Wikiversity:Colloquium

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== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:Change made here: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AInterface_administrators&amp;diff=2807543&amp;oldid=2806289 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 13:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:So maybe I previously misunderstood. Are you proposing separated pages for nominations (i.e. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]])? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:33, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==

How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==

I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::You meant [[Wikiversity:Curators]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:15, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: I agree that we must develop what rules curators should follow when marking new pages as patrolled; the same can be added for custodians since they can also mark new pages as patrolled. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::I see, well I think you can just add this to the policy. It is not major change and it probably reflects actual practice or actual technical possibilities for those flags. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:20, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for sharing. There is plenty of room for neurodiversity community learning. However, the challenge I think is that the intersection of those interested in (a) ND, and (b) English Wikiversity might be very small (e.g., 1!) at this point in time.
:But don't give up hope. For example, Wikipedia has many more ND-interested editors; maybe consider reaching out to see who might be interested:
:[[w:Category:Wikipedians interested in neurodiversity]]
:You could also start an equivalent category here:
:[[:Category:Wikiversitarians interested in neurodiversity]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:46, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:29, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:We have language materials ([[:Category:Languages]], [[World Languages]], [[Portal:Foreign Language Learning]], [[Portal:Multilingual Studies]]). They are not as developed as I think we would all like and there's not any coverage of Toki Pona, but in principle, we could and would like that. You can also see [[:b:Subject:Languages]] at our sister project Wikibooks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:33, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== Timeline format? ==

I’ve been working on the World War II articles, including the [[World War II/Timeline|timeline]], and is there a specific timeline format that should be used? Right now it’s just a table, and there’s no separation between different periods/phases of the war.

I don’t want to use [[mw:Extension:EasyTimeline]] because this will be displaying dates and not time periods. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 01:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:I dont think we have a policy or guideline, how to format a timeline. But you may try to browes wikiversity by Google if someone was dealing with this in the past somewhow @[[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:23, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::+1 - there's no specific guideline on how to format a timeline, it's really up to you. In my opinion I think the timeline is good. I'd personally bold the dates just to make it easier to separate it from the event description, but that's my personal 2 cents. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:18, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I’ll probably remove links to the dates/years, they’re just Wikipedia pages that shouldn’t be over linked to. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 00:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator for Codename Noreste ==

Hello, everyone. I am requesting interface administrator access on this wiki.

The main reasoning is that I would benefit from having the user right &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow me to make dark mode changes to pages in the MediaWiki namespace, add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to some interface pages using templates, handle interface-protected edit requests, and similar stuff. Additionally, I have some knowledge of CSS, and I would like to assist with modifying CSS pages whenever necessary, such as moving MediaWiki common.css code to TemplateStyles CSS pages.

I am requesting the maximum time that is allowed per the [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|policy]], and I have 2FA enabled on my account. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:55, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

*{{support}} Globally trusted user. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:07, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} Trusted and knowledgeable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:35, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} WV would benefit from this. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 08:32, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:13, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Comment}} Could @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]], which was requested to be deleted @[[User:Koavf|Justin]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]? I dont think we need it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:40, 9 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:Change made here: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AInterface_administrators&amp;diff=2807543&amp;oldid=2806289 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 13:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:So maybe I previously misunderstood. Are you proposing separated pages for nominations (i.e. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]])? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:33, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==

How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==

I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::You meant [[Wikiversity:Curators]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:15, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: I agree that we must develop what rules curators should follow when marking new pages as patrolled; the same can be added for custodians since they can also mark new pages as patrolled. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::I see, well I think you can just add this to the policy. It is not major change and it probably reflects actual practice or actual technical possibilities for those flags. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:20, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for sharing. There is plenty of room for neurodiversity community learning. However, the challenge I think is that the intersection of those interested in (a) ND, and (b) English Wikiversity might be very small (e.g., 1!) at this point in time.
:But don't give up hope. For example, Wikipedia has many more ND-interested editors; maybe consider reaching out to see who might be interested:
:[[w:Category:Wikipedians interested in neurodiversity]]
:You could also start an equivalent category here:
:[[:Category:Wikiversitarians interested in neurodiversity]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:46, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:29, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:We have language materials ([[:Category:Languages]], [[World Languages]], [[Portal:Foreign Language Learning]], [[Portal:Multilingual Studies]]). They are not as developed as I think we would all like and there's not any coverage of Toki Pona, but in principle, we could and would like that. You can also see [[:b:Subject:Languages]] at our sister project Wikibooks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:33, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== Timeline format? ==

I’ve been working on the World War II articles, including the [[World War II/Timeline|timeline]], and is there a specific timeline format that should be used? Right now it’s just a table, and there’s no separation between different periods/phases of the war.

I don’t want to use [[mw:Extension:EasyTimeline]] because this will be displaying dates and not time periods. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 01:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:I dont think we have a policy or guideline, how to format a timeline. But you may try to browes wikiversity by Google if someone was dealing with this in the past somewhow @[[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:23, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::+1 - there's no specific guideline on how to format a timeline, it's really up to you. In my opinion I think the timeline is good. I'd personally bold the dates just to make it easier to separate it from the event description, but that's my personal 2 cents. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:18, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I’ll probably remove links to the dates/years, they’re just Wikipedia pages that shouldn’t be over linked to. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 00:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator for Codename Noreste ==

Hello, everyone. I am requesting interface administrator access on this wiki.

The main reasoning is that I would benefit from having the user right &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow me to make dark mode changes to pages in the MediaWiki namespace, add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to some interface pages using templates, handle interface-protected edit requests, and similar stuff. Additionally, I have some knowledge of CSS, and I would like to assist with modifying CSS pages whenever necessary, such as moving MediaWiki common.css code to TemplateStyles CSS pages.

I am requesting the maximum time that is allowed per the [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|policy]], and I have 2FA enabled on my account. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:55, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

*{{support}} Globally trusted user. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:07, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} Trusted and knowledgeable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:35, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} WV would benefit from this. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 08:32, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:13, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Comment}} Could @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]], which was requested to be deleted @[[User:Koavf|Justin]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]? I dont think we need it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:40, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes - clearly no longer used -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:18, 9 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>jmovxawnc8t7p5bu8fiqv2b84x0ignz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808004</id>
      <parentid>2807999</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:16:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Curators and curators policy */ {{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. ~~~~}}</comment>
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== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:Change made here: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AInterface_administrators&amp;diff=2807543&amp;oldid=2806289 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 13:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:So maybe I previously misunderstood. Are you proposing separated pages for nominations (i.e. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]])? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:33, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:15, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==

I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::You meant [[Wikiversity:Curators]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:15, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: I agree that we must develop what rules curators should follow when marking new pages as patrolled; the same can be added for custodians since they can also mark new pages as patrolled. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::I see, well I think you can just add this to the policy. It is not major change and it probably reflects actual practice or actual technical possibilities for those flags. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:20, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for sharing. There is plenty of room for neurodiversity community learning. However, the challenge I think is that the intersection of those interested in (a) ND, and (b) English Wikiversity might be very small (e.g., 1!) at this point in time.
:But don't give up hope. For example, Wikipedia has many more ND-interested editors; maybe consider reaching out to see who might be interested:
:[[w:Category:Wikipedians interested in neurodiversity]]
:You could also start an equivalent category here:
:[[:Category:Wikiversitarians interested in neurodiversity]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:46, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:29, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:We have language materials ([[:Category:Languages]], [[World Languages]], [[Portal:Foreign Language Learning]], [[Portal:Multilingual Studies]]). They are not as developed as I think we would all like and there's not any coverage of Toki Pona, but in principle, we could and would like that. You can also see [[:b:Subject:Languages]] at our sister project Wikibooks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:33, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== Timeline format? ==

I’ve been working on the World War II articles, including the [[World War II/Timeline|timeline]], and is there a specific timeline format that should be used? Right now it’s just a table, and there’s no separation between different periods/phases of the war.

I don’t want to use [[mw:Extension:EasyTimeline]] because this will be displaying dates and not time periods. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 01:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:I dont think we have a policy or guideline, how to format a timeline. But you may try to browes wikiversity by Google if someone was dealing with this in the past somewhow @[[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:23, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::+1 - there's no specific guideline on how to format a timeline, it's really up to you. In my opinion I think the timeline is good. I'd personally bold the dates just to make it easier to separate it from the event description, but that's my personal 2 cents. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:18, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I’ll probably remove links to the dates/years, they’re just Wikipedia pages that shouldn’t be over linked to. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 00:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator for Codename Noreste ==

Hello, everyone. I am requesting interface administrator access on this wiki.

The main reasoning is that I would benefit from having the user right &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow me to make dark mode changes to pages in the MediaWiki namespace, add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to some interface pages using templates, handle interface-protected edit requests, and similar stuff. Additionally, I have some knowledge of CSS, and I would like to assist with modifying CSS pages whenever necessary, such as moving MediaWiki common.css code to TemplateStyles CSS pages.

I am requesting the maximum time that is allowed per the [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|policy]], and I have 2FA enabled on my account. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:55, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

*{{support}} Globally trusted user. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:07, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} Trusted and knowledgeable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:35, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} WV would benefit from this. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 08:32, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:13, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Comment}} Could @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]], which was requested to be deleted @[[User:Koavf|Justin]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]? I dont think we need it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:40, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes - clearly no longer used -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:18, 9 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
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      <comment>/* Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy */ Now a policy</comment>
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&lt;!-- MESSAGES GO BELOW --&gt;
== Requested update to [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] ==

Currently, [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators]] is a policy that includes a caveat that interface admins are not required long-term and that user right can only be added for a period of up to two weeks. I am proposing that we remove this qualification and allow for indefinite interface admin status. I think this is useful because there are reasons for tweaking the site CSS or JavaScript (e.g. to comply with dark mode), add gadgets (e.g. importing Cat-a-Lot, which I would like to do), or otherwise modifying the site that could plausibly come up on an irregular basis and requiring the overhead of a bureaucrat to add the user rights is inefficient. In particular, I am also going to request this right if the community accepts indefinite interface admins. Thoughts? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:23, 17 August 2025 (UTC)

:And who will then monitor them to make sure they don't damage the project in any way, or abuse the rights acquired in this way? For large projects, this might not be a problem, but for smaller projects like the English Wikiversity, I'm not sure if there are enough users who would say, something is happening here that shouldn't be happening. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 10:28, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
::Anyone would be who. This argument applies to any person with any advanced rights here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 10:46, 20 August 2025 (UTC)
:I think it is reasonable to allow for longer periods of access than 2 weeks to interface admin and support adjusting the policy to allow for this flexibility. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:57, 2 December 2025 (UTC)
::+1 —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 16:38, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] I agree that the two-week requirement could be revised, but wouldn’t people just request access for a specific purpose anyway? Instead of granting indefinite access, they should request the specific time frame they need the rights for—until the planned fixes are completed—and then request an extension if more time is required. We could remove the two-week criterion while still keeping the access explicitly temporary. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:48, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
::I just don't see why this wiki needs to be different than all of the others. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 07:18, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:::There isn’t really much of a need for a permanent one at this point in time [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 09:53, 25 January 2026 (UTC)
:I quite agree with this proposal, so long as they perform the suggested changes as mentioned here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 04:06, 26 January 2026 (UTC)
:: Just to clarify, I support '''indefinite interface admin status'''. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:34, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:I think there is decent consensus for lengthening this, but not necessarily for indefinite permissions, so does anyone object to me revising it to the standard being 120 days instead of two weeks? I'll check back on this thread in three weeks and if there's no objection, I'll make the change. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:47, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sure [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:27, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thanks for proposing this, Justin. I agree with the proposal to lengthen the interface admin period from 2 weeks but not indefinitely. Can I check the source(s) for the standard being 120 days (I'm guessing policies on other projects or maybe global policy?)? In any case, I think it is reasonable for us to adopt a similar period. However, note on the current policy discussion page notes from @[[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] arguing for shorter periods to lower risk, that's why it is 2 weeks. But if there are projects that need longer access, that should also be accommodated. Maybe we could adjust the policy to specify that ''interface admin rights can be given for 14 to 120 days depending on how long is required and what is supported by the community''. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::There was there was no source for 120: it was just more than 14 and less than infinity. The &quot;14 to 120&quot; also seems reasonable. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:33, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::: On some small/medium-sized wikis, such as English Wikibooks and English Wikiquote for example, indefinite interface administrator access for administrators is allowed, but they tend not to make changes to the CSS and JS page changes unless it's truly necessary. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:34, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::It's a good idea to make the length of this right on request or allow to be prolonged. However, IA should test large changes somewhere else, for example on the en.wv mirror, and only after testing it on the mirror, adapt it to the live version. That means I can't imagine a time-consuming operation right now. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:04, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Sorry, what mirror is this? Are you talking about beta.wv? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 20:32, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::Not beta.wv. Basically somewhere else then on a live wiki. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: Wouldn't testing on a user's own common.css page work anyway? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:36, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:Change made here: https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AInterface_administrators&amp;diff=2807543&amp;oldid=2806289 —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 13:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

== [[Template:AI-generated]] ==

After going through the plethora of ChatGPT-generated pages made by [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] (with many more pages to go), I'd like community input on this proposal to [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] that I think would be benefical for the community:
*Resources generated by AI '''must''' be indicated as so through the project box, [[Template:AI-generated]], on either the page or the main resource (if the page is a part of a project).
I do not believe including a small note/reference that a page is AI-generated is sufficient, and I take my thinking from [[WV:Original research|Wikiversity's OR policy]] for OR work: ''Within Wikiversity, all original research should be clearly identified as such''. I believe resources created from AI should also be clearly indicated as such, especially since we are working on whether or not AI-generated resources should be allowed on the website (discussion is [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence|here]], for reference). This makes it easier for organizational purposes, and in the event ''if'' we ban AI-generated work. 

I've left a message on Lee's talk page over a week ago and did not get a response or acknowledgement, so I'd like for the community's input for this inclusion to the policy. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 26 January 2026 (UTC)

:I believe that existing Wikiversity policies are sufficient. Authors are responsible for the accuracy and usefulness of the content that is published. This policy covers AI-generated content that is: 1) carefully reviewed by the author publishing it, and 2) the source is noted.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:38, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::A small reference for pages that are substantially filled with Chat-GPT entries, like [[Real Good Religion]], [[Attributing Blame]], [[Fostering Curiosity]], are not sufficient IMO and a project box would be the best indicator that a page is AI-generated (especially when there is a mixture of human created content AND AI-generated content, as present in a lot of your pages). This is useful, especially considering the notable issues with AI (including hallucinations and fabrication of details), so viewers and support staff are aware. These small notes left on the pages are not as easily viewable as a project box or banner would be. I really don't see the issue with a clear-label guideline. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 22:34, 27 January 2026 (UTC)
::{{ping|Lbeaumont}} I noticed your reversions [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Exploring_Existential_Concerns&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788278 here] &amp; [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Subjective_Awareness&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2788257 here]. I'd prefer to have a clean conversation regarding this proposition. Please voice your concerns here. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:53, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::Regarding Subjective Awareness, I distinctly recall the effort I went to to write that the old-fashioned way. It is true that ChatGPT assisted me in augmenting the list of words suggested as candidate subjective states. This is a small section of the course, is clearly marked, and makes no factual claim. Marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading. I would have made these comments when I reverted your edit; however, the revert button does not provide that opportunity.
:::Regarding the Exploring Existential Concerns course, please note this was adapted from my EmotionalCompetency.com website, which predates the availability of LLMs. The course does include two links, clearly labeled as ChatGPT-generated. Again, marking the entire course as AI-generated is misleading.
:::On a broader issue, I don't consider your opinions to have established a carefully debated and adopted Wikiversity policy. You went ahead and modified many of my courses over my clearly stated objections. Please let this issue play out more completely before editing my courses further. Thanks.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:11, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::Understood, and I respect your position. I apologize if my edits were seen as overarching. We could change the project box to &quot;a portion of this resource was generated by AI&quot;, or something along those lines. Feel free to revert my changes where you see fit, and I encourage more users to provide their input. EDIT: I've made changes to the template to indicate that a portion of the content has been generated from an LLM. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:50, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
:::::Thanks for this reply. The new banner is unduly large and alarming. There is no need for alarm here. The use of AI is not harmful per se. Like any technology, it can be used to help or to harm. I take care to craft prompts carefully, point the LMM to reliable source materials, and to carefully read and verify the generated text before I publish it. This is all in keeping with long-established Wikiversity policy. We don't want to use a  [[w:One-drop_rule|one-drop rule]] here or cause a [[w:Satanic_panic|satanic panic]]. We can learn our lessons from history here. I don't see any pedagogical reason for establishing a classification of &quot;AI generated&quot;, but if there is a consensus that it is needed, perhaps it can be handled as just another category that learning resources can be assigned to. I would rather focus on identifying any errors in factual claims than on casting pejorative bias toward AI-generated content. An essay on the best practices for using LMM on Wikiveristy would be welcome.   [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 15:58, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
::::::The new banner mimics the banner that is available on the English Wikibooks (see [[b:Template:AI-generated]] &amp; [[b:Template:Uses AI]]), so my revisions aren't unique in this aspect. At this point, I'd welcome other peoples' inputs. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 19:40, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

== How do I start making pages? ==
Is there a notability guideline for Wikiversity? What is the sourcing policy for information? What is the Manual of Style? What kind of educational content qualifies for Wikiversity? All the introduction pages are a bit unclear. 
[[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 02:25, 28 January 2026 (UTC)

:{{ping|VidanaliK}} Welcome to Wikiversity! I've left you a welcome message on your talk page. That should help you out. Make sure to especially look at [[Wikiversity:Introduction]]. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 03:11, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
::It says that I can't post more pages because I have apparently exceeded the new page limit. How long does it take before that new page limit expires? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 16:57, 28 January 2026 (UTC)
:::This is a restriction for new users so that Wikiversity is not hit with massive spam. As for when this limit will expire, it should be a few days or after a certain number of edits. It's easy to overcome, though I do not have the exact numbers atm. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 15:08, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
::::OK, I think I got past the limit. [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 17:21, 29 January 2026 (UTC)
==Why does it feel like Wikiversity is no longer really active anymore?==
I've been looking at recent changes, and both today and yesterday there haven't been many changes that I haven't made; it feels like walking through a ghost town, is this just me or is Wikiversity not really active anymore? [[User:VidanaliK|VidanaliK]] ([[User talk:VidanaliK|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/VidanaliK|contribs]]) 03:54, 30 January 2026 (UTC)

:There is fewer people editing these days compared to the past. Many newcomers tend to edit in Wikipedia instead. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 06:39, 30 January 2026 (UTC)
:It’s a little slow, but I’m happy to know that Wikiversity is a place that I think should provide value even if the activity of editors fluctuates. If it’s any consolation your edits may be encouraging for some anonymous newcomer to start edits on their own! I think it’s hard to build community when there is such a wide variety of interests and a smaller starting userbase. Also sometimes the getting into a particular topic that already exists can be intimidating because some relics (large portals, school, categories, etc.) have intricate, unique and generally messy levels of organization. [[User:IanVG|IanVG]] ([[User talk:IanVG|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/IanVG|contribs]]) 22:16, 9 March 2026 (UTC)
:I'd say it comes down to working hard for Wikiversity, basically if somebody or a group of people will start presenting good ideas and they turn out to be provably stable.
:I even asked Google's &quot;AI Mode&quot;, what is Wikiversity famous for? Unfortunately it could not answer that.
:Simply, we have not made Wikiversity famous by presenting really provable stable ideas yet. My hope is that this time might come. Perhaps even this year 2026!
:Hope dies last. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:12, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Inactivity policy for Curators ==

I was wondering if there is a specific inactivity polity for curators (semi-admins) as I am pretty sure the global policy does not apply to them as they are not ''fully'' sysops. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:20, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Unfortunately, I don't see an inactivity policy, but if we were to create such a new policy for curators, it should be the same for custodians (administrators). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 18:45, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] There is currently none, that I could find, for custodians either. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:47, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I think we should propose a local inactivity policy for custodians (and by extension, curators), which should be at least one year without any edits ''and'' logged actions. However, I don't know which page should it be when the inactivity removal procedure starts. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:53, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::@[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] In theory, there should be a section added at [[WV:Candidates for custodianship]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:55, 17 February 2026 (UTC)
::::: To be consistent with the [[meta:Admin activity review|global period of 2 years inactivity]] for en.wv  [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship#How are bureaucrats removed?|Bureaucrats]] we could add something like this to [[Wikiversity:Curators]]:
::::::The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with  the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). After that time a custodian will remove the rights.
::::: -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:51, 27 March 2026 (UTC)
:::::Yup, I agree with Jtneill, there is a policy proposal for Wikiversity:Curators, where it should be logically deployed. The question is if we are ready to aprove the policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:43, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::: I agree, but we should notify the colloquium about inactive curators, just like a steward would do for inactive custodians and bureaucrats per [[:m:Admin activity review|AAR]]. What is the minimum timeframe an inactive curator should receive so they can respond they would keep their rights? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 17:49, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:I incorporated these suggestions into the proposed curators policy. Please review/comment/improve. Summary: 2 years, notify curator's user page, then remove rights after 1 month: [[Wikiversity:Curators#Inactivity]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:59, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] I created [[Template:Inactive curator]] for this. Feel free to make any changes or improvements. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:29, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to become an official policy ==
{{Archive top|After running for a week, there is consensus, alongside comments, for [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] to be implemented as an official policy. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)}}
With the introduction of AI-material, and some material just plain disruptive, its imperative that Wikiversity catches up with its sister projects and implements an official AI policy that we can work with. The recent issue of [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]]'s 50+ articles that contain significantly large AI-generated material has made me came to the Colloquium. This user has also been removing the [[Template:AI-generated]] template from their pages, calling it &quot;misleading&quot;, &quot;alarmist&quot;, and &quot;pejorative&quot; - which is all just simply nonsensical rationales. Not to even mention this user's contributions to the English Wikipedia have been [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Inner_Development_Goals contested] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Multipolar_trap removed] a couple of times (for being low-quality and clearly LLM-generated), highlighting the need for an actual policy to be implemented here on Wikiversity. I would like to ping {{ping|Juandev}} and {{ping|Jtneill}} for their thoughts as well, since I'd like this to be implemented as soon as possible. 

Wikiversity has a significant issue with implementing anti-disruptive measures, hence why we have received numerous complaints as a community about our quality. I originally was reverting the removal of the templates, but realized that this is still a proposed policy, which it shouldn't be anymore. It should be a recognized Wikiversity policy. 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:54, 10 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] '''I agree''' that the draft, should become official policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:00, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:I provided a detailed response at: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI]]
:I will appreaciate it if you consder that carefully. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 22:49, 10 March 2026 (UTC)
:Agree it should become official Wikiversity policy on the condition &lt;u&gt;that point point 5 is about [significant/substantial] LLM-generated text specifically&lt;/u&gt;. Not a good idea to overuse it, it should be added when there is substantial AI-generated text on the page, not for other cases. [[User:Prototyperspective|Prototyperspective]] ([[User talk:Prototyperspective|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Prototyperspective|contribs]]) 12:37, 11 March 2026 (UTC)
:What policy is being debated? Is it the text on this page, which is pointed to by the general banner, or the text at:   [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence,]]   which is pointed to by the specific banner? Let's begin with coherence on the text being debated. Thanks!  [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 11:49, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
::@[[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] This is a call for approval of the new Wikiversity policy. You expressed your opinion [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence#Evolving a Wikiversity policy on AI|on the talk page of the proposal]], I replied to you and await your response.When creating policies, it is necessary to propose specific solutions. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:12, 17 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Toward a Justified and Parsimonious AI Policy 
:::As we collaborate to develop a consensus policy on the use of Large Language Models, it is wise to begin by considering the needs of the various stakeholders to the policy.
:::The stakeholders are:
:::1)     The users, 
:::2)     The source providers, and
:::3)     The editors
:::There may also be others with a minor stake in this policy, including the population at large.
:::The many needs of the users are currently addressed by long-standing [[Wikiversity:Policies|Wikiversity policies]], so we can focus on what, if any, additional needs arise as LLMs are deployed. 
:::As always, users need assurance that propositional statements are accurate. This is covered by the existing policy on [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verifiably]]. In addition, it is expected by both the users and those that provide materials used as sources for the text are [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|accurately attributed]]. This is also covered by [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|existing policies]].
:::To respect the time and effort of editors, a parsimonious policy will unburden editors from costly requirements that exceed benefits to the users.
:::Finally, it is important to recognize that because attention is our most valuable seizing attention unnecessarily is a form of theft. 
:::The following proposed policy statement results from these considerations:
:::Recommended Policy statement:
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Verifiability|verify the accuracy]] of propositional statements, regardless of the source.
:::·       Editors [[Wikiversity:Cite sources|attribute the source]] of propositional statements. In the case of LLM, cite the LLM model and the prompt used.
:::·       Use of various available templates to mark the use of LLM are optional. Templates that are flexible in noting the type and extend of LLM usage are preferred. Templates that avoid unduly distracting or alarming the user are preferred. [[User:Lbeaumont|Lbeaumont]] ([[User talk:Lbeaumont|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Lbeaumont|contribs]]) 19:56, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::::Do we discuss here or there? I have replied you there as your proposal is about that policy so it is tradition to discuss it at the affected talk page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:59, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{support}} Thanks for the proposed policy development and discussion; also note proposed policy talk page discussion: [[Wikiversity talk:Artificial intelligence]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:05, 24 March 2026 (UTC)
::I think the Wikiversity AI policy shall be official. – [[User:RestoreAccess111|RestoreAccess111]] &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Arimo, Arial;&quot;&gt;[[User talk:RestoreAccess111|Talk!]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman, Tinos;&quot;&gt;[[Special:Contributions/RestoreAccess111|Watch!]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:11, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== New titles for user right nominations ==
&lt;div class=&quot;cd-moveMark&quot;&gt;''Moved from [[Wikiversity talk:Candidates for Custodianship#New titles for user right nominations]].  [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 23:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)''&lt;/div&gt;

I would like to propose the following retitles should a user be nominated for any of the following user rights:
* Curator: Candidates for Curatorship
* Bureaucrat: Candidates for Bureaucratship
The reason is that many curator (and probably bureaucrat) requests have run solely under {{tq|Candidates for Custodianship}}, but that title might sound misleading (especially in regards to the permission a user is requesting). CheckUser and Oversight (suppressor) are not included above since no user was nominated for these sensitive permissions, probably. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 01:30, 19 March 2026 (UTC)

:And it's not that when someone at the beginning misplaced the request, no one thought to move it and the others copied it. Even today, it would be possible to simply take it all and move it. Otherwise, for me, the more fundamental problem is that there is [[Wikiversity:Curators|no approved policy for curators]] than where the requests are based. Curators then operate in a certain vacuum and if one of them &quot;breaks out of the chain&quot;, the average user doesn't have many transparent tools to deal with it, because there is no policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:02, 19 March 2026 (UTC)
::I am not talking about the curator page (policy proposal). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:08, 21 March 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] I'll see if I can do an overhaul of [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]], just like I recently did with the Requests for adminship page on English Wikiquote. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:17, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:Yes, great idea - ideally there will be separate &quot;Candidates for ...&quot; pages for each user right group. The most important for now is to separate curator and custodian pages as CN suggests. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:39, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:So maybe I previously misunderstood. Are you proposing separated pages for nominations (i.e. [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Bureaucratship]], [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship]])? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:30, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:: Yes. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:33, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Technical Request:  Courtesy link.. ==

[[Template_talk:Information#Background_must_have_color_defined_as_well]] [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
: I can't edit the template directly as it need an sysop/interface admin to do it. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)
:: Also if the Template field of - https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:LintErrors/night-mode-unaware-background-color is examined, there is poential for an admin to clear a substantial proportion of these by implmenting a simmilar fix to the indciated templates (and underlying stylesheets). It would be nice to clear things like Project box and others, as many other templates (and thus pages depend on them.) :)
[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 11:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

:I think it would be best to grant you interface admin rights for a short period of time to make these changes. However, I still have doubts about the suitability of this solution, which may cause other problems and no one has explained to me why dark mode has to be implemented this way @[[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:43, 20 March 2026 (UTC)

: I would have reservations about holding such rights, which is why I was trying to do what I could without needing them. However if it is the only way to get the required changes made, I would suggest asking on Wikipedia to find technical editors, willing to undertake the changes needed. [[User:ShakespeareFan00|ShakespeareFan00]] ([[User talk:ShakespeareFan00|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ShakespeareFan00|contribs]]) 09:32, 21 March 2026 (UTC)

== WikiEducator has closed ==

Some of you may know of a similar project to Wikiversity, called [https://wikieducator.org/Main_Page WikiEducator], championed by [https://oerfoundation.org/about/staff/wayne-mackintosh/ Wayne Mackintosh][https://www.linkedin.com/posts/waynemackintosh_important-notice-about-the-oer-foundation-activity-7405113051688931329-Nhm9/][https://openeducation.nz/killed-not-starved/].

