies these concepts to governance systems. == Generating Variation == Generating variation is the first component of evolvability. There are several existing and potential sources of variation in governments. These include 1) history, 2) comparisons, 3) leadership and policy changes, and 4) experimentation. These are discussed further below. === History === Historians, [[w:Political philosophy|political philosophers]], [[w:Political science|political scientists]], and others have studied the structure and results of government systems throughout human history. Much is known about the results of various government approaches. By applying criteria for evaluating government results, the effectiveness of various government structures is evaluated. As we discuss in the [[Evolving Governments#Defining Democracy|sections on democracy]], various [[w:Types of democracy|forms of democracy]] have provided the best results to date. === Comparisons === Businesses routinely use [[w:Benchmarking|benchmarking]] to compare the results of various industry practices and identify best practices. Policy makers, government officials, and citizens have a similar opportunity to practice [[w:Comparative politics|comparative politics]] and compare the results of various governments. These are forms of [[w:Natural experiment|natural experiments]]. Examples of this work include: * The ''[[w:Freedom in the World|Freedom in the World]]'' report<ref>Freedom in the World, Freedom House, <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/report/freedom-world</nowiki></ref> compiled by [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], * The [[w:Democracy Index|Democracy Index]], compiled by the [[w:Economist Intelligence Unit|Economist Intelligence Unit]]. * The [[w:Democracy Ranking|Democracy ranking]] compiled by the Association for Development and Advancement of the Democracy Award. * The [[w:Index of Freedom in the World|Index of Freedom in the World]], published by Canada’s Fraser Institute. * Indices published by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|Varieties of Democracy institute]], * The [[w:Worldwide Governance Indicators|Worldwide Governance Indicators]] compiled by the World Bank. * World Report 2022, published by [[w:Human Rights Watch|Human Rights Watch]],<ref>World Report 2022, Human Rights Watch. See: https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2022</ref> * The [[w:Human Development Index|Human Development Index]] compiled by the United Nations, and * others in this [[w:List of freedom indices|list of freedom indices]]. [[File:Comparison gender life expectancy WHO.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|Comparison of average female and male life expectancy as defined by [[w:World Health Organization|WHO]] for 2019. Open the original [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/52/Comparison_gender_life_expectancy_WHO.svg chart] in a separate tab and hover over a bubble to highlight it. The size of bubbles are proportional to country population according to estimation of the [[w:United Nations|UN]] for 2019.]] Several specialized comparisons study the performance of various policies. Examples include: *the [[w:Education Index|education index]], *the [[w:Multidimensional Poverty Index|multidimensional poverty index]], *the [[w:World Happiness Report|world happiness report]], *the [[w:Human Capital Index|Human Capital Index]], *the World Health Organization [[w:World_Health_Organization_ranking_of_health_systems_in_2000|ranking of health systems in 2000]], *the [[w:List_of_countries_by_quality_of_healthcare|list of countries by quality of healthcare]] published by the OECD, * these [[w:List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy|lists of countries by life expectancy]], and * this [[w:List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate|list of countries by intentional homicide rate]]. === Assignment === # Find your country on one of the reports or indices listed above, or on some other reliable ranked evaluation. # If your country is ranked at the top, congratulations; enjoy your country’s success, and consider sharing successful ideas and policies with others. # Otherwise, study the policy in place at the highest-ranking countries and work to have them enacted appropriately in your country. === Leadership and Policy Changes === Leadership changes occur because of [[w:Term limit|term limits]], [[w:Election|elections]], [[w:Order of succession|succession]], [[w:Coup d'état|coups]], or [[w:Revolution|revolution]]. This provides citizens and researchers with an opportunity to evaluate the results obtained by one leader compared to others. This comparison is often difficult because of the complexity of government and the need to distinguish between local and global effects and short term and long-term effects. Access to reliable information regarding the effectiveness of various policies is often difficult to obtain and evaluate due to [[w:Propaganda|propaganda]], unreliable reporting, [[w:Media bias|media bias]], limited data availability, and the effort required to collect, analyze, and interpret the data. In addition, each of us is constrained by our [[w:Bounded rationality|bounded rationality]]—the limited capacity of people to direct attention to these issues and make optimal decisions. Policy changes also take place and provide opportunities and difficulties like those in evaluating leadership changes. === Experimentation === An [[w:Experiment|experiment]] is a procedure carried out to determine the effectiveness of something previously untried. Experiments provide insight into [[w:Causality|cause-and-effect]] by demonstrating what outcome occurs when a particular factor is manipulated. Experiments vary greatly in goal and scale but always rely on a repeatable procedure and logical analysis of the results. In a laboratory experiment condition are controlled, one factor to be studied is manipulated and the results are recorded, analyzed, studied, and reported. It is rarely feasible to carry out such experiments in social settings because of the difficulties and ethical concerns of manipulating groups of people. [[w:Natural experiment|Natural experimental studies]] are used in these cases. A [[w:Randomized controlled trial|randomized controlled trial]] (RCT) or Randomized Field Trial (RFT) is a form of scientific experiment used to control factors not under direct experimental control. Examples of RCTs are [[w:Clinical trial|clinical trials]] that compare the effects of drugs, surgical techniques, medical devices, diagnostic procedures, or other medical treatments. Participants who enroll in RCTs differ from one another in known and unknown ways that can influence study outcomes, and yet cannot be directly controlled. By randomly allocating participants among compared treatments, an RCT enables statistical control over these influences. Provided it is designed well, conducted properly, and enrolls enough participants, an RCT may achieve sufficient control over these confounding factors to deliver a useful comparison of the treatments studied. Randomly controlled trials can be used to conduct [[w:Policy experimentation|social experiments]], as the following examples show. The [[w:Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab|Abdul Latif Jameel Poverty Action Lab]] (J-PAL) is an excellent example of using experimentation to inform policy decisions. The lab is a global research center working to reduce poverty by ensuring that policy is informed by [[Thinking Scientifically|scientific evidence]]. J-PAL conducts randomized impact evaluations to answer critical questions in the fight against poverty, and builds partnerships with governments, [[w:Non-governmental organization|NGOs]], donors, and others to generate new research, share knowledge, and scale up effective programs. Other organizations conducting actionable research using social experiments include the EdRedesign Lab<ref>The EdRedesign Lab, Harvard Graduate School of Education. See: <nowiki>https://edredesign.org/</nowiki></ref> , and the work of [[w:John A. List|John A. List]] in performing [[w:Field experiments|field experiments]] in economics. Experiments in government are carried out in various national and local settings. Ongoing experiments include: * Rank choice voting, also known as [[w:Instant-runoff voting|instant-runoff voting]], is a type of ranked preferential voting. It uses a majority voting rule in single-winner elections where there are more than two candidates. It has a significant and [[w:History and use of instant-runoff voting|growing history of use]] around the world, including [[w:Ranked-choice voting in the United States|within the United States]] where it is advocated by the [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization. * The [[w:FairVote|FairVote]] organization advocates within the United States for: ** [[w:Single transferable vote|Fair]] [[w:Proportional representation|Representation Voting]], ** [[w:Instant-runoff voting|Ranked Choice Voting]], ** the Constitutional Right to Vote, and ** the [[w:National Popular Vote Interstate Compact|National Popular Vote]]. * The Institute for Political Innovation<ref>The Institute for Political Innovation. See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org</nowiki></ref> advocates for: ** [[w:Top-four primary#Final%20Five%20Voting|Final-Five Voting]] which is a variation of a [[w:Top-four primary|Top-four primary]] soon to be used in Alaska, and ** Zero-Based Rule Making<ref>See: <nowiki>https://political-innovation.org/zero-basedrulemaking/</nowiki></ref> which promises to eliminate constraints on thinking and open new possibilities for [[Solving Problems|solving problems]]. This proposal is modeled on [[w:Zero-based budgeting|zero-based budgeting]] practices often used in business settings. * [[w:Liquid democracy|Liquid democracy]] is a form of [[w:Delegative democracy|delegative democracy]], whereby an electorate engages in collective decision-making through [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] participation and dynamic representation. This democratic system utilizes elements of both [[w:Direct democracy|direct]] and [[w:Representative democracy|representative democracy]]. Voters in a liquid democracy have the right to vote directly on all policy issues as in a direct democracy; voters also have the option to delegate their votes to someone who will vote on their behalf as in representative democracy. Any individual may be delegated votes (those delegated votes are termed "proxies") and these proxies may in turn delegate their vote as well as any votes they have been delegated by others resulting in "metadelegation". Several [[w:Liquid democracy#Examples|implementations are being used]]. * The GovLab<ref>https://thegovlab.org</ref> is relying on reproducible experiments and metrics to better understand what works (and what doesn’t) and to translate theory and hypotheses into actionable insights. They collaborate and connect with experts and practitioners across sectors and disciplines, levels of government, and geographies to learn how to govern more effectively and legitimately. * Several [[w:Basic income pilots|pilot programs are underway]] to experiment with various forms of [[Universal basic income|Universal Basic Income]]. * The [[w:Forward (United States)|Forward Party]] is a political action committee (PAC) that seeks to form a new centrist political party in the United States. Author Jim Manzi advocates institutionalized social experimentation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> Decentralized experimentation would be encouraged and would be subjected to standardized experimental evaluation and reporting to Congress. He suggests conducting as many social policy randomized controlled trials as we do clinical trials, about 10,000 each year. ==== Assignment ==== # Choose some local setting where you can run an experiment. This may be a [[w:Student council|student council election]], a committee appointment, a local election, or some other arena. # Choose an innovation from the above list, or some other source. # Run a trial of the chosen innovation in the chosen setting. For example, use rank choice voting to select the student class president at a local school. # Reflect on what was learned from that experiment. # Consider how larger experiments can be carried out. # Engage with at least one of the organizations mentioned above. # Work with them to evolve government. == Selection Pressures == The evolution of government will depend on the selection pressures each government system is subjected to. Selection pressures have two parts 1) selection ''criteria''—identifying what we want—and 2) selection ''forces''—making changes that progress toward the selection criteria. These are the system [[w:Feedback|feedback]] mechanisms. Each is described below. == Selection Criteria == Selection criteria form the basis for choosing the best alternative from several available choices. Evolution is accelerated when useful selection criteria are coupled with effective selection forces. In this section we develop useful criteria for selecting the best government options. === Selecting Leaders === It may be easier to select [[Wisdom|wise]] leaders than it is to understand, evaluate, and select various policy options. ==== Assignment ==== # Assess the [[intellectual honesty]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that is not intellectually honest. # Assess the [[Moral Reasoning|moral reasoning]] of the candidates. Eliminate any candidate that does not consistently demonstrate well developed moral reasoning. # Complete the [[Wisdom#Assessing Wisdom|Assessing Wisdom section]] of the Wikiversity course on [[Wisdom]]. # Follow the instructions and complete the [[Wisdom/wisdom assessment form|wisdom assessment form]] to evaluate the viable candidates. Establish a rank ordering of the most attractive candidates. # Consider supporting, campaigning, and voting for the candidate that scores best. Act to place wise leaders in office. # Make these important [[Wisdom#Wise Decision Making|decisions wisely]]. === Policy-based Selections === In addition to choosing wise leaders, it is helpful to advocate for policy positions that lead to [[w:Good government|good government]] and [[w:Good governance|good governance]]. The [[w:United Nations|United Nations]] is playing an increasing role in promoting good governance. According to former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan, "Good governance is ensuring respect for human rights and the rule of law; strengthening democracy; promoting transparency and capacity in public administration." To implement this, the UN follows eight principles:<ref>What is Good Governance, UN ESCAP Report, July 10, 2009. See: <nowiki>https://www.unescap.org/resources/what-good-governance</nowiki></ref> * Participation – People can voice their own opinions through legitimate intermediate organizations or representatives. * [[w:Rule of law|Rule of Law]] – Legal frameworks are enforced impartially, especially on human right laws. * Consensus Orientation– Differing interests are mediated to meet the broad consensus on the best interests of a community. * Equity and Inclusiveness – People have opportunities to improve or maintain their well-being. * Effectiveness and Efficiency – Processes and institutions produce results that meet the needs of their community while making the best of their resources. * Accountability – Governmental institutions, private sectors, and civil society organizations are held accountable to the public and institutional stakeholders. * Transparency – Information is accessible to the public and is understandable and monitored. * Responsiveness – Institutions and processes serve all stakeholders. Going beyond these general principles, good government is most likely to mean supporting policies that strengthen the democratic processes. === Defining Democracy === Although not necessarily the best possible governance system, [[w:Democracy|democracy]] is widely acknowledged as the most effective governance system in wide use today. For example, [[w:Derek Bok|Derek Bok]] states “In this regard, it is noteworthy that almost all the countries in the world that rank highest in overall satisfaction with life have been successful democracies for more than 80 years.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Although democracy is generally understood to be defined by voting, no consensus exists on a precise definition of democracy. Karl Popper says that the "classical" view of democracy is "in brief, the theory that democracy is the rule of the people, and that the people have a right to rule." Kofi Annan states that "there are as many different forms of democracy as there are democratic nations in the world." One study identified 2,234 adjectives used in the English language to describe democracy.<ref>Gagnon, Jean-Paul (1 June 2018). "2,234 Descriptions of Democracy". Democratic Theory. 5 (1): 92–113. doi:10.3167/dt.2018.050107. ISSN 2332-8894. S2CID 149825810.</ref> Democratic principles require all eligible citizens being equal before the law and having equal access to legislative processes. For example, in a representative democracy, every vote has equal weight, no unreasonable restrictions can apply to anyone seeking to become a representative, and the freedom of its eligible citizens is secured by legitimized rights and liberties which are typically protected by a constitution. Freedom House provides this characterization of democracy: <blockquote> “Democracy means more than just majority rule, however. In its ideal form, it is a governing system based on the will and consent of the governed, institutions that are accountable to all citizens, adherence to the rule of law, and respect for human rights. It is a network of mutually reinforcing structures in which those exercising power are subject to checks both within and outside the state, for example, from independent courts, an independent press, and civil society. It requires an openness to alternations in power, with rival candidates or parties competing fairly to govern for the good of the public as a whole, not just themselves or those who voted for them. It creates a level playing field so that all people, no matter the circumstances of their birth or background, can enjoy the universal human rights to which they are entitled and participate in politics and governance.”<ref>Freedom in the World 2022, Freedom House, Page 5</ref> </blockquote> === Characteristics of Democracy === [[File:Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920.jpg|thumb|Women practice voting in Dayton Oct. 27, 1920]] [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]] has established detailed criteria for evaluating various forms of democracy.<ref>Freedom in the World Research Methodology. See: <nowiki>https://freedomhouse.org/reports/freedom-world/freedom-world-research-methodology</nowiki> </ref> These criteria are summarized below: ==== Electoral process. ==== #'''Was the current head of government or other chief national authority elected through free and fair elections?''' Considerations include independent [[w:Election monitoring|election monitoring]], adequate time for candidates to enter and campaign, accurate [[w:Voter registration|registration of voters]], inclusion of women and minority candidates, opportunities for candidates to address voters, make speeches, hold public meetings, and obtain media access, use of [[w:Secret ballot|secret ballot]], lack of pressure or voter intimidation, transparent vote counting, access to voting places, and the [[w:Peaceful transition of power|peaceful transfer of power]]. #'''Were the current national legislative representatives elected through free and fair elections?''' The considerations are like the above. #'''Are the electoral laws and framework fair, and are they implemented impartially by the relevant election management bodies?''' Considerations include use of a fair legislative framework for conducting elections, an independent election commission, [[w:Universal suffrage|universal suffrage]], fair [[w:Electoral district|election districts]], and fair procedures for [[w:Electoral reform|electoral reform]]. ==== Political Pluralism and Participation ==== #'''Do the people have the right to organize in different political parties or other competitive political groupings of their choice, and is the system free of undue obstacles to the rise and fall of these competing parties or groupings?''' Considerations include opportunities to form [[w:Political party|political parties]], freedom to hold meetings, rallies, and obtain media access, fair and equitable rules for party financing, freedom of [[w:Freedom of assembly|peaceful assembly]], and opportunities for [[w:Independent politician|independent candidates]]. #'''Is there a realistic opportunity for the opposition to increase its support or gain power through elections?''' Considerations include freedom of opposition parties to increase their support base and compete in elections, are opposition parties in positions of authority, and is there a significant opposition vote? #'''Are the people’s political choices free from domination by forces that are external to the political sphere, or by political forces that employ extrapolitical means?''' Considerations include lack of intimidation by military, foreign powers, oligarchies, criminal organizations, or other powerful groups, absence of [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Corruption|corruption]], improper [[w:Quid pro quo|quid pro quo]], or other improper influences, lack of dominant political donors, transparent [[w:Campaign finance|campaign financing]], and accountability to the voters. #'''Do various segments of the population (including ethnic, racial, religious, gender, LGBT+, and other relevant groups) have full political rights and electoral opportunities?''' Considerations include addressing minority issues, participation of [[w:Minority group|minority groups]] in political life, full inclusion of women, and [[w:Citizenship|citizenship]] opportunities for minorities. ==== Functioning of government ==== #'''Do the freely elected head of government and national legislative representatives determine the policies of the government?''' Considerations include installation of the elected officials into office, ability to form a functioning government, non-interference by [[w:Non-state actor|nonstate actors]], lack of military influence on government operations, independence of the executive and legislative branches, and frequency of [[w:Bipartisanship|bipartisan]] actions. #'''Are safeguards against official corruption strong and effective?''' Considerations include effectiveness of anticorruption laws and programs, independent oversight and auditing, investigation of alleged corruption, and [[w:Whistleblower|whistleblower]] protections. #'''Does the government operate with openness and transparency?''' Considerations include ability of citizens to obtain accurate information about state operations, ability to petition government agencies for information, publication of state information, ability to access and comment on pending legislations, public review of budget processes, transparency in awarding contracts, and public scrutiny of [[w:Financial disclosure of public servants|government officials’ financial disclosure]]. ==== Additional discretionary political rights question ==== #'''Is the government or occupying power deliberately changing the ethnic composition of a country or territory so as to destroy a culture or tip the political balance in favor of another group?''' Considerations include providing incentives to change the [[w:Ethnic group|ethnic composition]] of a region, forcibly moving people into or out of certain regions, and arresting or killing members of certain ethnic groups. ==== Civil Liberties ==== ==== Freedom of Expression and belief ==== #'''Are there free and independent media?''' Considerations include [[w:Media (communication)|media]] [[w:Censorship|censorship]], pressure or surveillance, punishment of journalists, [[w:Freedom of speech|freedom of speech]] regarding criticism of government officials, government control of media, [[w:Editorial independence|editorial independence,]] nonpartisan coverage, government influence of media coverage, involvement of women and minorities, free expression in works of literature, and other cultural expressions. #'''Are individuals free to practice and express their religious faith or nonbelief in public and private?''' Considerations include [[w:Freedom of religion|freedom of religious]] institutions to function, freedom from harassment of minority faith members, lack of government involvement in appointing religious leaders, freedom to distribute religious writings, freedom to construct and occupy religious buildings, lack of government involvement in religious education, and freedom to eschew religious beliefs and practices. #'''Is there academic freedom, and is the educational system free from extensive political indoctrination?''' Considerations include [[w:Academic freedom|freedom of educators]] to pursue political activities, non-interference in school [[w:Curriculum|curriculums]], fair allocation of funding, freedom of student associations to pursue political activities, and freedom of students to support candidates of their choice. #'''Are individuals free to express their personal views on political or other sensitive topics without fear of surveillance or retribution?''' Considerations include the ability to engage in discussions, including [[w:Political criticism|political discussions]], in public, or private places, including online communications, and lack of surveillance of antigovernment conversations. ==== Associational and organizational rights ==== #I'''s there [[w:Freedom of assembly|freedom of assembly]]?''' Considerations include freedom to protest peacefully, lack of intimidation or harassment of peaceful protesters, censorship of peaceful protester’s communications, and freedom to petition the public, #'''Is there freedom for nongovernmental organizations, particularly those that are engaged in human rights– and governance-related work?''' Considerations include ease of creating [[w:Non-governmental organization|nongovernment organizations]], fair rules for financing the work, and freedom from government intimidation or harassment. #'''Is there freedom for trade unions and similar professional or labor