It seems [https://openeducation.nz/terminating-oer-foundation their foundation has closed] and they are no longer operating.

They had done quite a bit of outreach (e.g., in the Pacific and Africa) to get educators using wiki.

The WikiEducator content is still available in MediaWiki - and potentially could be imported to Wikiversity ([https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:Copyrights CC-BY-SA] is the default license).

The closing of WikiEducator arguably makes the nurturing of Wikiversity even more important.

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:09, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:I was never active there. If anyone has an account or is otherwise in contact, we may want to copy relevant information here or even at [[:outreach:]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:46, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:: I reached out to [[User:Mackiwg~enwikiversity|Wayne]] in January, and he responded briefly but positively (while travelling).  I wrote to the low-traffic wikieducator mailing list today and got a nice [https://groups.google.com/g/wikieducator/c/r_yIyUw6ZIA reply] from [[user:SteveFoerster|Steve Foerster]] who's interested in helping. If we can figure out a migration path it would be great to adopt at least the main namespace pages here.  
:: A few questions that come to mind: 
:: - would people want to create matching user accounts
:: - are there any namespaces (user/talk?) that should not be moved over
:: We could look at how this was done for the [[m:Wikivoyage/Migration]] wikivoyage migration. &lt;span style=&quot;padding:0 2px 0 2px;background-color:white;color:#bbb;&quot;&gt;&amp;ndash;[[User:Sj|SJ]][[User Talk:Sj|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#ff9900;&quot;&gt;+&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/span&gt; 04:27, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:::That's fantastic, SJ, that you've reached out and that Wayne, Steve, and Jim are receptive—and that you can help! -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:52, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

== Wikinews is ending ==

Apparently mainly due to low editorial activity, low public interest, but also failure to achieve the goals from the proposal for the creation of the project, the Wikinews project is ending after years of discussions ([[Meta:Proposal for Closing Wikinews|some reading]]).

And I would be interested to see how Wikiversity is doing in the monitored metrics. We probably have more editors than Wikinews had, but what about consumers and achieving the goals? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 19:14, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

:Wikiversity's biggest issue in recent times was the hosting of low-quality, trash content. Thankfully we've done a great job in removing pseudoscience and other embarrassingly trash content (Wikidebates, for example), but the biggest concern moving forward is proper maintenance IMO. I've caught several pseudoscience pages being created within the last few months that could easily have flown under the radar (ex, [[The Kelemen Dilemma: Causal Collapse and Axiomatic Instability]]), so I'd urge our custodians/curators to be on the lookout for this type of content. Usually an AI-overview can point this type of content out relatively well.
:In terms of visibility, I believe Wikiversity is a high-traffic project. I remember my [[Mathematical Properties]] showing up on the first page of Google when searching up &quot;math properties&quot; for the longest time (and is still showing up in the first page 'till this day!). Besides, Wikinews hosted a lot of short-term content (the nature of news articles), while Wikiversity hosts content that can still be useful a decade later (ex, [[A Reader's Guide to Annotation]]). 
:I think we are on a better path than we were a few months ago, and I do want to thank everyone here who has been helping out with maintaining our website! —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:48, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
:For what it's worth, the group that did that study has since disbanded, so no one is monitoring the other sister projects in the same way. Additionally, Wikinews had some catastrophic server issues due to the maintenance of [[:m:Extension:DynamicPageList]] which don't apply here. Your questions are still worth addressing, but I just wanted to cut off any concern at the pass about Wikiversity being in the same precarious situation. Wikiversity is definitely the biggest &quot;lagging behind&quot; or &quot;failure&quot; project now that Wikinews is being shuttered, but I don't see any near- or medium-term pathway to closing Wikiversity. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 00:46, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-03-31/News and notes|Entirety of Wikinews to be shut down]] (Wikipedia Signpost) -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:03, 11 April 2026 (UTC)

== Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) ==

Hello everyone,

This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as &lt;code&gt;Module:Itemgroup/list&lt;/code&gt;).

'''The Change:'''&lt;br /&gt;
Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. 

We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''.

'''What You Need To Do:'''&lt;br /&gt;
To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search.

'''Deadline:'''&lt;br /&gt;
We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles.

Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 17:11, 3 April 2026 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&amp;oldid=29941252 --&gt;
:I didnt find such properties, so we are probably fine. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 21:00, 12 April 2026 (UTC)
:: +1 (agreed). [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:19, 12 April 2026 (UTC)

== Enable the abuse filter block action? ==

In light of [[Special:AbuseLog/80178]] (coupon spam), I would like to propose enabling the block action for the abuse filter. Only custodians will be able to enable and disable that action on an abuse filter, and it is useful to block ongoing vandalism. Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 19:12, 13 April 2026 (UTC)

:Seems like a good idea, almost all of the users which create such pages are spambots so this shouldn’t be a problem. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:41, 13 April 2026 (UTC)
:Can you explain some more (I am new to abuse filters)? It looks like the attempted edit was prevented? Which abuse filter?
:Note on your suggestion, have also reactivated Antispam Filter 12 - see [[WV:RCA]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:45, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I am proposing that we activate the abuse filter block action, which if a user triggers an abuse filter, it would actually block the user in question - the same mechanism that a custodian would use to block users. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:11, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::OK, thankyou, that makes sense. And, reviewing the abuse filter 12 log, it would be helpful because it would prevent the need for manual blocking. But I don't see a setting for autoblocking? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 23:14, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
:::: I think it probably adds an autoblock. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:43, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
: [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] and [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], given that a little bit more than a week has passed and there is minimal consensus to activate the abuse filter block action, I filed [[phab:T424053]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:05, 21 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank-you for doing this. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:03, 24 April 2026 (UTC)

== Advice needed: A Neurodiversity-inspired Idea/observation ==

If I want the greatest participation of others to &quot;provide constructive criticism to my idea&quot; or to &quot;shoot down my idea&quot; or &quot;idea&quot;.

What I've called it so far is &quot;The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea&quot;. At other times I used more sensationalist wording but here on Wikiversity I don't dare do that. I actually woke up with thinking about putting this into my userspace draft: &quot;Personal Observations Made By Meeting Autistic and Non-Autistic Adults&quot;.

My ultimate goal is to stop blathering about my &quot;idea&quot; to friend and family without feeling my &quot;methodology&quot; is going into any progressive direction whatsoever. My latest encounter was somewhat constructive though. A friend of a friend who worked with people presenting ideas in attempting to getting grants. I don't want a grant. I just want to figure out how I can express my &quot;idea&quot; in a way so that I can more clearly figure out what flaws it got.

At the same time I tend to overthink. If anyone thinks etherpad might be a good place and considering Wikimedia already got an etherpad at https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/ if anyone feels like they know me better in the future feel free to suggest a &quot;session&quot; on etherpad.

'''If I don't receive a reply to this in 1 week's time I will begin to explore this &quot;idea&quot; into my userspace''' unless you replied and refrained me from doing so, of course. Then maybe after &quot;developing it there&quot; I might reference it to you another future time here in the Colloquium, with my &quot;idea&quot; still in my userspace draft. This &quot;idea&quot; is sort of a burden, I'm happy I've made the choice to get rid of it and hopefully move on with my life, unless there is something to this &quot;idea&quot;. 

My failure is probably evident: I feel I haven't told you anything. Same happened to when I talked to friends and family. In danger of overthinking it further I'll publish this right now. I need to &quot;keep it together&quot; [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:36, 16 April 2026 (UTC)

:Good on you putting it out there ... and hitting publish :). I'd say go for it (no need to wait), give birth to your idea and share about it here and elsewhere. Let it take shape and see where it might go. In many ways, this is exactly what an open collaborative learning community should be doing. Others might not know well how to respond, so perhaps consider creating some questions to accompany the idea. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:21, 16 April 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for encouraging me in developing the idea.
::I have created a &quot;questions&quot; section in the draft which is visible in the table of contents now. My brain was &quot;frozen&quot; today metaphorically speaking in that I felt I had like a &quot;writer's block&quot; so the draft has more &quot;AI/LLM&quot; content than before. I used the LLM for generating questions. The answers are so far human-only.
::I've also created a subsection where I could add the prompts that made the LLM generate the questions. That could help people make better prompts perhaps. I've described what it is about inside of it and there are some chaotically written notes.
::[[Draft:The_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea#Questions_that_might_encourage_the_development_of_this_idea_and_its_methodology]]
::My draft is missing stuff. Any questions that you contribute to my draft will probably help me and if I don't understand the questions I'll probably notify you and also at the same time &quot;feed them&quot; to an LLM and ask in my input like &quot;explain in simple words what this question means, what is it searching for?&quot; etc. while I wait for an answer. If you have any more feedback please give it to me here or on the Draft page, its talk page or my user talk page. Thank you for helping me! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 21:20, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::Today I woke up with not only thinking about supplying questions along with the &quot;idea&quot; but also answers. ie. Is it possible to &quot;test&quot; this idea? Is it possible to create one or multiple hypotheses based on this &quot;idea&quot;?(etc.) I've thought about this before in this &quot;idea&quot; but since I'm beginning to add to Wikiversity what was previously 'locked in my mind' it's also easier for me to see what I've done so far. Thank you for this comment! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 09:11, 23 April 2026 (UTC)
:May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish. Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet. Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible. Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents. --  [[User:Eric.LEWIN|Eric.LEWIN]] ([[User talk:Eric.LEWIN|discussion]] • [[Special:Contributions/Eric.LEWIN|contributions]]) 10:06, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::Sorry about the false positive on the profanity filter - I've fixed it. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:26, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::&quot;May I think that you should not add deadlines ; being read, and rising interest for collaboration, or even simply for exchange of thoughts, such an effective meeting event loads a huge bunch of unprobability, which time can help to… somehow diminish.&quot;
::Thank you Eric for this comment. Trust in time is how I interpret it. I should not feel like I need to be in a hurry. I'll try to give this time. Thank you!
:::&quot;Maybe, I would advice you having a central place for developping your ideas, your needs, your advances, maybe a page in your own user zone, and from time to time, depending your feeling, it could be every trimester or so, or more frequently, you could write a short account of progress (or even of no progress), or a call for participation, in such a place as this present one ; I think that will increase much exposure of your projet.&quot;
::A central place for developing or making &quot;project notes&quot; regarding the Neurodiversity idea on my userspace, I might need that, like a diary or &quot;project notes&quot; of the Neurodiversity idea similar to my course notes regarding my experience with Coursera.
::Any actions I take are going to be related to my Userspace from now on but I'll also update the draft when necessary. Now in the beginning I might be working daily to once every 3 days on both the draft and the daily notes I plan to make.
:::&quot;Maybe also, if you can find a project name, not necessarily very meaningfull by itseilf (at least it will gain signification with time, as your project develops), that will serve as a kind-of hook, and make your announcement titles more visible.&quot;
::Thank you for the advice. I was brainstorming yesterday about it. I concluded that since I've not yet developed a methodology that adheres to &quot;Do no harm&quot; and this is my first time working my &quot;idea&quot; into a way that is compatible with how projects develop on English Wikiversity this is new to me. My methodology isn't developed and therefore trying to get attention to my project through a name can wait. Yesterday I figured out a silly title that has nothing to do with the project: &quot;Planetary Awareness Potato Cabbage Rolls&quot; or something like that. Google output read that no such thing exists so I wanted it mainly to be unique. I don't want to raise attention that I'm unsure whether I'll actually be capable of developing a methodology for but project notes is my best bet so far in tracking my progress. Every day I think about this &quot;idea&quot; but I need to improve the important parts.
:::&quot;Best regards (and my excuses for my poor command of English, which seems to be unplease an anti-abuse filter, &quot;Questionable Language (profanity)&quot;, which I don't understand…). My few cents.&quot;
::You added great points and I felt that I was helped by you! I encourage you to post again and I can understand that interacting with any kind of automated filter can be discouraging and can be for me too! Thank you for giving me feedback! [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 16:01, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

== Add some user rights to the curator user group? ==

By default, only custodians have the ability to mark new pages as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;) and have their own page creations automatically marked as patrolled (&lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt;). I am proposing both of the following:
* Curators can mark new pages as patrolled, helping on reducing the backlog of new, unpatrolled pages.
* New pages made by curators will be automatically marked as patrolled by the MediaWiki software.
Before we implement this, I would suggest implementing a proposed guideline for marking new pages as patrolled for curators and custodians.

Thoughts? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:32, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

:Agree, &lt;s&gt;also can we also allow curators to undelete pages since they already have the rights to delete them?&lt;/s&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 02:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::I think the requirement that undelete NOT be included came from above (meta / stewards / central office). Having access to the undelete page gives access to information that is restricted by their policies to admins (custodians and bureaucrats). -- [[User:Dave Braunschweig|Dave Braunschweig]] ([[User talk:Dave Braunschweig|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dave Braunschweig|contribs]]) 20:12, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::: [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]], unless if requests for curator and custodian should be RfA-like processes (that is, including voting and comments), then I have to agree with Dave above. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:03, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Oh, I didn’t realise that. Withdrawing my comment.. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:08, 19 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} Seems reasonable and would reduce overhead. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 14:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:'''Agree''', implement it also to [[Wikiversity:Curators]] proposal please. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:11, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: I went ahead and filed [[phab:T424445]]. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:39, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

== [[Wikiversity:Curators|Curators and curators policy]] ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:15, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
How does it come, that Wikiversity has curators, but Curators policy is still being proposed? How do the curators exists and act if the policy about them havent been approved yet? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:33, 16 October 2025 (UTC)

:It looks as if it is not just curators. The policy on Bureaucratship is still being proposed as well. See [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]. —[[User:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;font-family:Verdana; color:#008000; text-shadow:gray 0.2em 0.2em 0.4em;&quot;&gt;RailwayEnthusiast2025&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:RailwayEnthusiast2025|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#59a53f&quot;&gt;''talk with me!''&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:33, 27 October 2025 (UTC)

:I think its just the nature of a small WMF sister project in that there are lots of drafts, gaps, and potential improvements. In this case, these community would need to vote on those proposed Wikiversity staff policies if we think they're ready. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 02:08, 3 December 2025 (UTC)
:What? I thought you were getting it approved, Juandev... :) [[User:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris]] ([[User talk:I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/I&amp;#39;m Mr. Chris|contribs]]) 14:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
::Yeah I think this one is important too and we need to aprove it too @[[User:I'm Mr. Chris|I'm Mr. Chris]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 15:56, 12 February 2026 (UTC)
:::I thinks its ready to made into a policy, it seems to be complete and informative about what the rights does and how to get it. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 03:08, 15 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Agree -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:00, 27 March 2026 (UTC)

Let's make this the official discussion about adopting the [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators policy]] policy. Your comments are invited and welcome. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 08:40, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
: There were two similar Colloquium threads in separate places about the proposed curators policy. So I've moved them to be adjacent. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Wikiversity:Curators to become a policy ==
{{archive top|There is strong consensus, so [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is now a policy. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:16, 9 May 2026 (UTC)}}
I've looked at the discussions about the Curators policy, I've looked at the practices, and it seems to me that there is no dispute about the wording of the policy, and what's more, the community has been using this proposal as if it were an offical policy for several years. Therefore, I propose that [[Wikiversity:Curators]] become a policy. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:35, 18 April 2026 (UTC)

:{{support}} —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:54, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 20:21, 18 April 2026 (UTC)
: {{support|Yes, please}}. Especially after when I and PieWriter proposed above, I agree. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:27, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: @[[User:Juandev|Juandev]]; as of now, curators now have the user rights &lt;code&gt;autopatrol&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;patrol&lt;/code&gt;. Perhaps we should also include that in [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]? [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 12:07, 30 April 2026 (UTC)
:::You meant [[Wikiversity:Curators]] @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:15, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::: I agree that we must develop what rules curators should follow when marking new pages as patrolled; the same can be added for custodians since they can also mark new pages as patrolled. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:37, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::I see, well I think you can just add this to the policy. It is not major change and it probably reflects actual practice or actual technical possibilities for those flags. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:20, 7 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{support}} -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:42, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
:{{Support}} per nom. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 13:32, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
{{Archive bottom}}

== Inactive curators ==

Hello, even though [[Wikiversity:Curators]] is not a policy yet, there are curators listed here that have been inactive for two years or more:
* {{user|Cody naccarato}} (last edit on 13 Dec 2022, last logged action on 10 Dec 2022)
* {{user|Praxidicae}} (last edit on 10 Sep 2022, last logged action on 12 Sep 2022)
[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 21:14, 19 April 2026 (UTC)

:Yup, I would remove the rights. To get the rights back if theyll come back should not be a big deal. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:08, 24 April 2026 (UTC)
:: When they don't reply by May 19, feel free (or any custodian) to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:28, 25 April 2026 (UTC)

== Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? ==

Is anyone interested in Neurodiversity? Is there anyone here who is interested for Neurodiversity to be &quot;something more&quot; than it already is? Does anyone here consider Neurodiversity one of the &quot;harder topics&quot; to work on or discuss? Does anyone here have an opinion about the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]? So these questions don't appear like &quot;out of a vacuum&quot; I can tell you a bit about my background:

Many years ago I got a psychiatric diagnosis &quot;Asperger's&quot;. After I stepped out of the office and my Äsperger's was 'concluded', I stepped out into the street and thought my first negative thought(but the positive thought followed after). The thought was about concentration camps in the second world war and that the world seemed to be going into the direction of &quot;labeling others&quot;. I was unsure whether this was &quot;real science&quot; and sort of &quot;challenged myself&quot; to make up my own mind after meeting people that had been given this diagnosis. The more adults with this diagnosis I met the more I started seeing &quot;patterns&quot;.

Was it a coincidence that the first person with Asperger's I met reminded me about my father later after I had plenty of times of experience with interacting with him? None of the people I interacted with online through IRC text chat...I felt I got any clue about how &quot;their brains work&quot;. Only when I met one person from the Asperger's chat community in person we both realized that whatever we experienced was akin to the &quot;chaos theory&quot;. He told me about &quot;chaos theory&quot; while I didn't know even what that term meant but I guess I 'read between the lines'. My question that I linger on still today is &quot;did he understand about me what I think I understood about him?&quot;? That our brains had the same configuration? Most autistic adults who meet other autistic adults usually get disappointed. They think the diagnosis will help them meet somebody like themselves and then they realize the great diversity in the autistic spectrum created by Psychiatry.

I later stopped interacting with autistic communities that much, I felt that it did not benefit me. Also Neurodiversity's &quot;neurotypes&quot; interested me for a while until I realized I had &quot;misunderstood everything&quot; about them and how they are used in the Neurodiversity Movement or &quot;Neurodiversity community&quot; if that even can precisely be defined? I doubt it but if you want to contribute to the [[Neurodiversity Movement]]. My previous attempts failed as I got more and more confused. I think a community project needs a community. With a lack of that I don't think it is worth my time. If any of you would like to work on that project let me know on my talk page.

So I was kinda lost and was talking to my friend and psychologist and I realized if I never talk about my idea to anyone in a &quot;comprehensive way&quot; or show that it matters to me nothing is going to ever happen. So I started talking about my &quot;idea&quot; more. Nobody could understand the &quot;idea&quot; because I had not developed my skills regarding where to start...although the process had already started &quot;automatically&quot; and that's why I often think of &quot;well my brain sort of activated me&quot;. I don't feel like I did have a plan and this idea happened. It happened &quot;by itself&quot;. My brain reacted to what I was seeing in a video or stream.

I value interaction highly in this idea. I think it would be helpful to make a community of people who are not paranoid about stuff that can express itself like &quot;don't analyze me!&quot;, &quot;don't compare me to anyone!&quot;. 

On the contrary, more often than not those adults who were diagnosed were actually openly comparing themselves with each other and I think that is healthy in a &quot;science&quot; way if done the &quot;right way&quot; which probably means &quot;Do no harm&quot;.

I found video material is important but I'm very unsure if uploading own video material to Wikimedia Commons would constitute a &quot;reasonable&quot; use of the resources there. Maybe somebody here needs to ask more questions to me that I should answer before that happens. I also know the '''be bold''' so I could just do what I think might be ok. Though I work better in a group as long as I know what &quot;group configurations&quot; help me. This is in a non-profit way. Since the state supported me this might be a way I am trying to &quot;give back&quot; to the state and &quot;the world&quot;. May seem overly ambitious and crazy but this thing gives me energy. It gives me hope when trying to develop this idea. [[User:ThinkingScience|ThinkingScience]] ([[User talk:ThinkingScience|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/ThinkingScience|contribs]]) 10:47, 23 April 2026 (UTC)

:Thanks for sharing. There is plenty of room for neurodiversity community learning. However, the challenge I think is that the intersection of those interested in (a) ND, and (b) English Wikiversity might be very small (e.g., 1!) at this point in time.
:But don't give up hope. For example, Wikipedia has many more ND-interested editors; maybe consider reaching out to see who might be interested:
:[[w:Category:Wikipedians interested in neurodiversity]]
:You could also start an equivalent category here:
:[[:Category:Wikiversitarians interested in neurodiversity]] -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:46, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Request for comment (global AI policy) ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt;A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MediaWiki message delivery|contribs]]) 00:58, 26 April 2026 (UTC)&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30424282 --&gt;

== Coming over From wikinews ==

Any chance someone could help me if you are allowed to write news articles here since wikinews is going read only mode soon, thank you! [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 22:43, 1 May 2026 (UTC)

:The scope of Wikiversity is very broad and is basically about more-or-less any learning material. We have made it a point to not have duplicative content of other WMF projects, but since Wikinews is being shuttered, I personally am fine with writing news articles here. One thing that is not controversial at all is a learning resource &lt;em&gt;about&lt;/em&gt; how to write news: that could be hugely useful here and could involve the process of writing news stories to learn and to share back and forth with an editor or fact-checker. In fact, I'd support an entire namespace dedicated to keeping the notion of Wikinews alive here. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 23:38, 1 May 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you so much! How do I start? Cheers! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:07, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I think it's premature to start just making news articles en masse, but if you want to start discussing the topic of citizen journalism, you can do that now. [[:Category:Journalism]] already has some material, so you can start by seeing what we already have, how you can refine that, etc. You can definitely have learning resources with collaborators who want to learn about journalism ASAP. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:24, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:38, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::If I could try and start one News Article could you please tell me how to go about it? Like what style of writing like Wikinews or something else? Thank you Justin! @[[User:Koavf|Koavf]] [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 01:48, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
:::::Honestly, there are very few policies and guidelines here. I think the best way to write a news story would be in a manner that is obvious and instructive. So, for instance, it's common to use the &quot;pyramid style&quot; when you're writing news, so if you were to write a story that makes it very clear that you are using that approach, that would be helpful. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 02:08, 2 May 2026 (UTC)
::::::cool thanks. [[User:BigKrow|BigKrow]] ([[User talk:BigKrow|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/BigKrow|contribs]]) 02:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC)

== Language learning  ==

toki! I am trying to add or see what the toki pona language learning stuff on here is but I don't see anything that is language learning for anything. [[User:Jan Imon|Jan Imon]] ([[User talk:Jan Imon|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Jan Imon|contribs]]) 23:13, 2 May 2026 (UTC) —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:29, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

:We have language materials ([[:Category:Languages]], [[World Languages]], [[Portal:Foreign Language Learning]], [[Portal:Multilingual Studies]]). They are not as developed as I think we would all like and there's not any coverage of Toki Pona, but in principle, we could and would like that. You can also see [[:b:Subject:Languages]] at our sister project Wikibooks. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 17:33, 3 May 2026 (UTC)

== Timeline format? ==

I’ve been working on the World War II articles, including the [[World War II/Timeline|timeline]], and is there a specific timeline format that should be used? Right now it’s just a table, and there’s no separation between different periods/phases of the war.

I don’t want to use [[mw:Extension:EasyTimeline]] because this will be displaying dates and not time periods. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 01:35, 4 May 2026 (UTC)

:I dont think we have a policy or guideline, how to format a timeline. But you may try to browes wikiversity by Google if someone was dealing with this in the past somewhow @[[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:23, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::+1 - there's no specific guideline on how to format a timeline, it's really up to you. In my opinion I think the timeline is good. I'd personally bold the dates just to make it easier to separate it from the event description, but that's my personal 2 cents. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 14:18, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
:::I’ll probably remove links to the dates/years, they’re just Wikipedia pages that shouldn’t be over linked to. [[User:PhilDaBirdMan|PhilDaBirdMan]] ([[User talk:PhilDaBirdMan|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PhilDaBirdMan|contribs]]) 00:39, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

== Interface administrator for Codename Noreste ==

Hello, everyone. I am requesting interface administrator access on this wiki.