organizations?''' Considerations include unfettered formation and operation of [[w:Trade union|trade unions]], lack of pressure to join or not join certain trade unions, ability to [[w:Strike action|strike]] without reprisals, [[w:Collective bargaining|collective bargaining]], and free operation of professional organizations. ==== Rule of Law ==== #'''Is there an independent judiciary?''' Considerations include noninterference by the executive branch or other influences, fair appointment of judges, impartial rulings by judges, compliance with judicial decisions, and the absence of powerful influences over judicial decisions. #'''Does due process prevail in civil and criminal matters?''' Considerations include [[w:Presumption of innocence|presumption of innocence]], access to effective [[w:Counsel|counsel]], fair [[w:Trial|trial]], fair access to the [[w:Judiciary|court system]], independent [[w:Prosecutor|prosecutors]], fair and effective law enforcement, and upholding of [[w:Due process|due process]] without interference. #'''Is there protection from the illegitimate use of physical force and freedom from war and insurgencies?''' Considerations include absence of excessive force during arrest and detainment, humane conditions in pretrial detention facilities and prisons, effective redress of abuse, absence of [[w:Corporal punishment|corporal punishment]], minimal application of [[w:Corporal punishment|capital punishment]], lack of violent crime, and safety for the population. #'''Do laws, policies, and practices guarantee equal treatment of various segments of the population?''' Considerations include the ability of distinctive or minority groups to exercise their [[w:Human rights|human rights]], lack of violence against such groups, lack of discrimination against such groups, granting of [[w:Right of asylum|asylum]], and protection of [[w:Human rights|human rights]]. ==== Personal autonomy and individual rights ==== #'''Do individuals enjoy freedom of movement, including the ability to change their place of residence, employment, or education?''' Considerations include freedom of foreign travel, freedom of movement within the country, lack of bribery and other corruption, safe travel, and equal rights for women. #'''Are individuals able to exercise the right to own property and establish private businesses without undue interference from state or nonstate actors?''' Considerations include the ability to purchase or sell land and other property, equal [[w:Women'27s rights|rights for women]], lack of favoritism, [[w:Cronyism|cronyism]], [[w:Bribery|bribery]], [[w:Extortion|extortion]], and other forms of [[w:Political corruption|corruption]], and ease of doing business, #'''Do individuals enjoy personal social freedoms, including choice of marriage partner and size of family, protection from domestic violence, and control over appearance?''' Considerations include lack of personal and domestic violence, freedom to [[w:Same-sex marriage|marry your chosen partner]], fair divorce and child custody decisions, and free choice of dress and appearance. #'''Do individuals enjoy equality of opportunity and freedom from economic exploitation?''' Considerations include lack of worker exploitation, economic opportunity, fair competition, and absence of [[w:Human trafficking|human trafficking]]. While the Freedom House characteristics of democracy criteria are extensive, a more extensive set of criteria is used by the [[w:V-Dem Institute|V-Dem institute]] to evaluate democracies around the world. Their document “V-Dem Methodology v11.1”<ref>V-Dem Methodology v11.1 See: <nowiki>https://www.v-dem.net/static/website/img/refs/methodologyv111.pdf</nowiki></ref> describes their methodology in detail. Interested students can study that document for more detail. Other authors advocate for additional characteristics including increasing [[w:Human capital|human capital]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society  |last=Manzi|first=Jim  |date=May 1, 2012|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=978-0465023240|pages=320|author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur)}} Chapter 15.</ref> through more effective and relevant education<ref>The Relevant Education Project. See: <nowiki>https://relevant.education</nowiki></ref>, improving our shared knowledge base, increasing [[Emotional Competency|emotional intelligence]], and increasing our [[w:Collective intelligence|collective intelligence]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}} Page 91 of 405</ref>^,<ref>See, for example the MIT Center for Collective Intelligence. <nowiki>https://cci.mit.edu</nowiki></ref> === Assignment === # Study the above criteria used to evaluate democracies. # Find where your country ranks on the Freedom House Freedom in the world report. # Identify areas for improvement. # Advocate for policies that improve attainment of these criteria within your government. === Results-based selections === Better governance systems attain better results. A governance system can be evaluated by the contribution it makes toward helping the governed organization reach its goals. If the governed organization is a corporation, then the best governance system is the one that results in the most profits, along with consideration of customer satisfaction, employee satisfaction, relevant regulations, and social responsibility. For other organizations, the effectiveness of a governance system can be judged by how well the governed organization meets its stated mission. In the case of international, national, state, regional, or local governments the mission will be assumed to be the [[w:Well-being|well-being]] of the people. One attractive option recognizes that “There are powerful arguments for making happiness a focal point for government policy.”<ref>{{cite book|title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being|last=Bok|first=Derek  |date=February 21, 2010|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0691144894|pages=272|author-link=w:Derek_Bok}}</ref> Because happiness is often fleeting, we propose a more substantial and enduring basis for evaluating and selecting government systems. [[File:Evaluating Good Government.jpg|thumb|Better governments allow more people to meet more of their needs.]] Here we suggest that <blockquote> '''The government that meets more of the needs of more of the people is the better system.'''<ref>Good Government, Substack Article, Leland Beaumont, July 17, 2022</ref> </blockquote> To be specific, in this definition we use [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow’s hierarchy of needs]]<ref>Researchers continue to refine and extend Maslow’s original thesis. It may be wise to use these updated views rather than Maslow’s original thesis.  </ref> as our reference standard for defining the needs of the people. A population where more people are meeting more of their higher-level needs is benefiting from the better governance system. The fewer people who have unmet needs the better. The more people who have high level needs met the better.<ref>It may be wise to consider it unacceptable to leave the basic needs of anyone unmet. Therefore, it may be important to meet everyone’s basic needs before turning attention to meeting the higher-level needs of the few. This suggests a [[w:Minimax#Maximin|Maximin]] approach and is consistent with the doctrine of sufficiency.</ref> Alternative standards might include measures of: * Adherence to the [[w:Universal Declaration of Human Rights|Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], * [[w:Well-being|Well-being]], * [[w:Subjective well-being|Subjective well-being]], or * Some blend, weighing, or aggregation of these. In any case, the question of “what is the better government system?” can be answered [[w:Empiricism|empirically]] rather than hypothetically or speculatively. Evaluating results would require an independent rating agency, such as the [[w:Government Accountability Office|Government Accountability Office]], a [[w:Nationally recognized statistical rating organization|nationally recognized statistical rating organization]], or other organizations, such as [[w:Freedom House|Freedom House]], to study, analyze, and publish results. === Assignment === # Read the essay [[/Good Government/]]. # Estimate where you are now on Maslow’s needs hierarchy. # Use your estimate of the well-being of the population of your country or region to draw a diagram like the one shown above on the right. == Selection Forces == [[File:Vote Carefully.jpg|thumb|Vote conscientiously to evolve governments.]] Selection forces—actions that select for the preferred outcome—are the engine of evolution. Within a nation with a functioning democracy, selection forces include: *[[w:Civic_engagement|Civic engagement]]; * voting. There are good arguments supporting the conclusion that citizens in a democracy have a moral duty to vote.<ref>Christiano, Tom and Sameer Bajaj, "Democracy", ''The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy'' (Spring 2022 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/democracy/</nowiki>>. Section 4.3.1.</ref> Register to vote, study the candidates and the issues, and vote in every election you are eligible to vote in. * Campaigning; * supporting desirable candidates; **[[w:Get_out_the_vote|getting out the vote]]; * supporting desirable policies and legislation; * communicating with elected officials. * [[w:Follow_the_money|Money is powerful]]. Align money toward the good. **Practice [[w:Socially_responsible_investing|socially responsible investing]] to shift investments from supporting harmful polices toward supporting wise policies. ***As an example, the [[w:Fossil_fuel_divestment|fossil free divestment]] movement is taking such action. **Make financial contributions to support desirable polices and candidates. **Work to reform [[w:Campaign_finance|campaign financing]] laws and practices. **Use information available from [[w:OpenSecrets|OpenSecrets]], or a similar organization, to understand how political campaigns are financed. Be wary of candidates that obtain large financial contributions from special interests. * influencing public opinion, and * running for office. Options are more difficult in non-democratic nations. In this case, read the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''<ref>{{cite book|title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation|last=Sharp|first=Gene|date=September 4, 2012|publisher=The New Press|isbn=978-1595588500|pages=160|author-link=w:Gene_Sharp}}</ref> and complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. The Wikiversity course [[Confronting Tyranny]] may also be helpful. === Assignment === *Use these selection forces [[Wisdom|wisely]]. *Exercise your [[What_you_can_change_and_what_you_cannot#Agency|agency]] for the good. == Possibilities == Imagine how it can be! === Assignment === This assignment is entirely optional, and it is likely that most students will skip it. The assignment is provided here to stimulate the imagination of interested students. # Read the book ''The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=March 10, 2017|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973903|pages=414}}</ref> # Read the book ''Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics''.<ref>[1] {{cite book|title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics|last=Freinacht  |first=Hanzi  |date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Metamoderna ApS|isbn=978-8799973927|pages=495}}</ref> # Study the work of the [[Level 5 Research Center]]. # Study the work of the [[Wisdom Research|Wisdom and the Future Research Center]]. # Study the course [[A Journey to GameB]]. # Participate in the research project to [[Living Wisely/Improving our Social Operating Systems|improve our social operating systems]]. # Read the essay “3 Design principles for Protopian Governance".<ref>3 Design principles for Protopian Governance, Hanzi Freinacht, May 22, 2022, See: <nowiki>https://medium.com/@hanzifreinacht/3-design-principles-for-protopian-governance-bc2bfa7faa9a</nowiki></ref> # Study courses in the [[Unleashing Creativity/possibilities curriculum|possibilities curriculum]]. # Read the essay [[Assessing Human Rights/Beyond Olympic Gold|Beyond Olympic gold]]. ## Work to [[Assessing Human Rights|advance human rights worldwide]]. # Read the [[w:Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy|Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy]] article on Global Democracy.<ref>Kuyper, Jonathan, "Global Democracy", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = <<nowiki>https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2016/entries/global-democracy/</nowiki>>.</ref> # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Intentional Evolution|Intentional evolution]]. ##Complete the [[Intentional Evolution#Assignment 18|final assignment]] in the [[Intentional Evolution]] course. # Complete the Wikiversity course [[Envisioning Our Future]]. ## Write down [[Envisioning Our Future#Write Down Your Vision of Our Future|your vision of our future]]. ## Use the essay you wrote as a guide toward action. ## Act to make the future you envision a reality. == Assignment == # [[Living Wisely|Live wisely]]. # Read the essay [[Exploring Worldviews/Aligning worldviews|Aligning Worldviews]]. ## Align your worldview with reality. # Complete the course [[Intentional Evolution]]. ## Apply the principles taught in the Intentional Evolution course to accelerate the evolution of governments. # Become an informed and engaged citizen. # Practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Collaborate with others who practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. # Without compromising your values, [[Finding Common Ground|seek common ground]] with those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Transcending Conflict|Transcending conflict]]. ### Work to transcend conflict. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Common Ground|Finding common ground]]. ### Seek common ground # Challenge, confront, and [[w:Persuasion|persuade]] those who do not practice [[Level 5 Research Center#Values|pro-social values]]. ## [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|Seek first to understand, then to be understood]]. ## As a gentle starting point, become comfortable using [[w:The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People#Habit%205:%20%22Seek%20first%20to%20understand%2C%20then%20to%20be%20understood%22|these phrases]] in [[Practicing Dialogue|dialogue]] to encourage the participants to act in good faith. ## Support and vote for political leaders who support values and policies that advance this evolutionary worldview. ## Protect your own safety. ## Complete the Wikiversity course [[Finding Courage]]. ###Find the moral courage to act according to your well-chosen values and confront antagonists. ## Apply suitable techniques discussed in the book ''From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation''.<ref>Sharp, Gene (September 4, 2012). From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation. The New Press. pp. 160. ISBN 978-1595588500.</ref> ## Complete the Wikiversity course on [[Confronting Tyranny]]. ###Confront tyranny # Unleash [[w:Collaboration|collaboration]]. # [[Living Wisely/Seeking Real Good|Seek real good]]. == Further Reading == Students who are interested in learning more about evolving governments may wish to read these books: * {{cite book |last=Bevir |first=Mark |author-link= |date=October 25, 2012 |title=Governance: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=147 |isbn=978-0199606412}} * {{cite book |last=Crick |first=Bernard |author-link= |date=October 10, 2002 | title=Democracy: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=OUP Oxford |pages=145 |isbn=978-0192802507}} * {{cite book |last=Snyder |first=Timothy |author-link=w:Timothy_D._Snyder |date=February 28, 2017 |title=On Tyranny: Twenty Lessons from the Twentieth Century |publisher=Crown |pages=128 |isbn=978-0804190114}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=March 10, 2017 |title=The Listening Society: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=414 |isbn=978-8799973903}} * {{cite book |last=Freinacht |first=Hanzi |date=May 29, 2019 |title=Nordic Ideology: A Metamodern Guide to Politics |publisher=Metamoderna ApS |pages=495 |isbn=978-8799973927}} Nordic Ideology * {{cite book |last=Sharp |first=Gene |author-link=w:Gene_Sharp |date=September 4, 2012 |title=From Dictatorship to Democracy: A Conceptual Framework for Liberation |publisher=The New Press |pages=160 |isbn=978-1595588500}} * {{cite book |last=Manzi |first=Jim |author-link=w:Jim_Manzi_(software_entrepreneur) |date=May 1, 2012 |title=Uncontrolled: The Surprising Payoff of Trial-and-Error for Business, Politics, and Society |publisher=Basic Books |pages=320 |isbn=978-0465023240}} * {{cite book |last1=Gehl |first1=Katherine M. |last2=Porter |first2=Michael E. |author-link=w:Michael_Porter |date=June 23, 2020 |title=The Politics Industry: How Political Innovation Can Break Partisan Gridlock and Save Our Democracy |publisher=Harvard Business Review Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-1633699236}} * {{cite book |last=Bok |first=Derek |author-link=w:Derek_Bok |date=February 21, 2010 |title=The Politics of Happiness: What Government Can Learn from the New Research on Well-Being |publisher=Princeton University Press |pages=272 |isbn=978-0691144894}} * {{cite book |last=Reich |first=Robert B. |date=February 20, 2018 |title=The Common Good |publisher=Knopf |pages=208 |isbn=978-0525520498 |author-link=w:Robert_Reich }} * {{cite book |last=Christakis |first=Nicholas A. |author-link=w:Nicholas_Christakis |date=March 26, 2019 |title=Blueprint: The Evolutionary Origins of a Good Society |publisher=Little, Brown Spark |pages=441 |isbn=978-0316230032}} * {{cite book |last=Ridley |first=Matt |author-link=w:Matt_Ridley |date=October 25, 2016 |title=The Evolution of Everything: How New Ideas Emerge |publisher=Harper Perennial |pages=368 |isbn=978-0062296016}} *{{cite book |last=Diamond |first=Jared |author-link=w:Jared_Diamond |date=January 4, 2011 |title=Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed |publisher=Penguin Books |pages=608 |isbn=978-0143117001}} * {{cite book |last=Camp |first=Robert C. |date=May 1, 1989 |title=Benchmarking: The Search for Industry Best Practices That Lead to Superior Performance |publisher=Amer Society for Quality |pages=299 |isbn=978-0873890588}} * The Modern Political Traditions: Hobbes to Habermas, Wondrium I have not yet read the following books, but they seem interesting and relevant. They are listed here to invite further research. *{{cite book |last1=Gneezy |first1=Uri |last2=List |first2=John |date=January 1, 2015 |title=The Why Axis: Hidden Motives and the Undiscovered Economics of Everyday Life |publisher=Cornerstone |pages= |isbn=978-1847946751}} *{{cite book |last=Bremmer |first=Ian |author-link=w:Ian_Bremmer |date=September 11, 2007 |title=The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall |publisher=Simon & Schuster|pages=336|isbn=978-0743274722}} *{{cite book |last=MacAskill |first=William |author-link=w:William_MacAskill |date=August 16, 2022 |title=What We Owe the Future Hardcover |publisher=Basic Books |pages=352 |isbn=978-1541618626}} *{{cite book |last=Borders |first=Max |date=May 2, 2022|title=The Decentralist: Mission, Morality, and Meaning in the Age of Crypto |publisher=Social Evolution |pages=214 |isbn=978-1732039421}} == References == <references/> [[Category:Government]] [[Category:Applied Wisdom]] [[Category:Philosophy]] [[Category:Courses]] {{Possibilities}} pq8paq2ldghx2n7svnnwxoi3ckentj0 0 286394 2416026 2415676 2022-08-18T04:34:13Z Hamish84 1362807 Added media and text. wikitext text/x-wiki Aristotle: “Give me the child until he is seven, and I will give you the man” The presumption is that all humans at seven years of age have embedded their so-called' “individual” personality. We develop and mature with personality intact. Living with the accepted concept of evolution, can we presume also that we evolve accordingly to our “individual” lifestyle. Human consciousness exerts its own definitive laws that are inescapable – never to destroy. The greatest form of communication that has evolved with human beings is speech. No matter what language you speak, it is a gift you have acquired along the way. You will pay a price, or gain a dividend, depending on how you use the consciousness gift we all have acquired. Which begs the question. Is there any such thing as “free speech”. My initial intention in searching for some clues to delay the onset of dementia arrived at the concept of semantics. There seemed to be some ancient wisdom that has already explored their existence. Namely one Heraclitus (The Weeping Philosopher) and his “Unity of Opposites”. [[File:Heraclitus, Johannes Moreelse.jpg|center|thumb]] Also the ancient Chinese symbol of the unity of opposites Yin and Yang: [[File:Traditional yin and yang with dots.png|center|thumb]] Both images above are repeats to earlier documents but quite appropriate to use again. Such unity applies to a reality which is absolute and confined only to understanding, beyond question. This is where I found contemporary scientific wisdom coming into play, and the development of The Semantic Template. The mistaken concept that any form of free speech provides anyone the right to use it to harm innocent people. So, “Never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee.” John Donne. Not censorship, but civilized restraint. Any form of civilized dialogue has its own benefits for both the recipient and the messenger. There is a moribund stupidity about so-called free speech. Stupidiy is at the bottom of the scale where Intelligence prevails. Perhaps with evolution it will die a natural death. Dung beetle and free speech retribution if by any chance you qualify for reincarnation! Given that we are supposed to be what we eat, can you imagine what these two “dung” beetles are calling each other over whose property it belongs to? [[File:Large Copper Dung Beetles (Kheper nigroaeneus) (6040799657).jpg|center|thumb]] The founder’s of social media communication on the Internet may well pay due regard to their office. No censorship, but the easy simplicity of civilized constructive debate, preferably sourced from the product of each semantic template. “The greatest form of knowledge you can ever have is your own” Whatever construction our brain imposes, its determinate need is to express its functional being. Everything that is awaits the arrival of its past. Everything that ever was, and always is, is always proclaimed, by its existence. Nothing is ever lost in the universal unity of Space-Time – Energy – Matter. Historically we have evolved towards the Jungian concept of collective human consciousness. Principles are the transparent manifestation of Nature and properties that are constantly evolving. They are ethical imperatives, and we have developed the positive properties of language to establish them for our use. [[File:Couple in Centennail Park 001.jpg|center|thumb]] We can only be defined through relationship principles for they offer us the best hope to recognize the factors that lead to complementation. Realationship = We depend on each others love to provide an honest and productive life for everyones future. There is a fundamental need to grasp simple common-sense (a sense of what is common) essentials. The Here and Now is not a temporary transitional time phase that we move in and out of. It is a constant certainty that is essential to recognize, so that our focus of attention has a foundation. Centrism can imply a fixation, which also implies vulnerability, which can be perfectly true if it does not lead to extension. To understand who we are, it is essential that we recognize and become aware of the very principles that we operate from. They encapsulate all the measure of any human societies ethics, morals, and laws, which is a continuous evolutionary educational process within which the realization of its total essence is always available. To use the doctrine that reason is a reliable tool to discover Truth – therefore ‘mutual agreement’ in the context of the traffic analogy is ‘correct information’ which translates to the Truth, which translates in a circular way back to reason! Evolution is a constant dynamic process. The human phenomena ‘who we are’ is only understood in our union with each other, and ‘what is’. The paradox again is that there never is any separation. Separation is a mythical non-existent. The principles that are our necessities have continuous expansion properties that as humans we are privileged to assist their propagation. The human constellation in its evolutionary march must use these fundamental principles to ensure continuity. To maintain coherence and consistency our source is centered in the principles and factors that we have interpreted from our association with Nature, and Reality. hrqbe1yfh4pb46dr1us2gfubg6q3d14 0 286397 2415993 2414633 2022-08-18T03:28:49Z U3210431 2947391 /* Main headings */ Changed heading wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is psychological trauma?== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 5765aij3urxgg1y5ufqfd8v82pnncm5 2416101 2415993 2022-08-18T09:27:47Z U3210431 2947391 /* What is psychological trauma? */ added subheading wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==What is psychological trauma?== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. === Types of psychological trauma === {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] no3wg9ut54li2tzeuohj6ampp1anznx 0 286422 2415861 2415588 2022-08-17T14:58:41Z Saltrabook 1417466 wikitext text/x-wiki == Introduction == The EU Consortium for Maritime Health research and education is a non-profit, international network of maritime research and educational '''institutions''' to collaborate on promoting health research and education for the benefit of maritime and transport workers. It is a brick-free center that unites interested institutions with activities in maritime- occupational- and public health research and education to apply for fundings. == The objectives == * Create a network of researchers to develop scientific research and education in maritime health and safety and apply for fundings * Establish research and educational groups and apply for fundings * The main focus is on Hypertension and Diabetes Type 2, early diagnosis and prevention * Collaborate with the workers organisations and the shipping companies * Organise public meetings to present the research and educational activities to a wider audience * Educate maritime students, seafarers and transport workers in Diabetes type 2 and Hypertension selfcontrol and health promotion == Purpose == The objectives are to educate and to deliver research results at a high quality by the use of standardised methods for the benefit of all workers and citizens. == Ethical requirements == The ethical rules for database research in the respective Universities and other centers.