The main reasoning is that I would benefit from having the user right &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;, which would allow me to make dark mode changes to pages in the MediaWiki namespace, add &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-parser-output&quot;&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; to some interface pages using templates, handle interface-protected edit requests, and similar stuff. Additionally, I have some knowledge of CSS, and I would like to assist with modifying CSS pages whenever necessary, such as moving MediaWiki common.css code to TemplateStyles CSS pages.

I am requesting the maximum time that is allowed per the [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|policy]], and I have 2FA enabled on my account. Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 00:55, 6 May 2026 (UTC)

*{{support}} Globally trusted user. ―[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''&lt;span style=&quot;color:black&quot;&gt;v&lt;/span&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 01:07, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} Trusted and knowledgeable. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 04:35, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} WV would benefit from this. —[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]] [[User talk:Atcovi|(Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Contribs)]] 08:32, 6 May 2026 (UTC)
*{{support}} --[[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 09:13, 7 May 2026 (UTC)

:{{Comment}} Could @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] delete [[MediaWiki:Gadget-WikiSign.js]], which was requested to be deleted @[[User:Koavf|Justin]], @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]], @[[User:Atcovi|Atcovi]]? I dont think we need it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:40, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
::Yes - clearly no longer used -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:18, 9 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>a5tm701i4lszgtaz11zyrnxr4sor714</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity:Support staff</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
    <id>55</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2808010</id>
      <parentid>2807546</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:24:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators}interface admin]] rights</comment>
      <origin>2808010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3962" sha1="2tr3b3eiy8mvxhio1apoply5gkp74vy" xml:space="preserve">{{Shortcut|WV:STAFF|WV:SUPPORT|WV:SS}}
__NOTOC__
Wikiversity staff are trusted [[Wikiversity:Users|users]] who volunteer to help maintain the site as [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]], [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodians]], or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|bureaucrats]]. They are happy to assist and answer any of your questions. Request assistance at [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|request custodian action]] or contact someone directly.

== Roles ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:left;&quot;
|+Overview of support staff roles
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Role
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Description
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Key Permissions
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Curators|Curator]]'''
| Users who help manage Wikiversity content.
| 
* [[Wikiversity:Deletions|Delete pages]]
* [[Wikiversity:Rollback|Rollback edits]]
* [[Wikiversity:Import|Import content]]
* [[Wikiversity:Page protection|Protect pages]]
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]]'''
| Equivalent to administrators (sysops) on other Wikimedia projects.
| 
* All curator permissions
* [[Wikiversity:Blocking policy|Block users]]
* Edit user interface text
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]]'''
| Senior users with advanced user management permissions.
| 
* All custodian permissions
* Promote users to curator or custodian
* Grant/revoke [[Wikiversity:Bots|bot]] and [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators}interface admin]] rights
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''Checkuser'''
| Users with access to the [[meta:Checkuser|CheckUser tool]] for investigating misuse of multiple accounts. See [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy|CheckUser policy]].
|
* Investigate sockpuppetry and abuse
* Access technical user data
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Bots|Bots]]'''
| Automated or semi-automated accounts used to perform repetitive tasks.
|
* Fix links
* Correct typos
* Update categories
* Perform maintenance tasks
|}

== Support staff directory ==
{{Shortcut|WV:STAFF/D|WV:SUPPORT/D|WV:SS/D}}

Automatically-generated lists of current Wikiversity support staff:
* [[Special:ListUsers/curator|Curators]]
* [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Custodians]]
* [[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Bureaucrats]] 

This table provides Wikiversity support staff details. Staff who have been active in the last three months (as of April 2026, based on [[Special:Log]] actions) are shown in bold. Inactive staff members may not be available to provide assistance. Missing staff members should be added.
&lt;!-- Please update [[Template:Support staff]], thank you! --&gt;
{{Support staff}}

== Candidates ==
'''If you would like to help out as a curator or custodian on Wikiversity, please list yourself at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship|Candidates for Custodianship]].''' You are strongly advised to familiarise yourself with [[Wikiversity:Maintenance|the maintenance page]] and  [[Wikiversity:Policy|Wikiversity policies]], and to involve yourself with non-custodial maintenance tasks before you apply. There are lots of ways you can help Wikiversity without/before becoming a custodian. See [[Wikiversity:Catalyst]] for example.

==See also==
{{Wikiversity organization}}
*[[Special:ListUsers|List of users]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Bureaucrats]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/checkuser|Checkusers]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/curator|Curators]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Custodians]]
**[[Special:ListUsers|Users]]
*[[Wikiversity:Maintenance]]
*[[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians|Custodian notice board]] – information for custodians
*[[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]
*[[Wikiversity:User access levels]]

==External links==
*[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/adminstats/en.wikiversity.org?actions=delete|revision-delete|log-delete|restore|re-block|unblock|re-protect|unprotect|rights|merge|import|abusefilter Staff activity on Wikiversity]

[[Category:Wikiversity administration]]
[[Category:Wikiversity custodianship|Wikiversity custodianship]]
[[Category:Wikiversity support staff]]</text>
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__NOTOC__
Wikiversity staff are trusted [[Wikiversity:Users|users]] who volunteer to help maintain the site as [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]], [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodians]], or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|bureaucrats]]. They are happy to assist and answer any of your questions. Request assistance at [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|request custodian action]] or contact someone directly.

== Roles ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; text-align:left;&quot;
|+Overview of support staff roles
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Role
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Description
!scope=&quot;col&quot;| Key Permissions
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Curators|Curator]]'''
| Users who help manage Wikiversity content.
| 
* [[Wikiversity:Deletions|Delete pages]]
* [[Wikiversity:Rollback|Rollback edits]]
* [[Wikiversity:Import|Import content]]
* [[Wikiversity:Page protection|Protect pages]]
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodian]]'''
| Equivalent to administrators (sysops) on other Wikimedia projects.
| 
* All curator permissions
* [[Wikiversity:Blocking policy|Block users]]
* Edit user interface text
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrat]]'''
| Senior users with advanced user management permissions.
| 
* All custodian permissions
* Promote users to curator or custodian
* Grant/revoke [[Wikiversity:Bots|bot]] and [[Wikiversity:Interface administrators|interface admin]] rights
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''Checkuser'''
| Users with access to the [[meta:Checkuser|CheckUser tool]] for investigating misuse of multiple accounts. See [[Wikiversity:CheckUser policy|CheckUser policy]].
|
* Investigate sockpuppetry and abuse
* Access technical user data
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| '''[[Wikiversity:Bots|Bots]]'''
| Automated or semi-automated accounts used to perform repetitive tasks.
|
* Fix links
* Correct typos
* Update categories
* Perform maintenance tasks
|}

== Support staff directory ==
{{Shortcut|WV:STAFF/D|WV:SUPPORT/D|WV:SS/D}}

Automatically-generated lists of current Wikiversity support staff:
* [[Special:ListUsers/curator|Curators]]
* [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Custodians]]
* [[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Bureaucrats]] 

This table provides Wikiversity support staff details. Staff who have been active in the last three months (as of April 2026, based on [[Special:Log]] actions) are shown in bold. Inactive staff members may not be available to provide assistance. Missing staff members should be added.
&lt;!-- Please update [[Template:Support staff]], thank you! --&gt;
{{Support staff}}

== Candidates ==
'''If you would like to help out as a curator or custodian on Wikiversity, please list yourself at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Custodianship|Candidates for Custodianship]].''' You are strongly advised to familiarise yourself with [[Wikiversity:Maintenance|the maintenance page]] and  [[Wikiversity:Policy|Wikiversity policies]], and to involve yourself with non-custodial maintenance tasks before you apply. There are lots of ways you can help Wikiversity without/before becoming a custodian. See [[Wikiversity:Catalyst]] for example.

==See also==
{{Wikiversity organization}}
*[[Special:ListUsers|List of users]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|Bureaucrats]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/checkuser|Checkusers]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/curator|Curators]]
**[[Special:ListUsers/sysop|Custodians]]
**[[Special:ListUsers|Users]]
*[[Wikiversity:Maintenance]]
*[[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians|Custodian notice board]] – information for custodians
*[[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]
*[[Wikiversity:User access levels]]

==External links==
*[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/adminstats/en.wikiversity.org?actions=delete|revision-delete|log-delete|restore|re-block|unblock|re-protect|unprotect|rights|merge|import|abusefilter Staff activity on Wikiversity]

[[Category:Wikiversity administration]]
[[Category:Wikiversity custodianship|Wikiversity custodianship]]
[[Category:Wikiversity support staff]]</text>
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    <title>Wikiversity:Sandbox</title>
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      <text bytes="2585" sha1="bmhei572968bm0sislb6hikx7onctw9" xml:space="preserve">{{Please leave this line alone (sandbox heading)}}
== The Unbreakable Business Plan ==

=== Business Name ===
SwiftCart Online Shop

=== Introduction ===
This Business Maintenance Plan is designed to protect the company’s operations, customer information, and online services from technical problems such as system crashes, hacking, and data loss. The goal of this plan is to ensure that the business can continue operating smoothly even during emergencies.

=== Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) ===

==== 1. Backup Schedule ====
* Customer and transaction data must be backed up every hour.
* A full system backup must be performed every day at 12:00 midnight.
* Backup files must be stored in cloud storage and an external hard drive.

'''Purpose:'''
This prevents the loss of important customer and business information during system failures.

==== 2. Security Check ====
* All employees must use strong passwords with letters, numbers, and symbols.
* Two-factor authentication must be enabled for all admin accounts.
* The system must be checked weekly for viruses and suspicious activities.
* Customer information must remain confidential and protected.

'''Purpose:'''
This helps prevent hacking, data theft, and unauthorized access.

==== 3. System Maintenance ====
* The website and application must be checked every morning before operations begin.
* Software updates must be installed immediately after testing.
* Broken links, payment errors, and loading problems must be fixed immediately.

'''Purpose:'''
Regular maintenance keeps the system fast, stable, and reliable.

==== 4. Emergency Response Plan ====
# Inform the IT Team immediately.
# Switch to backup servers within 10 minutes.
# Post announcements on social media to inform customers.
# Recover lost data using backup files.
# Document the problem and solution in the maintenance log.

'''Purpose:'''
This minimizes company losses and restores operations quickly.

==== 5. Emergency Contact List ====
* Operations Manager – 09123456789
* IT Support Team – 09987654321
* Security Officer – 09771234567

=== Audit Trail / Change Log ===
* Added backup schedule for customer data.
* Updated security procedures for admin accounts.
* Improved emergency response steps for faster recovery.

=== Conclusion ===
A proper Business Maintenance Plan helps the company avoid major losses, protect customer data, and maintain smooth business operations. Through regular maintenance, proper documentation, and emergency planning, the business can continue operating successfully even during unexpected situations.</text>
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    <title>Discrete mathematics</title>
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{{experimental}}
{{10%done}}
{{tertiary}}
{{Wikipedia}}
{{Wikibooks|Discrete Mathematics}}
&lt;div style=&quot;border:double; background-color:#F0FFF0; {{Text default color}}; display:block; padding: 1em; width: 75%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;big&gt;'''Welcome to the Main Page of Discrete Mathematics!'''&lt;/big&gt;
----

These are the main topics we are going over in the course:
* [[Logic]]
* [[Set theory]]
&lt;/div&gt;


Welcome to the Topic of Discrete Mathematics, a department of the [[School:Mathematics|School of Mathematics]] and [[School:Computer Science|School of Computer Science]]. Discrete mathematics is very important for studying computer science.

== Why Learn Discrete Mathematics? ==
While many of the topics within Discrete Mathematics have been around for a long time, traditional education typically focused on Continuous Mathematics, such as calculus.  With the widespread adoption of computers, the usefulness of discrete mathematics has dramatically increased.  From basic logic in circuits, to number theory and cryptography, computer science inevitably relies upon discrete mathematics.

'''Learning discrete mathematics will...'''
* Develop your critical thinking and formal reasoning skills.
* Provide a foundation for learning computer science.
* Develop your programming abilities (regardless of whether you have programmed before).
* Familiarize you with the many different branches of mathematics.
* Help you to &quot;read mathematics.&quot;

==Homework==

To come.

==Complete List of Subjects==
Discrete Mathematics is a broad subject encompassing several formal systems for dealing with discrete quantities. If you are studying Discrete Mathematics as part of a related field, you may wish to follow a streamlined set of core topics that you need. A complete list of Discrete Mathematics topics is given below.
* [[Algorithmics]] 
* [[Collections]]
* [[Combinatorics|Combinatorics]] 
* [[Complexity]]
* [[Computability]] 
* [[Counting]] 
* [[Digital geometry]] 
* [[Digital topology]]
* [[C Source Code/Functions|Functions]]
* [[Portal:Graph theory|Graph theory]]
* [[Information theory|Information theory]]
* [[Linear algebra|Linear algebra]] 
* [[Markov chains]]
* [[Number theory]]
* [[Partially Ordered Sets]]
* [[Probability]]
* [[Proofs]]
* [[Relations]] 

== Notable Textbooks ==
* ''Discrete Mathematics With Applications'' by [[wikipedia:Susanna_S._Epp|Susanna S. Epp]]
* [[wikipedia:Concrete_Mathematics|w: ''Concrete Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science'']] by [[wikipedia:Susanna_S._Epp|Donald Knuth]].
* [https://discrete.openmathbooks.org/dmoi3.html Discrete Mathematics. An Open Introduction 3rd Edition] by Oscar Levin

==Off-site courses==
# ''[http://www.math.nyu.edu/~damron/Fall2008/ Discrete Math] (Update 10/07/2024: Link doesn't work anymore)'', Michael Damron, New York University, Fall 2008. (Earlier versions: [http://www.math.nyu.edu/~damron/Spring2007/Discrete.html Spring 2007])
# ''[http://www.ctl.ua.edu/math103/ Introduction to Contemporary Mathematics]'', Larry Bowen, University of Alabama.
# ''[https://courses.engr.illinois.edu/cs173/sp2009/ Discrete Structures]'', Margaret Fleck and Eric Shaffer, Spring 2009
# ''[http://www.uow.edu.au/~bmaloney/wuct121/ Discrete Mathematics]'', Ben Maloney, University of Wollongong, Summer 2010-2011.
# ''[http://people.math.sc.edu/binev/Fall06/Fall06.html Discrete Mathematics I]'',  Peter G. Binev, University of South Carolina, Fall 2006.

==See also==
* [[Introductory Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science]]
* [[Portal:Discrete Mathematics for Computer Science]]
* [[Discrete mathematics/Number theory]]
* [[Discrete Mathematics in plain view]]
* [[Computer science program]]
* [[School:Mathematics]]

[[Category:Discrete mathematics| ]]
[[Category:Mathematics courses]]</text>
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    <title>Seminar in Tradecraft and HumInt/Moscow Rules/Moscow Rule 25</title>
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      <text bytes="2352" sha1="a36rscmwkqkowsbsit208h79wwfe8kg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:99%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;[[Seminar_in_Tradecraft_and_HumInt/Moscow_Rules|Moscow Rule]] number 25: Hide small operative motions in larger non threatening motions.&lt;/h2 &gt;
Create an environment in which operative motions would not seem out of place. People are expected to meet at dinner parties. Groups of people are supposed to travel in delegations.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;width:99%;float:left&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49%;display:block;float:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Examples&lt;/h2 &gt;
* Put examples here!
* ...
&lt;/div &gt;
&lt;/div &gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;width:49%;display:block;float:right;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Student Commentary on This Rule&lt;/h2&gt;
* List links to commentary here!
* ...
&lt;/div &gt;
&lt;/div &gt;
&lt;/div &gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;float:left;width:100%;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Links and Offsite Content on this Topic&lt;/h2 &gt;
Put links here!
&lt;/div &gt;
&lt;/div &gt;

__NOEDITSECTION__
__NOTOC__

[[Category:Strategic Studies|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Digital Puppet Animation</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{juststarted}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;!--{{Film School:Message|Style=Egg|Message=Under Construction This Year}}--&gt;
{{Template:Lessons in animation - Table - Float Left}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Papa Bear.png|80px]] [[Image:Baby Bear.png|64px]] &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Digital Actors &lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;[[Image:3D Universe Toon Croc 045 light.png|64px]] [[Image:3D Universe Toon Croc 020.png|92px]]
{{center bottom}}
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |

==Mostly free software==
In this course, we will create a movie using Digital Puppets and a scenery generator.

For this course, I will recommend software which is free or very low cost.  If you want to do more, contact me before you buy anything.

| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

==Basic requirements==
*DAZ Studio for character animation - '''free'''
*Bryce 5.5 for scenery generation - '''free'''
*AfterEffects (not free) for compositing

|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]] &lt;big&gt;Introduction&lt;/big&gt;
{{center bottom}}
|}
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==This course&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; {{font|color=green| Digital Puppet Animation}}==
[[Image:EmotiBase-point left 045.png|120px|right]]

;History
:Digital Puppets (also know as Poser figures) is a unique form of 3D animation.  We will use digital puppets to create a motion pictures based on everything you have learned so far.

;Prerequisites
:To begin this class, you must have completed all the other courses.  This is because you will need the animatic which you created in the course on [[Filmmaking Basics|Basic Filmmaking]] which relies on the editing course and the film scoring course.

;Animation vs. Live Action
:When you attend film school, you will learn all about live action filming.  You will learn to work in a team and become a team player.

:Therefore, for this course, you will work alone to create the entire motion picture by using digital actors on your personal computer.


| style=&quot;width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.png]]{{center bottom}}
==Casting==
The first step will be to find the digital actors you want for your motion picture.  This requires the same care as casting live action actors.  You need to find the characters which help tell the story you want to tell.

When you select the characters, these characters will greatly shape the meaning of the motion picture.

Also the selection of the characters for your motion picture will decide what kind of voices you need for the characters.

As an example, look at the list of possible characters for this movie.  See how each of the options gives a completely new feeling to the motion picture.
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 55%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |

==Digital Puppet magazine==
:For background information on Digital Puppets, download some of the old copies of this magazine.


----
----


&lt;p style = &quot;font-size: 20pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue&quot;&gt;The most current issue&lt;/p&gt;

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N9.png|360px]]{{center bottom}}

&lt;p style = &quot;font-size: 20pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue&quot;&gt;Download it here!&lt;/p&gt;


*Download the PDF files (1.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N9.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 9 - Winter 2006.pdf]]


&lt;!--| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N9.png|260px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (1.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N9.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 9 - Winter 2006.pdf]]

|- --&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 45%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N8.png|300px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (.8 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N8.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 8 - Winter 2005.pdf]]

|-
| style=&quot;width: 45%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N7.png|260px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N7.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 7 - Summer 2004.pdf]]

|}

&lt;!--
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]] &lt;big&gt;Select from the following Digital Puppets&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
{{center bottom}}
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Percy and son-Publicity photo.png|320px]]{{center bottom}}
==Percy and Son==
Here is a single figure from 3D Universe which is ideal for this story.

| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Croc and son-Publicity photo.png|320px]]{{center bottom}}
==Big Croc and Little Croc==
Here is a single figure from 3D Universe which is ideal for this story.
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
[[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|right|96px]]
==Your first decision==
:Your first decision will be to locate the digital figures that you will want to use to make this motion picture.  For figures without cloths, you also need to find the clothing.

==Contact your instructor==

:* Your instructor for this class is [[User:Robert_Elliott|Robert Elliott]].  To email me, you simply [[Special:Emailuser/Robert_Elliott | Click Here]].  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]

|}


{{Template:Page Turner Template
|PreviousLesson=Course:Fundamentals of narrative film editing
|PreviousPage=Course:Fundamentals of narrative film editing
|NextPage=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
|LessonFirstPage=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
|NextLesson=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
|FirstPage=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
}}


----
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{{center top}}&lt;small&gt;[[Film school:site map|site map]]&lt;/small&gt;{{center bottom}}

----
----
--&gt;

[[Category:Film School]]
[[Category:Filmmaking]]
[[Category:Narrative Dialog Editing]]</text>
      <sha1>e11ghqi1dltqu0jwwac1iv74civrpcb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807950</id>
      <parentid>2807948</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:23:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2807950</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10022" sha1="jwf3dj2pm5464ly3tkhp88jfzab9i7h" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{{juststarted}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;!--{{Film School:Message|Style=Egg|Message=Under Construction This Year}}--&gt;
{{Template:Lessons in animation - Table - Float Left}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Papa Bear.png|80px]] [[Image:Baby Bear.png|64px]] &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Digital Actors &lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;[[Image:3D Universe Toon Croc 045 light.png|64px]] [[Image:3D Universe Toon Croc 020.png|92px]]
{{center bottom}}
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |

==Mostly free software==
In this course, we will create a movie using Digital Puppets and a scenery generator.

For this course, I will recommend software which is free or very low cost.  If you want to do more, contact me before you buy anything.

| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

==Basic requirements==
*DAZ Studio for character animation - '''free'''
*Bryce 5.5 for scenery generation - '''free'''
*AfterEffects (not free) for compositing

|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]] &lt;big&gt;Introduction&lt;/big&gt;
{{center bottom}}
|}
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe8; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |

==This course&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; {{font|color=green| Digital Puppet Animation}}==
[[Image:EmotiBase-point left 045.png|120px|right]]

;History
:Digital Puppets (also know as Poser figures) is a unique form of 3D animation.  We will use digital puppets to create a motion pictures based on everything you have learned so far.

;Prerequisites
:To begin this class, you must have completed all the other courses.  This is because you will need the animatic which you created in the course on [[Filmmaking Basics|Basic Filmmaking]] which relies on the editing course and the film scoring course.

;Animation vs. Live Action
:When you attend film school, you will learn all about live action filming.  You will learn to work in a team and become a team player.

:Therefore, for this course, you will work alone to create the entire motion picture by using digital actors on your personal computer.


| style=&quot;width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.png]]{{center bottom}}
==Casting==
The first step will be to find the digital actors you want for your motion picture.  This requires the same care as casting live action actors.  You need to find the characters which help tell the story you want to tell.

When you select the characters, these characters will greatly shape the meaning of the motion picture.

Also the selection of the characters for your motion picture will decide what kind of voices you need for the characters.

As an example, look at the list of possible characters for this movie.  See how each of the options gives a completely new feeling to the motion picture.
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 55%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |

==Digital Puppet magazine==
:For background information on Digital Puppets, download some of the old copies of this magazine.


----
----


&lt;p style = &quot;font-size: 20pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue&quot;&gt;The most current issue&lt;/p&gt;

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N9.png|360px]]{{center bottom}}

&lt;p style = &quot;font-size: 20pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue&quot;&gt;Download it here!&lt;/p&gt;


*Download the PDF files (1.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N9.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 9 - Winter 2006.pdf]]


&lt;!--| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N9.png|260px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (1.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N9.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 9 - Winter 2006.pdf]]

|- --&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 45%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N8.png|300px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (.8 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N8.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 8 - Winter 2005.pdf]]

|-
| style=&quot;width: 45%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N7.png|260px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N7.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 7 - Summer 2004.pdf]]

|}

&lt;!--
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]] &lt;big&gt;Select from the following Digital Puppets&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
{{center bottom}}
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Percy and son-Publicity photo.png|320px]]{{center bottom}}
==Percy and Son==
Here is a single figure from 3D Universe which is ideal for this story.

| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Croc and son-Publicity photo.png|320px]]{{center bottom}}
==Big Croc and Little Croc==
Here is a single figure from 3D Universe which is ideal for this story.
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
[[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|right|96px]]
==Your first decision==
:Your first decision will be to locate the digital figures that you will want to use to make this motion picture.  For figures without cloths, you also need to find the clothing.

==Contact your instructor==

:* Your instructor for this class is [[User:Robert_Elliott|Robert Elliott]].  To email me, you simply [[Special:Emailuser/Robert_Elliott | Click Here]].  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]

|}


{{Template:Page Turner Template
|PreviousLesson=Course:Fundamentals of narrative film editing
|PreviousPage=Course:Fundamentals of narrative film editing
|NextPage=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
|LessonFirstPage=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
|NextLesson=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
|FirstPage=Course:Digital Puppet Animation
}}


----
----
{{center top}}&lt;small&gt;[[Film school:site map|site map]]&lt;/small&gt;{{center bottom}}

----
----
--&gt;

[[Category:Film School]]
[[Category:Filmmaking]]
[[Category:Narrative Dialog Editing]]</text>
      <sha1>jwf3dj2pm5464ly3tkhp88jfzab9i7h</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807955</id>
      <parentid>2807950</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:30:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2807955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10037" sha1="fwha4ijim4nxq0a9govn4t0kago4sv9" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{{juststarted}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;!--{{Film School:Message|Style=Egg|Message=Under Construction This Year}}--&gt;
{{Template:Lessons in animation - Table - Float Left}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Papa Bear.png|80px]] [[Image:Baby Bear.png|64px]] &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;Digital Actors &lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;[[Image:3D Universe Toon Croc 045 light.png|64px]] [[Image:3D Universe Toon Croc 020.png|92px]]
{{center bottom}}
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |

==Mostly free software==
In this course, we will create a movie using Digital Puppets and a scenery generator.

For this course, I will recommend software which is free or very low cost.  If you want to do more, contact me before you buy anything.

| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

==Basic requirements==
*DAZ Studio for character animation - '''free'''
*Bryce 5.5 for scenery generation - '''free'''
*AfterEffects (not free) for compositing

|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]] &lt;big&gt;Introduction&lt;/big&gt;
{{center bottom}}
|}
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 60%; background-color: #ffffe8; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |

==This course&lt;nowiki&gt;:&lt;/nowiki&gt; {{font|color=green| Digital Puppet Animation}}==
[[Image:EmotiBase-point left 045.png|120px|right]]

;History
:Digital Puppets (also know as Poser figures) is a unique form of 3D animation.  We will use digital puppets to create a motion pictures based on everything you have learned so far.

;Prerequisites
:To begin this class, you must have completed all the other courses.  This is because you will need the animatic which you created in the course on [[Filmmaking Basics|Basic Filmmaking]] which relies on the editing course and the film scoring course.

;Animation vs. Live Action
:When you attend film school, you will learn all about live action filming.  You will learn to work in a team and become a team player.

:Therefore, for this course, you will work alone to create the entire motion picture by using digital actors on your personal computer.


| style=&quot;width: 40%; background-color: cornsilk; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app Login Manager.png]]{{center bottom}}
==Casting==
The first step will be to find the digital actors you want for your motion picture.  This requires the same care as casting live action actors.  You need to find the characters which help tell the story you want to tell.

When you select the characters, these characters will greatly shape the meaning of the motion picture.

Also the selection of the characters for your motion picture will decide what kind of voices you need for the characters.

As an example, look at the list of possible characters for this movie.  See how each of the options gives a completely new feeling to the motion picture.
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 55%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |

==Digital Puppet magazine==
:For background information on Digital Puppets, download some of the old copies of this magazine.


----
----


&lt;p style = &quot;font-size: 20pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue&quot;&gt;The most current issue&lt;/p&gt;

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N9.png|360px]]{{center bottom}}

&lt;p style = &quot;font-size: 20pt;font-family: georgia; text-align: center; color: MidnightBlue&quot;&gt;Download it here!&lt;/p&gt;


*Download the PDF files (1.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N9.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 9 - Winter 2006.pdf]]


&lt;!--| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N9.png|260px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (1.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N9.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 9 - Winter 2006.pdf]]

|- --&gt;
| style=&quot;width: 45%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N8.png|300px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (.8 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N8.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 8 - Winter 2005.pdf]]

|-
| style=&quot;width: 45%; background-color: Lavender; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |

{{center top}}[[Image:Digital Puppet magazine cover N7.png|260px]]{{center bottom}}

*Download the PDF files (.7 megs) [[Media:Digital Puppet magazine N7.pdf|Digital Puppet magazine Number 7 - Summer 2004.pdf]]

|}

&lt;!--
{| cellpadding=&quot;30&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #FFffa0; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Crystal Clear app kfm home.png|50px]] &lt;big&gt;Select from the following Digital Puppets&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
{{center bottom}}
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;20&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: BlanchedAlmond; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Percy and son-Publicity photo.png|320px]]{{center bottom}}
==Percy and Son==
Here is a single figure from 3D Universe which is ideal for this story.

| style=&quot;width: 50%; background-color: Lavender; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
{{center top}}[[Image:Croc and son-Publicity photo.png|320px]]{{center bottom}}
==Big Croc and Little Croc==
Here is a single figure from 3D Universe which is ideal for this story.
|}

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 100%; background-color: #ffffe0; border: 1px solid #777777; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
[[Image:Crystal Clear app korganizer.png|right|96px]]
==Your first decision==
:Your first decision will be to locate the digital figures that you will want to use to make this motion picture.  For figures without cloths, you also need to find the clothing.

==Contact your instructor==

:* Your instructor for this class is [[User:Robert_Elliott|Robert Elliott]].  To email me, you simply [[Special:Emailuser/Robert_Elliott | Click Here]].  [[Image:Crystal Clear app xfmail.png|32px]]

|}


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{{center top}}&lt;small&gt;[[Film school:site map|site map]]&lt;/small&gt;{{center bottom}}

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[[Category:Film School]]
[[Category:Filmmaking]]
[[Category:Narrative Dialog Editing]]</text>
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    <title>Introduction to Functional Groups</title>
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{{TOCright}}

==Introduction==

Functional groups are groups of atoms within a molecule that affect its function.  Some basic ones are listed below.

==Alkane==

Every organic structure is based on alkanes. They contain only carbon and hydrogen, which are only connected through single bonds (C-H or C-C). These bonds are quite stable, non-polar, and therefore hydrophobic. 

You can differ between linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes. 

-list of linear alkanes with names, structure and semistructure will follow

Molecular Formula of Alkane is :C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt;

==Alkene==
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have a general molecular formula of C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n&lt;/sub&gt;. Hence, these are more reactive compared to their counterpart alkanes. Electrophilic addition reactions are a characteristic nature of alkenes. The first member is ethylene or ethene adds bromine to give 1,2-dibromoethane.

==Alkyne==
Triply bonded carbon atoms with the general structure C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n-2&lt;/sub&gt;.

This is the SMILES for hexyne: H-C#C-C#C-C#C-H

==Hydroxyl Group==
[[Image:Alcohol-(general)-skeletal.png|75px|thumb|right|Hydroxyl Group]]

The hydroxyl group is formed by attaching an [[oxygen]] and a [[hydrogen]] atom to a molecule.  Both the bond from the molecule to the oxygen and the bond from the oxygen to the hydrogen are single bonds; thus hydroxyl groups are usually denoted R-O-H.  (where O is oxygen, H is hydrogen, and R is the molecule the hydroxyl group is attached to) 

An organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group is called an alcohol. 

Reactions of alcohols is covered in Section 4.2

==Carbonyl Group==
[[Image:carbonyl-general.png|75px|thumb|right|Carbonyl group]]
The Carbonyl group is formed by attaching a oxygen to a [[carbon]] by a [[double bond]], then attaching that same carbon atom to a molecule.  A carbonyl group is denoted X-C=O

==Carboxyl Group==
[[Image:Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg|thumb|80px|right|Carboxyl group]]
The carboxyl group is formed by starting with a carbonyl group , then attaching a hydroxyl group to the same carbon atom in the carbonyl group.  Finally, the carboxyl group is added to a molecule.  Because carbon has four [[bonding sites]], and three of them are taken up by the hydrogen and oxygen, the bond from the carbon to the molecule is a single bond.  A carboxyl group is denoted X-COH=O

==Aromatic==
Aromatic compounds, also known as arenes or aromatics, are chemical compounds that contain conjugated planar ring systems with delocalised pi electron clouds instead of discrete alternating single and double bonds. Typical aromatic compounds are benzene and toluene. 
Considering benzene: Each carbon atom uses three sp&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; orbitals to form σ bonds to the other three atoms attached to it. This requires that all the atoms are in one plane. The carbon atoms have 1 electron left in the p orbital which overlaps with its neighbours. This produces 6 new π orbitals, three of which are bonding. Thus they form clouds of electrons above and below the ring in a torus shape and are known as the aromatic sextet. 
They can be represented as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: The aromatic sextet.


They should satisfy Hückel's law. Which states that an aromatic compound is cyclic, conjugated, and has 4n + 2 π electons.

==Heteroaromatic==
Aromatic groups with more than one ring. An example of this is purine.

==Haloalkane==
Carbon-based motifs with a halogen, e.g. chloroethane.

==Ether==
R-O-R

==Amine==
R&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-N, R&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-NH, or R-NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are examples of amines.

==Aldehyde==
R-C(=O)-H

==Ketone==
R-C(=O)-R

==Ester==
R-C(=O)-O-R or H-C(=O)-O-R

==Amide==
R-C(=O)-N(-H)-R or R-C(-OH)=N-R
Present in peptide bonds, which are bonds between amino acids in peptides and proteins.

==Nitrile==
R−C≡N
This functional group is formed when nitrogen has a triple bond with carbon.

== See Also ==
* [[Wikipedia: Functional group]]

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Functional groups]]</text>
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{{TOCright}}

==Introduction==

Functional groups are groups of atoms within a molecule that affect its function.  Some basic ones are listed below.

==Alkane==

Every organic structure is based on alkanes. They contain only carbon and hydrogen, which are only connected through single bonds (C-H or C-C). These bonds are stable, non-polar, and therefore hydrophobic. 

You can differ between linear, branched, and cyclic alkanes. 

-list of linear alkanes with names, structure and semistructure will follow

Molecular Formula of a linear Alkane is :C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n+2&lt;/sub&gt;

==Alkene==
Alkenes are unsaturated hydrocarbons which have a general molecular formula of C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n&lt;/sub&gt;. Hence, these are more reactive compared to their counterpart alkanes. Electrophilic addition reactions are a characteristic nature of alkenes. The first member is ethylene or ethene adds bromine to give 1,2-dibromoethane.

==Alkyne==
Triply bonded carbon atoms with the general structure C&lt;sub&gt;n&lt;/sub&gt;H&lt;sub&gt;2n-2&lt;/sub&gt;.

This is the SMILES for hexyne: H-C#C-C#C-C#C-H

==Hydroxyl Group==
[[Image:Alcohol-(general)-skeletal.png|75px|thumb|right|Hydroxyl Group]]

The hydroxyl group is formed by attaching an [[oxygen]] and a [[hydrogen]] atom to a molecule.  Both the bond from the molecule to the oxygen and the bond from the oxygen to the hydrogen are single bonds; thus hydroxyl groups are usually denoted R-O-H.  (where O is oxygen, H is hydrogen, and R is the molecule the hydroxyl group is attached to) 

An organic compound that contains a hydroxyl group is called an alcohol. 

Reactions of alcohols is covered in Section 4.2

==Carbonyl Group==
[[Image:carbonyl-general.png|75px|thumb|right|Carbonyl group]]
The Carbonyl group is formed by attaching a oxygen to a [[carbon]] by a [[double bond]], then attaching that same carbon atom to a molecule.  A carbonyl group is denoted X-C=O

==Carboxyl Group==
[[Image:Carboxylic-acid-skeletal.svg|thumb|80px|right|Carboxyl group]]
The carboxyl group is formed by starting with a carbonyl group , then attaching a hydroxyl group to the same carbon atom in the carbonyl group.  Finally, the carboxyl group is added to a molecule.  Because carbon has four [[bonding sites]], and three of them are taken up by the hydrogen and oxygen, the bond from the carbon to the molecule is a single bond.  A carboxyl group is denoted X-COH=O

==Aromatic==
Aromatic compounds, also known as arenes or aromatics, are chemical compounds that contain conjugated planar ring systems with delocalised pi electron clouds instead of discrete alternating single and double bonds. Typical aromatic compounds are benzene and toluene. 
Considering benzene: Each carbon atom uses sp&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; orbitals to form σ bonds to the other three atoms attached to it. This requires that all the atoms are in one plane. The carbon atoms have 1 electron in the p  orbital which overlaps with its neighbours. This produces 6 new orbitals, three of which are bonding these are called π orbitals. Thus they form clouds of electrons above and below the ring in a torus shape and are known as the aromatic sextet. 
They can be represented as shown in figure 1.
Figure 1: The aromatic sextet.


They should satisfy Hückel's law.

==Heteroaromatic==
Aromatic groups with more than one ring. An example of this is purine.

==Haloalkane==
Carbon-based motifs with a halogen, e.g. chloroethane.

==Ether==
R-O-R

==Amine==
R&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;-N, R&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;-NH, or R-NH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; are examples of amines.

==Aldehyde==
R-C(=O)-H

==Ketone==
R-C(=O)-R

==Ester==
R-C(=O)-O-R or H-C(=O)-O-R

==Amide==
R-C(=O)-N(-H)-R or R-C(-OH)=N-R
Present in peptide bonds, which are bonds between amino acids in peptides and proteins.

==Nitrile==
R−C≡N
This functional group is formed when nitrogen has a triple bond with carbon.

== See Also ==
* [[Wikipedia: Functional group]]

[[Category:Chemistry]]
[[Category:Functional groups]]</text>
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| style=&quot;background-color:#eed153;{{Text default color}}; border:1px solid #777; border-radius:8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
==Basic Grammar rules==
=== Sentence structure ===
English is an &lt;u&gt;adjective-noun&lt;/u&gt; language, which means that the adjective (describing word) comes before the noun (described word), and the noun comes before the verb (action).&lt;br&gt;For instance:
{| style=&quot;margin-left:50px; text-align:center; background-color:#ffffe0;{{Text default color}};&quot;
|-
|The||'''big'''||'''ship'''||'''went'''||to Brittany.
|-
|style=&quot;padding:5px;&quot;|(article)||adjective||noun||verb||(complement)
|}
Breton on the other hand is a &lt;u&gt;noun-adjective&lt;/u&gt; language, which means that the noun comes before the adjective.
{| style=&quot;margin-left:50px; text-align:center; background-color:#ffffe0;{{Text default color}};&quot;
|-
|Al||'''lestr'''||'''bras'''||'''a yeas'''||da Vreizh.
|-
|style=&quot;padding:5px;&quot;|(article)||noun||adjective||verb||(complement)
|-
|colspan=&quot;5&quot;|(Literally: &quot;The ship big went to Brittany&quot;).
|}
=== Articles ===
;Definite articles
*'''al''' [al] before words beginning with &quot;'''l'''&quot;: '''al l'''abour &quot;the work&quot;, '''al l'''evr &quot;the book&quot;, '''al l'''iamm &quot;the link&quot;, '''al l'''ouarn &quot;the fox&quot;, '''al l'''ur &quot;the pound&quot;.
*'''an''' [ãn] before &quot;'''n'''&quot;, &quot;'''d'''&quot;, &quot;'''t'''&quot;, &quot;'''h'''&quot; and '''vowels''': '''an n'''adoz &quot;the needle&quot;, '''an d'''ervenn &quot;the oak&quot;, '''an t'''evenn &quot;the cliff&quot;, '''an h'''eol &quot;the sun&quot;, '''an o'''abl &quot;the sky&quot;.
*'''ar''' [ar] before other letters: '''ar b'''ara &quot;the bread&quot;, '''ar c'h'''arr &quot;the car&quot;, '''ar m'''or &quot;the sea&quot;, '''ar s'''ae &quot;the dress&quot;, '''ar y'''ar &quot;the hen&quot;.
;Indefinite articles
The indefinite articles follow the same rule as the definite ones.
*'''ul''' ['œl] before &quot;'''l'''&quot;: '''ul l'''enn &quot;a lake&quot;.
*'''un''' ['œn] before &quot;'''n'''&quot;, &quot;'''d'''&quot;, &quot;'''t'''&quot;, &quot;'''h'''&quot; and '''vowels''': '''un d'''aol &quot;a table&quot;, '''un e'''rer &quot;un eagle&quot;.
*'''ur''' ['œr] before other letters: '''ur f'''alc'h &quot;a scythe&quot;.
;Combination
The Breton preposition '''e''' &quot;in&quot; is [[w:Contraction (grammar)|contracted]] with the definite article (al, an, ar) to give:
*'''el''' before &quot;l&quot;: '''el''' liorzh &quot;in the garden&quot;.
*'''en''' before &quot;n&quot;, &quot;d&quot;, &quot;t&quot;, &quot;h&quot; and vowels: '''en''' ti &quot;in the house&quot;.
*'''er''' before other letters: '''er''' straed &quot;in the street&quot;.
==Exercises==
Write the following sentences with the correct grammar.
*''The mayor is big.'' [Words : '''a&lt;u&gt;?&lt;/u&gt;''' (&quot;the&quot;), '''zo''' (&quot;is&quot;), '''maer''' (&quot;mayor&quot;) , '''bras''' (&quot;big&quot;)]
*''The new town hall is beautiful.'' [Words : '''a&lt;u&gt;?&lt;/u&gt;''' (&quot;the&quot;), '''zo''' (&quot;is&quot;), '''ti-kêr''' (&quot;town hall&quot;) , '''brav''' (&quot;beautiful&quot;) , '''nevez''' (&quot;new&quot;)]
*''The big mayor went into the town hall, and thereafter to the old market.'' [Words : '''a&lt;u&gt;?&lt;/u&gt;''' (&quot;the&quot;), '''da''' (&quot;to&quot;), '''tre e_''' (&quot;into&quot;) , '''goude-se''' (&quot;after that, thereafter&quot;), '''kozh''' (&quot;old&quot;), '''maer''' (&quot;mayor&quot;), '''bras''' (&quot;big&quot;), '''ti-kêr''' (town hall), '''a yeas''' (&quot;went&quot;), '''marc'had''' (&quot;market&quot;), '''ha''' (&quot;and&quot;)]
'''→ Go to ''' [[/Answers page|the answers page]]
|}

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[[Category: Breton]]
[[Category: Brezhoneg Unan]]</text>
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* '''May 9''':[[Wikiversity:Curators]] [new policy]
* '''April 18''': '''''[[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]''''' [new policy]
* '''January 11''': '''''[[The Gambling King of Baltimore: Doc Slater 1837-1902]]''''' [new article]
* '''January 2''': [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing|'''''ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing''''']] [new article]

'''2025'''
* '''December 16:''' '''''[[Engineering thermodynamics/Quizzes/Turbine and compressor problems|Turbine and compressor problems]]''''' [new quiz]
* '''December 4:''' '''''[[Association Between Screen Time and Sleep: An Online Survey]]''''' [new article]
&lt;noinclude&gt;
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* '''May 9''': '''''[[Wikiversity:Curators]]''''' [new policy]
* '''April 18''': '''''[[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]]''''' [new policy]
* '''January 11''': '''''[[The Gambling King of Baltimore: Doc Slater 1837-1902]]''''' [new article]
* '''January 2''': [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing|'''''ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing''''']] [new article]

'''2025'''
* '''December 16:''' '''''[[Engineering thermodynamics/Quizzes/Turbine and compressor problems|Turbine and compressor problems]]''''' [new quiz]
* '''December 4:''' '''''[[Association Between Screen Time and Sleep: An Online Survey]]''''' [new article]
&lt;noinclude&gt;
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      <text bytes="181412" sha1="p1f55whyyps3jvxg14z3xspdaw6d37n" xml:space="preserve">one might take for granted the fact that we live amongst a full [[w:infrastructure|infrastructure]] of power distribution and we can find [[w:electricity|electricity ]] wherever we go. However, in some remote locations, this luxury may not be available. There is a need for alternative methods of power generation to supply electricity to a home operating off-grid. In order to shed light on the options available, a comparison between power generation options for a single family home located in Port Sydney, [[w:Muskoka|Muskoka]] will be made. Off-grid power is not cheap, and unfortunately empty pockets are not the only cost. In the age of limited sources of energy, strict regulations and an increasing awareness for our impact as humans on our planet, this analysis will compare each alternative over a 15 year life-cycle and focus on the environmental impacts.

Three options for generation will be considered: a [[w:diesel generator|diesel generator]] (baseline), a [[w:micro hydro|micro hydro]] system, and a solar/wind combination system. The common function is to supply [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/BoiLu.shtml 8,900kWh]&lt;ref&gt;Edited by Glenn Elert, “Power Consumption of a Home”, The Physics Factbook, [Online document], 2003, [cited 2008 March 22]&lt;/ref&gt; of power annually to the home - the average power consumption of a household in the United States. Each option has been carefully selected to satisfy this requirement. 

The diesel generator is one of the most widely available methods of off-grid generation. The [[w:combustion|combustion]] of diesel fuel converts chemical potential into [[w:kinetic energy|kinetic energy]] which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. The micro-hydro system implements a water turbine system to harness gravitational potential and kinetic energy of a river and convert it into rotational motion of a turbine and subsequently electricity. The solar/wind combination system utilizes sources of renewable energy to generate power through solar panels and a wind turbine. 

Each source relies on inputs which are intermittent in nature. The diesel generator must be refilled, the river is not always flowing at its peak, and some days are calm and cloudy. In order to provide a continuous source of power, a [[#Battery_Bank|battery bank]] system to store the electricity will be implemented. However, as this bank is required in each case, it does not aid in our comparison of power generation technologies.
== Project Information ==
*Section: 01
*Group: 8A
**Vuk Dulanovic (Vdulanovic)
**David Grant (David.grant)
**Andrew Demeter (Andrew.demeter)
**Adam Debowski (Adam.debowski)

== Highlights and Recommendations ==
===Major Highlights===
====Functional====
The micro-hydro generation system and the solar/wind combination both rely on a natural source of energy. Specifically, the micro-hydro depends on the flow rate of the river which varies seasonally, and the solar/wind combination depends on sunlight and wind speed, respectively. These natural sources are not consistent and therefore decrease the reliability of the two systems. The diesel generator is the most reliable system since it is not dependant on natural variables.
====Cost====
The table below summarizes the life cycle costs for each option. Based strictly on direct costs, the micro-hydro alternative is the best choice. Click on the links below for a detailed cost breakdown of each alternative.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;

  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''System'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Life Cycle Costs'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_2|Diesel Generator]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$7,049&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,713&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Operating&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,475&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$25,236'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Micro-Hydro&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,618&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Installation &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$4,440&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$5,162&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$19,100'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_3|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$26,090&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,714&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,016&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$29,820'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
The economic input-output life cycle assessment [http://www.eiolca.net (EIOLCA)]&lt;ref&gt;“eiolca.net” [Online document], Carnegie Mellon Green Design Institute, [cited
2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt; is designed to display the amount of releases produced from a 1997 dollar amount of activity in a given sector.  For example, by calculating the cost of a product and entering that amount into the appropriate EIOLCA sector, one can obtain the release values for toxins, green house gases and energy consumption that results from the economic activity. Using the life cycle costs for each alternative, appropriate sectors were selected within the EIOLCA software and results were obtained.

EIOLCA proved to be a strong determining factor in the comparison. By considering the environmental impacts of each system, we can gain a quantitive understanding of how each system affects our ecosystem.  The EIOLCA allows us to pinpoint downfalls of each alternative and consider ways in which they may be improved.

The following is a graph of the releases/consumptions for each alternative as a percentage of the total releases/consumptions for all alternatives.

[[Image:EIOLCA.JPG]]

The following are the totals obtained from the EIOLCA analysis for each alternative. The values in bold are the worst amongst each of the alternatives.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;'&gt;
    &lt;tr style='padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;Alternative&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                SO2 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                CO ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Nox ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                VOC ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Lead ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                PM10 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.035
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.131
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.028
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.026
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.004
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0247
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.1662
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.0473'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0192
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0055
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.059'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.256'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.044
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.029'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.012'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591
 style='width:442.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 nowrap valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Alternative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=bottom style='width:66.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=bottom style='width:61.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=bottom style='width:63.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''17.437'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;11.423&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''0.178'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''4.151'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''1.022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''29.576'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''0.854'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;

 &lt;tr height=0&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=1 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;/table&gt;


Based on the results obtained above, Micro-Hydro performs best overall as it imposes the least stress on the environment through harmful emmissions. Solar/wind has the most toxic releases, and the highest energy consumption due to the significant energy inputs required in the manufacturing phase. In addition to this, the diesel generator option contributes the most to global warming as it is the only option that burns fossil fuels.

====SLCA====
[[Image:slca.JPG|right]]
The Visual SLCA chart helps us see which alternatives are stronger in each category (the higher the score, the more environmentally friendly). In the Materials Provisioning stage of the process of power generation, the diesel generator ranks the lowest due to the amount of mining and refining required. The other alternatives require significantly less metal components. Another interesting thing to note is that the micro-hydro and solar/wind hybrid systems score the same in the Primary Process category. The reason for this is because they both satisfy the same functional requirement while affecting the environment at the same level (during the primary process). The diesel generator, on the other hand, satisfies the same functional requirements while negatively affecting the environment via the combustion of a fossil fuel. During the Secondary Process, all of the alternatives rank the same. The reason for this equality is associated with the nature of the Secondary Process, itself. In the case of supplying an off-grid home with power, the use of a battery bank to store the generated power (which will be supplied to the home in periods of wind/sun/river current lull or when the diesel generator is off) is necessary. Within the scope of this project, therefore, the Secondary Process refers to the management of power within the batter bank. Due to the fact that every alternative (within the scope of this report) is designed to function with the same batter bank, the Secondary Process for each alternative bears the same, and relatively low, impact on the environment.

====Societal====
Each of the three systems has some sort of societal effect that should be accounted for to make the best possible decision. Some possible impacts include generated noise, smell, ecological effects, increased water temperature, excavation and natural aesthetics. 
For the case of the diesel generator, noise was not an issue because the chosen model was part of the Quiet Diesel(QD) series. However, the smell given off by the diesel generator could perhaps be an issue to the surrounding neighbours. 
The societal impacts caused by the micro-hydro generation system include river damming and destruction of the surrounding ecosystem. Fish are often killed travelling down stream into the turbine or intake mesh. The increased water temperature causes changes in the biotic makeup of the water in the river. This can cause plants and algae to grow at the site. Excavation can also cause problems for the environment because pipelines must be installed underground and may disrupt animal homes or plant roots. 
The solar/wind combination system has very few societal effects. The most significant is the noise given off by the wind turbine during operation. This effect could be minimized by installing the fan away from the house.

===Final Recommendation===
The final recommendation for providing off-grid electricity for the cottage owner in Port Sydney, Muskoka is the micro-hydro generation system. This decision is based on the conclusion from the functional, cost, streamlined life cycle, economic input/output life cycle, and societal analyses.

The major downfall of this system is observed when considering the functional analysis. This system seems to be the hardest to implement because of the excavation for the pipelines.  
However, when looking at the EIOLCA, micro-hydro has the least amount of GWP and also releases the least amount of toxins. Along with this system being the most environmentally friendly, it is also the cheapest. The initial cost for this system is fairly large but because it harnesses natural energy and requires no other costs other than regular maintenance. With an overall cost of $19,100 USD, micro-hydro is the cheapest of the three alternatives, with diesel costing approximately $25,000 USD and the solar/wind combination being the most expensive at approximately $30,000 USD. 

When taking into consideration the societal effects, a minor downfall is that it disrupts the ecology of the nearby river. However, large amounts of fish are killed only when major hydro power sites are present. In our client’s case, this is a simple and small water turbine that will not cause a large enough effect for it to be deemed dangerous.

==Additional Information==
===Baseline: Diesel Generator===
====Functional====
The average American household uses 8,900kWh of electricity every year . The diesel generator which has been chosen (Onan 8.0 HDKAU) will output 6kW of power when running, and will burn a quarter gallon of fuel every hour .In order to supply 8,900kWh of electricity annually, the diesel generator must be left running for four hours every day. Estimating the price of fuel to be $3.75 per gallon, the generator would burn $1,500 of diesel annually.

====Cost====
&lt;u&gt;Initial Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The Onan generator has an initial cost of $7000 USD (this figure includes installation costs). The shipping cost, however, is not included in the purchase price. The location of the off-grid home (120km away from the nearest Onan distribution site) introduces a cost of roughly [http://www.freightmonster.com/index.aspx $300 USD]&lt;ref&gt;Get a Quote”, Freight Monster, [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 20]&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;u&gt;Maintenance Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost of maintenance has been estimated to be roughly $150 annually. The estimation has taken into account the need for very little maintenance during the first few years of the generator’s life, and an increased amount of maintenance as the generator ages.

&lt;u&gt;Operating Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost incurred during the operation of the generator is attributed only to the cost of diesel fuel consumed by the generator. At $3.75 per gallon, the generator consumes $1,500 annually.

&lt;u&gt;Disposal Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
A diesel generator will generally last longer than 15 years (which is the lifetime of each alternative within the scope of this project). Therefore, there will be no real cost associated with its disposal. In fact, our cottage owner would probably be able to sell the generator for a profit, or simply have the generator taken away at no cost. If the generator was not functional at the end of its life, it would either be recycled or refurbished, neither of which have strong environmental impacts.