[http://www.icohweb.org/site_new/multimedia/core_documents/pdf/code_ethics_eng_2012.pdf ICOH Code of ethics]are complied with. Confidentiality in handling personal information is done according to the rules set out by the national Data Protection Agencies. Normally there is no personal sensitive information included so approval from the Ethics Committee is not necessary. All questionnaires ask for informed consent as the first question. The supervisors take care to secure that the data is processed under the Act on medical confidentiality as guidelines for good epidemiological practice. The participants' anonymity will be protected in every way and this will be indicated in the project description. It will be ensured that the electronic table is locked so that the information can not be seen by anyone other than the researchers. The researchers respect individual ownership of the data and share publications and the data where this is convenient and keep always good partnerships. [https://allea.org/code-of-conduct/#toggle-id-18 The European Code of Conduct for Research Integrity for self-regulation in all research ] == Board of Directors == The Consortium's main decision-making authority is the Board. The Board is made up of representatives from the associate institutions == Center coordinator == * The Board of Directors selects a Coordinator of the Consortium for 1 year to be reelected at the annual meeting of the Board in August * OneBoard meetings is held annually * The Coordinator is responsible for convening Board meetings == Advisory Committee == Representatives of partners in Unions, Ministries, Universities and State Authorities are invited == Goals == In collaboration with the Coordinator, the Board establishes objectives for which research and educational areas and applications for fundings should be prioritized and what results are expected to be obtained from research in these areas. == Evaluation of the activities of the center == The Board of Directors understands every year an evaluation of the activities of the Consortium. The Coordinator presents an annual report to the Board in late December. Financial Accounting. There are no separate accounts for the center since the economy is placed with each of the participants. == Financial Resources == The main financial resource for the Consortium's activity is the existing resources of individual participants and national and international research foundations. == Indication of publications == The publications from the are listed below: Own institution, EU Consortium Center in ... == Annual status report == The Coordinator is responsible for preparing an annual status report that is approved by the Board of Directors. The progress report should include a brief overview of last year's results with signatures and dates ==[[/Statutes/]]== == Funds and Organisations == European Foundation Study of Diabetes (EFSD)- http://www.europeandiabetesfoundation.org/<br> ITF Seafarers Trust https://www.seafarerstrust.org/ <br> [https://novonordiskfonden.dk/en/ Novo Nordisk Found]<br> https://www.eshonline.org/online-education/teaching-seminars/ <br> Hypertension Research Foundation<br> http://www.hypertensionresearchfoundation.ch/EN/projets.html <br> https://research-and-innovation.ec.europa.eu/research-area/health/diabetes_en<br> [https://ec.europa.eu/esf/main.jsp?catId=67&langId=en&newsId=9691 The European Social Fund]<br> [https://www.danishdiabetesacademy.dk/grants Danish Diabetes Academy]<br> The European Society of Hypertension https://www.eshonline.org/<br> [https://www.norden.org/en/funding-opportunities/nordic-council-ministers-funding-programme-ngo-co-operation-baltic-sea-region Nordic Council Ministers Funding NGO Co-Operation Baltic Sea Region] <br> [https://www.norden.org/en/information/about-funding-nordic-council-ministers Funding Nordic Council Ministers]<br> [https://www.norden.org/en/funding-opportunities/nordic-council-ministers-open-call-funding-opportunity-nordic-russian-co Nordic Council Ministers Funding-opportunity Nordic-Russian Co-Operation] <br> [https://terravivagrants.org/grant-makers/cross-cutting/nippon-foundation/ Nippon Foundation]<br> == Literature == [https://omeganetcohorts.eu/resources/scientific-publications/ Omeganet Publications] 5v88wonqmqt1plq8k40d9cfwdet8lq1 2 286436 2416016 2415435 2022-08-18T03:52:43Z U3216963 2947636 wikitext text/x-wiki == https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2022 == == About me == === hobbies === === academic achievements === == book chapter == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Fear of working out|Fear of working out]] hvdvsjxqgq5kh3aklkswp22ki6pcy4h 0 286459 2415924 2415756 2022-08-17T22:40:36Z ArtOfHappiness 2947543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Workplace mental health training:<br>Current techniques and their impact}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Workplace mental health== ==== Workplace mental health ==== ==== How does it affect the workforce? ==== ===== Health cost ===== ===== Economic cost ===== ==== Risk factors ==== ==== Productivity and workplace mental health ==== == Workplace mental health training == === How to train people for mental health toughness/resilience? === ==== Individual factors ==== ===== Individual competence ===== ===== Intervention ===== ===== Training ===== Building knowledge and skills ===== Self-improvements ===== Mindfulness Yoga Meditation === Corporate responsibilities === ===== Staff training ===== ===== Ergonomics ===== ===== Ongoing support ===== ===== Cultural competency ===== ===== Mental health warden ===== == Current WMHT techniques employed at workplaces == === Impact of these techniques so far === == Future == == Psychological theories and their influence on workplace mental health training == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] pgpza73u46ilopqbrr851gx7ql7ydhz 2415997 2415924 2022-08-18T03:35:29Z ArtOfHappiness 2947543 Outline v2 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Workplace mental health training:<br>Current techniques and their impact}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Workplace mental health== ==== Workplace mental health ==== ==== How does it affect the workforce? ==== ===== Health cost ===== ===== Economic cost ===== ==== Risk factors ==== ==== Productivity and workplace mental health ==== == Workplace mental health training == === How to train people for mental health toughness/resilience? === ==== Individual factors ==== ===== Individual competence ===== ===== Intervention ===== ===== Training ===== Building knowledge and skills ===== Self-improvements ===== Mindfulness Yoga Meditation === Corporate responsibilities === ===== Staff training ===== ===== Ergonomics ===== ===== Ongoing support ===== ===== Cultural competency ===== ===== Mental health warden ===== == Current WMHT techniques employed at workplaces == === Three pillars of improving mental health in the workplace === ==== Prevention ==== ==== Intervention ==== ==== Accomodation ==== === Impact of these techniques so far === == Future == == Psychological theories and their influence on workplace mental health training == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] t9ugzdwaeqzlf5y5992tpvxg2t7bsga 2416040 2415997 2022-08-18T06:03:53Z ArtOfHappiness 2947543 overview details and focus questions wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Workplace mental health training:<br>Current techniques and their impact}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== The majority of people spend one-third of their working lives at work or in work-related activities. Challenging modern-day work environments and working conditions can put enormous strain on the workforce's psychological well-being. Workplace-related mental health problems are common and disabling, causing significant emotional, physical, and mental health problems for employees as well as productivity and economic loss for employers (Mcdaid et al., 2019). As much as it is an individual's responsibility to care for their health, it is also an employer's responsibility to care for their employees because the costs to organisations are significantly higher than the costs involved in developing resilience and mental toughness programmes for employees. Improved mental health and mental illness prevention programmes can help employees stay at work longer and more productively, resulting in {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is workplace mental health? * What are the workplace mental health training techniques? * What ia the current impacts of these techniques? * What is the future of workplace mental health training?{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Workplace mental health== ==== Workplace mental health ==== ==== How does it affect the workforce? ==== ===== Health cost ===== ===== Economic cost ===== ==== Risk factors ==== ==== Productivity and workplace mental health ==== == Workplace mental health training == === How to train people for mental health toughness/resilience? === ==== Individual factors ==== ===== Individual competence ===== ===== Intervention ===== ===== Training ===== Building knowledge and skills ===== Self-improvements ===== Mindfulness Yoga Meditation === Corporate responsibilities === ===== Staff training ===== ===== Ergonomics ===== ===== Ongoing support ===== ===== Cultural competency ===== ===== Mental health warden ===== == Current WMHT techniques employed at workplaces == === Three pillars of improving mental health in the workplace === ==== Prevention ==== ==== Intervention ==== ==== Accomodation ==== === Impact of these techniques so far === == Future == == Psychological theories and their influence on workplace mental health training == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 1w57ysycx4h6o727utr8aa81a80lwlz 2416042 2416040 2022-08-18T06:06:24Z ArtOfHappiness 2947543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Workplace mental health training:<br>Current techniques and their impact}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== The majority of people spend one-third of their working lives at work or in work-related activities. Challenging modern-day work environments and working conditions can put enormous strain on the workforce's psychological well-being. Workplace-related mental health problems are common and disabling, causing significant emotional, physical, and mental health problems for employees as well as productivity and economic loss for employers (Mcdaid et al., 2019). As much as it is an individual's responsibility to care for their health, it is also an employer's responsibility to care for their employees because the costs to organisations are significantly higher than the costs involved in developing resilience and mental toughness programmes for employees. Improved mental health and mental illness prevention programmes can help employees stay at work longer and more productively, resulting in social and economic benefits for individuals, employers, and the country (Mcdaid et al., 2019) {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is workplace mental health? * What are the workplace mental health training techniques? * What ia the current impacts of these techniques? * What is the future of workplace mental health training?{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Workplace mental health== ==== Workplace mental health ==== ==== How does it affect the workforce? ==== ===== Health cost ===== ===== Economic cost ===== ==== Risk factors ==== ==== Productivity and workplace mental health ==== == Workplace mental health training == === How to train people for mental health toughness/resilience? === ==== Individual factors ==== ===== Individual competence ===== ===== Intervention ===== ===== Training ===== Building knowledge and skills ===== Self-improvements ===== Mindfulness Yoga Meditation === Corporate responsibilities === ===== Staff training ===== ===== Ergonomics ===== ===== Ongoing support ===== ===== Cultural competency ===== ===== Mental health warden ===== == Current WMHT techniques employed at workplaces == === Three pillars of improving mental health in the workplace === ==== Prevention ==== ==== Intervention ==== ==== Accomodation ==== === Impact of these techniques so far === == Future == == Psychological theories and their influence on workplace mental health training == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 5opitqfrtoo1c3gonc0kinep8ssdyhv 2416044 2416042 2022-08-18T06:09:00Z ArtOfHappiness 2947543 overview changes wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Workplace mental health training:<br>Current techniques and their impact}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== The majority of people spend one-third of their working lives at work or in work-related activities. Challenging modern-day work environments and working conditions can put enormous strain on the workforce's psychological well-being. Workplace-related mental health problems are common and disabling, causing significant emotional, physical, and mental health problems for employees as well as productivity and economic loss for employers (Mcdaid et al., 2019). As much as it is an individual's responsibility to care for their health, it is also an employer's responsibility to care for their employees because the costs to organisations are significantly higher than the costs involved in developing resilience and mental toughness programmes for employees. Improved mental health and mental illness prevention programmes can help employees stay at work longer and more productively, resulting in social and economic benefits for individuals, employers, and the country (Mcdaid et al., 2019). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is workplace mental health? * What are the workplace mental health training techniques? * What ia the current impacts of these techniques? * What is the future of workplace mental health training?{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Workplace mental health== ==== What is workplace mental health? ==== ==== How does it affect the workforce? ==== ===== Health cost ===== ===== Economic cost ===== ==== Risk factors ==== ==== Productivity and workplace mental health ==== == Workplace mental health training == === How to train people for mental health toughness/resilience? === ==== Individual factors ==== ===== Individual competence ===== ===== Intervention ===== ===== Training ===== Building knowledge and skills ===== Self-improvements ===== Mindfulness Yoga Meditation === Corporate responsibilities === ===== Staff training ===== ===== Ergonomics ===== ===== Ongoing support ===== ===== Cultural competency ===== ===== Mental health warden ===== == Current WMHT techniques employed at workplaces == === Three pillars of improving mental health in the workplace === ==== Prevention ==== ==== Intervention ==== ==== Accomodation ==== === Impact of these techniques so far === == Future == == Psychological theories and their influence on workplace mental health training == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 4ijf6l7t3vpuupo3y3g5kcerv7nnlbn 2416078 2416044 2022-08-18T06:36:51Z ArtOfHappiness 2947543 /* Overview */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Workplace mental health training:<br>Current techniques and their impact}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== The majority of people spend one-third of their working lives at work or in work-related activities. Challenging modern-day work environments and working conditions can put enormous strain on the workforce's psychological well-being. Workplace-related mental health problems are common and disabling, causing significant emotional, physical, and mental health problems for employees as well as productivity and economic loss for employers (Mcdaid et al., 2019). According to The Productivity Commission report on workplace mental health (2020) the economic cost of reduced participation and absenteeism alone was more than two billion dollars to the employers. One Canadian research by [https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/about-deloitte/ca-en-about-blueprint-for-workplace-mental-health-final-aoda.pdf Deloitte] found return on investment on mental health training CA$2.18 while another [http://www.mentalhealthpromotion.net/?i=portal.en.enmhp-news.2900 European study] suggests that figure as high as $13.62 for every $1 spent on training. As much as it is an individual's responsibility to care for their health, it is also an employer's responsibility to care for their employees because the costs to organisations are significantly higher than the costs involved in developing resilience and mental toughness programmes for employees. Improved mental health and mental illness prevention programmes can help employees stay at work longer and more productively, resulting in social and economic benefits for individuals, employers, and the country (Mcdaid et al., 2019). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is workplace mental health? * What are the workplace mental health training techniques? * What ia the current impacts of these techniques? * What is the future of workplace mental health training?{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Workplace mental health== ==== What is workplace mental health? ==== ==== How does it affect the workforce? ==== ===== Health cost ===== ===== Economic cost ===== ==== Risk factors ==== ==== Productivity and workplace mental health ==== == Workplace mental health training == === How to train people for mental health toughness/resilience? === ==== Individual factors ==== ===== Individual competence ===== ===== Intervention ===== ===== Training ===== Building knowledge and skills ===== Self-improvements ===== Mindfulness Yoga Meditation === Corporate responsibilities === ===== Staff training ===== ===== Ergonomics ===== ===== Ongoing support ===== ===== Cultural competency ===== ===== Mental health warden ===== == Current WMHT techniques employed at workplaces == === Three pillars of improving mental health in the workplace === ==== Prevention ==== ==== Intervention ==== ==== Accomodation ==== === Impact of these techniques so far === == Future == == Psychological theories and their influence on workplace mental health training == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 3eyxdsie9peiim11qjnteah0h07lhu4 2416080 2416078 2022-08-18T06:38:51Z ArtOfHappiness 2947543 /* Overview */ links wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Workplace mental health training:<br>Current techniques and their impact}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== The majority of people spend one-third of their working lives at work or in work-related activities. Challenging modern-day work environments and working conditions can put enormous strain on the workforce's psychological well-being. Workplace-related mental health problems are common and disabling, causing significant emotional, physical, and mental health problems for employees as well as productivity and economic loss for employers (Mcdaid et al., 2019). According to [https://www.pc.gov.au/inquiries/completed/mental-health/report The Productivity Commission report] on workplace mental health (2020) the economic cost of reduced participation and absenteeism alone was more than two billion dollars to the employers. One Canadian research by [https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/about-deloitte/ca-en-about-blueprint-for-workplace-mental-health-final-aoda.pdf Deloitte] found return on investment on mental health training CA$2.18 while another [http://www.mentalhealthpromotion.net/?i=portal.en.enmhp-news.2900 European study] suggests that figure as high as $13.62 for every $1 spent on training. As much as it is an individual's responsibility to care for their health, it is also an employer's responsibility to care for their employees because the costs to organisations are significantly higher than the costs involved in developing resilience and mental toughness programmes for employees. Improved mental health and mental illness prevention programmes can help employees stay at work longer and more productively, resulting in social and economic benefits for individuals, employers, and the country (Mcdaid et al., 2019). {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is workplace mental health? * What are the workplace mental health training techniques? * What ia the current impacts of these techniques? * What is the future of workplace mental health training?{{RoundBoxBottom}} {{tip| Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Workplace mental health== ==== What is workplace mental health? ==== ==== How does it affect the workforce? ==== ===== Health cost ===== ===== Economic cost ===== ==== Risk factors ==== ==== Productivity and workplace mental health ==== == Workplace mental health training == === How to train people for mental health toughness/resilience? === ==== Individual factors ==== ===== Individual competence ===== ===== Intervention ===== ===== Training ===== Building knowledge and skills ===== Self-improvements ===== Mindfulness Yoga Meditation === Corporate responsibilities === ===== Staff training ===== ===== Ergonomics ===== ===== Ongoing support ===== ===== Cultural competency ===== ===== Mental health warden ===== == Current WMHT techniques employed at workplaces == === Three pillars of improving mental health in the workplace === ==== Prevention ==== ==== Intervention ==== ==== Accomodation ==== === Impact of these techniques so far === == Future == == Psychological theories and their influence on workplace mental health training == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] 5tgrblsomichv0ajnv7eue8fm826oar 6 286485 2415843 2022-08-17T13:50:54Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Applications 6A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Applications 6A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} qy9ejbnk3mx96d0ldwr0d5nt3g501wv 6 286486 2415845 2022-08-17T13:53:47Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1: Arrays 1A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1: Arrays 1A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} bonx6oz22sj8d5bwzqjnvykrblw2qwe 6 286487 2415847 2022-08-17T13:54:43Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.Series.3: Array Pointers 1A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.Series.3: Array Pointers 1A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} ayeb6qs903edab7xv08wrhfujs9ojyr 6 286488 2415848 2022-08-17T13:55:34Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1App: Applications of Arrays 1A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=C04.Series.1App: Applications of Arrays 1A (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} tnj7z8hnzcds9s19f1yiyce4jkd8yyw 6 286489 2415850 2022-08-17T13:56:56Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith.1.A: Variable Block Adders (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=VLSI.Arith.1.A: Variable Block Adders (20220817 - 20220816) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-17 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{GFDL}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} pnoicrkq85d17ldrapwd71oois67yj8 0 286501 2415907 2022-08-17T20:35:07Z Margob28 2943256 I have created a new article wikitext text/x-wiki A Phonological Analysis of Selected Undergraduates’ Renditions Introduction Language use in non-native contexts, most especially in the area of speech production—phonology, has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. Scholars such as Adedimeji (2007), Adetugbo (1987), Alabi (2003), Alabi and Gobir (2020; 2021), Awe (2014), Bamiro (1994, 2006 & 2009), Banjo (1971), Babatunde and Udofot (2011), Bamgbose (1995), Igboanusi (2001), Jibril (1973), Jowitt (2001),  Josiah (2009; 2013), Josiah and Babatunde (2011), Lawal (2013), Odumuh (1987), Olaniyi (2013; 2014) and several others, have examined the nature and scope Nigerian English. Not only this, the scholars have variously typified Nigerian English using different parameters, ranging from education to native-like exposure. From these myriads of research, it has been found that Nigerian English at the acrolectal level (Standard Nigerian English—SNE) is equivalent to the Standard British English (Josiah & Babatunde, 2011, etc.) based on the metrics of education and exposure. More recently, it has been found that education to some extent is not sufficient as a yardstick to determine the standard accent; attitude has a major role to play.  