====EIOLCA====
&lt;table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=674
 style='width:505.3pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=top style='width:152.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=128 nowrap valign=top style='width:95.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=56 nowrap valign=top style='width:42.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;SO2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=46 nowrap valign=top style='width:34.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=58 nowrap valign=top style='width:43.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;NOx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=57 nowrap valign=top style='width:42.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;VOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=55 nowrap valign=top style='width:41.15pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=71 nowrap valign=top style='width:52.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;PM10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Motor and generator manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.032&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.052&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Commercial machinery repair &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;and maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Advertising and related services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Petroleum refineries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.131&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Under&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Grnd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;. kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Motor and generator manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.961&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.258&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.217&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation of Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.847&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Commercial machinery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;repair and maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.635&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.030&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.574&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Advertising and related services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.175&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Petroleum refineries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.037&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.403&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.134&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.382&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.079&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.542&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.199&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.919&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;17.437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;11.423&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Noise&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The largest societal concern of an internal combustion generator would normally be the noise pollution. A diesel generator, however, is generally quieter than a gas powered generator because it outputs the same power at roughly half of the speed. Furthermore, the Onan 8.0 HDKAU is a part of Onan’s QD (Quiet Diesel) series which create much less noise pollution than other diesel generators with comparable power ratings. In fact, the 8.0 HDKAU has a decibel rating of 67dB (heard 10 feet away from the generator), which is just [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/assumption/residential_footnotes.html slightly louder than a normal conversation between two people.]&lt;ref&gt;“Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients”, Energy Information Administration, [Online document], 2000, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Smell&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Another societal concern is the smell of burning diesel fuel. If there are neighbours nearby, they may complain about the odour. If a home is off-grid, however, there is a high probability that the area is not very populated.

===Alternative 1: Micro-hydro===
====Functional====
A micro hydro power generation system harnesses both kinetic and gravitational potential of a river. These two sources of energy come from two characteristics of the river, the head and the flow rate. These will be discussed further in the Site Definition section. The moving water from the river is directed into a pipeline through the use of an “intake”, and fired through water jets which in turn spin a turbine blade. This rotational motion can be easily converted into electricity and stored in a battery storage system.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Site Definition and Power Potential&lt;/u&gt;

The river this micro-hydro generation system will be installed on has the following characteristics:

'''Head:''' 140ft (the vertical distance from the intake to the turbine)

'''Peak Flow rate:''' 300gpm (the amount of water flowing through per unit time)

[[Image:Microhydroplan.JPG]]


In order to calculate the net head of the micro turbine system, we must subtract the head losses in the piping used from head provided by the elevation change.

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Net head = 140ft – (300ft x 17.90ft/100ft of piping) =  86.3 ft&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Estimated Power (W) = (Net head*Flow rate)/ Efficiency Factor [12]&lt;/p&gt;

Typical efficiency Factors range from 9 to 14 depending on the system employed. For the purposes of this analysis we will use a factor of 10 which equates to [http://www.homepower.com/basics/hydro/ ~53% system efficiency]&lt;ref&gt;P. Cunningham and I. Woofenden, “Microhydro Electricity Basics” [Online
document],[cited 2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt;.  This efficiency also includes the losses in the transmission lines, battery storage system, and AC inversion processes, and thus the estimated power below should be close to what the system will produce in reality. 

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Estimated Power = 1036 Watts &lt;br&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Annual Energy Output (kWh) = 9071.856 kWh'''&lt;/p&gt;

Since the annual energy requirement was set at 8900kWh per year, based on the analysis above the micro hydro system is able to meet this demand.

For high-head (above 20ft) applications, it is ideal use a turbine with a [http://www.wind.appstate.edu/reports/microhydro_factsheet.pdf Turgo–type blade]&lt;ref&gt;“Fact Sheet: Microhydro”, Western North Carolina Renewable Energy Initiative,
Appalachian State University, [Online document], 2007 January, [cited 2008 March 15]&lt;/ref&gt;. This type of turbine blade allows for water jets to be angled at the blade instead of firing straight on. This makes it possible to increase the number of water jets, which in turn allows the turbine to handle higher flow rates.

Energy Systems and Design produces a Turgo blade turbine called the Stream Engine ESD-SE-4. They are a Canadian company and therefore the prices used in the cost analysis represent a real solution that can be purchased in Canada, and not an item that is from U.S. or other markets.


====EIOLCA====
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  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1662&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0473&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0192&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0055&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sheet Metal work manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0340&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0083&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0559&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Plastics plumbing fixtures and all other
  plastics products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.9183&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.2820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0950&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.9521&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2734&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator set units
  manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8263&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0224&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3763&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1433&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.1106&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0704&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8610&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0147&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0444&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1194&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Machinery and equipment rental and
  leasing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0982&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0135&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0014&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0225&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Other maintenance and repair construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.6410&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0082&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0880&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0094&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1466&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0107&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Eco-system&lt;/u&gt;

The main societal impact of any micro hydro generation system is the disruption of the eco-system it is implemented in. Although micro hydro systems are generally safe, and environmentally friendly, whenever a man made object is installed in nature, there are always undesirable consequences. Fish are often killed as they travel downstream and get caught in the turbine or intake mesh. It is estimated that in major hydro power sites, turbines eliminate [http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xNzk4MSZjdG5faW5mb192aWV3X3NpemU9Y3RuX2luZm9fdmlld19mdWxsJjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~ 25-73% of the juvenile and adult fish.]&lt;ref&gt; “UN Atlas of the Ocans” [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 26]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;River damming&lt;/u&gt;

One issue that is important to address with micro hydro systems is the effects of river damming. Although the system being implemented above only uses an intake system and does not dam the river, similar effects are experienced - on a smaller scale.
There is often an increase in temperature of the water around the dam. This results in changes to the “biotic-makeup” of the water in the river. This can affect what kind of plants and algae grow at the site.  

&lt;u&gt;Excavation&lt;/u&gt;

In addition to the river effects of the micro hydro system, there are also effects from the installation of the system due to substantial excavation for pipelines. The grading and removal of soil can disrupt animal’s homes and drive them out of an area. The running of a pipeline may also damage the root systems on trees and other plants, and may even cause them to die.

===Alternative 2: Solar/Wind===
====Functional====
A wind and solar energy system can prove to be a quite effective source of energy to supply a small home.  Typically, when it is sunny, it is calm, and when it is cloudy, it is windy.  In this case, these hybrid components work hand in hand with each other to use natural power in any weather.  Using only natural elements to harness energy, this system is very environmentally friendly during the usage stage of its life. 
Each windmill produces [http://www.alphasolar.net/alpha_solar_037.htm 1600kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Southwest Windpower wind turbines”, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; at a wind speed of [http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/climatology/speed_avg/ 8mph]&lt;ref&gt;“Average Wind Speed”, Climatology, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; (typical average for Muskoka).  Each solar panel produces approximately [http://www.wholesalesolar.com/products.folder/module-folder/sharp/sharpND216.html 254kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Sharp ND-208UI Solar Panel”, Wholesale Solar, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 24]&lt;/ref&gt; under an operational efficiency of 13.3%.  In order to power a house demanding 8900kWh of energy per year, one needs 4 windmills and 16 solar panels to operate at minimal output all day long.

====Cost====
The cost of both the windmills and the [[w:solar panels|solar panels]] is quite expensive. The price for one windmill is $2,425 and for one solar panel is $999.  Due to the number of each needed, the total initial cost for these mechanisms becomes $25,684.  This is quite expensive for an energy alternative. However, after the initial cost has been paid, the system becomes cheaper to maintain in latter years of use.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Cost'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal  style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Wind Mill Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,700&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Solar Panel Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,984&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$200/year&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation (once)&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,000&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Total&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$29,820&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
&lt;table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=694
 style='width:520.8pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=67 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:50.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;SO2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=55 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:41.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=69 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:52.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;NOx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=68 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:51.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;VOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=65 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:49.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=84 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:63.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;PM10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.064&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.059&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.256&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;5.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.063&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.402&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;8.74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.197&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;7.78&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.581&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;19.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.607&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.694&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.180&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.038&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.051&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.178&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.151&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;29.576&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.854&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
This system has very little societal impact. The [[w:noise|noise]] given off from the windmill is the main disturbance to the homeowner using the device.  To reduce this sound effect, one must deter from mounting the windmill on the roof or in close proximity of the house.  Instead, securely placing the [[w:windmill|windmill]] on a nearby long steel tower and mounting it into the ground is a better idea.  It is wise to secure the standing windmill tower with steel wires that are staked into the ground.

===Battery Bank===
In order to power our client’s home, the electricity generated by the different alternatives (diesel generator, micro-hydro, and wind/solar hybrid) will be stored in the battery bank. The purpose of this battery bank is to store the extra energy generated by each alternative so that power may be continuously supplied to the home by the batteries during the times when the diesel generator is not running, there is a weak current in the river, or there is minimal wind/sun. This is due to the intermittent nature of the sources. There are three possibilities for the flow of electricity within the system as shown below.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Batterybank.JPG]]
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Exclusion from Comparison&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The battery bank has not been included in the individual analysis of each alternative because the battery bank that will be used is not dependent upon the method of power generation. That is, each alternative will function with the very same battery bank, and therefore no matter how ‘good’ or ‘bad’ the various impacts of the battery bank are, the consideration of these impacts will not aid in the comparison of the three alternatives of power generation discussed in this report. This section of the report is dedicated to providing a potential off-grid home owner with the necessary economic information and environmental impacts pertaining to the implementation of a battery bank.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Functionality and Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For backup and emergency purposes we will require that 2 days worth of electricity must be stored in a battery bank to supply the home when power is not being generated. In order to satisfy this requirement, 21 [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/Amazing/itemdesc.asp?CartId={98A039DE-9DF0-409A-ACF3-06FEVEREST537C57778}&amp;ic=EV%2D216&amp;eq=&amp;Tp= AGM sealed batteries]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt; will be used. Totaling to an initial cost of nearly [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/ $20,000]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;, the battery bank is not a cheap component of off-grid power generation. However, it should be noted that the AGM batteries are rated to last over 20 years.

==Notes and References==

&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Design for the Environment]]</text>
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      <id>2807957</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:33:46Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="182251" sha1="16a4eof8lrkr909rbj7k3miyz8ojcqo" xml:space="preserve">one might take for granted the fact that we live amongst a full [[w:infrastructure|infrastructure]] of power distribution and we can find [[w:electricity|electricity ]] wherever we go. However, in some remote locations, this luxury may not be available. There is a need for alternative methods of power generation to supply electricity to a home operating off-grid. In order to shed light on the options available, a comparison between power generation options for a single family home located in Port Sydney, [[w:Muskoka|Muskoka]] will be made. Off-grid power is not cheap, and unfortunately empty pockets are not the only cost. In the age of limited sources of energy, strict regulations and an increasing awareness for our impact as humans on our planet, this analysis will compare each alternative over a 15 year life-cycle and focus on the environmental impacts.

Three options for generation will be considered: a [[w:diesel generator|diesel generator]] (baseline), a [[w:micro hydro|micro hydro]] system, and a solar/wind combination system. The common function is to supply [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/BoiLu.shtml 8,900kWh]&lt;ref&gt;Edited by Glenn Elert, “Power Consumption of a Home”, The Physics Factbook, [Online document], 2003, [cited 2008 March 22]&lt;/ref&gt; of power annually to the home - the average power consumption of a household in the United States. Each option has been carefully selected to satisfy this requirement. 

The diesel generator is one of the most widely available methods of off-grid generation. The [[w:combustion|combustion]] of diesel fuel converts chemical potential into [[w:kinetic energy|kinetic energy]] which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. The micro-hydro system implements a water turbine system to harness gravitational potential and kinetic energy of a river and convert it into rotational motion of a turbine and subsequently electricity. The solar/wind combination system utilizes sources of renewable energy to generate power through solar panels and a wind turbine. 

Each source relies on inputs which are intermittent in nature. The diesel generator must be refilled, the river is not always flowing at its peak, and some days are calm and cloudy. In order to provide a continuous source of power, a [[#Battery_Bank|battery bank]] system to store the electricity will be implemented. However, as this bank is required in each case, it does not aid in our comparison of power generation technologies.
== Project Information ==
*Section: 01
*Group: 8A
**Vuk Dulanovic (Vdulanovic)
**David Grant (David.grant)
**Andrew Demeter (Andrew.demeter)
**Adam Debowski (Adam.debowski)

== Highlights and Recommendations ==
===Major Highlights===
====Functional====
The micro-hydro generation system and the solar/wind combination both rely on a natural source of energy. Specifically, the micro-hydro depends on the flow rate of the river which varies seasonally, and the solar/wind combination depends on sunlight and wind speed, respectively. These natural sources are not consistent and therefore decrease the reliability of the two systems. The diesel generator is the most reliable system since it is not dependant on natural variables.
====Cost====
The table below summarizes the life cycle costs for each option. Based strictly on direct costs, the micro-hydro alternative is the best choice. Click on the links below for a detailed cost breakdown of each alternative.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;

  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''System'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Life Cycle Costs'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_2|Diesel Generator]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$7,049&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,713&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Operating&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,475&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$25,236'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Micro-Hydro&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,618&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Installation &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$4,440&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$5,162&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$19,100'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_3|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$26,090&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,714&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,016&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$29,820'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
The economic input-output life cycle assessment [http://www.eiolca.net (EIOLCA)]&lt;ref&gt;“eiolca.net” [Online document], Carnegie Mellon Green Design Institute, [cited
2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt; is designed to display the amount of releases produced from a 1997 dollar amount of activity in a given sector.  For example, by calculating the cost of a product and entering that amount into the appropriate EIOLCA sector, one can obtain the release values for toxins, green house gases and energy consumption that results from the economic activity. Using the life cycle costs for each alternative, appropriate sectors were selected within the EIOLCA software and results were obtained.

EIOLCA proved to be a strong determining factor in the comparison. By considering the environmental impacts of each system, we can gain a quantitive understanding of how each system affects our ecosystem.  The EIOLCA allows us to pinpoint downfalls of each alternative and consider ways in which they may be improved.

The following is a graph of the releases/consumptions for each alternative as a percentage of the total releases/consumptions for all alternatives.

[[Image:EIOLCA.JPG]]

The following are the totals obtained from the EIOLCA analysis for each alternative. The values in bold are the worst amongst each of the alternatives.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;'&gt;
    &lt;tr style='padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;Alternative&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                SO2 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                CO ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Nox ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                VOC ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Lead ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                PM10 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.035
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.131
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.028
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.026
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.004
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0247
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.1662
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.0473'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0192
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0055
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.059'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.256'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.044
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.029'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.012'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591
 style='width:442.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 nowrap valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Alternative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=bottom style='width:66.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=bottom style='width:61.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=bottom style='width:63.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''17.437'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;11.423&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''0.178'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''4.151'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''1.022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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Based on the results obtained above, Micro-Hydro performs best overall as it imposes the least stress on the environment through harmful emmissions. Solar/wind has the most toxic releases, and the highest energy consumption due to the significant energy inputs required in the manufacturing phase. In addition to this, the diesel generator option contributes the most to global warming as it is the only option that burns fossil fuels.

====SLCA====
[[Image:slca.JPG|right]]
The Visual SLCA chart helps us see which alternatives are stronger in each category (the higher the score, the more environmentally friendly). In the Materials Provisioning stage of the process of power generation, the diesel generator ranks the lowest due to the amount of mining and refining required. The other alternatives require significantly less metal components. Another interesting thing to note is that the micro-hydro and solar/wind hybrid systems score the same in the Primary Process category. The reason for this is because they both satisfy the same functional requirement while affecting the environment at the same level (during the primary process). The diesel generator, on the other hand, satisfies the same functional requirements while negatively affecting the environment via the combustion of a fossil fuel. During the Secondary Process, all of the alternatives rank the same. The reason for this equality is associated with the nature of the Secondary Process, itself. In the case of supplying an off-grid home with power, the use of a battery bank to store the generated power (which will be supplied to the home in periods of wind/sun/river current lull or when the diesel generator is off) is necessary. Within the scope of this project, therefore, the Secondary Process refers to the management of power within the batter bank. Due to the fact that every alternative (within the scope of this report) is designed to function with the same batter bank, the Secondary Process for each alternative bears the same, and relatively low, impact on the environment.

====Societal====
Each of the three systems has some sort of societal effect that should be accounted for to make the best possible decision. Some possible impacts include generated noise, smell, ecological effects, increased water temperature, excavation and natural aesthetics. 
For the case of the diesel generator, noise was not an issue because the chosen model was part of the Quiet Diesel(QD) series. However, the smell given off by the diesel generator could perhaps be an issue to the surrounding neighbours. 
The societal impacts caused by the micro-hydro generation system include river damming and destruction of the surrounding ecosystem. Fish are often killed travelling down stream into the turbine or intake mesh. The increased water temperature causes changes in the biotic makeup of the water in the river. This can cause plants and algae to grow at the site. Excavation can also cause problems for the environment because pipelines must be installed underground and may disrupt animal homes or plant roots. 
The solar/wind combination system has very few societal effects. The most significant is the noise given off by the wind turbine during operation. This effect could be minimized by installing the fan away from the house.

===Final Recommendation===
The final recommendation for providing off-grid electricity for the cottage owner in Port Sydney, Muskoka is the micro-hydro generation system. This decision is based on the conclusion from the functional, cost, streamlined life cycle, economic input/output life cycle, and societal analyses.

The major downfall of this system is observed when considering the functional analysis. This system seems to be the hardest to implement because of the excavation for the pipelines.  
However, when looking at the EIOLCA, micro-hydro has the least amount of GWP and also releases the least amount of toxins. Along with this system being the most environmentally friendly, it is also the cheapest. The initial cost for this system is fairly large but because it harnesses natural energy and requires no other costs other than regular maintenance. With an overall cost of $19,100 USD, micro-hydro is the cheapest of the three alternatives, with diesel costing approximately $25,000 USD and the solar/wind combination being the most expensive at approximately $30,000 USD. 

When taking into consideration the societal effects, a minor downfall is that it disrupts the ecology of the nearby river. However, large amounts of fish are killed only when major hydro power sites are present. In our client’s case, this is a simple and small water turbine that will not cause a large enough effect for it to be deemed dangerous.

==Additional Information==
===Baseline: Diesel Generator===
====Functional====
The average American household uses 8,900kWh of electricity every year . The diesel generator which has been chosen (Onan 8.0 HDKAU) will output 6kW of power when running, and will burn a quarter gallon of fuel every hour .In order to supply 8,900kWh of electricity annually, the diesel generator must be left running for four hours every day. Estimating the price of fuel to be $3.75 per gallon, the generator would burn $1,500 of diesel annually.

====Cost====
&lt;u&gt;Initial Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The Onan generator has an initial cost of $7000 USD (this figure includes installation costs). The shipping cost, however, is not included in the purchase price. The location of the off-grid home (120km away from the nearest Onan distribution site) introduces a cost of roughly [http://www.freightmonster.com/index.aspx $300 USD]&lt;ref&gt;Get a Quote”, Freight Monster, [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 20]&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;u&gt;Maintenance Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost of maintenance has been estimated to be roughly $150 annually. The estimation has taken into account the need for very little maintenance during the first few years of the generator’s life, and an increased amount of maintenance as the generator ages.

&lt;u&gt;Operating Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost incurred during the operation of the generator is attributed only to the cost of diesel fuel consumed by the generator. At $3.75 per gallon, the generator consumes $1,500 annually.

&lt;u&gt;Disposal Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
A diesel generator will generally last longer than 15 years (which is the lifetime of each alternative within the scope of this project). Therefore, there will be no real cost associated with its disposal. In fact, our cottage owner would probably be able to sell the generator for a profit, or simply have the generator taken away at no cost. If the generator was not functional at the end of its life, it would either be recycled or refurbished, neither of which have strong environmental impacts.

====EIOLCA====
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  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Advertising and related services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Petroleum refineries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.131&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Under&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Grnd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;. kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Motor and generator manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.961&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.258&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.217&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation of Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.847&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Commercial machinery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;repair and maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.635&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.030&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.574&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Advertising and related services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.175&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Petroleum refineries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.037&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.403&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.134&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.382&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.079&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.542&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.199&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.919&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;17.437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;11.423&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Noise&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The largest societal concern of an internal combustion generator would normally be the noise pollution. A diesel generator, however, is generally quieter than a gas powered generator because it outputs the same power at roughly half of the speed. Furthermore, the Onan 8.0 HDKAU is a part of Onan’s QD (Quiet Diesel) series which create much less noise pollution than other diesel generators with comparable power ratings. In fact, the 8.0 HDKAU has a decibel rating of 67dB (heard 10 feet away from the generator), which is just [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/assumption/residential_footnotes.html slightly louder than a normal conversation between two people.]&lt;ref&gt;“Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients”, Energy Information Administration, [Online document], 2000, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Smell&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Another societal concern is the smell of burning diesel fuel. If there are neighbours nearby, they may complain about the odour. If a home is off-grid, however, there is a high probability that the area is not very populated.

===Alternative 1: Micro-hydro===
====Functional====
A micro hydro power generation system harnesses both kinetic and gravitational potential of a river. These two sources of energy come from two characteristics of the river, the head and the flow rate. These will be discussed further in the Site Definition section. The moving water from the river is directed into a pipeline through the use of an “intake”, and fired through water jets which in turn spin a turbine blade. This rotational motion can be easily converted into electricity and stored in a battery storage system.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Site Definition and Power Potential&lt;/u&gt;

The river this micro-hydro generation system will be installed on has the following characteristics:

'''Head:''' 140ft (the vertical distance from the intake to the turbine)

'''Peak Flow rate:''' 300gpm (the amount of water flowing through per unit time)

[[Image:Microhydroplan.JPG]]


In order to calculate the net head of the micro turbine system, we must subtract the head losses in the piping used from head provided by the elevation change.

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Net head = 140ft – (300ft x 17.90ft/100ft of piping) =  86.3 ft&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Estimated Power (W) = (Net head*Flow rate)/ Efficiency Factor [12]&lt;/p&gt;

Typical efficiency Factors range from 9 to 14 depending on the system employed. For the purposes of this analysis we will use a factor of 10 which equates to [http://www.homepower.com/basics/hydro/ ~53% system efficiency]&lt;ref&gt;P. Cunningham and I. Woofenden, “Microhydro Electricity Basics” [Online
document],[cited 2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt;.  This efficiency also includes the losses in the transmission lines, battery storage system, and AC inversion processes, and thus the estimated power below should be close to what the system will produce in reality. 

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Estimated Power = 1036 Watts &lt;br&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Annual Energy Output (kWh) = 9071.856 kWh'''&lt;/p&gt;

Since the annual energy requirement was set at 8900kWh per year, based on the analysis above the micro hydro system is able to meet this demand.

For high-head (above 20ft) applications, it is ideal use a turbine with a [http://www.wind.appstate.edu/reports/microhydro_factsheet.pdf Turgo–type blade]&lt;ref&gt;“Fact Sheet: Microhydro”, Western North Carolina Renewable Energy Initiative,
Appalachian State University, [Online document], 2007 January, [cited 2008 March 15]&lt;/ref&gt;. This type of turbine blade allows for water jets to be angled at the blade instead of firing straight on. This makes it possible to increase the number of water jets, which in turn allows the turbine to handle higher flow rates.

Energy Systems and Design produces a Turgo blade turbine called the Stream Engine ESD-SE-4. They are a Canadian company and therefore the prices used in the cost analysis represent a real solution that can be purchased in Canada, and not an item that is from U.S. or other markets.


====EIOLCA====
&lt;table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=554
 style='width:415.5pt;margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:
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 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;SO2 (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Nox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;VOC (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;PM10 (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sheet Metal work manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Plastics plumbing fixtures and all other
  plastics products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0046&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0170&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0042&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0048&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator set units
  manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0059&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0025&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
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  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0087&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0086&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Machinery and equipment rental and
  leasing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0038&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Other maintenance and repair construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0246&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1662&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0473&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0192&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0055&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sheet Metal work manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0340&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0083&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0559&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Plastics plumbing fixtures and all other
  plastics products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.9183&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.2820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0950&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.9521&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2734&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator set units
  manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8263&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0224&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3763&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1433&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.1106&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0704&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8610&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0147&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0444&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1194&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Machinery and equipment rental and
  leasing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0982&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0135&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0014&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0225&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Other maintenance and repair construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.6410&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0082&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0880&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0094&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1466&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0107&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Eco-system&lt;/u&gt;

The main societal impact of any micro hydro generation system is the disruption of the eco-system it is implemented in. Although micro hydro systems are generally safe, and environmentally friendly, whenever a man made object is installed in nature, there are always undesirable consequences. Fish are often killed as they travel downstream and get caught in the turbine or intake mesh. It is estimated that in major hydro power sites, turbines eliminate [http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xNzk4MSZjdG5faW5mb192aWV3X3NpemU9Y3RuX2luZm9fdmlld19mdWxsJjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~ 25-73% of the juvenile and adult fish.]&lt;ref&gt; “UN Atlas of the Ocans” [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 26]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;River damming&lt;/u&gt;

One issue that is important to address with micro hydro systems is the effects of river damming. Although the system being implemented above only uses an intake system and does not dam the river, similar effects are experienced - on a smaller scale.
There is often an increase in temperature of the water around the dam. This results in changes to the “biotic-makeup” of the water in the river. This can affect what kind of plants and algae grow at the site.  

&lt;u&gt;Excavation&lt;/u&gt;

In addition to the river effects of the micro hydro system, there are also effects from the installation of the system due to substantial excavation for pipelines. The grading and removal of soil can disrupt animal’s homes and drive them out of an area. The running of a pipeline may also damage the root systems on trees and other plants, and may even cause them to die.

===Alternative 2: Solar/Wind===
====Functional====
A wind and solar energy system can prove to be a quite effective source of energy to supply a small home.  Typically, when it is sunny, it is calm, and when it is cloudy, it is windy.  In this case, these hybrid components work hand in hand with each other to use natural power in any weather.  Using only natural elements to harness energy, this system is very environmentally friendly during the usage stage of its life. 
Each windmill produces [http://www.alphasolar.net/alpha_solar_037.htm 1600kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Southwest Windpower wind turbines”, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; at a wind speed of [http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/climatology/speed_avg/ 8mph]&lt;ref&gt;“Average Wind Speed”, Climatology, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; (typical average for Muskoka).  Each solar panel produces approximately [http://www.wholesalesolar.com/products.folder/module-folder/sharp/sharpND216.html 254kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Sharp ND-208UI Solar Panel”, Wholesale Solar, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 24]&lt;/ref&gt; under an operational efficiency of 13.3%.  In order to power a house demanding 8900kWh of energy per year, one needs 4 windmills and 16 solar panels to operate at minimal output all day long.

====Cost====
The cost of both the windmills and the [[w:solar panels|solar panels]] is quite expensive. The price for one windmill is $2,425 and for one solar panel is $999.  Due to the number of each needed, the total initial cost for these mechanisms becomes $25,684.  This is quite expensive for an energy alternative. However, after the initial cost has been paid, the system becomes cheaper to maintain in latter years of use.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Cost'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal  style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Wind Mill Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,700&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Solar Panel Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,984&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$200/year&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation (once)&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,000&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Total&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$29,820&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
&lt;table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=694
 style='width:520.8pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=67 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:50.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;SO2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=55 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:41.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=69 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:52.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;NOx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=68 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:51.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;VOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=65 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:49.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=84 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:63.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;PM10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.064&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.059&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.256&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;5.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.063&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.402&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;8.74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.197&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;7.78&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.581&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;19.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.607&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.694&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.180&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.038&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.051&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.178&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.151&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;29.576&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.854&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
This system has very little societal impact. The [[w:noise|noise]] given off from the windmill is the main disturbance to the homeowner using the device.  To reduce this sound effect, one must deter from mounting the windmill on the roof or in close proximity of the house.  Instead, securely placing the [[w:windmill|windmill]] on a nearby long steel tower and mounting it into the ground is a better idea.  It is wise to secure the standing windmill tower with steel wires that are staked into the ground.

===Battery Bank===
In order to power our client’s home, the electricity generated by the different alternatives (diesel generator, micro-hydro, and wind/solar hybrid) will be stored in the battery bank. The purpose of this battery bank is to store the extra energy generated by each alternative so that power may be continuously supplied to the home by the batteries during the times when the diesel generator is not running, there is a weak current in the river, or there is minimal wind/sun. This is due to the intermittent nature of the sources. There are three possibilities for the flow of electricity within the system as shown below.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Batterybank.JPG]]
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Exclusion from Comparison&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The battery bank has not been included in the individual analysis of each alternative because the battery bank that will be used is not dependent upon the method of power generation. That is, each alternative will function with the very same battery bank, and therefore no matter how ‘good’ or ‘bad’ the various impacts of the battery bank are, the consideration of these impacts will not aid in the comparison of the three alternatives of power generation discussed in this report. This section of the report is dedicated to providing a potential off-grid home owner with the necessary economic information and environmental impacts pertaining to the implementation of a battery bank.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Functionality and Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For backup and emergency purposes we will require that 2 days worth of electricity must be stored in a battery bank to supply the home when power is not being generated. In order to satisfy this requirement, 21 [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/Amazing/itemdesc.asp?CartId={98A039DE-9DF0-409A-ACF3-06FEVEREST537C57778}&amp;ic=EV%2D216&amp;eq=&amp;Tp= AGM sealed batteries]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt; will be used. Totaling to an initial cost of nearly [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/ $20,000]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;, the battery bank is not a cheap component of off-grid power generation. However, it should be noted that the AGM batteries are rated to last over 20 years.

==Notes and References==

&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Design for the Environment]]</text>
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      <id>2807958</id>
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      <text bytes="182540" sha1="fkf8raf87zlcxkcqri07ea98cz9n2az" xml:space="preserve">one might take for granted the fact that we live amongst a full [[w:infrastructure|infrastructure]] of power distribution and we can find [[w:electricity|electricity ]] wherever we go. However, in some remote locations, this luxury may not be available. There is a need for alternative methods of power generation to supply electricity to a home operating off-grid. In order to shed light on the options available, a comparison between power generation options for a single family home located in Port Sydney, [[w:Muskoka|Muskoka]] will be made. Off-grid power is not cheap, and unfortunately empty pockets are not the only cost. In the age of limited sources of energy, strict regulations and an increasing awareness for our impact as humans on our planet, this analysis will compare each alternative over a 15 year life-cycle and focus on the environmental impacts.

Three options for generation will be considered: a [[w:diesel generator|diesel generator]] (baseline), a [[w:micro hydro|micro hydro]] system, and a solar/wind combination system. The common function is to supply [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/BoiLu.shtml 8,900kWh]&lt;ref&gt;Edited by Glenn Elert, “Power Consumption of a Home”, The Physics Factbook, [Online document], 2003, [cited 2008 March 22]&lt;/ref&gt; of power annually to the home - the average power consumption of a household in the United States. Each option has been carefully selected to satisfy this requirement. 

The diesel generator is one of the most widely available methods of off-grid generation. The [[w:combustion|combustion]] of diesel fuel converts chemical potential into [[w:kinetic energy|kinetic energy]] which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. The micro-hydro system implements a water turbine system to harness gravitational potential and kinetic energy of a river and convert it into rotational motion of a turbine and subsequently electricity. The solar/wind combination system utilizes sources of renewable energy to generate power through solar panels and a wind turbine. 

Each source relies on inputs which are intermittent in nature. The diesel generator must be refilled, the river is not always flowing at its peak, and some days are calm and cloudy. In order to provide a continuous source of power, a [[#Battery_Bank|battery bank]] system to store the electricity will be implemented. However, as this bank is required in each case, it does not aid in our comparison of power generation technologies.
== Project Information ==
*Section: 01
*Group: 8A
**Vuk Dulanovic (Vdulanovic)
**David Grant (David.grant)
**Andrew Demeter (Andrew.demeter)
**Adam Debowski (Adam.debowski)

== Highlights and Recommendations ==
===Major Highlights===
====Functional====
The micro-hydro generation system and the solar/wind combination both rely on a natural source of energy. Specifically, the micro-hydro depends on the flow rate of the river which varies seasonally, and the solar/wind combination depends on sunlight and wind speed, respectively. These natural sources are not consistent and therefore decrease the reliability of the two systems. The diesel generator is the most reliable system since it is not dependant on natural variables.
====Cost====
The table below summarizes the life cycle costs for each option. Based strictly on direct costs, the micro-hydro alternative is the best choice. Click on the links below for a detailed cost breakdown of each alternative.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;

  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''System'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Life Cycle Costs'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_2|Diesel Generator]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$7,049&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,713&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Operating&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,475&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$25,236'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Micro-Hydro&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,618&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Installation &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$4,440&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$5,162&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$19,100'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_3|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$26,090&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,714&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,016&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$29,820'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
The economic input-output life cycle assessment [http://www.eiolca.net (EIOLCA)]&lt;ref&gt;“eiolca.net” [Online document], Carnegie Mellon Green Design Institute, [cited
2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt; is designed to display the amount of releases produced from a 1997 dollar amount of activity in a given sector.  For example, by calculating the cost of a product and entering that amount into the appropriate EIOLCA sector, one can obtain the release values for toxins, green house gases and energy consumption that results from the economic activity. Using the life cycle costs for each alternative, appropriate sectors were selected within the EIOLCA software and results were obtained.

EIOLCA proved to be a strong determining factor in the comparison. By considering the environmental impacts of each system, we can gain a quantitive understanding of how each system affects our ecosystem.  The EIOLCA allows us to pinpoint downfalls of each alternative and consider ways in which they may be improved.

The following is a graph of the releases/consumptions for each alternative as a percentage of the total releases/consumptions for all alternatives.

[[Image:EIOLCA.JPG]]

The following are the totals obtained from the EIOLCA analysis for each alternative. The values in bold are the worst amongst each of the alternatives.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;'&gt;
    &lt;tr style='padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;Alternative&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                SO2 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                CO ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Nox ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                VOC ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Lead ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                PM10 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.035
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.131
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.028
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.026
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.004
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0247
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.1662
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.0473'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0192
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0055
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.059'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.256'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.044
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.029'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.012'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591
 style='width:442.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 nowrap valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Alternative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=bottom style='width:66.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=bottom style='width:61.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=bottom style='width:63.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''17.437'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''0.178'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''4.151'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''1.022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''29.576'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''0.854'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;tr height=0&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=1 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;/table&gt;


Based on the results obtained above, Micro-Hydro performs best overall as it imposes the least stress on the environment through harmful emmissions. Solar/wind has the most toxic releases, and the highest energy consumption due to the significant energy inputs required in the manufacturing phase. In addition to this, the diesel generator option contributes the most to global warming as it is the only option that burns fossil fuels.

====SLCA====
[[Image:slca.JPG|right]]
The Visual SLCA chart helps us see which alternatives are stronger in each category (the higher the score, the more environmentally friendly). In the Materials Provisioning stage of the process of power generation, the diesel generator ranks the lowest due to the amount of mining and refining required. The other alternatives require significantly less metal components. Another interesting thing to note is that the micro-hydro and solar/wind hybrid systems score the same in the Primary Process category. The reason for this is because they both satisfy the same functional requirement while affecting the environment at the same level (during the primary process). The diesel generator, on the other hand, satisfies the same functional requirements while negatively affecting the environment via the combustion of a fossil fuel. During the Secondary Process, all of the alternatives rank the same. The reason for this equality is associated with the nature of the Secondary Process, itself. In the case of supplying an off-grid home with power, the use of a battery bank to store the generated power (which will be supplied to the home in periods of wind/sun/river current lull or when the diesel generator is off) is necessary. Within the scope of this project, therefore, the Secondary Process refers to the management of power within the batter bank. Due to the fact that every alternative (within the scope of this report) is designed to function with the same batter bank, the Secondary Process for each alternative bears the same, and relatively low, impact on the environment.

====Societal====
Each of the three systems has some sort of societal effect that should be accounted for to make the best possible decision. Some possible impacts include generated noise, smell, ecological effects, increased water temperature, excavation and natural aesthetics. 
For the case of the diesel generator, noise was not an issue because the chosen model was part of the Quiet Diesel(QD) series. However, the smell given off by the diesel generator could perhaps be an issue to the surrounding neighbours. 
The societal impacts caused by the micro-hydro generation system include river damming and destruction of the surrounding ecosystem. Fish are often killed travelling down stream into the turbine or intake mesh. The increased water temperature causes changes in the biotic makeup of the water in the river. This can cause plants and algae to grow at the site. Excavation can also cause problems for the environment because pipelines must be installed underground and may disrupt animal homes or plant roots. 
The solar/wind combination system has very few societal effects. The most significant is the noise given off by the wind turbine during operation. This effect could be minimized by installing the fan away from the house.

===Final Recommendation===
The final recommendation for providing off-grid electricity for the cottage owner in Port Sydney, Muskoka is the micro-hydro generation system. This decision is based on the conclusion from the functional, cost, streamlined life cycle, economic input/output life cycle, and societal analyses.

The major downfall of this system is observed when considering the functional analysis. This system seems to be the hardest to implement because of the excavation for the pipelines.  
However, when looking at the EIOLCA, micro-hydro has the least amount of GWP and also releases the least amount of toxins. Along with this system being the most environmentally friendly, it is also the cheapest. The initial cost for this system is fairly large but because it harnesses natural energy and requires no other costs other than regular maintenance. With an overall cost of $19,100 USD, micro-hydro is the cheapest of the three alternatives, with diesel costing approximately $25,000 USD and the solar/wind combination being the most expensive at approximately $30,000 USD. 

When taking into consideration the societal effects, a minor downfall is that it disrupts the ecology of the nearby river. However, large amounts of fish are killed only when major hydro power sites are present. In our client’s case, this is a simple and small water turbine that will not cause a large enough effect for it to be deemed dangerous.

==Additional Information==
===Baseline: Diesel Generator===
====Functional====
The average American household uses 8,900kWh of electricity every year . The diesel generator which has been chosen (Onan 8.0 HDKAU) will output 6kW of power when running, and will burn a quarter gallon of fuel every hour .In order to supply 8,900kWh of electricity annually, the diesel generator must be left running for four hours every day. Estimating the price of fuel to be $3.75 per gallon, the generator would burn $1,500 of diesel annually.

====Cost====
&lt;u&gt;Initial Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The Onan generator has an initial cost of $7000 USD (this figure includes installation costs). The shipping cost, however, is not included in the purchase price. The location of the off-grid home (120km away from the nearest Onan distribution site) introduces a cost of roughly [http://www.freightmonster.com/index.aspx $300 USD]&lt;ref&gt;Get a Quote”, Freight Monster, [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 20]&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;u&gt;Maintenance Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost of maintenance has been estimated to be roughly $150 annually. The estimation has taken into account the need for very little maintenance during the first few years of the generator’s life, and an increased amount of maintenance as the generator ages.

&lt;u&gt;Operating Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost incurred during the operation of the generator is attributed only to the cost of diesel fuel consumed by the generator. At $3.75 per gallon, the generator consumes $1,500 annually.

&lt;u&gt;Disposal Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
A diesel generator will generally last longer than 15 years (which is the lifetime of each alternative within the scope of this project). Therefore, there will be no real cost associated with its disposal. In fact, our cottage owner would probably be able to sell the generator for a profit, or simply have the generator taken away at no cost. If the generator was not functional at the end of its life, it would either be recycled or refurbished, neither of which have strong environmental impacts.

====EIOLCA====
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  &lt;td width=57 nowrap valign=top style='width:42.85pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=55 nowrap valign=top style='width:41.15pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td width=71 nowrap valign=top style='width:52.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
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  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation of &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.052&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Commercial machinery repair &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;and maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Advertising and related services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Petroleum refineries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.131&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Under&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Grnd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;. kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Motor and generator manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.961&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.258&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.217&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation of Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.847&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Commercial machinery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;repair and maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.635&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.030&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.574&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Advertising and related services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.175&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Petroleum refineries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.037&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.403&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.134&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.382&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.079&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.542&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.199&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.919&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;17.437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;11.423&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Noise&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The largest societal concern of an internal combustion generator would normally be the noise pollution. A diesel generator, however, is generally quieter than a gas powered generator because it outputs the same power at roughly half of the speed. Furthermore, the Onan 8.0 HDKAU is a part of Onan’s QD (Quiet Diesel) series which create much less noise pollution than other diesel generators with comparable power ratings. In fact, the 8.0 HDKAU has a decibel rating of 67dB (heard 10 feet away from the generator), which is just [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/assumption/residential_footnotes.html slightly louder than a normal conversation between two people.]&lt;ref&gt;“Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients”, Energy Information Administration, [Online document], 2000, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Smell&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Another societal concern is the smell of burning diesel fuel. If there are neighbours nearby, they may complain about the odour. If a home is off-grid, however, there is a high probability that the area is not very populated.

===Alternative 1: Micro-hydro===
====Functional====
A micro hydro power generation system harnesses both kinetic and gravitational potential of a river. These two sources of energy come from two characteristics of the river, the head and the flow rate. These will be discussed further in the Site Definition section. The moving water from the river is directed into a pipeline through the use of an “intake”, and fired through water jets which in turn spin a turbine blade. This rotational motion can be easily converted into electricity and stored in a battery storage system.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Site Definition and Power Potential&lt;/u&gt;

The river this micro-hydro generation system will be installed on has the following characteristics:

'''Head:''' 140ft (the vertical distance from the intake to the turbine)

'''Peak Flow rate:''' 300gpm (the amount of water flowing through per unit time)

[[Image:Microhydroplan.JPG]]


In order to calculate the net head of the micro turbine system, we must subtract the head losses in the piping used from head provided by the elevation change.

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Net head = 140ft – (300ft x 17.90ft/100ft of piping) =  86.3 ft&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Estimated Power (W) = (Net head*Flow rate)/ Efficiency Factor [12]&lt;/p&gt;

Typical efficiency Factors range from 9 to 14 depending on the system employed. For the purposes of this analysis we will use a factor of 10 which equates to [http://www.homepower.com/basics/hydro/ ~53% system efficiency]&lt;ref&gt;P. Cunningham and I. Woofenden, “Microhydro Electricity Basics” [Online
document],[cited 2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt;.  This efficiency also includes the losses in the transmission lines, battery storage system, and AC inversion processes, and thus the estimated power below should be close to what the system will produce in reality. 

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Estimated Power = 1036 Watts &lt;br&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Annual Energy Output (kWh) = 9071.856 kWh'''&lt;/p&gt;

Since the annual energy requirement was set at 8900kWh per year, based on the analysis above the micro hydro system is able to meet this demand.

For high-head (above 20ft) applications, it is ideal use a turbine with a [http://www.wind.appstate.edu/reports/microhydro_factsheet.pdf Turgo–type blade]&lt;ref&gt;“Fact Sheet: Microhydro”, Western North Carolina Renewable Energy Initiative,
Appalachian State University, [Online document], 2007 January, [cited 2008 March 15]&lt;/ref&gt;. This type of turbine blade allows for water jets to be angled at the blade instead of firing straight on. This makes it possible to increase the number of water jets, which in turn allows the turbine to handle higher flow rates.

Energy Systems and Design produces a Turgo blade turbine called the Stream Engine ESD-SE-4. They are a Canadian company and therefore the prices used in the cost analysis represent a real solution that can be purchased in Canada, and not an item that is from U.S. or other markets.


====EIOLCA====
&lt;table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=554
 style='width:415.5pt;margin-left:5.4pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:
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 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;SO2 (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;CO (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Nox&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;VOC (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;PM10 (&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sheet Metal work manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Plastics plumbing fixtures and all other
  plastics products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0046&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0170&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0042&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0048&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator set units
  manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0204&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0059&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0025&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0087&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0086&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Machinery and equipment rental and
  leasing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0038&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Other maintenance and repair construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0053&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0132&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0246&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1662&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0473&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0192&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0055&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sheet Metal work manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0340&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0083&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0559&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Plastics plumbing fixtures and all other
  plastics products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.9183&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.2820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0950&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.9521&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2734&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator set units
  manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8263&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0224&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3763&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1433&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.1106&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0704&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8610&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0147&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0444&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1194&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Machinery and equipment rental and
  leasing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0982&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0135&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0014&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0225&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Other maintenance and repair construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.6410&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0082&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0880&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0094&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1466&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0107&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Eco-system&lt;/u&gt;

The main societal impact of any micro hydro generation system is the disruption of the eco-system it is implemented in. Although micro hydro systems are generally safe, and environmentally friendly, whenever a man made object is installed in nature, there are always undesirable consequences. Fish are often killed as they travel downstream and get caught in the turbine or intake mesh. It is estimated that in major hydro power sites, turbines eliminate [http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xNzk4MSZjdG5faW5mb192aWV3X3NpemU9Y3RuX2luZm9fdmlld19mdWxsJjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~ 25-73% of the juvenile and adult fish.]&lt;ref&gt; “UN Atlas of the Ocans” [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 26]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;River damming&lt;/u&gt;

One issue that is important to address with micro hydro systems is the effects of river damming. Although the system being implemented above only uses an intake system and does not dam the river, similar effects are experienced - on a smaller scale.
There is often an increase in temperature of the water around the dam. This results in changes to the “biotic-makeup” of the water in the river. This can affect what kind of plants and algae grow at the site.  

&lt;u&gt;Excavation&lt;/u&gt;

In addition to the river effects of the micro hydro system, there are also effects from the installation of the system due to substantial excavation for pipelines. The grading and removal of soil can disrupt animal’s homes and drive them out of an area. The running of a pipeline may also damage the root systems on trees and other plants, and may even cause them to die.

===Alternative 2: Solar/Wind===
====Functional====
A wind and solar energy system can prove to be a quite effective source of energy to supply a small home.  Typically, when it is sunny, it is calm, and when it is cloudy, it is windy.  In this case, these hybrid components work hand in hand with each other to use natural power in any weather.  Using only natural elements to harness energy, this system is very environmentally friendly during the usage stage of its life. 
Each windmill produces [http://www.alphasolar.net/alpha_solar_037.htm 1600kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Southwest Windpower wind turbines”, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; at a wind speed of [http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/climatology/speed_avg/ 8mph]&lt;ref&gt;“Average Wind Speed”, Climatology, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; (typical average for Muskoka).  Each solar panel produces approximately [http://www.wholesalesolar.com/products.folder/module-folder/sharp/sharpND216.html 254kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Sharp ND-208UI Solar Panel”, Wholesale Solar, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 24]&lt;/ref&gt; under an operational efficiency of 13.3%.  In order to power a house demanding 8900kWh of energy per year, one needs 4 windmills and 16 solar panels to operate at minimal output all day long.

====Cost====
The cost of both the windmills and the [[w:solar panels|solar panels]] is quite expensive. The price for one windmill is $2,425 and for one solar panel is $999.  Due to the number of each needed, the total initial cost for these mechanisms becomes $25,684.  This is quite expensive for an energy alternative. However, after the initial cost has been paid, the system becomes cheaper to maintain in latter years of use.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Cost'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal  style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Wind Mill Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,700&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Solar Panel Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,984&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$200/year&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation (once)&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,000&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Total&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$29,820&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
&lt;table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=694
 style='width:520.8pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=67 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:50.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;SO2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=55 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:41.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=69 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:52.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;NOx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=68 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:51.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;VOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=65 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:49.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=84 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:63.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;PM10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.064&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.059&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.256&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;5.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.063&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.402&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;8.74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.197&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;7.78&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.581&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;19.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.607&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.694&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.180&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.038&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.051&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.178&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.151&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;29.576&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.854&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
This system has very little societal impact. The [[w:noise|noise]] given off from the windmill is the main disturbance to the homeowner using the device.  To reduce this sound effect, one must deter from mounting the windmill on the roof or in close proximity of the house.  Instead, securely placing the [[w:windmill|windmill]] on a nearby long steel tower and mounting it into the ground is a better idea.  It is wise to secure the standing windmill tower with steel wires that are staked into the ground.

===Battery Bank===
In order to power our client’s home, the electricity generated by the different alternatives (diesel generator, micro-hydro, and wind/solar hybrid) will be stored in the battery bank. The purpose of this battery bank is to store the extra energy generated by each alternative so that power may be continuously supplied to the home by the batteries during the times when the diesel generator is not running, there is a weak current in the river, or there is minimal wind/sun. This is due to the intermittent nature of the sources. There are three possibilities for the flow of electricity within the system as shown below.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Batterybank.JPG]]
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Exclusion from Comparison&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The battery bank has not been included in the individual analysis of each alternative because the battery bank that will be used is not dependent upon the method of power generation. That is, each alternative will function with the very same battery bank, and therefore no matter how ‘good’ or ‘bad’ the various impacts of the battery bank are, the consideration of these impacts will not aid in the comparison of the three alternatives of power generation discussed in this report. This section of the report is dedicated to providing a potential off-grid home owner with the necessary economic information and environmental impacts pertaining to the implementation of a battery bank.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Functionality and Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For backup and emergency purposes we will require that 2 days worth of electricity must be stored in a battery bank to supply the home when power is not being generated. In order to satisfy this requirement, 21 [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/Amazing/itemdesc.asp?CartId={98A039DE-9DF0-409A-ACF3-06FEVEREST537C57778}&amp;ic=EV%2D216&amp;eq=&amp;Tp= AGM sealed batteries]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt; will be used. Totaling to an initial cost of nearly [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/ $20,000]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;, the battery bank is not a cheap component of off-grid power generation. However, it should be noted that the AGM batteries are rated to last over 20 years.

==Notes and References==

&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Design for the Environment]]</text>
      <sha1>fkf8raf87zlcxkcqri07ea98cz9n2az</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807959</id>
      <parentid>2807958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:37:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
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      <origin>2807959</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="183429" sha1="s132ez2pq2gz5clfvgh8ikdff2tdb9l" xml:space="preserve">one might take for granted the fact that we live amongst a full [[w:infrastructure|infrastructure]] of power distribution and we can find [[w:electricity|electricity ]] wherever we go. However, in some remote locations, this luxury may not be available. There is a need for alternative methods of power generation to supply electricity to a home operating off-grid. In order to shed light on the options available, a comparison between power generation options for a single family home located in Port Sydney, [[w:Muskoka|Muskoka]] will be made. Off-grid power is not cheap, and unfortunately empty pockets are not the only cost. In the age of limited sources of energy, strict regulations and an increasing awareness for our impact as humans on our planet, this analysis will compare each alternative over a 15 year life-cycle and focus on the environmental impacts.

Three options for generation will be considered: a [[w:diesel generator|diesel generator]] (baseline), a [[w:micro hydro|micro hydro]] system, and a solar/wind combination system. The common function is to supply [http://hypertextbook.com/facts/2003/BoiLu.shtml 8,900kWh]&lt;ref&gt;Edited by Glenn Elert, “Power Consumption of a Home”, The Physics Factbook, [Online document], 2003, [cited 2008 March 22]&lt;/ref&gt; of power annually to the home - the average power consumption of a household in the United States. Each option has been carefully selected to satisfy this requirement. 

The diesel generator is one of the most widely available methods of off-grid generation. The [[w:combustion|combustion]] of diesel fuel converts chemical potential into [[w:kinetic energy|kinetic energy]] which in turn spins a generator to create electricity. The micro-hydro system implements a water turbine system to harness gravitational potential and kinetic energy of a river and convert it into rotational motion of a turbine and subsequently electricity. The solar/wind combination system utilizes sources of renewable energy to generate power through solar panels and a wind turbine. 

Each source relies on inputs which are intermittent in nature. The diesel generator must be refilled, the river is not always flowing at its peak, and some days are calm and cloudy. In order to provide a continuous source of power, a [[#Battery_Bank|battery bank]] system to store the electricity will be implemented. However, as this bank is required in each case, it does not aid in our comparison of power generation technologies.
== Project Information ==
*Section: 01
*Group: 8A
**Vuk Dulanovic (Vdulanovic)
**David Grant (David.grant)
**Andrew Demeter (Andrew.demeter)
**Adam Debowski (Adam.debowski)

== Highlights and Recommendations ==
===Major Highlights===
====Functional====
The micro-hydro generation system and the solar/wind combination both rely on a natural source of energy. Specifically, the micro-hydro depends on the flow rate of the river which varies seasonally, and the solar/wind combination depends on sunlight and wind speed, respectively. These natural sources are not consistent and therefore decrease the reliability of the two systems. The diesel generator is the most reliable system since it is not dependant on natural variables.
====Cost====
The table below summarizes the life cycle costs for each option. Based strictly on direct costs, the micro-hydro alternative is the best choice. Click on the links below for a detailed cost breakdown of each alternative.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;

  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''System'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Life Cycle Costs'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_2|Diesel Generator]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$7,049&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,713&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Operating&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,475&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$25,236'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Micro-Hydro&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,618&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Installation &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$4,440&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$5,162&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$19,100'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 rowspan=4 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;[[#Cost_3|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Initial &lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$26,090&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$2,714&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,016&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''Total'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=148 valign=top style='width:110.7pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;'''$29,820'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
The economic input-output life cycle assessment [http://www.eiolca.net (EIOLCA)]&lt;ref&gt;“eiolca.net” [Online document], Carnegie Mellon Green Design Institute, [cited
2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt; is designed to display the amount of releases produced from a 1997 dollar amount of activity in a given sector.  For example, by calculating the cost of a product and entering that amount into the appropriate EIOLCA sector, one can obtain the release values for toxins, green house gases and energy consumption that results from the economic activity. Using the life cycle costs for each alternative, appropriate sectors were selected within the EIOLCA software and results were obtained.