It is based on this backdrop that this study aims at examining selected utterances of university undergraduates from a phonological perspective. More specifically, the selected undergraduate utterances are evaluated in this study using the Generative Phonological Approach of Chomsky and Halle (1968), to examine the distinctions in the target language, Standard Nigerian English and the undergraduates’ utterances, especially the examination of the distinctive segmental features in the students’ utterances and standard variety; and the peculiar distinctive features that characterise the undergraduates’ utterances. Also, the study set out to investigate whether the university undergraduates are representatives of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) or the Popular Nigerian English (Jowitt, (1991; 2001 & 2016). The subsequent sections contain review of related literatures to the study. Concepts which are relevant to the study which include Standard Nigerian English (SNE), Popular Nigerian English (PNE) and contrastive analysis are components of the literature review section. Subsequent discussions centre on the theoretical basis for the study, the research methodology, the analysis of the data samples collected, the discussion of findings and conclusion of the study. Literature Review Many researches by different scholars have been carried out on an analysis of pronunciation errors. Ononiwu and Njemanze (2015) investigated poor English pronunciation among Nigerian ESL students: The ICT Solution. In this study, these scholars examined the causes of poor English pronunciation among ESL Nigerian students. Also, Josiah, Bodunde and Robert (2012) embarked on an analysis of the patterns of English pronunciation among Nigerian university undergraduates: challenges and prospects. However, this research seeks to fill the vacuum left by past researchers by adapting theoretical tenets for the analysis selected undergraduates’ renditions, specifically, the tenets of Generative Phonology is adapted for the examination of the speech samples which constitute the research data. Standard Nigerian English (SNE)               Standard Nigerian English is the variety of English used in Nigeria to communicate across Nigeria socio-cultural boundary. A Nigerian speaker of Standard Nigerian English may not sound like an English native speaker but speaks an internationally intelligible and acceptable variety of English that does not obscure understanding despite the fact that some vocabulary items have been brought into it to reflect the speakers socio-cultural norms. This variety of English have met the set down criteria of what make a language standard such as selection, elaboration of function, codification, acceptability and intelligibility. Most importantly, this variety of English has been classified by scholars at all levels of linguistic appraisal—Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and lexico-semantics (Adedimeji, 2007; Adegbija, 2004; Olaniyi, 2011, 2013; Josiah; 2003; Jowitt, 1991, etc.). Popular Nigerian English (PNE)               The concept of Popular Nigerian English was first coined by Jowitt (1991) in his typology of Nigerian English based on the yardstick of acceptability and its utilisation in formal and informal linguistic contexts such as classroom pedagogy, entertainment, religion, media and cross-cultural communication. According to him, this variety of English is classified as popular based to the fact that it has a wide range of speakers (pp. 47-48).               Even though the term “popular” in relation to the description of a Nigerian spoken variety of English was the effort of Jowitt, his predecessors such as Banjo (1996) have identified this variety of English in their categorisations. Jowitt’s Popular Nigerian English is equivalent to Banjo’s variety II (two), which he described as a variety close to the Standard British English but with strongly marked phonological and lexical peculiarities, and which has about 75% of speakers across the nation.               More recently, Association of Nigerian English Scholars, Adegbite, Ekundayo and numerous others in the 2021 conference of the English Scholars’ Association of Nigeria ESAN are involved in an advocacy towards the recognition of the Popular Nigerian English as a the standard variety. In the views of these myriads of scholars, acceptability is one of the core parameters for standardisation, likewise codification, and the Popular Nigerian English has met these two conditions, hence its recommendation for the standard statusque within the nation. Be it as it may, further researches into the nature, scope, description and categorisation of the Popular Nigerian English are in the pipeline. Contrastive Analysis Contrastive research first started in the 1940s by Charles Fries. Then in 1957, Lado developed the contrastive hypothesis stating that contrasting two languages would help predict the feature that would represent difficulty or ease in learning a second language due to realising the differences and similarities between the first and the second language. Lado assumed that second language learners transfer the forms, meaning and the way they are distributed in their native language to the second language. Lado stated that systematic comparison of languages can help predict and describe the difficult features that can face a second language learner in learning L2. This perspective relied on structuralism as stated by Bloomfield (1993) which further assumed that the structure of any language is finite and hence can be determined and compared to another language (Byung-gon, 1972).               The second perspective to guide the contrastive analysis hypothesis was the school of behaviourism due to its assumption that the difficulty or easiness of acquiring a second language is rendered to the already acquired habits of the first language. This, therefore, led to the emergence of transfer theory that mainly relied on the assumption of transfer of habits from the native language to the learned one (Corder, 1967 cited in Byung-gon, 1972). The transfer theory complements the contrastive analysis hypothesis and serves its applied purpose. It illustrates how certain linguistic features of the second language can be more difficult to acquire than others. Stockwell et al. (2011) claimed that when the features of the contrasted languages are similar, positive transfer occurs; while in cases of different features, negative transfer shows, causing difficulty of acquisition. And in cases of no relation between features, zero transfer takes place. Theoretical Framework Chomsky et al. (1968) are the proponents of Generative Phonology while Hale et al. (1968) are contributors to discussions on Generative Phonology. Generative Phonology is an aspect of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to utterances in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internal grammar. The components of Generative Phonology include levels of phonological representation. Generative Phonology states two levels of phonological representation which incorporate the most basic form of a word before any phonological rules have been applied to it. This shows what a native speaker knows about the abstract underlying phonology of his language. Second is phonetic representation which is a form of a word that is spoken and heard. Other tools of generative phonology include: phonological rules which delete, insert or change segments, or change the features of segments; distinctive features which make it possible to capture the generalities of phonological rules, to Durand (1999) binarism is the major function of distinctive feature in Generative Phonology while Roach (2000) among others classified distinctive features into the major class features, creative features and secondary features; and linearity, a stream of speech which is seen as a sequence of discrete sound segments, where each segment constitutes simultaneously occurring features (McMahun, 2001).   Phonological processes are also aspects of generative grammar that concern with the patterns of sound errors that typically helps to simplify speech when trying to speak. Phonological processes include: substitution which has to do with replacing one class of sounds for another class of sounds; syllable structure which accounts for syllabic reduction, omission or replacement; assimilation which has to do with when sounds/ syllables start to sound like surrounding sounds. Methodology This research is both qualitative and quantitative. The population for this study constitutes selected 400 level students of Kwara State University. The instrument for this study consists of recorded utterances of selected Kwara State University students which are collected through the participatory observation method and questionnaire to verify the gender and geographical origin of the studied population. This method is adopted in order to generate objective data as the awareness of the population for the study may hinder the collection of valid data for analysis. The data collected will be analysed through the use of Praat software to generate objective results. Distinctive Segmental Features of Nigerian English The segmental feature of the Standard Nigerian English is different from the Popular Nigerian English as a result of the disparities in the educational status and exposure of every individual in the nation. From the samples collected for this study, it has been discovered that there are specific phonemes that are dropped and substituted or not substituted by the respondents, examples are cited as follows:   Sample                Words                   SNE       PNE But I don’t use to go to our food canteen but that day, I just went.                  Don’t     /dәunt/                  [dont]                  Use        /ju:z/     [yu:s]                  Canteen              /kᴂntɪ:n/              [ka:ntɪn] In example A, the diphthong /әu/ is substituted for [on] thereby bringing in the nasalised vowel in the inventory of the speaker. Apart from this, the consonant /j/ is also substituted with [y] in phoneme inventory traceable to the South Western part of Nigeria. This is also an illustration of the mother-tongue interference. In sample C, the monophthong /ᴂ/ and /ɪ:/ has been substituted with [a:] and [ɪ] in PNE.     Sample               Words                    SNE       PNE Some of us actually feel pressured to the extent that all we think about is how to pass this course. Our reason is attached to our portal        Pressured         /preʃәd/                 [preʃↄ:d]                   Extent                /ɪkstent/                [ekstent]                   Think   /θɪnk/    [tɪnk]                   Course               /kↄ:s/       [kos]       In example A, the schwa sound /ә/ is replaced with [ↄ:] since there is no schwa sound /ә/ in either of the Nigerian languages and also in sample B the /ɪ/ sound is replaced with /e/. This variety is traceable to pronunciations, the inability of the non-native speaker of English to differentiate between alphabets pronunciation and word pronunciation. The respondent has pronounced the word orthographically based on the spelling. In sample C the /θ/ sound is not present in the Nigerian phonemic inventory so it has been substituted with [t]. In sample F, the schwa sound /ә/ has been replaced with [a] which is occasional variant of the /ә/ in the PNE.          Sample                                       Words          SNE                       PNE   The mallam tortured the students in Gombe. They beat them to the extent that they did not even care whether they are someone’s children.               Tortured               /tↄ:ʧәd/                 [tↄ:ʧↄ:d]               Students               /stju:dәnts/        [studᴂnts]               Extent      /ɪkstent/                [ekstent]               Care        /kɛә/     [kɪe]               Whether               /weðә/    [weda:]               Children               /ʧɪldrәn/               [ʧɪldren] In example A, the schwa sound /ә/ is substituted with /ↄ:/. In sample B, the palatal sound /j/ is omitted and also there is substitution of /u:/ with [u]. Lastly, the consonant cluster in the SNE realisation is reduced with vowel insertions. In sample C, the monophthong /ɪ/ is substituted with [e] in PNE. In sample D, /ɛә/ sound is substituted with [ɪә]. There is a substitution of diphthong phoneme. This time around it is the combination of vowel phonemes. Instead of /ɛә/ or its correspondent /ɪә/, the respondent chose /ɪе/, an indigenised version of the correct phoneme. In sample E, the /ð/ is substituted with /d/ and /ә/ is substituted with the variant [a:].      Sample                Words                       SNE                       PNE The situation is different. In Northern Nigeria where they made Quranic education compulsory, the system of education there is brutal.                    Situation           /sɪʧuеɪʃәn/           [sɪtweɪʃаn]                    Different           /dɪfәrәnt/             [dɪfrent]                    Northern               /nↄ:әәn/               [nↄ:tan]                  Nigeria                /naɪʤɪәrɪә/         [naɪjɪrɪa]                    Compulsory      /kәmpʌsrɪ/            [kↄmpↄsrɪ]                    Brutal                 /bru:tәl/                  [bru:ta:]          In example A, the palate-alveolar affricate /ʧ/ is substituted for an alveolar plosive [t], the last syllable in the SBE which is syllabicised is nasalised in the PNE and there is substitution of the vowel /u/ for the labio-dental fricative [w]. Also in sample B, the lateral /l/ sound is omitted. In sample B, the schwa sound /ә/ in SNE has been omitted in PNE. In sample C, the dental fricative /ә/ has been substituted with the consonantal sound [t] in PNE. In sample D, the post-alveolar affricate sound /ʤ/ is substituted with the consonant sound [j] in PNE. In samples E and F, the schwa sound the schwa sound /ә/ is substituted with [ↄ], [ɪ] and [a:] in the SBE respectively.      Sample                 Words                      SNE         PNE There is no cooperation between the literature and language students.                   Cooperation               /kәuɒpәrеɪʃn/       [kↄ:preɪʃn]                     Between            /bɪtwɪ:n/                [bɪtwɪn]                    Literature           /lɪtrәʧә/                  [lɪtrеɪʃↄ:]                    Language            /lᴂŋgwɪʤ/            [langweɪʤ] In the illustrations, it has been observed that the diphthong /әu/ is dropped and substituted with monophthong [ↄ:] in PNE. The monophthong /ә/ that is present in SNE has been omitted in PNE. Also, a remarkable deduction is that the polysyllabic word has been realized as a trisyllabic word. In sample B, the long monophthong /ɪ:/ has been substituted with the short monophthong [ɪ] in PNE. In sample C, since we do not have schwa sound in PNE, it has been replaced with the phoneme [eɪ], [e] and [ↄ:]. Also in sample D, the sound /ᴂ/ has been replaced with [a] in PNE. Binary Classifications         The previous analysis based on the juxtaposition of the SNE and PNE has revealed specific areas of disparities in the superstrate- SNE and the substrate- PNE. In this section, the distinctive features of the PNE variables will be analysed based on the combination of major class features, manner features, place of articulation features and the binary taxonomy. Table 6: Deviant Phonemes and their Distinctive Properties PNE Transcription               Deviant Phonemes               Distinctive Features                             Syllabic Labial               Nasal     Dental               Lateral  Continuant               Consonantal don’t        on   [o]        +         -                              +             -             -                   -             - yu:s           y    s           +    -           -   -             -    -            -    -            -    -             -     +          +    + ka:ntɪn     a:   ɪ            +   +           -   -             -    -            -    -            -    -             +     -            -    - preʃↄ:d     ↄ:           +            -                  -              -             -                   +             - ekstent    e            +            -                  -              -             -                    -             - tɪnk          t             -             -                  -              -             -                    -             + kↄ:s           s             -             -                  -              -             -                    +             + rɪzɪn         ɪ             +            -                  -              -             -                    +             - ata:tsd     a   a:          +   +           -   -            -   -             -    -            -    -             -     +            -      - tↄ:ʧↄ:d     ↄ:           +            -                  -              -             -                    +             - studᴂnt                   ʊ     ᴂ         +    +          -   -            -   -            -   -            -   -              +     +           -     - ekstent      e                      +                 -             -             -                             -                 -                    -       kɪә            ɪә                        +                  -              -             -                             -                   -                     -       weda:     da:                       +                  -              -             -                             -                   +                    +       ʧɪldren     e                        +                 -             -             -                              -                   -                     -       sitweɪʃan                 w    an    [a]         +   +           +   -            -   +            -    -            -    -              +      -            +       - dɪfrent      e           +            -                  -              -             -                     -              - nↄ:tan       t   an   [a]         -   +           -   -            -   +             -    -            -    -             -     -             +      - naɪjɪrɪa     j            -             -                  -              -             -                    -              - kↄmpↄsrɪ                  ↄ     ɪ          +   +           -   -            -   -            -   -             -    -              -      -             -       - bru:ta:l      a:         +            -                  -              -             -                     +             - kↄ:preɪʃn                  ↄ:         +                  -             -              -                   -               +             - bɪtwɪn       ɪ           +            -                  -              -             -                     -              - lɪtreɪʧↄ:      eɪ     ↄ:         +   +           -   -            -   -             -    -            -    -              +      +            -       - langweɪʤ                an     eɪ         +   +           -   -            +   -             -   -             -    -              -    +              -     - The table above presents the deviant phonemes and their distinctive properties. In the table, it has been discovered that most of the deviant phonemes are vowels. This reveals that the SNE and PNE phonemes do not have much difference. The major areas of disparities are the vowels. This reflects that Nigerian speakers, which the undergraduates students under investigation represents have more problems with the realisation of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE)  vowel phonemes due to the unavailability of most of these phonemes in the inventories of the Nigerian indigenous languages. Based on this, almost all of the deviant phonemes are (+) syllabic because most of them constitute the peak of the syllables. There are few labials, nasals, dentals, lateral and consonants, most of the phonemes have negative (-) classification because all these characteristics are peculiar to the consonant sounds. The continuant takes the second position because most vowels are continuants. Both syllabic and continuant classifications are fairly represented. This further emphasise the vowels as the area of problems by Nigerian speakers of English. Discussion of Findings             The data has been examined using the tenets of Chomsky et al. (268) Generative Phonology. Some deductions have been made: the distinctive segmental features of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) and the Popular Nigerian English (PNE) in the undergraduates’ utterances include substitution of the SNE diphthongs with the PNE monophthong, likewise the substitution of triphthong with a disyllabic in PNE which is determined basically by the phoneme inventories of the indigenous languages. We also have the substitution of schwa sound /ә/ with other phonemes since there is no schwa sound /ә/ in either of the Nigerian languages. The substitution of weak syllable with a strong one is also traceable to PNE.             Also, the possible distinctive features in the binary classification of the deviant forms in the undergraduate students’ renditions include the use of vowels which serves as the deviant phonemes by the PNE speakers. The undergraduate students’ under investigation have more problems with the realisation of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) vowel phonemes due to the unavailability of most of these phonemes in the inventories of the Nigerian indigenous languages. Almost all the deviant phonemes are syllabic because most of them constitute the peak of the syllables. The continuant takes the second position because most vowels are continuants. Conclusion and Policy Implication              Attempt has been made in this study to investigate the speech patterns of Selected Kwara State University Students through the deployment of the tenets of the theories of Chomsky et al.’s Generative Phonology. The study has revealed that the adaptation of the tenet of the phonological theory, Generative Phonology to the analysis of the studied undergraduates’ utterances has helped to identify the distinctive features that characterise the Popular Nigerian English as a variety of English. From the study, it has been observed that factors such as interlanguage phonology of the undergraduates are responsible for the variation in their speech patterns. However, there is a low level of compliance towards the Standard Nigerian English, which is the nation’s acrolect. In conclusion, more could be achieved by the undergraduates as representatives of the educated Nigerians if close attention could be paid on the areas of differences in the Standard Nigerian English and Popular Nigerian English, and attitudinal issues such as negligence are worked on.            Language is an entity of utmost importance to every nation and in the case of Nigeria, linguistic harmonisation is germane. Due to the Nigerian multi-ethnic nature, arriving at a language of national identity has continue to pose problem and English language, which is serving the official statusquo is controversial due to the problem of categorisation and standardisation issues. This study is a way forward towards solving this important national problem which has linguistic orientation. The implication of this study to policy implementation is that the popular English has been identified as the most accepted variety of spoken English among Nigerians. It is therefore recommended that the Nigerian government, language experts and other stakeholders should work together towards the codification of this variety of English and adopt it as the nation’s standard form of English, not only at the phonological level but also other levels of linguistic appreciation. References Adedimeji, Mahfouz The linguistic features of Nigerian English and their                implication for 21st century English pedagogy, 2007, a paper resented at the 24th annual conference of the Nigerian English Studies Association (NESA)         Adegbija, E. E. (1992). Survival Strategies for Minority Languages: The Case of Oko. ITL         Applied Linguistics, No. 21, pp. 103-104. Alabi, T. A. (2012). Towards the determination of standard Nigerian English. Journal of the        Nigerian English Studies Association, 15(1), 120-128. Alabi, T. A. & Gobir, M. T. (2020). English Speech Variation among Students of Kwara State       University. In  Critical Perspectives on Language,           Literature and Cultural Discourse, I.      Bariki, Kuupole, D.D. and Alabi, T.A. (Eds), pp. 14-29. Ghana and Nigeria: Department      of French, University of Ilorin & Department of French, University of Cape Coast. Awe, B. M. (2014). Nativisation of English Language in a multilingual setting: The        example of Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 3 (6),                485-492            Bamgbose, A. (1995). English language in the Nigerian environment. In Bamgbose, A.,   A. Banjo and A. Thomas (Eds.) Ibadan: Mosuru Publisher Banjo, A. (1971). Towards a definition of standard Nigerian spoken English. Actes du 8e    congress de la Societe Linguistique de l’ Antique Occidental Abijan pp.24-28 Banjo, A. (2012). The deteriorating use of English in Nigeria: A lecture delivered at the        occasion of the inauguration of the University of Ibadan English Language Clinic     Series,   accessed, 3/7/17, retrieved from: file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/The%20Deteriorating%20Use%20Of%20Englis  h%20In%20Nigeria%20_%20BookRepublic.htm Bloomfield, L. (1993) Language. University of Arizona,. Byung-gon, L. (1972). Underlying segments in Korean phonology, , unpublished PhD                dissertation. Chomsky, Noam & M. Halle . The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968 Corder, S. P. (1967). Interlanguage phonetics and phonology: An introduction. Shoshganga,. Durand, J. (1999). Phonologie: theorie et variation, cahiers de grammaire, Vol. 24, 1999.               Ekundayo, S. B. (2013). Lexico-semantic intraference in Educated Nigerian English (ENE),                International Journal of English Linguistics, 3 (6), 17-30. Hale, M. & C. Reiss. (2008). The Phonological Enterprise. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jibril, M. (1986) Phonological variation in Nigerian spoken English, 1986, Unpublished Ph.D. Jibril, M. (1982). Phonological variation in Nigerian spoken English. Unpublished Ph.D                                                           Dissertation, University of Lancaster. Josiah, U. E., Bodunde, H. & E. Robert (2012). An analysis of the patterns of English. Asian                Social Science, 3 (6), 141-152.               pronunciation among Nigerian university undergraduates: challenges and prospects. Josiah, U. E. & N. E. Nkereke (2012). A historical survey of Nigerian spoken English and                its implications for outer circle Englishes, , Accessed 25/3/18, retrieved from,                   <nowiki>http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2865844921</nowiki>               Jowitt, D. (1991). Nigerian English usage: An introduction. Lagos: Longman. Jowitt, D. (1996). Oral English for senior secondary schools. Ibadan: Spectrum. Jowitt, D. (2001). ‘In defence of triphthongs. English Today, 6 (7), 36-41. Lado, R. (1972). Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language users. Open              Journal of  Social Sciences,. 4 (2), 957. Mc Mahon, A. (2001). An Introduction to English Phonology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University          Press.               