EIOLCA proved to be a strong determining factor in the comparison. By considering the environmental impacts of each system, we can gain a quantitive understanding of how each system affects our ecosystem.  The EIOLCA allows us to pinpoint downfalls of each alternative and consider ways in which they may be improved.

The following is a graph of the releases/consumptions for each alternative as a percentage of the total releases/consumptions for all alternatives.

[[Image:EIOLCA.JPG]]

The following are the totals obtained from the EIOLCA analysis for each alternative. The values in bold are the worst amongst each of the alternatives.&lt;br&gt;

&lt;table border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;'&gt;
    &lt;tr style='padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;Alternative&lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                SO2 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                CO ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Nox ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                VOC ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                Lead ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-left:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                PM10 ( mt)
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.035
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.131
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.028
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.026
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.004
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0247
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.1662
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.0473'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0192
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.0055
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
    &lt;tr style='border-top:none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
        &lt;td&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                [[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.059'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.256'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0.044
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.029'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                0
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
        &lt;td valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
            &lt;p&gt;
                '''0.012'''
            &lt;/p&gt;
        &lt;/td&gt;
    &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=591
 style='width:442.9pt;border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:480;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 nowrap valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Alternative&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=bottom style='width:66.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=bottom style='width:61.6pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=bottom style='width:61.95pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=bottom style='width:63.45pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_2|Diesel]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''17.437'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;11.423&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_3|Micro Hydro]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:17.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 valign=top style='width:66.25pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;[[#EIOLCA_4|Solar/Wind]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 valign=top style='width:66.95pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.25pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''0.178'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''4.151'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 colspan=2 valign=top style='width:62.15pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''1.022'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 valign=top style='width:61.4pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''29.576'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 valign=top style='width:63.45pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:27.0pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;'''0.854'''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;

 &lt;tr height=0&gt;
  &lt;td width=88 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=89 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=1 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=82 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=85 style='border:none'&gt;&lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;

&lt;/table&gt;


Based on the results obtained above, Micro-Hydro performs best overall as it imposes the least stress on the environment through harmful emmissions. Solar/wind has the most toxic releases, and the highest energy consumption due to the significant energy inputs required in the manufacturing phase. In addition to this, the diesel generator option contributes the most to global warming as it is the only option that burns fossil fuels.

====SLCA====
[[Image:slca.JPG|right]]
The Visual SLCA chart helps us see which alternatives are stronger in each category (the higher the score, the more environmentally friendly). In the Materials Provisioning stage of the process of power generation, the diesel generator ranks the lowest due to the amount of mining and refining required. The other alternatives require significantly less metal components. Another interesting thing to note is that the micro-hydro and solar/wind hybrid systems score the same in the Primary Process category. The reason for this is because they both satisfy the same functional requirement while affecting the environment at the same level (during the primary process). The diesel generator, on the other hand, satisfies the same functional requirements while negatively affecting the environment via the combustion of a fossil fuel. During the Secondary Process, all of the alternatives rank the same. The reason for this equality is associated with the nature of the Secondary Process, itself. In the case of supplying an off-grid home with power, the use of a battery bank to store the generated power (which will be supplied to the home in periods of wind/sun/river current lull or when the diesel generator is off) is necessary. Within the scope of this project, therefore, the Secondary Process refers to the management of power within the batter bank. Due to the fact that every alternative (within the scope of this report) is designed to function with the same batter bank, the Secondary Process for each alternative bears the same, and relatively low, impact on the environment.

====Societal====
Each of the three systems has some sort of societal effect that should be accounted for to make the best possible decision. Some possible impacts include generated noise, smell, ecological effects, increased water temperature, excavation and natural aesthetics. 
For the case of the diesel generator, noise was not an issue because the chosen model was part of the Quiet Diesel(QD) series. However, the smell given off by the diesel generator could perhaps be an issue to the surrounding neighbours. 
The societal impacts caused by the micro-hydro generation system include river damming and destruction of the surrounding ecosystem. Fish are often killed travelling down stream into the turbine or intake mesh. The increased water temperature causes changes in the biotic makeup of the water in the river. This can cause plants and algae to grow at the site. Excavation can also cause problems for the environment because pipelines must be installed underground and may disrupt animal homes or plant roots. 
The solar/wind combination system has very few societal effects. The most significant is the noise given off by the wind turbine during operation. This effect could be minimized by installing the fan away from the house.

===Final Recommendation===
The final recommendation for providing off-grid electricity for the cottage owner in Port Sydney, Muskoka is the micro-hydro generation system. This decision is based on the conclusion from the functional, cost, streamlined life cycle, economic input/output life cycle, and societal analyses.

The major downfall of this system is observed when considering the functional analysis. This system seems to be the hardest to implement because of the excavation for the pipelines.  
However, when looking at the EIOLCA, micro-hydro has the least amount of GWP and also releases the least amount of toxins. Along with this system being the most environmentally friendly, it is also the cheapest. The initial cost for this system is fairly large but because it harnesses natural energy and requires no other costs other than regular maintenance. With an overall cost of $19,100 USD, micro-hydro is the cheapest of the three alternatives, with diesel costing approximately $25,000 USD and the solar/wind combination being the most expensive at approximately $30,000 USD. 

When taking into consideration the societal effects, a minor downfall is that it disrupts the ecology of the nearby river. However, large amounts of fish are killed only when major hydro power sites are present. In our client’s case, this is a simple and small water turbine that will not cause a large enough effect for it to be deemed dangerous.

==Additional Information==
===Baseline: Diesel Generator===
====Functional====
The average American household uses 8,900kWh of electricity every year . The diesel generator which has been chosen (Onan 8.0 HDKAU) will output 6kW of power when running, and will burn a quarter gallon of fuel every hour .In order to supply 8,900kWh of electricity annually, the diesel generator must be left running for four hours every day. Estimating the price of fuel to be $3.75 per gallon, the generator would burn $1,500 of diesel annually.

====Cost====
&lt;u&gt;Initial Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The Onan generator has an initial cost of $7000 USD (this figure includes installation costs). The shipping cost, however, is not included in the purchase price. The location of the off-grid home (120km away from the nearest Onan distribution site) introduces a cost of roughly [http://www.freightmonster.com/index.aspx $300 USD]&lt;ref&gt;Get a Quote”, Freight Monster, [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 20]&lt;/ref&gt;.

&lt;u&gt;Maintenance Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost of maintenance has been estimated to be roughly $150 annually. The estimation has taken into account the need for very little maintenance during the first few years of the generator’s life, and an increased amount of maintenance as the generator ages.

&lt;u&gt;Operating Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The cost incurred during the operation of the generator is attributed only to the cost of diesel fuel consumed by the generator. At $3.75 per gallon, the generator consumes $1,500 annually.

&lt;u&gt;Disposal Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
A diesel generator will generally last longer than 15 years (which is the lifetime of each alternative within the scope of this project). Therefore, there will be no real cost associated with its disposal. In fact, our cottage owner would probably be able to sell the generator for a profit, or simply have the generator taken away at no cost. If the generator was not functional at the end of its life, it would either be recycled or refurbished, neither of which have strong environmental impacts.

====EIOLCA====
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.052&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
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  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
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 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
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  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.009&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.019&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.131&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.028&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.026&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Under&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Grnd&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt;. kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Motor and generator manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.92&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.035&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.961&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.258&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.45&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.217&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation of Generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.847&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.054&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Commercial machinery&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span
  style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;repair and maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.635&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.030&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.574&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Advertising and related services&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.175&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Petroleum refineries&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.29&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.037&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.403&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.134&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.382&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.079&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:none;
  mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Oil and gas extraction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Diesel&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;9.57&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.542&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.199&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.919&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.238&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;17.437&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.146&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.098&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.629&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;11.423&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=top style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.55pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.578&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Noise&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The largest societal concern of an internal combustion generator would normally be the noise pollution. A diesel generator, however, is generally quieter than a gas powered generator because it outputs the same power at roughly half of the speed. Furthermore, the Onan 8.0 HDKAU is a part of Onan’s QD (Quiet Diesel) series which create much less noise pollution than other diesel generators with comparable power ratings. In fact, the 8.0 HDKAU has a decibel rating of 67dB (heard 10 feet away from the generator), which is just [http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/aeo/assumption/residential_footnotes.html slightly louder than a normal conversation between two people.]&lt;ref&gt;“Fuel and Energy Source Codes and Emission Coefficients”, Energy Information Administration, [Online document], 2000, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;Smell&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Another societal concern is the smell of burning diesel fuel. If there are neighbours nearby, they may complain about the odour. If a home is off-grid, however, there is a high probability that the area is not very populated.

===Alternative 1: Micro-hydro===
====Functional====
A micro hydro power generation system harnesses both kinetic and gravitational potential of a river. These two sources of energy come from two characteristics of the river, the head and the flow rate. These will be discussed further in the Site Definition section. The moving water from the river is directed into a pipeline through the use of an “intake”, and fired through water jets which in turn spin a turbine blade. This rotational motion can be easily converted into electricity and stored in a battery storage system.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Site Definition and Power Potential&lt;/u&gt;

The river this micro-hydro generation system will be installed on has the following characteristics:

'''Head:''' 140ft (the vertical distance from the intake to the turbine)

'''Peak Flow rate:''' 300gpm (the amount of water flowing through per unit time)

[[Image:Microhydroplan.JPG]]


In order to calculate the net head of the micro turbine system, we must subtract the head losses in the piping used from head provided by the elevation change.

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Net head = 140ft – (300ft x 17.90ft/100ft of piping) =  86.3 ft&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;Estimated Power (W) = (Net head*Flow rate)/ Efficiency Factor [12]&lt;/p&gt;

Typical efficiency Factors range from 9 to 14 depending on the system employed. For the purposes of this analysis we will use a factor of 10 which equates to [http://www.homepower.com/basics/hydro/ ~53% system efficiency]&lt;ref&gt;P. Cunningham and I. Woofenden, “Microhydro Electricity Basics” [Online
document],[cited 2008 March 27]&lt;/ref&gt;.  This efficiency also includes the losses in the transmission lines, battery storage system, and AC inversion processes, and thus the estimated power below should be close to what the system will produce in reality. 

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Estimated Power = 1036 Watts &lt;br&gt;'''&lt;/p&gt;

&lt;p style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Annual Energy Output (kWh) = 9071.856 kWh'''&lt;/p&gt;

Since the annual energy requirement was set at 8900kWh per year, based on the analysis above the micro hydro system is able to meet this demand.

For high-head (above 20ft) applications, it is ideal use a turbine with a [http://www.wind.appstate.edu/reports/microhydro_factsheet.pdf Turgo–type blade]&lt;ref&gt;“Fact Sheet: Microhydro”, Western North Carolina Renewable Energy Initiative,
Appalachian State University, [Online document], 2007 January, [cited 2008 March 15]&lt;/ref&gt;. This type of turbine blade allows for water jets to be angled at the blade instead of firing straight on. This makes it possible to increase the number of water jets, which in turn allows the turbine to handle higher flow rates.

Energy Systems and Design produces a Turgo blade turbine called the Stream Engine ESD-SE-4. They are a Canadian company and therefore the prices used in the cost analysis represent a real solution that can be purchased in Canada, and not an item that is from U.S. or other markets.


====EIOLCA====
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  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0246&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFFF99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1662&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0473&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0192&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0055&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP (MTCO2E)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total (TJ)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.
  (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;. (kg)&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sheet Metal work manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0340&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0004&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0083&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0034&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0559&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF;{{Text color default}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0018&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Plastics plumbing fixtures and all other
  plastics products&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC;{{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.9183&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0247&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.2820&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0950&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.9521&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2734&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator set units
  manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8263&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0224&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3763&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1433&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;3.1106&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0704&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8610&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0147&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0444&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1194&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:13.5pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0105&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Machinery and equipment rental and
  leasing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0982&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0013&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0135&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0014&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0225&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0016&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:14;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-top:
  none;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Other maintenance and repair construction&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 valign=bottom style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.6410&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0082&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0880&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0094&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 valign=bottom style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.1466&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 valign=bottom style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:
  none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:23.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0107&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:15;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=165 style='width:123.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=66 style='width:49.5pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;6.3788&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.0718&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.8126&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.2616&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=63 style='width:47.55pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.4070&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=70 style='width:52.3pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}}
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:24.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.3685&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
&lt;u&gt;Eco-system&lt;/u&gt;

The main societal impact of any micro hydro generation system is the disruption of the eco-system it is implemented in. Although micro hydro systems are generally safe, and environmentally friendly, whenever a man made object is installed in nature, there are always undesirable consequences. Fish are often killed as they travel downstream and get caught in the turbine or intake mesh. It is estimated that in major hydro power sites, turbines eliminate [http://www.oceansatlas.org/servlet/CDSServlet?status=ND0xNzk4MSZjdG5faW5mb192aWV3X3NpemU9Y3RuX2luZm9fdmlld19mdWxsJjY9ZW4mMzM9KiYzNz1rb3M~ 25-73% of the juvenile and adult fish.]&lt;ref&gt; “UN Atlas of the Ocans” [Online document], 2008, [cited 2008 March 26]&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;u&gt;River damming&lt;/u&gt;

One issue that is important to address with micro hydro systems is the effects of river damming. Although the system being implemented above only uses an intake system and does not dam the river, similar effects are experienced - on a smaller scale.
There is often an increase in temperature of the water around the dam. This results in changes to the “biotic-makeup” of the water in the river. This can affect what kind of plants and algae grow at the site.  

&lt;u&gt;Excavation&lt;/u&gt;

In addition to the river effects of the micro hydro system, there are also effects from the installation of the system due to substantial excavation for pipelines. The grading and removal of soil can disrupt animal’s homes and drive them out of an area. The running of a pipeline may also damage the root systems on trees and other plants, and may even cause them to die.

===Alternative 2: Solar/Wind===
====Functional====
A wind and solar energy system can prove to be a quite effective source of energy to supply a small home.  Typically, when it is sunny, it is calm, and when it is cloudy, it is windy.  In this case, these hybrid components work hand in hand with each other to use natural power in any weather.  Using only natural elements to harness energy, this system is very environmentally friendly during the usage stage of its life. 
Each windmill produces [http://www.alphasolar.net/alpha_solar_037.htm 1600kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Southwest Windpower wind turbines”, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; at a wind speed of [http://collaboration.cmc.ec.gc.ca/science/arma/climatology/speed_avg/ 8mph]&lt;ref&gt;“Average Wind Speed”, Climatology, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 23]&lt;/ref&gt; (typical average for Muskoka).  Each solar panel produces approximately [http://www.wholesalesolar.com/products.folder/module-folder/sharp/sharpND216.html 254kWh/year]&lt;ref&gt;“Sharp ND-208UI Solar Panel”, Wholesale Solar, [Online document], [cited 2008 March 24]&lt;/ref&gt; under an operational efficiency of 13.3%.  In order to power a house demanding 8900kWh of energy per year, one needs 4 windmills and 16 solar panels to operate at minimal output all day long.

====Cost====
The cost of both the windmills and the [[w:solar panels|solar panels]] is quite expensive. The price for one windmill is $2,425 and for one solar panel is $999.  Due to the number of each needed, the total initial cost for these mechanisms becomes $25,684.  This is quite expensive for an energy alternative. However, after the initial cost has been paid, the system becomes cheaper to maintain in latter years of use.

&lt;table class=MsoTableGrid border=1 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0
 style='border-collapse:collapse;border:none;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
 mso-yfti-tbllook:191;mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;mso-border-insideh:
 .5pt solid windowtext;mso-border-insidev:.5pt solid windowtext'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''Cost'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal  style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;'''2008 $USD'''&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Wind Mill Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$9,700&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Solar Panel Initial&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$15,984&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Maintenance&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$200/year&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Transportation (once)&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$1,000&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=197 valign=top style='width:2.05in;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;Total&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=98 valign=top style='width:73.8pt;border-top:none;border-left:none;
  border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;height:6.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;$29,820&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====EIOLCA====
&lt;table class=MsoNormalTable border=0 cellspacing=0 cellpadding=0 width=694
 style='width:520.8pt;border-collapse:collapse;mso-padding-alt:0in 0in 0in 0in'&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:0;mso-yfti-firstrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Sector&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=67 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:50.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99;; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;SO2&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=55 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:41.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;CO&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=69 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:52.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;NOx&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=68 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:51.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;VOC&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=65 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:49.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Lead&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=84 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:63.0pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-left:none;mso-border-top-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;PM10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:1;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:15.9pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;mt&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:2;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99;; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.036&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.057&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:14.1pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.007&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:3;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.020&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.064&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.015&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.011&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:20.4pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.005&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:4;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.006&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.002&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:5;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.001&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.129&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#FFFF99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:12.75pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.000&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:6;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.059&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.256&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.044&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:7;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;GWP&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Tot Air &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Water &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Land &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF; {{Text default color}};padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span class=SpellE&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;U'ground&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span
  lang=EN-US&gt; &lt;span class=SpellE&gt;Rel&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:8;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;MTCO2E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;TJ&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;kg&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:9;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Turbine and turbine generator&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;set units manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Wind Turbines&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;5.13&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.063&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.06&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.402&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;8.74&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.197&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:10;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;All other electronic component&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;manufacturing&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Solar Panels&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;7.78&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.090&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.86&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.581&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;19.6&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.607&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:11;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Electronic equipment repair and
  maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Maintenance&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.694&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.008&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.180&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.029&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.10&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.038&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:12;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Truck Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Transportation&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFCC;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;2.12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #FFCC99;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.017&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.051&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.010&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.136&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:#99CCFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;
  height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.012&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
 &lt;tr style='mso-yfti-irow:13;mso-yfti-lastrow:yes;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;td width=203 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:152.4pt;border:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  border-top:none;mso-border-left-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;padding:
  .75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;&lt;span style='mso-spacerun:yes'&gt; &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td width=83 nowrap valign=bottom style='width:62.4pt;border-top:none;
  border-left:none;border-bottom:solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;
  mso-border-bottom-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;
  background:#CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;Total&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;15.724&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.178&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;4.151&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;1.022&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;29.576&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
  &lt;td nowrap valign=bottom style='border-top:none;border-left:none;border-bottom:
  solid windowtext 1.0pt;border-right:solid windowtext 1.0pt;mso-border-bottom-alt:
  solid windowtext .5pt;mso-border-right-alt:solid windowtext .5pt;background:
  #CCFFFF;padding:.75pt .75pt 0in .75pt;height:11.25pt'&gt;
  &lt;p class=MsoNormal&gt;&lt;span lang=EN-US&gt;0.854&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;
  &lt;/td&gt;
 &lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

====Societal====
This system has very little societal impact. The [[w:noise|noise]] given off from the windmill is the main disturbance to the homeowner using the device.  To reduce this sound effect, one must deter from mounting the windmill on the roof or in close proximity of the house.  Instead, securely placing the [[w:windmill|windmill]] on a nearby long steel tower and mounting it into the ground is a better idea.  It is wise to secure the standing windmill tower with steel wires that are staked into the ground.

===Battery Bank===
In order to power our client’s home, the electricity generated by the different alternatives (diesel generator, micro-hydro, and wind/solar hybrid) will be stored in the battery bank. The purpose of this battery bank is to store the extra energy generated by each alternative so that power may be continuously supplied to the home by the batteries during the times when the diesel generator is not running, there is a weak current in the river, or there is minimal wind/sun. This is due to the intermittent nature of the sources. There are three possibilities for the flow of electricity within the system as shown below.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Batterybank.JPG]]
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Exclusion from Comparison&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
The battery bank has not been included in the individual analysis of each alternative because the battery bank that will be used is not dependent upon the method of power generation. That is, each alternative will function with the very same battery bank, and therefore no matter how ‘good’ or ‘bad’ the various impacts of the battery bank are, the consideration of these impacts will not aid in the comparison of the three alternatives of power generation discussed in this report. This section of the report is dedicated to providing a potential off-grid home owner with the necessary economic information and environmental impacts pertaining to the implementation of a battery bank.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;u&gt;Functionality and Cost&lt;/u&gt;&lt;br&gt;
For backup and emergency purposes we will require that 2 days worth of electricity must be stored in a battery bank to supply the home when power is not being generated. In order to satisfy this requirement, 21 [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/Amazing/itemdesc.asp?CartId={98A039DE-9DF0-409A-ACF3-06FEVEREST537C57778}&amp;ic=EV%2D216&amp;eq=&amp;Tp= AGM sealed batteries]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt; will be used. Totaling to an initial cost of nearly [http://www.energyalternatives.ca/ $20,000]&lt;ref&gt;“Energy Alternatives”, [Online document], Energy Alternatives, [cited 2008 March 21]&lt;/ref&gt;, the battery bank is not a cheap component of off-grid power generation. However, it should be noted that the AGM batteries are rated to last over 20 years.

==Notes and References==

&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Design for the Environment]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brezhoneg C'hwec'h/Lesson 2</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>58933</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807933</id>
      <parentid>2214595</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:48:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2807933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8898" sha1="27bwywdeiix1epa334hfcixde9ecm65" xml:space="preserve">{{Breton}}

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 99%; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: PapayaWhip;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |

== Irregular verbs / The Past Tense ==

=== &quot;To have&quot; / &quot;Kaout&quot; or &quot;Endevout&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Irregular Verb Endevout / Kaout (''To have'') - Past'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Impersonal form!! Continuous Tense&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! Continuous Tense&lt;br&gt;Impersonal form!! English meaning
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|am boa
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;|am beze
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|I had
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|az poa
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;|az peze
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You had (sg.)
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|en doa
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;|en deveze
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|He had
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|he doa
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;|he deveze
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|She had
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|hor boa
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;|hor beze
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|We had
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|ho poa
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;|ho peze
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You had (pl.)
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|o doa 
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;|o deveze
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|They had
|-
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;|
|-
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#FEC3AC&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:#FF5E4D&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Impersonal &lt;br&gt;passive
|-
|}
{{center bottom}}

=== &quot;To know&quot; / &quot;Gouzout&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Irregular Verb Gouzout (''To know'') - Past'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Impersonal form!! With auxiliary&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouien
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Me a ouie Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a raen Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|I knew German
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouies
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Te a ouie Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a raes Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You knew German (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouie
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|En a ouie Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a rae Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|He knew German
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouie
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|He a ouie Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a rae Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|She knew German
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouiemp
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Ni a ouie Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a raemp Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|We knew German
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouiec'h
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|C'hwi a ouie Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a raec'h Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You knew German (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouient
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Int a ouie Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a raent Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|They knew german
|-  
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;|
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Alamaneg a ouied 
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Gouzout a raed Alamaneg
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Impersonal &lt;br&gt;passive
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

=== &quot;To go&quot; / &quot;Mont&quot; ===

[[[wikt:br:mont||Troioù lavar / Usual expressions]]]

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Irregular Verb Mont (''To go'') - Past'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Impersonal form!! With auxiliary&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez aen
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Me a yae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a raen da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|I went to Kemper
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez aes
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Te a yae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a raes da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You went to Kemper (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez ae
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|En a yae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a rae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|He went to Kemper
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez ae
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|He a yae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a rae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|She went to Kemper
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez aemp
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Ni a yae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a raemp da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|We went to Kemper
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez aec'h
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|C'hwi a yae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a raec'h da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You went to Kemper (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez aent
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|Int a yae da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a raent da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|They went to Kemper
|-  
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;|
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Da Gemper ez aed 
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| Mond a raed da Gemper
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Impersonal &lt;br&gt;passive
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

=== &quot;To do&quot; / &quot;Ober&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Irregular Verb Ober (''To do'') - Past'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! Past Tense&lt;br&gt;Impersonal form!! With auxiliary&lt;br&gt;Personal form!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a raen
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|I made noise
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a raes
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You made noise (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a rae
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|He made noise
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a rae
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|She made noise
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a raemp
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|We made noise
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a raec'h
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|You made noise (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a raent 
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|They made noise
|-  
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:White&quot;|
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Trouz a raed 
|style=&quot;background:#82C46C&quot;|
|style=&quot;background:#F0E36B&quot;| 
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Impersonal &lt;br&gt;passive
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

== Exercises/Ober ==

=== Self training ===
Now , you have seen how it's done.

Take the verbs from this lesson and write their Past tense.

Now underneath , make some sentences up , for each verb.  Eg. ''Me a oar kembraeg'' (I know welsh).

=== Quiz ===

[[/Quiz|Go to the Quiz]]

|}

{{Template:Page Turner
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|PreviousPage=Brezhoneg C'hwec'h/Lesson 1
|NextPage=Brezhoneg C'hwec'h/Lesson 3
|LessonFirstPage=Brezhoneg C'hwec'h
|NextLesson=Brezhoneg Seizh
|FirstPage=Topic:Breton
|Division=Topic:Brythonic Celtic Languages Division
}}

[[Category:Brezhoneg C'hwec'h]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 6</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>59728</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807934</id>
      <parentid>2214610</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:49:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2807934</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8721" sha1="qwl2gisy2186xrsikrjml8fnajiqo3v" xml:space="preserve">{{Breton}}{{Template:25%done}}

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
| style=&quot;background-color: #87e990;{{Text default color}}; border: 1px solid #777777; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |

== Lesson 6/Kentel C'hwec'h : Araogennoù (Prepositions) ==

Prepositions are combined with the personal pronoun when relevant.

Eg. &quot;Evid&quot; (for) gives &quot;Brezhoneg zo mat '''evidon'''.&quot; (Breton is good '''for me''').