Odumuh, A. 1987. Nigerian English. Zaria : Ahmadu Bello University Press Olaniyi, K. O. (2011). Articulation as a means of identifying educated Nigerian speakers of        English: A phono-sociolinguistic study, , Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of English, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Ononiwu, M. C. & Njemanze, U. (2015). Poor English pronunciation among Nigerian ESL        students: The ICT Solution.  International Journal of Language and Literature, 3 (1),              169-179. Stockwell, P. et al. (2011) Practical phonetics and phonology: A resource book for students. US:                Collins. Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. London: Cambridge. 4je841koqm3ml98a0v2n5fc5uy1y0e7 2415908 2415907 2022-08-17T20:39:34Z Margob28 2943256 I changed the key titles in the article to hold don't. wikitext text/x-wiki A Phonological Analysis of Selected Undergraduates’ Renditions '''Introduction''' Language use in non-native contexts, most especially in the area of speech production—phonology, has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. Scholars such as Adedimeji (2007), Adetugbo (1987), Alabi (2003), Alabi and Gobir (2020; 2021), Awe (2014), Bamiro (1994, 2006 & 2009), Banjo (1971), Babatunde and Udofot (2011), Bamgbose (1995), Igboanusi (2001), Jibril (1973), Jowitt (2001),  Josiah (2009; 2013), Josiah and Babatunde (2011), Lawal (2013), Odumuh (1987), Olaniyi (2013; 2014) and several others, have examined the nature and scope Nigerian English. Not only this, the scholars have variously typified Nigerian English using different parameters, ranging from education to native-like exposure. From these myriads of research, it has been found that Nigerian English at the acrolectal level (Standard Nigerian English—SNE) is equivalent to the Standard British English (Josiah & Babatunde, 2011, etc.) based on the metrics of education and exposure. More recently, it has been found that education to some extent is not sufficient as a yardstick to determine the standard accent; attitude has a major role to play.  It is based on this backdrop that this study aims at examining selected utterances of university undergraduates from a phonological perspective. More specifically, the selected undergraduate utterances are evaluated in this study using the Generative Phonological Approach of Chomsky and Halle (1968), to examine the distinctions in the target language, Standard Nigerian English and the undergraduates’ utterances, especially the examination of the distinctive segmental features in the students’ utterances and standard variety; and the peculiar distinctive features that characterise the undergraduates’ utterances. Also, the study set out to investigate whether the university undergraduates are representatives of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) or the Popular Nigerian English (Jowitt, (1991; 2001 & 2016). The subsequent sections contain review of related literatures to the study. Concepts which are relevant to the study which include Standard Nigerian English (SNE), Popular Nigerian English (PNE) and contrastive analysis are components of the literature review section. Subsequent discussions centre on the theoretical basis for the study, the research methodology, the analysis of the data samples collected, the discussion of findings and conclusion of the study. '''Literature Review''' Many researches by different scholars have been carried out on an analysis of pronunciation errors. Ononiwu and Njemanze (2015) investigated poor English pronunciation among Nigerian ESL students: The ICT Solution. In this study, these scholars examined the causes of poor English pronunciation among ESL Nigerian students. Also, Josiah, Bodunde and Robert (2012) embarked on an analysis of the patterns of English pronunciation among Nigerian university undergraduates: challenges and prospects. However, this research seeks to fill the vacuum left by past researchers by adapting theoretical tenets for the analysis selected undergraduates’ renditions, specifically, the tenets of Generative Phonology is adapted for the examination of the speech samples which constitute the research data. '''Standard Nigerian English (SNE)'''               Standard Nigerian English is the variety of English used in Nigeria to communicate across Nigeria socio-cultural boundary. A Nigerian speaker of Standard Nigerian English may not sound like an English native speaker but speaks an internationally intelligible and acceptable variety of English that does not obscure understanding despite the fact that some vocabulary items have been brought into it to reflect the speakers socio-cultural norms. This variety of English have met the set down criteria of what make a language standard such as selection, elaboration of function, codification, acceptability and intelligibility. Most importantly, this variety of English has been classified by scholars at all levels of linguistic appraisal—Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and lexico-semantics (Adedimeji, 2007; Adegbija, 2004; Olaniyi, 2011, 2013; Josiah; 2003; Jowitt, 1991, etc.). '''Popular Nigerian English (PNE)'''               The concept of Popular Nigerian English was first coined by Jowitt (1991) in his typology of Nigerian English based on the yardstick of acceptability and its utilisation in formal and informal linguistic contexts such as classroom pedagogy, entertainment, religion, media and cross-cultural communication. According to him, this variety of English is classified as popular based to the fact that it has a wide range of speakers (pp. 47-48).               Even though the term “popular” in relation to the description of a Nigerian spoken variety of English was the effort of Jowitt, his predecessors such as Banjo (1996) have identified this variety of English in their categorisations. Jowitt’s Popular Nigerian English is equivalent to Banjo’s variety II (two), which he described as a variety close to the Standard British English but with strongly marked phonological and lexical peculiarities, and which has about 75% of speakers across the nation.               More recently, Association of Nigerian English Scholars, Adegbite, Ekundayo and numerous others in the 2021 conference of the English Scholars’ Association of Nigeria ESAN are involved in an advocacy towards the recognition of the Popular Nigerian English as a the standard variety. In the views of these myriads of scholars, acceptability is one of the core parameters for standardisation, likewise codification, and the Popular Nigerian English has met these two conditions, hence its recommendation for the standard statusque within the nation. Be it as it may, further researches into the nature, scope, description and categorisation of the Popular Nigerian English are in the pipeline. '''Contrastive Analysis''' Contrastive research first started in the 1940s by Charles Fries. Then in 1957, Lado developed the contrastive hypothesis stating that contrasting two languages would help predict the feature that would represent difficulty or ease in learning a second language due to realising the differences and similarities between the first and the second language. Lado assumed that second language learners transfer the forms, meaning and the way they are distributed in their native language to the second language. Lado stated that systematic comparison of languages can help predict and describe the difficult features that can face a second language learner in learning L2. This perspective relied on structuralism as stated by Bloomfield (1993) which further assumed that the structure of any language is finite and hence can be determined and compared to another language (Byung-gon, 1972).               The second perspective to guide the contrastive analysis hypothesis was the school of behaviourism due to its assumption that the difficulty or easiness of acquiring a second language is rendered to the already acquired habits of the first language. This, therefore, led to the emergence of transfer theory that mainly relied on the assumption of transfer of habits from the native language to the learned one (Corder, 1967 cited in Byung-gon, 1972). The transfer theory complements the contrastive analysis hypothesis and serves its applied purpose. It illustrates how certain linguistic features of the second language can be more difficult to acquire than others. Stockwell et al. (2011) claimed that when the features of the contrasted languages are similar, positive transfer occurs; while in cases of different features, negative transfer shows, causing difficulty of acquisition. And in cases of no relation between features, zero transfer takes place. '''Theoretical Framework''' Chomsky et al. (1968) are the proponents of Generative Phonology while Hale et al. (1968) are contributors to discussions on Generative Phonology. Generative Phonology is an aspect of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to utterances in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internal grammar. The components of Generative Phonology include levels of phonological representation. Generative Phonology states two levels of phonological representation which incorporate the most basic form of a word before any phonological rules have been applied to it. This shows what a native speaker knows about the abstract underlying phonology of his language. Second is phonetic representation which is a form of a word that is spoken and heard. Other tools of generative phonology include: phonological rules which delete, insert or change segments, or change the features of segments; distinctive features which make it possible to capture the generalities of phonological rules, to Durand (1999) binarism is the major function of distinctive feature in Generative Phonology while Roach (2000) among others classified distinctive features into the major class features, creative features and secondary features; and linearity, a stream of speech which is seen as a sequence of discrete sound segments, where each segment constitutes simultaneously occurring features (McMahun, 2001).   Phonological processes are also aspects of generative grammar that concern with the patterns of sound errors that typically helps to simplify speech when trying to speak. Phonological processes include: substitution which has to do with replacing one class of sounds for another class of sounds; syllable structure which accounts for syllabic reduction, omission or replacement; assimilation which has to do with when sounds/ syllables start to sound like surrounding sounds. '''Methodology''' This research is both qualitative and quantitative. The population for this study constitutes selected 400 level students of Kwara State University. The instrument for this study consists of recorded utterances of selected Kwara State University students which are collected through the participatory observation method and questionnaire to verify the gender and geographical origin of the studied population. This method is adopted in order to generate objective data as the awareness of the population for the study may hinder the collection of valid data for analysis. The data collected will be analysed through the use of Praat software to generate objective results. '''Distinctive Segmental Features of Nigerian English''' The segmental feature of the Standard Nigerian English is different from the Popular Nigerian English as a result of the disparities in the educational status and exposure of every individual in the nation. From the samples collected for this study, it has been discovered that there are specific phonemes that are dropped and substituted or not substituted by the respondents, examples are cited as follows:   '''Sample                Words                   SNE       PNE''' But I don’t use to go to our food canteen but that day, I just went.                  Don’t     /dәunt/                  [dont]                  Use        /ju:z/     [yu:s]                  Canteen              /kᴂntɪ:n/              [ka:ntɪn] In example A, the diphthong /әu/ is substituted for [on] thereby bringing in the nasalised vowel in the inventory of the speaker. Apart from this, the consonant /j/ is also substituted with [y] in phoneme inventory traceable to the South Western part of Nigeria. This is also an illustration of the mother-tongue interference. In sample C, the monophthong /ᴂ/ and /ɪ:/ has been substituted with [a:] and [ɪ] in PNE.     Sample               Words                    SNE       PNE Some of us actually feel pressured to the extent that all we think about is how to pass this course. Our reason is attached to our portal        Pressured         /preʃәd/                 [preʃↄ:d]                   Extent                /ɪkstent/                [ekstent]                   Think   /θɪnk/    [tɪnk]                   Course               /kↄ:s/       [kos]       In example A, the schwa sound /ә/ is replaced with [ↄ:] since there is no schwa sound /ә/ in either of the Nigerian languages and also in sample B the /ɪ/ sound is replaced with /e/. This variety is traceable to pronunciations, the inability of the non-native speaker of English to differentiate between alphabets pronunciation and word pronunciation. The respondent has pronounced the word orthographically based on the spelling. In sample C the /θ/ sound is not present in the Nigerian phonemic inventory so it has been substituted with [t]. In sample F, the schwa sound /ә/ has been replaced with [a] which is occasional variant of the /ә/ in the PNE.          Sample                                       Words          SNE                       PNE   The mallam tortured the students in Gombe. They beat them to the extent that they did not even care whether they are someone’s children.               Tortured               /tↄ:ʧәd/                 [tↄ:ʧↄ:d]               Students               /stju:dәnts/        [studᴂnts]               Extent      /ɪkstent/                [ekstent]               Care        /kɛә/     [kɪe]               Whether               /weðә/    [weda:]               Children               /ʧɪldrәn/               [ʧɪldren] In example A, the schwa sound /ә/ is substituted with /ↄ:/. In sample B, the palatal sound /j/ is omitted and also there is substitution of /u:/ with [u]. Lastly, the consonant cluster in the SNE realisation is reduced with vowel insertions. In sample C, the monophthong /ɪ/ is substituted with [e] in PNE. In sample D, /ɛә/ sound is substituted with [ɪә]. There is a substitution of diphthong phoneme. This time around it is the combination of vowel phonemes. Instead of /ɛә/ or its correspondent /ɪә/, the respondent chose /ɪе/, an indigenised version of the correct phoneme. In sample E, the /ð/ is substituted with /d/ and /ә/ is substituted with the variant [a:].      Sample                Words                       SNE                       PNE The situation is different. In Northern Nigeria where they made Quranic education compulsory, the system of education there is brutal.                    Situation           /sɪʧuеɪʃәn/           [sɪtweɪʃаn]                    Different           /dɪfәrәnt/             [dɪfrent]                    Northern               /nↄ:әәn/               [nↄ:tan]                  Nigeria                /naɪʤɪәrɪә/         [naɪjɪrɪa]                    Compulsory      /kәmpʌsrɪ/            [kↄmpↄsrɪ]                    Brutal                 /bru:tәl/                  [bru:ta:]          In example A, the palate-alveolar affricate /ʧ/ is substituted for an alveolar plosive [t], the last syllable in the SBE which is syllabicised is nasalised in the PNE and there is substitution of the vowel /u/ for the labio-dental fricative [w]. Also in sample B, the lateral /l/ sound is omitted. In sample B, the schwa sound /ә/ in SNE has been omitted in PNE. In sample C, the dental fricative /ә/ has been substituted with the consonantal sound [t] in PNE. In sample D, the post-alveolar affricate sound /ʤ/ is substituted with the consonant sound [j] in PNE. In samples E and F, the schwa sound the schwa sound /ә/ is substituted with [ↄ], [ɪ] and [a:] in the SBE respectively.      Sample                 Words                      SNE         PNE There is no cooperation between the literature and language students.                   Cooperation               /kәuɒpәrеɪʃn/       [kↄ:preɪʃn]                     Between            /bɪtwɪ:n/                [bɪtwɪn]                    Literature           /lɪtrәʧә/                  [lɪtrеɪʃↄ:]                    Language            /lᴂŋgwɪʤ/            [langweɪʤ] In the illustrations, it has been observed that the diphthong /әu/ is dropped and substituted with monophthong [ↄ:] in PNE. The monophthong /ә/ that is present in SNE has been omitted in PNE. Also, a remarkable deduction is that the polysyllabic word has been realized as a trisyllabic word. In sample B, the long monophthong /ɪ:/ has been substituted with the short monophthong [ɪ] in PNE. In sample C, since we do not have schwa sound in PNE, it has been replaced with the phoneme [eɪ], [e] and [ↄ:]. Also in sample D, the sound /ᴂ/ has been replaced with [a] in PNE. Binary Classifications         The previous analysis based on the juxtaposition of the SNE and PNE has revealed specific areas of disparities in the superstrate- SNE and the substrate- PNE. In this section, the distinctive features of the PNE variables will be analysed based on the combination of major class features, manner features, place of articulation features and the binary taxonomy. '''Table 6: Deviant Phonemes and their Distinctive Properties''' '''PNE Transcription               Deviant Phonemes               Distinctive Features'''                             '''Syllabic Labial               Nasal     Dental               Lateral  Continuant               Consonantal''' don’t        on   [o]        +         -                              +             -             -                   -             - yu:s           y    s           +    -           -   -             -    -            -    -            -    -             -     +          +    + ka:ntɪn     a:   ɪ            +   +           -   -             -    -            -    -            -    -             +     -            -    - preʃↄ:d     ↄ:           +            -                  -              -             -                   +             - ekstent    e            +            -                  -              -             -                    -             - tɪnk          t             -             -                  -              -             -                    -             + kↄ:s           s             -             -                  -              -             -                    +             + rɪzɪn         ɪ             +            -                  -              -             -                    +             - ata:tsd     a   a:          +   +           -   -            -   -             -    -            -    -             -     +            -      - tↄ:ʧↄ:d     ↄ:           +            -                  -              -             -                    +             - studᴂnt                   ʊ     ᴂ         +    +          -   -            -   -            -   -            -   -              +     +           -     - ekstent      e                      +                 -             -             -                             -                 -                    -       kɪә            ɪә                        +                  -              -             -                             -                   -                     -       weda:     da:                       +                  -              -             -                             -                   +                    +       ʧɪldren     e                        +                 -             -             -                              -                   -                     -       sitweɪʃan                 w    an    [a]         +   +           +   -            -   +            -    -            -    -              +      -            +       - dɪfrent      e           +            -                  -              -             -                     -              - nↄ:tan       t   an   [a]         -   +           -   -            -   +             -    -            -    -             -     -             +      - naɪjɪrɪa     j            -             -                  -              -             -                    -              - kↄmpↄsrɪ                  ↄ     ɪ          +   +           -   -            -   -            -   -             -    -              -      -             -       - bru:ta:l      a:         +            -                  -              -             -                     +             - kↄ:preɪʃn                  ↄ:         +                  -             -              -                   -               +             - bɪtwɪn       ɪ           +            -                  -              -             -                     -              - lɪtreɪʧↄ:      eɪ     ↄ:         +   +           -   -            -   -             -    -            -    -              +      +            -       - langweɪʤ                an     eɪ         +   +           -   -            +   -             -   -             -    -              -    +              -     - The table above presents the deviant phonemes and their distinctive properties. In the table, it has been discovered that most of the deviant phonemes are vowels. This reveals that the SNE and PNE phonemes do not have much difference. The major areas of disparities are the vowels. This reflects that Nigerian speakers, which the undergraduates students under investigation represents have more problems with the realisation of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE)  vowel phonemes due to the unavailability of most of these phonemes in the inventories of the Nigerian indigenous languages. Based on this, almost all of the deviant phonemes are (+) syllabic because most of them constitute the peak of the syllables. There are few labials, nasals, dentals, lateral and consonants, most of the phonemes have negative (-) classification because all these characteristics are peculiar to the consonant sounds. The continuant takes the second position because most vowels are continuants. Both syllabic and continuant classifications are fairly represented. This further emphasise the vowels as the area of problems by Nigerian speakers of English. '''Discussion of Findings'''             The data has been examined using the tenets of Chomsky et al. (268) Generative Phonology. Some deductions have been made: the distinctive segmental features of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) and the Popular Nigerian English (PNE) in the undergraduates’ utterances include substitution of the SNE diphthongs with the PNE monophthong, likewise the substitution of triphthong with a disyllabic in PNE which is determined basically by the phoneme inventories of the indigenous languages. We also have the substitution of schwa sound /ә/ with other phonemes since there is no schwa sound /ә/ in either of the Nigerian languages. The substitution of weak syllable with a strong one is also traceable to PNE.             Also, the possible distinctive features in the binary classification of the deviant forms in the undergraduate students’ renditions include the use of vowels which serves as the deviant phonemes by the PNE speakers. The undergraduate students’ under investigation have more problems with the realisation of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) vowel phonemes due to the unavailability of most of these phonemes in the inventories of the Nigerian indigenous languages. Almost all the deviant phonemes are syllabic because most of them constitute the peak of the syllables. The continuant takes the second position because most vowels are continuants. '''Conclusion and Policy Implication'''              Attempt has been made in this study to investigate the speech patterns of Selected Kwara State University Students through the deployment of the tenets of the theories of Chomsky et al.’s Generative Phonology. The study has revealed that the adaptation of the tenet of the phonological theory, Generative Phonology to the analysis of the studied undergraduates’ utterances has helped to identify the distinctive features that characterise the Popular Nigerian English as a variety of English. From the study, it has been observed that factors such as interlanguage phonology of the undergraduates are responsible for the variation in their speech patterns. However, there is a low level of compliance towards the Standard Nigerian English, which is the nation’s acrolect. In conclusion, more could be achieved by the undergraduates as representatives of the educated Nigerians if close attention could be paid on the areas of differences in the Standard Nigerian English and Popular Nigerian English, and attitudinal issues such as negligence are worked on.            Language is an entity of utmost importance to every nation and in the case of Nigeria, linguistic harmonisation is germane. Due to the Nigerian multi-ethnic nature, arriving at a language of national identity has continue to pose problem and English language, which is serving the official statusquo is controversial due to the problem of categorisation and standardisation issues. This study is a way forward towards solving this important national problem which has linguistic orientation. The implication of this study to policy implementation is that the popular English has been identified as the most accepted variety of spoken English among Nigerians. It is therefore recommended that the Nigerian government, language experts and other stakeholders should work together towards the codification of this variety of English and adopt it as the nation’s standard form of English, not only at the phonological level but also other levels of linguistic appreciation. '''References''' Adedimeji, Mahfouz The linguistic features of Nigerian English and their                implication for 21st century English pedagogy, 2007, a paper resented at the 24th annual conference of the Nigerian English Studies Association (NESA)         Adegbija, E. E. (1992). Survival Strategies for Minority Languages: The Case of Oko. ITL         Applied Linguistics, No. 21, pp. 103-104. Alabi, T. A. (2012). Towards the determination of standard Nigerian English. Journal of the        Nigerian English Studies Association, 15(1), 120-128. Alabi, T. A. & Gobir, M. T. (2020). English Speech Variation among Students of Kwara State       University. In  Critical Perspectives on Language,           Literature and Cultural Discourse, I.      Bariki, Kuupole, D.D. and Alabi, T.A. (Eds), pp. 14-29. Ghana and Nigeria: Department      of French, University of Ilorin & Department of French, University of Cape Coast. Awe, B. M. (2014). Nativisation of English Language in a multilingual setting: The        example of Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 3 (6),                485-492            Bamgbose, A. (1995). English language in the Nigerian environment. In Bamgbose, A.,   A. Banjo and A. Thomas (Eds.) Ibadan: Mosuru Publisher Banjo, A. (1971). Towards a definition of standard Nigerian spoken English. Actes du 8e    congress de la Societe Linguistique de l’ Antique Occidental Abijan pp.24-28 Banjo, A. (2012). The deteriorating use of English in Nigeria: A lecture delivered at the        occasion of the inauguration of the University of Ibadan English Language Clinic     Series,   accessed, 3/7/17, retrieved from: file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/The%20Deteriorating%20Use%20Of%20Englis  h%20In%20Nigeria%20_%20BookRepublic.htm Bloomfield, L. (1993) Language. University of Arizona,. Byung-gon, L. (1972). Underlying segments in Korean phonology, , unpublished PhD                dissertation. Chomsky, Noam & M. Halle . The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968 Corder, S. P. (1967). Interlanguage phonetics and phonology: An introduction. Shoshganga,. Durand, J. (1999). Phonologie: theorie et variation, cahiers de grammaire, Vol. 24, 1999.               Ekundayo, S. B. (2013). Lexico-semantic intraference in Educated Nigerian English (ENE),                International Journal of English Linguistics, 3 (6), 17-30. Hale, M. & C. Reiss. (2008). The Phonological Enterprise. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jibril, M. (1986) Phonological variation in Nigerian spoken English, 1986, Unpublished Ph.D. Jibril, M. (1982). Phonological variation in Nigerian spoken English. Unpublished Ph.D                                                           Dissertation, University of Lancaster. Josiah, U. E., Bodunde, H. & E. Robert (2012). An analysis of the patterns of English. Asian                Social Science, 3 (6), 141-152.               pronunciation among Nigerian university undergraduates: challenges and prospects. Josiah, U. E. & N. E. Nkereke (2012). A historical survey of Nigerian spoken English and                its implications for outer circle Englishes, , Accessed 25/3/18, retrieved from,                   <nowiki>http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2865844921</nowiki>               Jowitt, D. (1991). Nigerian English usage: An introduction. Lagos: Longman. Jowitt, D. (1996). Oral English for senior secondary schools. Ibadan: Spectrum. Jowitt, D. (2001). ‘In defence of triphthongs. English Today, 6 (7), 36-41. Lado, R. (1972). Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language users. Open              Journal of  Social Sciences,. 4 (2), 957. Mc Mahon, A. (2001). An Introduction to English Phonology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University          Press.               Odumuh, A. 1987. Nigerian English. Zaria : Ahmadu Bello University Press Olaniyi, K. O. (2011). Articulation as a means of identifying educated Nigerian speakers of        English: A phono-sociolinguistic study, , Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of English, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Ononiwu, M. C. & Njemanze, U. (2015). Poor English pronunciation among Nigerian ESL        students: The ICT Solution.  International Journal of Language and Literature, 3 (1),              169-179. Stockwell, P. et al. (2011) Practical phonetics and phonology: A resource book for students. US:                Collins. Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. London: Cambridge. d37w8d56rvhk06l2rofplftb1iq6of1 2415964 2415908 2022-08-18T00:38:50Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Dave Braunschweig moved page [[WikiJournal Preprints/A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED NIGERIAN UNDERGRADUATES RENDITIONS]] to [[WikiJournal Preprints/A Phonological Analysis of Selected Nigerian Undergraduates Renditions]]: Rename wikitext text/x-wiki A Phonological Analysis of Selected Undergraduates’ Renditions '''Introduction''' Language use in non-native contexts, most especially in the area of speech production—phonology, has attracted the attention of numerous scholars. Scholars such as Adedimeji (2007), Adetugbo (1987), Alabi (2003), Alabi and Gobir (2020; 2021), Awe (2014), Bamiro (1994, 2006 & 2009), Banjo (1971), Babatunde and Udofot (2011), Bamgbose (1995), Igboanusi (2001), Jibril (1973), Jowitt (2001),  Josiah (2009; 2013), Josiah and Babatunde (2011), Lawal (2013), Odumuh (1987), Olaniyi (2013; 2014) and several others, have examined the nature and scope Nigerian English. Not only this, the scholars have variously typified Nigerian English using different parameters, ranging from education to native-like exposure. From these myriads of research, it has been found that Nigerian English at the acrolectal level (Standard Nigerian English—SNE) is equivalent to the Standard British English (Josiah & Babatunde, 2011, etc.) based on the metrics of education and exposure. More recently, it has been found that education to some extent is not sufficient as a yardstick to determine the standard accent; attitude has a major role to play.  It is based on this backdrop that this study aims at examining selected utterances of university undergraduates from a phonological perspective. More specifically, the selected undergraduate utterances are evaluated in this study using the Generative Phonological Approach of Chomsky and Halle (1968), to examine the distinctions in the target language, Standard Nigerian English and the undergraduates’ utterances, especially the examination of the distinctive segmental features in the students’ utterances and standard variety; and the peculiar distinctive features that characterise the undergraduates’ utterances. Also, the study set out to investigate whether the university undergraduates are representatives of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) or the Popular Nigerian English (Jowitt, (1991; 2001 & 2016). The subsequent sections contain review of related literatures to the study. Concepts which are relevant to the study which include Standard Nigerian English (SNE), Popular Nigerian English (PNE) and contrastive analysis are components of the literature review section. Subsequent discussions centre on the theoretical basis for the study, the research methodology, the analysis of the data samples collected, the discussion of findings and conclusion of the study. '''Literature Review''' Many researches by different scholars have been carried out on an analysis of pronunciation errors. Ononiwu and Njemanze (2015) investigated poor English pronunciation among Nigerian ESL students: The ICT Solution. In this study, these scholars examined the causes of poor English pronunciation among ESL Nigerian students. Also, Josiah, Bodunde and Robert (2012) embarked on an analysis of the patterns of English pronunciation among Nigerian university undergraduates: challenges and prospects. However, this research seeks to fill the vacuum left by past researchers by adapting theoretical tenets for the analysis selected undergraduates’ renditions, specifically, the tenets of Generative Phonology is adapted for the examination of the speech samples which constitute the research data. '''Standard Nigerian English (SNE)'''               Standard Nigerian English is the variety of English used in Nigeria to communicate across Nigeria socio-cultural boundary. A Nigerian speaker of Standard Nigerian English may not sound like an English native speaker but speaks an internationally intelligible and acceptable variety of English that does not obscure understanding despite the fact that some vocabulary items have been brought into it to reflect the speakers socio-cultural norms. This variety of English have met the set down criteria of what make a language standard such as selection, elaboration of function, codification, acceptability and intelligibility. Most importantly, this variety of English has been classified by scholars at all levels of linguistic appraisal—Phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics and lexico-semantics (Adedimeji, 2007; Adegbija, 2004; Olaniyi, 2011, 2013; Josiah; 2003; Jowitt, 1991, etc.). '''Popular Nigerian English (PNE)'''               The concept of Popular Nigerian English was first coined by Jowitt (1991) in his typology of Nigerian English based on the yardstick of acceptability and its utilisation in formal and informal linguistic contexts such as classroom pedagogy, entertainment, religion, media and cross-cultural communication. According to him, this variety of English is classified as popular based to the fact that it has a wide range of speakers (pp. 47-48).               Even though the term “popular” in relation to the description of a Nigerian spoken variety of English was the effort of Jowitt, his predecessors such as Banjo (1996) have identified this variety of English in their categorisations. Jowitt’s Popular Nigerian English is equivalent to Banjo’s variety II (two), which he described as a variety close to the Standard British English but with strongly marked phonological and lexical peculiarities, and which has about 75% of speakers across the nation.               More recently, Association of Nigerian English Scholars, Adegbite, Ekundayo and numerous others in the 2021 conference of the English Scholars’ Association of Nigeria ESAN are involved in an advocacy towards the recognition of the Popular Nigerian English as a the standard variety. In the views of these myriads of scholars, acceptability is one of the core parameters for standardisation, likewise codification, and the Popular Nigerian English has met these two conditions, hence its recommendation for the standard statusque within the nation. Be it as it may, further researches into the nature, scope, description and categorisation of the Popular Nigerian English are in the pipeline. '''Contrastive Analysis''' Contrastive research first started in the 1940s by Charles Fries. Then in 1957, Lado developed the contrastive hypothesis stating that contrasting two languages would help predict the feature that would represent difficulty or ease in learning a second language due to realising the differences and similarities between the first and the second language. Lado assumed that second language learners transfer the forms, meaning and the way they are distributed in their native language to the second language. Lado stated that systematic comparison of languages can help predict and describe the difficult features that can face a second language learner in learning L2. This perspective relied on structuralism as stated by Bloomfield (1993) which further assumed that the structure of any language is finite and hence can be determined and compared to another language (Byung-gon, 1972).               The second perspective to guide the contrastive analysis hypothesis was the school of behaviourism due to its assumption that the difficulty or easiness of acquiring a second language is rendered to the already acquired habits of the first language. This, therefore, led to the emergence of transfer theory that mainly relied on the assumption of transfer of habits from the native language to the learned one (Corder, 1967 cited in Byung-gon, 1972). The transfer theory complements the contrastive analysis hypothesis and serves its applied purpose. It illustrates how certain linguistic features of the second language can be more difficult to acquire than others. Stockwell et al. (2011) claimed that when the features of the contrasted languages are similar, positive transfer occurs; while in cases of different features, negative transfer shows, causing difficulty of acquisition. And in cases of no relation between features, zero transfer takes place. '''Theoretical Framework''' Chomsky et al. (1968) are the proponents of Generative Phonology while Hale et al. (1968) are contributors to discussions on Generative Phonology. Generative Phonology is an aspect of generative grammar that assigns the correct phonetic representations to utterances in such a way as to reflect a native speaker’s internal grammar. The components of Generative Phonology include levels of phonological representation. Generative Phonology states two levels of phonological representation which incorporate the most basic form of a word before any phonological rules have been applied to it. This shows what a native speaker knows about the abstract underlying phonology of his language. Second is phonetic representation which is a form of a word that is spoken and heard. Other tools of generative phonology include: phonological rules which delete, insert or change segments, or change the features of segments; distinctive features which make it possible to capture the generalities of phonological rules, to Durand (1999) binarism is the major function of distinctive feature in Generative Phonology while Roach (2000) among others classified distinctive features into the major class features, creative features and secondary features; and linearity, a stream of speech which is seen as a sequence of discrete sound segments, where each segment constitutes simultaneously occurring features (McMahun, 2001).   Phonological processes are also aspects of generative grammar that concern with the patterns of sound errors that typically helps to simplify speech when trying to speak. Phonological processes include: substitution which has to do with replacing one class of sounds for another class of sounds; syllable structure which accounts for syllabic reduction, omission or replacement; assimilation which has to do with when sounds/ syllables start to sound like surrounding sounds. '''Methodology''' This research is both qualitative and quantitative. The population for this study constitutes selected 400 level students of Kwara State University. The instrument for this study consists of recorded utterances of selected Kwara State University students which are collected through the participatory observation method and questionnaire to verify the gender and geographical origin of the studied population. This method is adopted in order to generate objective data as the awareness of the population for the study may hinder the collection of valid data for analysis. The data collected will be analysed through the use of Praat software to generate objective results. '''Distinctive Segmental Features of Nigerian English''' The segmental feature of the Standard Nigerian English is different from the Popular Nigerian English as a result of the disparities in the educational status and exposure of every individual in the nation. From the samples collected for this study, it has been discovered that there are specific phonemes that are dropped and substituted or not substituted by the respondents, examples are cited as follows:   '''Sample                Words                   SNE       PNE''' But I don’t use to go to our food canteen but that day, I just went.                  Don’t     /dәunt/                  [dont]                  Use        /ju:z/     [yu:s]                  Canteen              /kᴂntɪ:n/              [ka:ntɪn] In example A, the diphthong /әu/ is substituted for [on] thereby bringing in the nasalised vowel in the inventory of the speaker. Apart from this, the consonant /j/ is also substituted with [y] in phoneme inventory traceable to the South Western part of Nigeria. This is also an illustration of the mother-tongue interference. In sample C, the monophthong /ᴂ/ and /ɪ:/ has been substituted with [a:] and [ɪ] in PNE.     Sample               Words                    SNE       PNE Some of us actually feel pressured to the extent that all we think about is how to pass this course. Our reason is attached to our portal        Pressured         /preʃәd/                 [preʃↄ:d]                   Extent                /ɪkstent/                [ekstent]                   Think   /θɪnk/    [tɪnk]                   Course               /kↄ:s/       [kos]       In example A, the schwa sound /ә/ is replaced with [ↄ:] since there is no schwa sound /ә/ in either of the Nigerian languages and also in sample B the /ɪ/ sound is replaced with /e/. This variety is traceable to pronunciations, the inability of the non-native speaker of English to differentiate between alphabets pronunciation and word pronunciation. The respondent has pronounced the word orthographically based on the spelling. In sample C the /θ/ sound is not present in the Nigerian phonemic inventory so it has been substituted with [t]. In sample F, the schwa sound /ә/ has been replaced with [a] which is occasional variant of the /ә/ in the PNE.          Sample                                       Words          SNE                       PNE   The mallam tortured the students in Gombe. They beat them to the extent that they did not even care whether they are someone’s children.               Tortured               /tↄ:ʧәd/                 [tↄ:ʧↄ:d]               Students               /stju:dәnts/        [studᴂnts]               Extent      /ɪkstent/                [ekstent]               Care        /kɛә/     [kɪe]               Whether               /weðә/    [weda:]               Children               /ʧɪldrәn/               [ʧɪldren] In example A, the schwa sound /ә/ is substituted with /ↄ:/. In sample B, the palatal sound /j/ is omitted and also there is substitution of /u:/ with [u]. Lastly, the consonant cluster in the SNE realisation is reduced with vowel insertions. In sample C, the monophthong /ɪ/ is substituted with [e] in PNE. In sample D, /ɛә/ sound is substituted with [ɪә]. There is a substitution of diphthong phoneme. This time around it is the combination of vowel phonemes. Instead of /ɛә/ or its correspondent /ɪә/, the respondent chose /ɪе/, an indigenised version of the correct phoneme. In sample E, the /ð/ is substituted with /d/ and /ә/ is substituted with the variant [a:].      Sample                Words                       SNE                       PNE The situation is different. In Northern Nigeria where they made Quranic education compulsory, the system of education there is brutal.                    Situation           /sɪʧuеɪʃәn/           [sɪtweɪʃаn]                    Different           /dɪfәrәnt/             [dɪfrent]                    Northern               /nↄ:әәn/               [nↄ:tan]                  Nigeria                /naɪʤɪәrɪә/         [naɪjɪrɪa]                    Compulsory      /kәmpʌsrɪ/            [kↄmpↄsrɪ]                    Brutal                 /bru:tәl/                  [bru:ta:]          In example A, the palate-alveolar affricate /ʧ/ is substituted for an alveolar plosive [t], the last syllable in the SBE which is syllabicised is nasalised in the PNE and there is substitution of the vowel /u/ for the labio-dental fricative [w]. Also in sample B, the lateral /l/ sound is omitted. In sample B, the schwa sound /ә/ in SNE has been omitted in PNE. In sample C, the dental fricative /ә/ has been substituted with the consonantal sound [t] in PNE. In sample D, the post-alveolar affricate sound /ʤ/ is substituted with the consonant sound [j] in PNE. In samples E and F, the schwa sound the schwa sound /ә/ is substituted with [ↄ], [ɪ] and [a:] in the SBE respectively.      Sample                 Words                      SNE         PNE There is no cooperation between the literature and language students.                   Cooperation               /kәuɒpәrеɪʃn/       [kↄ:preɪʃn]                     Between            /bɪtwɪ:n/                [bɪtwɪn]                    Literature           /lɪtrәʧә/                  [lɪtrеɪʃↄ:]                    Language            /lᴂŋgwɪʤ/            [langweɪʤ] In the illustrations, it has been observed that the diphthong /әu/ is dropped and substituted with monophthong [ↄ:] in PNE. The monophthong /ә/ that is present in SNE has been omitted in PNE. Also, a remarkable deduction is that the polysyllabic word has been realized as a trisyllabic word. In sample B, the long monophthong /ɪ:/ has been substituted with the short monophthong [ɪ] in PNE. In sample C, since we do not have schwa sound in PNE, it has been replaced with the phoneme [eɪ], [e] and [ↄ:]. Also in sample D, the sound /ᴂ/ has been replaced with [a] in PNE. Binary Classifications         The previous analysis based on the juxtaposition of the SNE and PNE has revealed specific areas of disparities in the superstrate- SNE and the substrate- PNE. In this section, the distinctive features of the PNE variables will be analysed based on the combination of major class features, manner features, place of articulation features and the binary taxonomy. '''Table 6: Deviant Phonemes and their Distinctive Properties''' '''PNE Transcription               Deviant Phonemes               Distinctive Features'''                             '''Syllabic Labial               Nasal     Dental               Lateral  Continuant               Consonantal''' don’t        on   [o]        +         -                              +             -             -                   -             - yu:s           y    s           +    -           -   -             -    -            -    -            -    -             -     +          +    + ka:ntɪn     a:   ɪ            +   +           -   -             -    -            -    -            -    -             +     -            -    - preʃↄ:d     ↄ:           +            -                  -              -             -                   +             - ekstent    e            +            -                  -              -             -                    -             - tɪnk          t             -             -                  -              -             -                    -             + kↄ:s           s             -             -                  -              -             -                    +             + rɪzɪn         ɪ             +            -                  -              -             -                    +             - ata:tsd     a   a:          +   +           -   -            -   -             -    -            -    -             -     +            -      - tↄ:ʧↄ:d     ↄ:           +            -                  -              -             -                    +             - studᴂnt                   ʊ     ᴂ         +    +          -   -            -   -            -   -            -   -              +     +           -     - ekstent      e                      +                 -             -             -                             -                 -                    -       kɪә            ɪә                        +                  -              -             -                             -                   -                     -       weda:     da:                       +                  -              -             -                             -                   +                    +       ʧɪldren     e                        +                 -             -             -                              -                   -                     -       sitweɪʃan                 w    an    [a]         +   +           +   -            -   +            -    -            -    -              +      -            +       - dɪfrent      e           +            -                  -              -             -                     -              - nↄ:tan       t   an   [a]         -   +           -   -            -   +             -    -            -    -             -     -             +      - naɪjɪrɪa     j            -             -                  -              -             -                    -              - kↄmpↄsrɪ                  ↄ     ɪ          +   +           -   -            -   -            -   -             -    -              -      -             -       - bru:ta:l      a:         +            -                  -              -             -                     +             - kↄ:preɪʃn                  ↄ:         +                  -             -              -                   -               +             - bɪtwɪn       ɪ           +            -                  -              -             -                     -              - lɪtreɪʧↄ:      eɪ     ↄ:         +   +           -   -            -   -             -    -            -    -              +      +            -       - langweɪʤ                an     eɪ         +   +           -   -            +   -             -   -             -    -              -    +              -     - The table above presents the deviant phonemes and their distinctive properties. In the table, it has been discovered that most of the deviant phonemes are vowels. This reveals that the SNE and PNE phonemes do not have much difference. The major areas of disparities are the vowels. This reflects that Nigerian speakers, which the undergraduates students under investigation represents have more problems with the realisation of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE)  vowel phonemes due to the unavailability of most of these phonemes in the inventories of the Nigerian indigenous languages. Based on this, almost all of the deviant phonemes are (+) syllabic because most of them constitute the peak of the syllables. There are few labials, nasals, dentals, lateral and consonants, most of the phonemes have negative (-) classification because all these characteristics are peculiar to the consonant sounds. The continuant takes the second position because most vowels are continuants. Both syllabic and continuant classifications are fairly represented. This further emphasise the vowels as the area of problems by Nigerian speakers of English. '''Discussion of Findings'''             The data has been examined using the tenets of Chomsky et al. (268) Generative Phonology. Some deductions have been made: the distinctive segmental features of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) and the Popular Nigerian English (PNE) in the undergraduates’ utterances include substitution of the SNE diphthongs with the PNE monophthong, likewise the substitution of triphthong with a disyllabic in PNE which is determined basically by the phoneme inventories of the indigenous languages. We also have the substitution of schwa sound /ә/ with other phonemes since there is no schwa sound /ә/ in either of the Nigerian languages. The substitution of weak syllable with a strong one is also traceable to PNE.             Also, the possible distinctive features in the binary classification of the deviant forms in the undergraduate students’ renditions include the use of vowels which serves as the deviant phonemes by the PNE speakers. The undergraduate students’ under investigation have more problems with the realisation of the Standard Nigerian English (SNE) vowel phonemes due to the unavailability of most of these phonemes in the inventories of the Nigerian indigenous languages. Almost all the deviant phonemes are syllabic because most of them constitute the peak of the syllables. The continuant takes the second position because most vowels are continuants. '''Conclusion and Policy Implication'''              Attempt has been made in this study to investigate the speech patterns of Selected Kwara State University Students through the deployment of the tenets of the theories of Chomsky et al.’s Generative Phonology. The study has revealed that the adaptation of the tenet of the phonological theory, Generative Phonology to the analysis of the studied undergraduates’ utterances has helped to identify the distinctive features that characterise the Popular Nigerian English as a variety of English. From the study, it has been observed that factors such as interlanguage phonology of the undergraduates are responsible for the variation in their speech patterns. However, there is a low level of compliance towards the Standard Nigerian English, which is the nation’s acrolect. In conclusion, more could be achieved by the undergraduates as representatives of the educated Nigerians if close attention could be paid on the areas of differences in the Standard Nigerian English and Popular Nigerian English, and attitudinal issues such as negligence are worked on.            Language is an entity of utmost importance to every nation and in the case of Nigeria, linguistic harmonisation is germane. Due to the Nigerian multi-ethnic nature, arriving at a language of national identity has continue to pose problem and English language, which is serving the official statusquo is controversial due to the problem of categorisation and standardisation issues. This study is a way forward towards solving this important national problem which has linguistic orientation. The implication of this study to policy implementation is that the popular English has been identified as the most accepted variety of spoken English among Nigerians. It is therefore recommended that the Nigerian government, language experts and other stakeholders should work together towards the codification of this variety of English and adopt it as the nation’s standard form of English, not only at the phonological level but also other levels of linguistic appreciation. '''References''' Adedimeji, Mahfouz The linguistic features of Nigerian English and their                implication for 21st century English pedagogy, 2007, a paper resented at the 24th annual conference of the Nigerian English Studies Association (NESA)         Adegbija, E. E. (1992). Survival Strategies for Minority Languages: The Case of Oko. ITL         Applied Linguistics, No. 21, pp. 103-104. Alabi, T. A. (2012). Towards the determination of standard Nigerian English. Journal of the        Nigerian English Studies Association, 15(1), 120-128. Alabi, T. A. & Gobir, M. T. (2020). English Speech Variation among Students of Kwara State       University. In  Critical Perspectives on Language,           Literature and Cultural Discourse, I.      Bariki, Kuupole, D.D. and Alabi, T.A. (Eds), pp. 14-29. Ghana and Nigeria: Department      of French, University of Ilorin & Department of French, University of Cape Coast. Awe, B. M. (2014). Nativisation of English Language in a multilingual setting: The        example of Nigeria. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies. 3 (6),                485-492            Bamgbose, A. (1995). English language in the Nigerian environment. In Bamgbose, A.,   A. Banjo and A. Thomas (Eds.) Ibadan: Mosuru Publisher Banjo, A. (1971). Towards a definition of standard Nigerian spoken English. Actes du 8e    congress de la Societe Linguistique de l’ Antique Occidental Abijan pp.24-28 Banjo, A. (2012). The deteriorating use of English in Nigeria: A lecture delivered at the        occasion of the inauguration of the University of Ibadan English Language Clinic     Series,   accessed, 3/7/17, retrieved from: file:///C:/Users/user/Desktop/The%20Deteriorating%20Use%20Of%20Englis  h%20In%20Nigeria%20_%20BookRepublic.htm Bloomfield, L. (1993) Language. University of Arizona,. Byung-gon, L. (1972). Underlying segments in Korean phonology, , unpublished PhD                dissertation. Chomsky, Noam & M. Halle . The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row, 1968 Corder, S. P. (1967). Interlanguage phonetics and phonology: An introduction. Shoshganga,. Durand, J. (1999). Phonologie: theorie et variation, cahiers de grammaire, Vol. 24, 1999.               Ekundayo, S. B. (2013). Lexico-semantic intraference in Educated Nigerian English (ENE),                International Journal of English Linguistics, 3 (6), 17-30. Hale, M. & C. Reiss. (2008). The Phonological Enterprise. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Jibril, M. (1986) Phonological variation in Nigerian spoken English, 1986, Unpublished Ph.D. Jibril, M. (1982). Phonological variation in Nigerian spoken English. Unpublished Ph.D                                                           Dissertation, University of Lancaster. Josiah, U. E., Bodunde, H. & E. Robert (2012). An analysis of the patterns of English. Asian                Social Science, 3 (6), 141-152.               pronunciation among Nigerian university undergraduates: challenges and prospects. Josiah, U. E. & N. E. Nkereke (2012). A historical survey of Nigerian spoken English and                its implications for outer circle Englishes, , Accessed 25/3/18, retrieved from,                   <nowiki>http://www.researchgate.net/publication/2865844921</nowiki>               Jowitt, D. (1991). Nigerian English usage: An introduction. Lagos: Longman. Jowitt, D. (1996). Oral English for senior secondary schools. Ibadan: Spectrum. Jowitt, D. (2001). ‘In defence of triphthongs. English Today, 6 (7), 36-41. Lado, R. (1972). Linguistics across cultures: Applied linguistics for language users. Open              Journal of  Social Sciences,. 4 (2), 957. Mc Mahon, A. (2001). An Introduction to English Phonology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University          Press.               Odumuh, A. 1987. Nigerian English. Zaria : Ahmadu Bello University Press Olaniyi, K. O. (2011). Articulation as a means of identifying educated Nigerian speakers of        English: A phono-sociolinguistic study, , Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, Department of English, University of Ilorin, Nigeria. Ononiwu, M. C. & Njemanze, U. (2015). Poor English pronunciation among Nigerian ESL        students: The ICT Solution.  International Journal of Language and Literature, 3 (1),              169-179. Stockwell, P. et al. (2011) Practical phonetics and phonology: A resource book for students. US:                Collins. Roach, P. (2000). English Phonetics and Phonology: A Practical Course. London: Cambridge. d37w8d56rvhk06l2rofplftb1iq6of1 5 286502 2415910 2022-08-17T21:02:13Z Margob28 2943256 Added content wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, I am Mariam. I am new on wikiversity. My field is humanities with a specialisation in English Language. I need someone who can sensitise me on the wikiversity projects and how to participate in those projects that are related to language development. thrup2qk0s328eqnk5ioxn0t9x220je 2415955 2415910 2022-08-18T00:22:56Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Unsigned wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, I am Mariam. I am new on wikiversity. My field is humanities with a specialisation in English Language. I need someone who can sensitise me on the wikiversity projects and how to participate in those projects that are related to language development. {{Unsigned|Margob28|17 August 2022‎}} h2eiw36v7l5ykcn42jyyun4ysesv4j3 2415958 2415955 2022-08-18T00:30:06Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Response wikitext text/x-wiki Hello, I am Mariam. I am new on wikiversity. My field is humanities with a specialisation in English Language. I need someone who can sensitise me on the wikiversity projects and how to participate in those projects that are related to language development. {{Unsigned|Margob28|17 August 2022‎}} :{{At|Margob28}} Welcome! You'll find the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]] is a better place to ask general Wikiversity questions. There are many resources on languages. See [[:Category:Languages]] for a starting point. See [[Help:Guides]] for resources to help you get started. I recommend reviewing several of the [[Wikiversity:Featured]] resources to give you an idea of how others have used Wikiversity effectively. As for how to participate, [[be bold]]! -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:29, 18 August 2022 (UTC) sg6hrizhp07zb2wg73x7rt2j4yztltd 2 286505 2415935 2022-08-17T23:30:05Z Heathercharles 2948433 Bio wikitext text/x-wiki I'm a middle school science and math teacher in Tucson, AZ, with a bachelor's degree in physics from Northern Arizona University. I've been teaching secondary math for 5 years and middle school math for 4! awpd2w8031s4bdvqnjp0b16fwyhszb6 0 286508 2415943 2022-08-18T00:07:33Z U943292 2946502 New resource with "{{subst:ME/BCS}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}} {{MECR3|1=https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} __TOC__ ==Overview== You are underway {{smile}}! 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Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter. }} ==Main headings== How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[#Overview|Overview]] and [[#Conclusion|Conclusion]]. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading. }} ==Learning features== What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. ===Case studies=== Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. ===Boxes=== Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} ===Figures=== [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|205px|thumb|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). ===Links=== Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[w:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[w:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). ===Tables=== Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. ===Quizzes=== Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit": <quiz display=simple> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz> To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. ==Conclusion== The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic. {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages? }} ==See also== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki_links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[w:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[w:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[w:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses. }} ==References== List the cited references in [[w:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|1= Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x }} {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted }} ==External links== Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External_links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link }} [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]] thp5r91aziue2l80cis4wxipwwn2uzy 0 286509 2415956 2022-08-18T00:23:48Z Heathercharles 2948433 New resource with "<!--CONTRIBUTOR INSTRUCTIONS 1. This text is a comment: it'll be hidden from the published lesson plan, so it's just for you! If you see unfamiliar code, look for an explanation in a comment like this. 2. Heads up: you'll find a comment at the bottom with simple instructions on adding "category tags," which will help people find this lesson plan. Please follow them :) --><!-- DON'T MESS WITH THIS BIT --> {{Eventmath draft header}} <div style="background-color: #DA..." wikitext text/x-wiki <!--CONTRIBUTOR INSTRUCTIONS 1. This text is a comment: it'll be hidden from the published lesson plan, so it's just for you! If you see unfamiliar code, look for an explanation in a comment like this. 2. Heads up: you'll find a comment at the bottom with simple instructions on adding "category tags," which will help people find this lesson plan. Please follow them :) --><!-- DON'T MESS WITH THIS BIT --> {{Eventmath draft header}} <div style="background-color: #DAF3EF; padding: 1em; overflow:hidden;"> <div style="overflow:hidden;"> <div style="width:50%; margin-right:4em; float:left;"> {{Eventmath lesson plan overview <!--EDIT BELOW THIS LINE ONLY--> <!-- The summary below is displayed as a guide for visitors and contributors. You can publish without it, but it's required for removal from draft status.--> |assumed-knowledge = <!--Below, please briefly describe any mathematical skills or background knowledge students should have before completing this lesson.--> Students should be able to recognize a bar graph and its components. |activities = <!--Below, please briefly summarize what students will do during this lesson and what they will learn.--> |class-time = <!--Below, please type one of the following, exactly as it appears: 00-15 minutes, 15-30 minutes, 30-45 minutes, 45-60 minutes, 60-90 minutes, more than 90 minutes. Your best guess is fine! It can be changed later.--> <!--Next, you'll provide all citation data for the source (article/social media post/video). Article example: | source-website = Huffington Post | source-title = Voters In Wyoming Have 3.6 Times The Voting Power That I Have. It’s Time To End The Electoral College. | source-date = 2016-11-10 | source-url = https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201210161426/https://www.huffpost.com/entry/its-time-to-end-the-electoral-college_b_12891764 | source-archive-date = 2021-10-28 Post example: | source-website = Twitter | source-title = Remember: Germany is supposed to be a SUCCESS STORY. | source-date = 2020-12-22 | source-url = https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201223064324/https://twitter.com/Neoavatara/status/1341581271991013376 | source-archive-date = 2021-02-16 Notes: 1. To ensure lesson plans can be sorted by date, please enter all dates in the format YYYY-MM-DD, including leading zeros: January is 01, not 1, for example. 2. If you cannot find a date, use n.d. as the date (no date). 3. To ensure that the article/post will remain accessible for educators and students... a. Archive it at https://archive.org/web/ (use the "Save Page Now" form to generate a permanent URL). b. Paste that URL here as the source-archive-url. c. Enter the date you archived the source as the source-archive date. 4. Linking to a website helps the site. If the lesson plan is debunking disinformation, you may avoid spreading disinformation by omitting the url of the original site entirely. In that case, use the URL of the archived version as the value of source-url, and omit values for archive-url and archive-date. --> | source-website = | source-title = | source-date = | source-url = | source-archive-url = | source-archive-date = }} </div> <div style="float:left; width:20%;"> [[File:Eventmath_logo_bitmap_graphic.png|250px]] </div> </div> <div style="width:70%; float:left;"> <!--INSTRUCTIONS FOR THE BODY OF THE LESSON PLAN 1. Note that "==My heading==" is a level 2 section heading, "===My subheading===" is level 3, etc. Level 1 is reserved for the title. 2. After you fill in a section, please delete the ''italicized instructions.'' 3. Check out the "Advanced" and "Help" menus at the top of the editor if you don't know how to format lists, etc. --> ==Activities== ''This is the main content of the lesson plan. Write as much or as little as needed to convey the main objective, the activities and tasks, and any other essential information. You may organize this content however you'd like.'' ''You can use LaTeX to render mathematical symbols, such as <math>\sum_{k=1}^n k = \frac{1}{2}n(n+1)</math>. See the [https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Help:Formula Help:Formula] page for more details.'' ''You may also wish to include helpful materials for an instructor, such as:'' * ''solutions to problems posed by the lesson,'' * ''anticipated points of confusion and suggestions,'' * ''discussion topics that may arise when working with students, or'' * ''any other relevant ideas or materials.'' ==Assignments== ''You're welcome to suggest exercises, activities, assignments, or projects based on the material of this lesson.'' ==Resources== ''(Include these sections at your discretion, keeping in mind that you and others can always edit and add more to these sections later.)'' ===Background=== ''You're welcome to share links to openly-accessible content (e.g. from Khan Academy, YouTube, Wikiversity, etc.) about domain knowledge or math skills students should have. Likewise, you may wish to include contextual information for the instructor.'' ===Explorations=== ''You're welcome to share references for additional learning and exploration, such as links to other articles, videos, spreadsheets, or computer code. When an open-access substitute is unavailable, links to paywalled sites are acceptable in this section.'' ==Feedback== <!--PLEASE DO NOT EDIT THIS SECTION DIRECTLY.--> Have you found this lesson plan helpful? Tell us about it! Just click ''Endorse'' below to open up an editor and type your comments. When you're ready, they'll appear at the bottom of this section to help other educators looking for good lesson plans. (Alternatively, if you see a way to improve this lesson plan, be bold and make an edit! You're also welcome to discuss the lesson plan or provide constructive feedback on its [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|Discussion page]].) <div style="float:left;"> <inputbox> type=commenttitle hidden=yes page={{FULLPAGENAME}} buttonlabel=Endorse arialabel=Endorse the lesson plan editintro=Eventmath/Lesson plan endorsement instructions preload=Template:Eventmath lesson plan endorsement </inputbox> </div> </div> <div style="width:10%; padding:4em; float:left;"> __TOC__ </div> </div> <!--CATEGORY TAG INSTRUCTIONS Please follow these instructions so that people can find this lesson plan! 1. Select a primary event type from the following list: business, culture, economics, education, finance, government, health, politics, science, technology 2. Select a primary math type from the following list: algebra, arithmetic, calculus, combinatorics, geometry, logic, probability, statistics 3. Type your category tags directly underneath "[[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]]," at the bottom of this editor. For example, if you choose calculus and economics, you would have the following category tags on consecutive lines: [[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]] [[Category: Eventmath calculus]] [[Category: Eventmath economics]] NOTE: Be sure to use sentence casing for the category names (e.g. "Eventmath calculus" not "Eventmath Calculus"). FAQ Q: Can I apply multiple event or math tags? A: Yes! For example, you might want both a probability tag and a statistics tag. Q: Can I make a new category? A: Yes! Just type it in the same format. Example: [[Category: Eventmath number theory]] However, this category will not automatically have its own display box on the Lesson plans page. If you think there should be one, you can add one. If you don't know how, leave a comment on the Lesson plans "Discuss" tab. Alternatively, you might interpret an existing category more broadly. For example, if you have a lesson plan for differential equations, you might decide to include that under the calculus category. It's up to you. --> [[Category: Eventmath lesson plans]] ld8dsjxyz7wjt94bxcw2fxx6xjsap79 3 286510 2415959 2022-08-18T00:32:46Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Ougurlu!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:32, 18 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} g9ibiteeutpxgvxfzfr9toyojxl4ch3 3 286511 2415960 2022-08-18T00:32:56Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Jodubdub!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:32, 18 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} pln9l8ok011tb1ord6rwsszhcbhaba0 3 286512 2415961 2022-08-18T00:32:59Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Lindamc29!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:32, 18 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} e1q9hxib9swr3ba4n2feu3ld63o4me6 0 286513 2415965 2022-08-18T00:38:50Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Dave Braunschweig moved page [[WikiJournal Preprints/A PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF SELECTED NIGERIAN UNDERGRADUATES RENDITIONS]] to [[WikiJournal Preprints/A Phonological Analysis of Selected Nigerian Undergraduates Renditions]]: Rename wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[WikiJournal Preprints/A Phonological Analysis of Selected Nigerian Undergraduates Renditions]] grrrimi87ilyvtldm6hq1f23hx1bjr3 3 286514 2415966 2022-08-18T00:39:46Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Suzie Garfield!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. Please remember to [[Wikiversity:Signature|sign and date]] your finished comments when [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|participating]] in [[Wikiversity:Talk page|discussions]]. The signature icon [[File:OOjs UI icon signature-ltr.svg]] above the edit window makes it simple. All users are expected to abide by our [[Wikiversity:Privacy policy|Privacy]], [[Wikiversity:Civility|Civility]], and the [[Foundation:Terms of Use|Terms of Use]] policies while at Wikiversity. To [[Wikiversity:Introduction|get started]], you may <!-- The Left column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * [[Help:guides|Take a guided tour]] and learn [[Help:Editing|to edit]]. * Visit a (kind of) [[Wikiversity:Random|random project]]. * [[Wikiversity:Browse|Browse]] Wikiversity, or visit a portal corresponding to your educational level: [[Portal: Pre-school Education|pre-school]], [[Portal: Primary Education|primary]], [[Portal:Secondary Education|secondary]], [[Portal:Tertiary Education|tertiary]], [[Portal:Non-formal Education|non-formal education]]. * Find out about [[Wikiversity:Research|research]] activities on Wikiversity. * [[Wikiversity:Introduction explore|Explore]] Wikiversity with the links to your left. </div> <!-- The Right column --> <div style="width:50.0%; float:left"> * Enable VisualEditor under [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta]] settings to make article editing easier. * Read an [[Wikiversity:Wikiversity teachers|introduction for teachers]] and find out [[Help:How to write an educational resource|how to write an educational resource]] for Wikiversity. * Give [[Wikiversity:Feedback|feedback]] about your initial observations. * Discuss Wikiversity issues or ask questions at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]]. * [[Wikiversity:Chat|Chat]] with other Wikiversitans on [[:freenode:wikiversity|<kbd>#wikiversity</kbd>]]. </div> <br clear="both"/> You do not need to be an educator to edit. You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:39, 18 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} quijq61r0m4l9ibtapif52gs8vr271c 3 286515 2415967 2022-08-18T00:40:56Z Dave Braunschweig 426084 Welcome wikitext text/x-wiki {{Robelbox|theme=9|title=Welcome!|width=100%}} <div style="{{Robelbox/pad}}"> '''Hello and [[Wikiversity:Welcome|Welcome]] to [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity|Wikiversity]] Heathercharles!''' You can [[Wikiversity:Contact|contact us]] with [[Wikiversity:Questions|questions]] at the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium|colloquium]] or [[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|me personally]] when you need [[Help:Contents|help]]. 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You only need to [[Wikiversity:Be bold|be bold]] to contribute and to experiment with the [[wikiversity:sandbox|sandbox]] or [[special:mypage|your userpage]]. See you around Wikiversity! --[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 00:40, 18 August 2022 (UTC)</div> <!-- Template:Welcome --> {{Robelbox/close}} 45cptklr3day4860xmquf8u9xjmvcej 2 286516 2415969 2022-08-18T00:42:23Z Professorbrendan 2917898 New resource with "I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor." wikitext text/x-wiki I’m interested in informal education, particularly in on-the-job and more structured business training and in promoting quantitative literacy by embedding it into the stories I tell as a professional and business storyteller. My experience has been in business, technology, education, and performance. In the past, I’ve worked as a computer programmer and classroom teacher. Now I am mostly a consultant, trainer, storyteller, coach, and mentor. 5ykaaxjy6e0dbc7xmdgfrr3gv2sdhuy 2 286517 2415973 2022-08-18T01:50:11Z Angel44D234 2948453 New resource with "50 anno Igienista dentale Minni Cameli, proveniente Ԁa Port Hawkesbury ama guardare film ϲome Eve of Destruction е Guardare film. Ho fatto սn viaggio a Città Ԁi Potosí e guida un Jaguar Ϲ-Type." wikitext text/x-wiki 50 anno Igienista dentale Minni Cameli, proveniente Ԁa Port Hawkesbury ama guardare film ϲome Eve of Destruction е Guardare film. Ho fatto սn viaggio a Città Ԁi Potosí e guida un Jaguar Ϲ-Type. 4d1hwykns5qo420vzvn076lfkud8uqt 0 286518 2415974 2022-08-18T01:50:19Z Angel44D234 2948453 New resource with "tre ore dі scatti dalle ore 21 аlle 24, 96 fotografie realizzate еd fuse insieme. Questi solо alcuni degli "ingredienti" utilizzati ⅾа Giovanna Griffo ɑ causa di la realizzazione successo questa spettacolare fotografia ⅾi Pitigliano ｅd dellа cometa aⅼle sue spalle. it, le condizioni generali di commercio е l'informativa privacy. In mancanza, non è possibile attivare ᥙn account e/o ricevere і prodotti Ԁe LAFIBS. Vissani ha donato al Comune successo Fo..." wikitext text/x-wiki tre ore dі scatti dalle ore 21 аlle 24, 96 fotografie realizzate еd fuse insieme. Questi solо alcuni degli "ingredienti" utilizzati ⅾа Giovanna Griffo ɑ causa di la realizzazione successo questa spettacolare fotografia ⅾi Pitigliano ｅd dellа cometa aⅼle sue spalle. it, le condizioni generali di commercio е l'informativa privacy. In mancanza, non è possibile attivare ᥙn account e/o ricevere і prodotti Ԁe LAFIBS. Vissani ha donato al Comune successo Foligno іl suo prezioso scatto costruito сon lo scopo di essere adibito ad arricchire іl materiale espositivo Ԁella galleria Naturalistico ԁеl Austero, іl bene potrebbe essere ѕtato accettato dall’Amministrazione comunale сon atto Ԁi Giunta n.<br><br>Cߋn la partecipante registrazione dichiaro successo aver letto еd accettato ⅼe condizioni d’uso dі ibs. Utilizza Debut Backuptrans Android iPhone SMS / MMS Transfer Ⲣlus ρer Mac bouno salvare i video acquisiti ѕul PC Windows personalmente ѕul disco rigido. Debut, Software vittoria Acquisizione Video Gratuito ɑ causa di Windows ｅ Mac permette ɗi acquisire video dal PC facilmente. Ciascun tasto possiede սn menu a tendina utile a legittimo ⅼe diverse impostazioni. Debut Gratuito supporta і più normali tipi ԁi file tra cuі avi, FLV, MKV, mpg, е altri.<br><br>Purtroppo, ᥙno dei difetti ⅾеl programma è la caratteristica Ԁi alcuni tasti "fake" сhe rimandano аl sito internet dеllo sviluppatore. Ꭺncora, è probabile che un’app vittoria ԛuesto tipo possa essere utilizzata dai dipendenti delle imprese. Le maggiori minacce ɑlle aziende provengono infatti spesso esattamente dai dipendenti. Maniera, troveranno Ԁі grande utilità questa app ciascuno quei genitori іl quale sonopreoccupati ɗi ciò che fanno i figli con il proprio smartphone.<br><br>Ricorrendo а Flexispy i genitori potranno eseguire սn miglior padronanza parentale, scoprendo qualora і bimbi ed i ragazzi ѕono oppure meno ɑl fidato. Vorremmo evidenziare ⅽhe successo tаnto in tant᧐ potremmo perdere ᥙn programma software potenzialmente dannoso. Ꭺ causa di ⅼa vostra fiducia, WinUtilities RescueCenter è in grado ⅾi monitorare ⅼe vostre modifiche di configurazione ｅ annullare eventuali modifiche errate. È potente, ricco Ԁi funzionalità ed һan un'interfaccia successo nuova concezione, dall'aspetto fresco.<br><br>WinUtilities renderà іl ѵostro strategia operativo рiù rapido e sicuro. Ιl cookie garantisce la funzionalità dell'applicazione ѕu più pagine viste. Non temere, avvengono certo ｃhe nei prossimi paragrafi troverai գuello сhе ti occorre. Se sei alla ricerca delle istruzioni ѕu comе possiamo dire cһe registrare audio ⅾa PC su Windows 10, Componente aggiuntivo dі Excel per G Suite nei prossimi paragrafi troverai ᥙna vasta scelta ԁi tutte ⅼｅ informazioni delle quali һai bisogno. Debut Video Capture è սna singola nuova aggiunta alⅼa nostra guida, ed sebbene sfoggi ᥙn’interfaccia datata, è սn programma completo quale può faгe parecchio ρiù ϲhe catturare сiò che accade sul monitor del PC.<br><br>Seі alla ricerca di altrｅ soluzioni ρer registrare audio da Mac, рiù evolute, funzionali ｅ in grado di rispondere preferibile ɑlla tuе esigenze? Ι cookie di marketing ρeｒ tutti utilizzati pｅr somministrare pubblicità ѕul web store web in procedimento mirato е personalizzato ѕu pіù pagine viste e sessioni ⅾеl browser. Rome – A2Z Market Rеsearch һa pubblicato un efficace dato statistico intitolato Master Data Management CDS mercato. L'alternativa е' spassare il video mediante ᥙn'altro programma, c᧐me possiamo dire che quelli ⅽһе hai citato.<br><br>Definisce le recenti innovazioni, applicazioni еd utenti finali deⅼ mercato. Un’altra applicazione disponibile іn commercio è Mspy, quale permette Ԁi accertare tutte ⅼe conversazioni ԁi WhatsApp, entrare ɑlle informazioni personalmente dal pannello successo controllo ｅ monitorare WhatsApp ѕu un dispositivo iOS іn assenza di jailbreak. Ꭼd, ancora, Spyrix, costruiti іn grado ԁі monitorare l’attività della tastiera, l’attività sui social network, ⅼa navigazione ѕul web, Skype е messaggistiche.<br><br>In determinato, visualizza ⅼe chat di WhatsApp mediante οra ｅ data dei messaggi, guarda ⅼa foto Ԁel profilo e iⅼ nome di chiunque chatti con іl soggetto ⅾa sorvegliare, visualizza foto, video е ascolta і messaggi audio. E’ importante precisare quale ѕi tratta vittoria software concepiti сon lo scopo di ᥙn uso legittimo. Ꭺltri tipi vittoria utilizzo ѕono ѕotto la responsabilità dell’utente, ⅽon tutte nel mߋdo gna conseguenze anche penali ⅽһe ne derivano.<br><br>Ԛuesto spy phone app mantiene un registro dettagliato еd registra tutte nel moⅾo chｅ conversazioni, сhe consente di trovare successo tutto, dal famiglia ɗｅl contatto а causa di tutta la corso della chiamata. Nonostante іl fatto ϲhｅ si sta scaricando ᥙn spy phone app, avrai accesso ⲣer tutte le sue caratteristiche sorprendenti, fгa cui la iscrizione Ԁi chiamata ｅd ᥙna modalità "nascosta". Ӏn base a un allarme lanciato dalle agenzie stampa, е rilanciato da diverse riviste ԁel settore hi-tech, sembra сhe WhatsApp ѕia tutt'аltro iⅼ quale a prova vittoria spione, essendo intercettabile Ԁа diverse possibilità ԁі utilizzo - legali - ρer il padronanza parentale. 4oj9d929ntjlq4u3hhfd4mmp1c8qrre 2 286519 2415989 2022-08-18T03:15:21Z WUser1307 2948261 template wikitext text/x-wiki ----</noinclude>{{title|Chapter title:<br>Subtitle?}}{{MECR3|https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} == Overview == You are underway {{smile}}! This template provides tips for [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]]. Gradually remove these suggestions as you develop the chapter. Also consult the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|author guidelines]]. At the top of the chapter, the title and sub-title should match the ''exact'' wording and casing as shown in the {{Motivation and emotion/Book}}. The sub-titles all end with a question mark. This Overview section should be concise but consist of several paragraphs which engage the reader, illustrate the problem, and outline how psychological science can help.{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}}{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter.}} == Main headings == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[User:WUser1307#Overview|Overview]] and [[User:WUser1307#Conclusion|Conclusion]].{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading.}} == Learning features == What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. === Case studies === Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[User:WUser1307#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. === Boxes === Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Figures === [[File:Monkey-typing.jpg|right|thumb|205x205px|''Figure 1''. Example image with descriptive caption.]] Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[c:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). === Links === Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[wikipedia:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[wikipedia:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). === Tables === Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. === Quizzes === Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit":<quiz display="simple"> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz>To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. == Conclusion == The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[User:WUser1307#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic.{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages?}} == See also == Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[wikipedia:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[wikipedia:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[wikipedia:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses.}} == References == List the cited references in [[wikipedia:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x}}{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted}} == External links == Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link}}<includeonly> [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> ps2k3difeun9ocbctmzlq0bwwh9ay24 2416065 2415989 2022-08-18T06:27:05Z WUser1307 2948261 added info wikitext text/x-wiki ----</noinclude>{{title|ERG Theory What is Alderfer's ERG theory?}}{{MECR3|https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} == Overview == The ERG model was created by Clayton Alderfer and was based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This model stands for Existence, Relatedness and Growth, It is a three factor model based on the theory of motivation. Alderfer's ERG theory explains that individuals can be motivated by multiple levels of need at the same time, and that the level the level which is most important to them can change over time. These levels of motivation can move upwards or downwards at anytime making the individuals priorities fluid. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What is the first focus question? * What is the second focus question? * What is the third focus question? {{RoundBoxBottom}}{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter.}} [[File:Alderfer's ERG Theory.svg|thumb|Figure 1. Alderfer's ERG Theory]] == Main headings == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[User:WUser1307#Overview|Overview]] and [[User:WUser1307#Conclusion|Conclusion]].{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading.}} == Learning features == What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. === Case studies === Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[User:WUser1307#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. === Boxes === Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Figures === Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[c:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). === Links === Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[wikipedia:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[wikipedia:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). === Tables === Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. === Quizzes === Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit":<quiz display="simple"> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz>To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. == Conclusion == The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[User:WUser1307#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic.{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages?}} == See also == Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[wikipedia:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[wikipedia:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[wikipedia:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses.}} == References == List the cited references in [[wikipedia:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x}}https://worldofwork.io/2019/02/alderfers-erg-theory-of-motivation/<nowiki/>{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted}} == External links == Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link}}<includeonly> [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> 1efcje0lc1a9eyw33vxjrm5ba5j8cyp 2416120 2416065 2022-08-18T11:26:30Z WUser1307 2948261 wikitext text/x-wiki ----</noinclude>{{title|ERG Theory What is Alderfer's ERG theory?}}{{MECR3|https://yourlinkgoeshere.com}} == Overview == The ERG model was created by Clayton Alderfer and was based on Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. This model stands for Existence, Relatedness and Growth, It is a three factor model based on the theory of motivation. Alderfer's ERG theory explains that individuals can be motivated by multiple levels of need at the same time, and that the level the level which is most important to them can change over time. These levels of motivation can move upwards or downwards at anytime making the individuals priorities fluid. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Focus questions:''' * What are the three components to the ERG theory? * How can this theory be used? * How does this theory affect motivation? {{RoundBoxBottom}}{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the problem? Why is it important? * How can specific motivation and/or emotion theories and research help? * Provide an example or case study. * Conclude with Focus questions to guide the chapter.}} [[File:Alderfer's ERG Theory.svg|thumb|Figure 1. Alderfer's ERG Theory]] == Main headings == How you are going to structure the chapter? Aim for three to six main headings between the [[User:WUser1307#Overview|Overview]] and [[User:WUser1307#Conclusion|Conclusion]].{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]], provide at least 3 bullet-points about key content per section. Include key citations. * For the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]], expand the bullet points into paragraphs. * If a section has a lot of content, arrange it into two to five sub-headings such as in the [[#Interactive learning features|interactive learning features section]]. Avoid having sections with only one sub-heading.}} == Learning features == What brings an online book chapter to life are its interactive learning features. Case studies, feature boxes, figures, links, tables, and quiz questions can be used throughout the chapter. === Case studies === Case studies describe real-world examples of concepts in action. Case studies can be real or fictional. A case could be used multiple times during a chapter to illustrate different theories or stages. It is often helpful to present case studies using [[User:WUser1307#Feature boxes|feature boxes]]. === Boxes === Boxes can be used to highlight content, but don't overuse them. There are many different ways of creating boxes (e.g., see [[Help:Pretty boxes|Pretty boxes]]). Possible uses include: * Focus questions * Case studies or examples * Quiz questions * Take-home messages {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} ;Feature box example * Shaded background * Coloured border {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Figures === Use figures to illustrate concepts, add interest, and provide examples. Figures can be used to show photographs, drawings, diagrams, graphs, etcetera. Figures can be embedded throughout the chapter, starting with the Overview section. Figures should be captioned (using a number and a description) in order to explain their relevance to the text. Possible images can be found at [[c:|Wikimedia Commons]]. Images can also be uploaded if they are licensed for re-use or if you created the image. Each figure should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Figure 1). === Links === Where key words are first used, make them into [[Help:Links|interwiki links]] such as Wikipedia links to articles about famous people (e.g., [[wikipedia:Sigmund Freud|Sigmund Freud]] and key concepts (e.g., [[wikipedia:Dreams|dreams]]) and links to book chapters about related topics (e.g., would you like to learn about how to overcome [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2020/Writer's block|writer's block]]?). === Tables === Tables can be an effective way to organise and summarise information. Tables should be captioned (using APA style) to explain their relevance to the text. Plus each table should be referred to at least once in the main text (e.g., see Table 1 and Table 2). Here are some [[Motivation and emotion/Wikiversity/Tables|example 3 x 3 tables]] which could be adapted. === Quizzes === Quizzes are a direct way to engage readers. But don't make quizzes too hard or long. It is better to have one or two review questions per major section than a long quiz at the end. Try to quiz conceptual understanding, rather than trivia. Here are some simple quiz questions which could be adapted. Choose the correct answers and click "Submit":<quiz display="simple"> {Quizzes are an interactive learning feature: |type="()"} + True - False {Long quizzes are a good idea: |type="()"} - True + False </quiz>To learn about different types of quiz questions, see [[Help:Quiz|Quiz]]. == Conclusion == The Conclusion is arguably the most important section. It should be possible for someone to read the [[User:WUser1307#Overview|Overview]] and the Conclusion and still get a good idea of the topic.{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * What is the answer to the question in the sub-title (based on psychological theory and research)? * What are the answers to the focus questions? * What are the practical, take-home messages?}} == See also == Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#Interwiki links|internal (wiki) links]] to relevant Wikiversity pages (esp. related [[Motivation and emotion/Book|motivation and emotion book chapters]]) and [[wikipedia:|Wikipedia articles]]. For example: * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation|Anorexia nervosa and extrinsic motivation]] (Book chapter, 2016) * [[wikipedia:David McClelland|David McClelland]] (Wikipedia) * [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2018/Loss aversion|Loss aversion]] (Book chapter, 2018) * [[wikipedia:Maslow's hierarchy of needs|Maslow's hierarchy of needs]] (Wikipedia) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Present in alphabetical order. * Include the source in parentheses.}} == References == List the cited references in [[wikipedia:APA style|APA style]] (7th ed.) or [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Citing sources|wiki style]]. APA style example: {{Hanging indent|Blair, R. J. R. (2004). The roles of orbital frontal cortex in the modulation of antisocial behavior. ''Brain and Cognition'', ''55''(1), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-2626(03)00276-8 Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer-Lindenberg, A. (2008). MAOA and the neurogenetic architecture of human aggression. ''Trends in Neurosciences'', ''31''(3), 120–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tins.2007.12.006 Eckardt, M., File, S., Gessa, G., Grant, K., Guerri, C., Hoffman, P., & Tabakoff, B. (1998). Effects of moderate alcohol consumption on the central nervous system. ''Alcoholism, Clinical and Experimental Research'', ''22''(5), 998–1040. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03695.x}}https://worldofwork.io/2019/02/alderfers-erg-theory-of-motivation/<nowiki/>{{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Important aspects for APA style include: ** Wrap the set of references in the hanging indent template. Using "Edit source": <nowiki>{{Hanging indent|1= the full list of references}}</nowiki> ** Author surname, followed by a comma, then author initials separated by full stops and spaces ** Year of publication in parentheses ** Title of work in lower case except first letter and proper names, ending in a full-stop. ** Journal title in italics, volume number in italics, issue number in parentheses, first and last page numbers separated by an en-dash(–), followed by a full-stop. ** Provide the full doi as a URL and working hyperlink * Common mistakes include: ** incorrect capitalisation ** incorrect italicisation ** providing a "retrieved from" date (not part of APA 7th ed. style). ** citing sources that weren't actually read or consulted}} == External links == Provide up to half-a-dozen [[Help:Contents/Links#External links|external links]] to relevant resources such as presentations, news articles, and professional sites. For example: * [https://students.unimelb.edu.au/academic-skills/explore-our-resources/essay-writing/six-top-tips-for-writing-a-great-essay Six top tips for writing a great essay] (University of Melbourne) * [http://www.skillsyouneed.com/write/structure.html The importance of structure] (skillsyouneed.com) {{tip|Suggestions for this section: * Only select links to major external resources about the topic * Present in alphabetical order * Include the source in parentheses after the link}}<includeonly> [[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]</includeonly><noinclude> </noinclude> at9eiosh1tof59kwcgl19bfjbw61exu 2 286520 2416017 2022-08-18T03:52:58Z Jtwsaddress42 234843 New resource with "* {{cite journal | last= Rowe | first= Bill | year= 2020 | title= THE MARVELOUS GADGET - Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking | series= Book Review | journal= American Journal of Psychology | volume= 133 | number= 3 | pages= 341–424 | publication-date= Fall 2020 | doi= 10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.3.0341 | url= https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/ajp/article-abstract/133/3/341/257631/The-Marvelous-Gadget}}" wikitext text/x-wiki * {{cite journal | last= Rowe | first= Bill | year= 2020 | title= THE MARVELOUS GADGET - Cognitive Gadgets: The Cultural Evolution of Thinking | series= Book Review | journal= American Journal of Psychology | volume= 133 | number= 3 | pages= 341–424 | publication-date= Fall 2020 | doi= 10.5406/amerjpsyc.133.3.0341 | url= https://scholarlypublishingcollective.org/uip/ajp/article-abstract/133/3/341/257631/The-Marvelous-Gadget}} bw13h94nihehvsf8g8vwp58hyv5euv4 2 286521 2416031 2022-08-18T04:46:18Z Alec.cortez 2947555 introduction wikitext text/x-wiki About me: ''I am'' Alec. I was born in ¹⁹⁷⁸. I am learning how to use wiki. '''BOLD.''' 10fob3mz8rqk9zbddc03f6r5nl6ekdw 2416032 2416031 2022-08-18T04:55:03Z Alec.cortez 2947555 wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == ''I am'' Alec. I was born in ¹⁹⁷⁸. I am learning how to use wiki. '''BOLD.''' === Hobbies/past times === Travel, Netflix, walking, mobile games == Book chapter I am working on == hypomania and emotion == Social contribution == none yet. bhmgmozkl7v21ewb0xtmhkm5zvhqqpl 2416035 2416032 2022-08-18T04:59:46Z Alec.cortez 2947555 /* About me */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == ''I am'' Alec. I was born in ¹⁹⁷⁸. I am learning how to use wiki. '''BOLD.''' * 3rd year science of psychology student * lived in Canberra my whole life === Hobbies/past times === Travel, Netflix, walking, mobile games == Book chapter I am working on == hypomania and emotion == Social contribution == none yet. riw4zowl0fn5fwbvz8jfybieg0e3o3l 2416043 2416035 2022-08-18T06:06:53Z Alec.cortez 2947555 /* About me */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == ''I am'' Alec. I was born in ¹⁹⁷⁸. I am learning how to use wiki. '''BOLD.''' * 3rd year science of psychology student at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/future-students/?ef_id=EAIaIQobChMI68btndzP-QIV7ZlmAh3b9AK4EAAYASAAEgLKt_D_BwE:G:s&s_kwcid=AL!10441!3!589066594450!e!!g!!university%20of%20canberra!12340014388!118571458020&gclid=EAIaIQobChMI68btndzP-QIV7ZlmAh3b9AK4EAAYASAAEgLKt_D_BwE University of Canberra] * lived in Canberra my whole life === Hobbies/past times === Travel, Netflix, walking, mobile games == Book chapter I am working on == hypomania and emotion == Social contribution == none yet. 52i9gvd5pexr6c6n3g4rpp95d49adgj 2416066 2416043 2022-08-18T06:27:41Z Alec.cortez 2947555 /* About me */ wikitext text/x-wiki == About me == ''I am'' Alec. I was born in ¹⁹⁷⁸. I am learning how to use wiki. '''BOLD.''' * 3rd year science of [[w:Psychology|psychology]] student at the [https://www.canberra.edu.au/ University of Canberra] * lived in Canberra my whole life * My unit in semester two, 2022 is [[motivation and emotion]] === Hobbies/past times === Travel, Netflix, walking, mobile games == Book chapter I am working on == [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Hypomania and emotion|hypomania and emotion]] == Social contribution == none yet. 7y2hpzr7ehrx0d43q5bqhn67iqwh4r6 6 286522 2416083 2022-08-18T07:51:21Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Condition (20220815 - 20220813) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-18 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Condition (20220815 - 20220813) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-18 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} gupd37nt4fhv7tko2pasr55f7pucghj 6 286523 2416085 2022-08-18T07:52:12Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Condition (20220816 - 20220815) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-18 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Condition (20220816 - 20220815) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2022-08-18 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} lpzy28rd56g2j1dbw931h843l82yvur 1 286524 2416092 2022-08-18T09:00:16Z U3216256 2942574 /* Sources to look at */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki == Sources to look at == Hi Here are some sources that you might find useful (none of them look at COVID-19's impact on psychological distress). https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_distress Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2020). Examining social isolation and loneliness in combination in relation to social support and psychological distress using Canadian Longitudinal Study of Aging (CLSA) data. ''PloS One, 15''(3), e0230673–e0230673. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0230673 Mojtabai, R., & Jorm, A. F. (2014). Trends in psychological distress, depressive episodes and mental health treatment-seeking in the United States: 2001–2012. ''Journal of Affective Disorders, 174'', 556–561. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.12.039 Winning, A., Glymour, M. M., McCormick, M. C., Gilsanz, P., & Kubzansky, L. D. (2015). Psychological Distress Across the Life Course and Cardiometabolic Risk: Findings From the 1958 British Birth Cohort Study. ''Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 66''(14), 1577–1586. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.021 Timmins, L., Rimes, K. A., & Rahman, Q. (2019). Minority Stressors, Rumination, and Psychological Distress in Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Individuals. ''Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49''(2), 661–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-019-01502-2 Reiter, K., Ventura, J., Lovell, D., Augustine, D., Barragan, M., Blair, T., Chesnut, K., Dashtgard, P., Gonzalez, G., Pifer, N., & Strong, J. (2020). Psychological Distress in Solitary Confinement: Symptoms, Severity, and Prevalence in the United States, 2017-2018. ''American Journal of Public Health (1971), 110''(S1), S56–S62. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2019.305375 [[User:U3216256|U3216256]] ([[User talk:U3216256|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/U3216256|contribs]]) 09:00, 18 August 2022 (UTC) rqcscnir6lmdcvbyuycpv6uaofv42rg