=== Preposition &quot;From&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;A&quot; (''From'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ac'hanon
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|From me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ac'hanout
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|From you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Anezhañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|From him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Anezhi
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|From her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ac'hanomp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|From us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ac'hanoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|From you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Anezho / Anezhe
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|From them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

[[Image:01 Achanon.ogg]]

=== Preposition &quot;For&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;Evid&quot; (''For'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightYellow&quot;|Evidon
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|For me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightYellow&quot;|Evidout
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|For you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightYellow&quot;|Evitañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|For him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Eviti
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|For her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Evidomp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|For us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Evidoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|For you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Evito
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|For them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

'''Prepositions from the same type :'''

:Davet (toward) : Davedon&lt;br&gt;
:Eget (than) : Egedon&lt;br&gt;
:Estreget (other than) : Estregedon&lt;br&gt;
:Evel (as) : Eveldon&lt;br&gt;
:Hep (without) : Hepdon&lt;br&gt;
:Nemet (but for) : Nemedon&lt;br&gt;
:Panevet (if it hadn't been for) : Panavedon

=== Preposition &quot;Upon&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;War&quot; (''Upon'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Warnon
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Upon me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Warnout
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Upon you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Warnañ, warnezhañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Upon him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Warni, warnezhi
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Upon her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Warnomp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Upon us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Warnoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Upon you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Warno, warnezho
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Upon them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

'''Prepositions from the same type :'''

:Diwar (of) : Diwarnon

=== Preposition &quot;In&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;E (en)&quot; (''In'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ennon
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|In me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ennout
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|In you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ennañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|In him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Enni
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|In her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ennomp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|In us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ennoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|In you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Enno
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|In them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

 Ne sonjan nemet '''ennoc'h''' !
 I only think of you !
(Song from Nolwenn Korbell)

'''Prepositions from the same type :'''

:Dindan (under) : Dindanon

=== Preposition &quot;By&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;Dre&quot; (''By'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Drezon
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|By me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Drezout
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|By you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Drezañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|By him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Drezi
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|By her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Drezomp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|By us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Drezoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|By you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Drezo
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|By them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

'''Prepositions from the same type :'''

:A-raog (before) : Araozon&lt;br&gt;
:Dirak (in front of) : Dirazon&lt;br&gt;
:Kenetre (between) : Kenetrezomp&lt;br&gt;
:Eme (said I, said he, etc.) : Emezon&lt;br&gt;
:Etre (between) : Etrezomp&lt;br&gt;
:Hervez (According to) : Hervezon&lt;br&gt;
:Rak (before) : Razon

=== Preposition &quot;To&quot; / &quot;Toward&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;Da&quot; (''Toward'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Din
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Toward me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Dit
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Toward you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Dezhañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Toward him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Dezhi
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Toward her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Dimp, Deomp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Toward us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Deoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Toward you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Dezho
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Toward them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

=== Preposition &quot;Against&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;Ouzh&quot; (''Against'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ouzhin
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Against me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ouzhit
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Against you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Outañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Against him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Outi
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Against her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ouzhimp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Against us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ouzhoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Against you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Outo
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|Against them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

'''Prepositions from the same type :'''

:A-zioc'h (above) : Aziouzhin&lt;br&gt;
:Diouzh (from) : Diouzhin

=== Preposition &quot;With&quot; ===

{{center top}}
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:100%&quot;
|+ '''Preposition &quot;Gant&quot; (''With'')'''
|-style=&quot;background:LightGrey; color:Brown&quot;
! Brezhoneg!! English meaning 
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ganin
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|With me
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ganit
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|With you (sg.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Gantañ
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|With him
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ganti
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|With her
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ganimp, Ganeomp
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|With us
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ganeoc'h
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|With you (pl.)
|-  
|style=&quot;background:LightGreen&quot;|Ganto
|style=&quot;background:LightBlue&quot;|With them
|-  
|}
{{center bottom}}

'''Prepositions from the same type :'''

:Digant (from) : Diganin

|}

{{Template:Page Turner
|PreviousLesson=Brezhoneg Unan
|PreviousPage=Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 5
|NextPage=Brezhoneg Daoù/Lesson 7
|LessonFirstPage=Brezhoneg Daoù
|NextLesson=Brezhoneg Tri
|FirstPage=Topic:Breton
|Division=Topic:Brythonic Celtic Languages Division
}}

[[Category:Breton]]</text>
      <sha1>qwl2gisy2186xrsikrjml8fnajiqo3v</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Empathy</title>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
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[[File:Empathy facial expression 2.png|thumb|right|200px|An AI-generated photorealistic facial expression consistent with the emotional experience of empathy]]

'''Empathy''' is a common affective human reaction to another person’s situation and, in particular, is about the extent to which a person understands anoother's perspectives (Davis, 1983). Empathy essentially involves mirroring the emotional experience of another.

In emotion science, empathy can be distinguished from related interpersonal emotions such as compassion and sympathy.

==See also==
* [[w:Empathy|Empathy]] (Wikipedia)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Individual emotions|Individual emotions]] (Motivation and emotion lecture)

==Reference==
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''44'', 113–126.

{{psych-stub}}
&lt;!--==See also==--&gt;
{{search}} 

[[Category:Social psychology]]
[[Category:Empathy| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity:Request custodian action</title>
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        <username>Jtneill</username>
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      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Antispam - Filter 12 */ Reply</comment>
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      <text bytes="39572" sha1="olzrpgk71gscgg680fyb5vuur6moypi" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}}
== Dan Polansky ==

I would like to ask you to assess the behavior of Dan Polansky, who in my opinion continues to violate [[Wikiversity:Etiquette|Etiquette]], calls users who disagree with him trolls, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Harold_Foppele&amp;oldid=2760143#Your_qualification questions their expertise], tests them, etc. This is most evident in [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]], where he has already indicated that two discussion opponents are trolls. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:05, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
: The coddling of overt disruptor Harold Foppele (substantiation is in RCA above) and proven provocateur and disruptor Juandev (substantiation in CR above) must stop. The English Wikiversity must start to properly curate its content and discipline disruptive editors. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] is underway; outcome pending. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:03, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::It has been closed with consensus to ban him indefinitely from this project, I believe there is nothing else to do here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:06, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

== Sidewide count.js ==

i would like something like: [[Template:User contrib count/count.js]]. i created [[Template:User contrib count]] and a user/common.js. {{User contrib count}}.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; so a &quot;count.js&quot; would complete it. See [[User:Harold Foppele/common.js]].
If an Administrator could help please. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

== need to add my profile ==

im trying to add new profile content  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:03, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

:You can edit it now. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:05, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::where can create a new one [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::i have created and its in sandbox. i would like to know when it will be approved  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 19:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Please don’t create [[wv:spam|spam]] pages as it will be deleted. Please also read [[WV:Scope]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 04:01, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Im trying to add new profile while add content its shows not alowed ==

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Exceeded New Page Limit

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

== New User: cannot create talk page ==

Hi, I am a new user of Wikiversity and I wanted to create a talk page for the article [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing]]. As a new user, I was barred from performing this action. The text that I wanted to add to the talk page is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have doubts as to to the reliability of this essay. Take for rexample the sentence:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Due to its efficiency, AI has saved 380,000-403,000 lives per year in European healthcare as reported in a recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report&lt;ref&gt;Dantas, C., Mackiewicz, K., Tageo, V., Jacucci, G., Guardado, D., Ortet, S., Varlamis, I., Maniadakis, M., De Lera, E., Quintas, J., Kocsis, O., &amp; Vassiliou, C. (2021). Benefits and hurdles of AI in the workplace – what comes next? ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 10'', 9-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351993615_Benefits_and_Hurdles_of_AI_In_The_Workplace_-What_Comes_Next&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Reading the reference (freely available on ResearchGate), one notes:

# that the reference is from 2021 (predating the widespread use of LLMs such as ChatGPT and the associated 'AI' boom), and
# that the reference factually contradicts this essay.

Quoting from the reference:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There are enormous benefits of applying AI-based solutions to monitor workers’ health and prevent accidents or, currently, COVID-19 infections, and those benefits are reported with enormous potential. According to the recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report [11], implementing AI in European healthcare systems could save up 380,000 to 403,000 lives annually or €170.9 to 212.4 billion per year.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Not that the reference says ''could save'', not ''saves'' as in the essay.

This calls into question the reliability of the essay.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could an administrator make this addition for me? Thank you! 
{{reflist}}
[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 06:53, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] I have added it for you, you can change the header and sign it now. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:05, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 12:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Disallowed to add a page on a course ==

I'm trying to populate a newly created course on Wikiversity, but it blocks me from creating more pages with &quot;New User Exceeded New Page Limit&quot;. Could this be lifted please? [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 13:21, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Sorry! Never mind. I was trying to create a new article instead of a new page. All good now. [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 14:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

== Harold Foppele adding LLM-generated nonsense and personal fiction ==

I became aware of [[User:Harold Foppele]]'s editing after I deleted some of his uploads on Commons. He appears to be adding a large amount of text and images that are some combination of personal fiction and LLM-generated nonsense. This includes:
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers#Future thought experiment|Personal speculative fiction]] in an otherwise &quot;nonfiction&quot; article
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg|diagrams]] and [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg|renders]] for nonexistent lab equipment, with fake source (on Commons, he indicated these files as having been created by him using an LLM)
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created images of equations with obvious artifacts. These images, such as [[:File:Redfield equation (non-Markovian).png]] and [[:File:Lindblad equation (Markovian).png]], don't even match the text he puts them with.
Much of his writing is also of extremely poor quality, to the point where it's not clear whether it's written by him or an LLM. I'm not an active editor on this project, so I'm not as familiar with the standards here, but I believe this is worth custodian attention. [[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] ([[User talk:Pi.1415926535|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi.1415926535|contribs]]) 03:06, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

:Fake source ''and'' contradictory copyright info, claiming both public domain and CC license. Moreover, if they are indeed nearly-direct LLM output, depending on jurisdiction they may not even be eligible for copyright.
:I've put speedy deletion marks for the equations, because they're obviously not coherent mathematical equations (the parentheses don't match, the symbols merge into each other the way text in image models often do, etc) [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:50, 7 March 2026 (UTC)

== Repeated removal of RFD notices by Harold Foppele ==

{{User|Harold Foppele }}

This editor is appearing in multiple noticeboards for behaviour which is contentious. Ther latest adventure is the repeated removal of tye RFD notice at [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]]. You will see from their contributions record the number of times. I have warned Tham on their user tag page that this is tantaomunt to volunteering to be blocked here. They have a track record of achieving blocks on enWiki and Commons already.

They have all the appearance of shooting not to understand when given direct information about their behaviour, whichever project they are editing, and are fast becoming a time sink. Their behaviour across multiple WMF sites may well lead to a Global Lock, but I do not believe they have quite reached the threshold for that.

I believe that what is required is a preventative block to seek to ensure thatchy understand the seriousness of their behaviour, and the need to be collegial. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:03, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:45, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Blocks for sockpuppet ==

Please block [[User:Harold Foppele]] and [[User:Johnwilliamsiii]] for sockpuppetry based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Harold_Foppele en wiki] CU and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1177465640 commons] CU investigations. The user has also violated copyright, see the above discussion. A block is necessary to prevent further abuse. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:30, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]&lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:31, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:CC. @[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]], @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]], @[[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:33, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the ping. I concur based on [[w:en:WP:DUCK|behaviour]]. CUs appear divided. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 11:41, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Problem when trying to start a discussion with authors of the Plurilingual education portal ==

The authors I wanted to discuss with are called &quot;Project PEP&quot; and my name is Franch Chandler. How can I be allowed to do so ? [[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] ([[User talk:French Chandler|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/French Chandler|contribs]]) 18:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] place your qestion [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Projet_PEP&amp;action=edit into the dialog box] on this link and hit Publish page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

== Please publish my post ==

My post is about &quot;Every child grows and develops at their own pace, but some may experience challenges that affect their ability to perform everyday tasks. These challenges can include difficulties with fine motor skills, sensory processing, handwriting, feeding, and self-regulation. When these issues are not addressed early, they can impact a child’s confidence, academic performance, and independence.

With the rise of digital healthcare services, '''online physical therapy''' has emerged as a powerful and accessible solution for parents seeking support for their children. This modern approach provides structured, personalized therapy programs that can be accessed from the comfort of home, making it easier for families to ensure consistent care.&quot; [[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] ([[User talk:Skyabovetherapy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Skyabovetherapy|contribs]]) 12:28, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] Well, you can publish it yourself, Wikiversity is a free environement, where everybody can create educational resources. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:11, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
::They actually triggered some abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:I looked at your attempts to add this text and I see a link to one website repeated many times, which reminds me of the misuse of Wikiversity for self-promotion or to increase the importance of the website. It is necessary to remind you here that Wikiversity is not a place for promotion, but a place for education. So if you want to educate, it will not be a problem to create the page without external links with a clearly defined procedure for how people should use it and what to expect from it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:07, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== New user limit ==

Hi, I am creating an AIPA Method learning resource page. 

I am the author of the linked research, and I hit the “new user limit” and “new page with external link” filters while publishing. 

Here is the link to the page in creation: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=AIPA_Method&amp;veaction=edit] 

Thank you for your help. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:19, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:30, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you, you are very kind. 
::I will wait a day, and try again (without links, too). 
::Today, I already created About Me info page, and maybe that is enough for the filters for one day.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:53, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:56, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work. 
::::There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that. 
::::There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
::::Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies. 
::::Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):    [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:47, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::For the unknown reasons, the form didn't publish my second part of the message: 
:::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
:::::Best Regards, 
:::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::And the third try: 
:::::: == Introduction ==
::::::The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
::::::The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:::::: == Theoretical foundations ==
::::::The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
::::::* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
::::::* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
::::::* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
::::::Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:::::: == Experiential empiricism ==
::::::The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
::::::* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
::::::* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
::::::* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
::::::* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
::::::All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
::::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
::::::Best regards, 
::::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:54, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Unable to publish pages  ==

Whenever I try to publish a page with linked sources it gets flagged and says I'm a new user attempting to publish content with outside links. Those outside links are my sources. [[User:Soboyed|Soboyed]] ([[User talk:Soboyed|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soboyed|contribs]]) 04:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:This restriction is automatically lifted after you have edited for a certain time (I don't recall that time off-hand, but it is not long). This is designed to stop spam. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:53, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Showing error to publish a Post ==

My  action was constructive, not destructive, please allow to publish it. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|&amp;#126;2026-20906-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|talk]]) 08:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:Maybe you got caught in a filter. Consider [[Special:CreateAccount|creating an account]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Your edits, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-20906-18 these ones], seems to have tripped a filter when you tried to create a page on [[Create]] which external links. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:58, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Have you read my [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2802219 previous reply] to you @[[User:~2026-20906-18|~2026-20906-18]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:02, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Abuse filters which should be deleted ==

Hi, there are some abuse filters which should probably be deleted.
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023)
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive)
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:Why do these need to be deleted rather than inactivated? Do inactive abuse filters cause a server strain? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:39, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Deleted filters do not cause strain to the servers. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:These sounds like sensible suggestions but, yes, would inactivation perhaps make more sense than deletion for at least some  filters? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:35, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would keep them @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Alternatively, I would turn off the ones that haven't caught anything for a long time, but I would leave them enabled in case they need to be turned on or improved. If someone has already written the code and we don't have hundreds of free man-hours of programmers on Wikiversity, the server load seems secondary to me, and is negligible compared to other things. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I know how to write abuse filter code and regex, but I would recommend disabling filters that have never caught anything in a long time ''and'' those who made lots of false positives. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:09, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Of course @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]], there are people here today who are capable of changing the code. But the question is what it will be like in a few years, the question is what will happen if those two are busy for a long time, etc. That's why I would leave it so that those who don't know much about code can be inspired by it and will need to do something with it someday - plus, more code for different types of filtering is actually great educational material on how those filters work. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:41, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

Here's the updated list of abuse filters under review with actions I've taken (several disabled, one basic code improvement, and some actions changed) - none have been deleted so they can all be edited and reactivayed - please suggest any further changes:
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore) - One time account spam bot - 4 hits over 10 years ago - Disabled in 2024 - May be useful in future
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018) - Userspace spamming - 778 hits; none since 2018 likely due to global filters - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched) - Specific user page spam - 1,101 hits most recent 7 March 2026 - Still active - Kept enabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives) - Questionable Language (profanity) - 6,055 hits including very recently - However it was logging hits without taking any actions - Edited to reduce likelihood of false positives by only applying filter to users with low (&lt; 20) edit count and applied weak actions to tag and warn but not prevent publishing the content
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023) - Blocked Solicitation Links - 95 hits; none since 2023 - blocks specific historical spam sites - Non-active - Now disabled
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore) - Not reviewed - They are currently disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022) - Fundamental Physics Edits - 347 hits; none since 2022 - Non-active and very specific for a historical issue - Now disabled 
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019) - Page Creation - 20 hits; none since 2019 - Retained for historical reference and possible future updates - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive) - Globally Banned Editor (renamed to Low-edit Spam Monitor) - 2,829 hits including very recent - Only applies to users with less than 5 edits and takes no actions / monitoring only - Reviewing the details of the hits I don't see many false positives and have strengthened its actions to add a tag and warning

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:57, 9 April 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Please block ~2026-20985-80/~2026-21079-90/~2026-21223-88. Reason: Vandalism. [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] ([[User talk:Àncilu|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Àncilu|contribs]]) 23:24, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:All edits should be deleted and the first is blocked by Atcovi. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:33, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Antispam - Filter 12 ==
{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Thanks for contacting me with a suggested [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] for the coupon spam we've been getting. A very much appreciated time saver. Per your suggestion, abuse filter 12 has been reactivated with your updated regex. It should tag and prevent page creation actions for coupon promo etc. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:33, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Please do the following to filter 12:
:# Enable the block action (temporary for unregistered users, indefinite for registered users)
:# Disable both the disallow and tag actions, since that filter will be set to block
: Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:42, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::Excellent. Done:
::* Block duration for non-registered users = 1 week
::* Block duration for registered users = indefinite
::* Disallow and tagging disabled
::Thankyou. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:24, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== Urgent! error message This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed ==

While submitting the post this error was coming &quot;This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link&quot; How to resolve it?

Here is the content:

{{note|marketing material removed}}

[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: That's because Wikiversity doesn't accept advertising. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::So this is fine
::'''Online Internship and Digital Learning for Students'''
::Online learning has become an important part of modern education. With the help of the internet and digital tools, students can now study, practice, and gain experience without being physically present in a classroom. One key part of this system is the online internship, which helps students learn real-world skills along with their studies.
::An online internship allows students to work on tasks and projects through digital platforms. This makes learning more practical and useful, especially for those who want to understand how real work environments function.
::'''Background'''
::The concept of online learning developed from distance education, where students learned from remote locations. Over time, with the growth of digital technology, learning has become more interactive and flexible.
::The introduction of the online internship has added another important layer to digital education. It combines theoretical learning with practical experience, helping students prepare for future careers.
::During global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and online internship programs became essential. They helped students continue learning and gaining experience despite restrictions on physical movement.
::'''Importance of Online Internship'''
::An online internship plays an important role in student development. It helps bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills.
::'''Some key points include:'''
::Students understand how real work is done
::They develop basic professional skills
::It supports career readiness
::It allows learning without location limits
::By participating in an online internship, students can improve their confidence and gain early exposure to different fields.
::'''Features of Online Internship-Based Learning'''
::Modern education platforms often include online internship opportunities as part of their learning system. These usually offer:
::Flexible schedules for students
::Access to learning from home
::Beginner-friendly tasks and projects
::A combination of theory and practice
::Such features make online internship programs suitable for a wide range of learners, including beginners.
::'''Learning Tasks'''
::Explore how online internship programs support student learning in digital environments.
::Identify how students can gain practical experience through an online internship
::Analyze the role of flexible learning in improving student engagement
::Understand how online education and internships work together
::'''References'''
::[https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/E-Learning_Hanaaya-Navaneeth.pdf The Past, Present and Future of E-Learning: Hanaaya Varyani and Navaneeth M S]
::[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9788102 Current Trends and Future Perspectives of e-Learning in India]
::'''See Also'''
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/internship Online Internship]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/ Online Courses]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/kids-learning Kids Learning]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/career_helper/ Career Guidance] [[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] Wikiversity is a resource for education, or a space for education. However, your intention to link to another website is obvious, and such content does not belong here, as it contradicts the purpose of Wikiversity. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

==AI-generated images==
Seeking your advice.

Myself and students use some AI-generated images in the [[Motivation and emotion]] project.

[[User:Dronebogus]] has been removing some of these images from Wikiversity pages and nominating them for deletion at Commons. As a result, some have been deleted and some have been kept.

Dronebogus has made some useful edits and image suggestions for [[Motivation and emotion]] which I've appreciated and  incorporated. However, there are other edits to remove an AI image by Dronebogus that I've reverted where I think the image is more educational than no image or an alternative image suggested by Dronebogus.

There are a couple of pages where Dronebogus has reverted my reversion, so we are at risk of edit warring. We have briefly discussed and warned each other on our user talk pages, but it seems to come down to a difference in perception about the educational usefulness of the AI images.

So, I'm asking here for others to please review the recent edit histories for these pages:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion]]

and let us know what you think about the AI image suitability vs. using no image or alternative images suggested by Dronebogus.

Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think Jtneill needs to try harder to find non-AI alternatives both on Commons and the web. I’m not reiterating the well known problems with generative AI— you can read about those on Wikipedia and the broader Internet. Needless to say it’s kind of just inherently toxic. If you use it, it should be the last resort of last resorts. Just my stance, which I consider perfectly valid and reasonable. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 04:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for Page Creation Approval - Research on Dr. Ian Stevenson ==


'''Hello Administrators,'''

I am a digital archivist and researcher attempting to create an educational page regarding Dr. Ian Stevenson's scientific work, specifically titled &quot;Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect&quot; and its official Vietnamese edition.

My edits are purely constructive, aimed at integrating local research context with global structured data (including '''Wikidata Q139548587'''). The automated filter is currently preventing publication due to &quot;new user external link limits.&quot;

I have ensured that all citations, references, and images (sourced from Wikimedia Commons) are strictly academic and non-promotional. Could you please review my contributions and consider whitelisting my account or approving this specific page creation?

Thank you for your assistance in preserving this research '''legacy''' within the open knowledge ecosystem.

'''Best regards,''' [[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] ([[User talk:Ian Stevenson777|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ian Stevenson777|contribs]]) 07:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
: The page title should probably be in English, as this is English Wikiversity. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:19, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] I looked at the text and it seems to me that it is informative, but the user cannot learn anything from it because they would have to buy the book. In this regard, it seems to me that it is enough [[:w:Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect|to have that article on Wikipedia]] and there is no need to duplicate it here on Wikiversity. If you are particularly interested with its Vietnamese translation, I would focus on Vietnamese Wikipedia, but it seems to me, that the article there [https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%A1i_lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_giao_nhau&amp;oldid=75029095 have some problems at the moment]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:51, 5 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>olzrpgk71gscgg680fyb5vuur6moypi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808012</id>
      <parentid>2808000</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:34:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Call for custodians and bureaucrats */ new section</comment>
      <origin>2808012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40161" sha1="33d9xh56ky2y216rsdycphe2o3czxj7" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}}
== Dan Polansky ==

I would like to ask you to assess the behavior of Dan Polansky, who in my opinion continues to violate [[Wikiversity:Etiquette|Etiquette]], calls users who disagree with him trolls, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Harold_Foppele&amp;oldid=2760143#Your_qualification questions their expertise], tests them, etc. This is most evident in [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]], where he has already indicated that two discussion opponents are trolls. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:05, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
: The coddling of overt disruptor Harold Foppele (substantiation is in RCA above) and proven provocateur and disruptor Juandev (substantiation in CR above) must stop. The English Wikiversity must start to properly curate its content and discipline disruptive editors. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] is underway; outcome pending. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:03, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::It has been closed with consensus to ban him indefinitely from this project, I believe there is nothing else to do here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:06, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

== Sidewide count.js ==

i would like something like: [[Template:User contrib count/count.js]]. i created [[Template:User contrib count]] and a user/common.js. {{User contrib count}}.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; so a &quot;count.js&quot; would complete it. See [[User:Harold Foppele/common.js]].
If an Administrator could help please. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

== need to add my profile ==

im trying to add new profile content  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:03, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

:You can edit it now. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:05, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::where can create a new one [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::i have created and its in sandbox. i would like to know when it will be approved  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 19:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Please don’t create [[wv:spam|spam]] pages as it will be deleted. Please also read [[WV:Scope]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 04:01, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Im trying to add new profile while add content its shows not alowed ==

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Exceeded New Page Limit

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

== New User: cannot create talk page ==

Hi, I am a new user of Wikiversity and I wanted to create a talk page for the article [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing]]. As a new user, I was barred from performing this action. The text that I wanted to add to the talk page is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have doubts as to to the reliability of this essay. Take for rexample the sentence:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Due to its efficiency, AI has saved 380,000-403,000 lives per year in European healthcare as reported in a recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report&lt;ref&gt;Dantas, C., Mackiewicz, K., Tageo, V., Jacucci, G., Guardado, D., Ortet, S., Varlamis, I., Maniadakis, M., De Lera, E., Quintas, J., Kocsis, O., &amp; Vassiliou, C. (2021). Benefits and hurdles of AI in the workplace – what comes next? ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 10'', 9-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351993615_Benefits_and_Hurdles_of_AI_In_The_Workplace_-What_Comes_Next&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Reading the reference (freely available on ResearchGate), one notes:

# that the reference is from 2021 (predating the widespread use of LLMs such as ChatGPT and the associated 'AI' boom), and
# that the reference factually contradicts this essay.

Quoting from the reference:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There are enormous benefits of applying AI-based solutions to monitor workers’ health and prevent accidents or, currently, COVID-19 infections, and those benefits are reported with enormous potential. According to the recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report [11], implementing AI in European healthcare systems could save up 380,000 to 403,000 lives annually or €170.9 to 212.4 billion per year.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Not that the reference says ''could save'', not ''saves'' as in the essay.

This calls into question the reliability of the essay.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could an administrator make this addition for me? Thank you! 
{{reflist}}
[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 06:53, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] I have added it for you, you can change the header and sign it now. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:05, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 12:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Disallowed to add a page on a course ==

I'm trying to populate a newly created course on Wikiversity, but it blocks me from creating more pages with &quot;New User Exceeded New Page Limit&quot;. Could this be lifted please? [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 13:21, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Sorry! Never mind. I was trying to create a new article instead of a new page. All good now. [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 14:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

== Harold Foppele adding LLM-generated nonsense and personal fiction ==

I became aware of [[User:Harold Foppele]]'s editing after I deleted some of his uploads on Commons. He appears to be adding a large amount of text and images that are some combination of personal fiction and LLM-generated nonsense. This includes:
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers#Future thought experiment|Personal speculative fiction]] in an otherwise &quot;nonfiction&quot; article
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg|diagrams]] and [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg|renders]] for nonexistent lab equipment, with fake source (on Commons, he indicated these files as having been created by him using an LLM)
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created images of equations with obvious artifacts. These images, such as [[:File:Redfield equation (non-Markovian).png]] and [[:File:Lindblad equation (Markovian).png]], don't even match the text he puts them with.
Much of his writing is also of extremely poor quality, to the point where it's not clear whether it's written by him or an LLM. I'm not an active editor on this project, so I'm not as familiar with the standards here, but I believe this is worth custodian attention. [[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] ([[User talk:Pi.1415926535|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi.1415926535|contribs]]) 03:06, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

:Fake source ''and'' contradictory copyright info, claiming both public domain and CC license. Moreover, if they are indeed nearly-direct LLM output, depending on jurisdiction they may not even be eligible for copyright.
:I've put speedy deletion marks for the equations, because they're obviously not coherent mathematical equations (the parentheses don't match, the symbols merge into each other the way text in image models often do, etc) [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:50, 7 March 2026 (UTC)

== Repeated removal of RFD notices by Harold Foppele ==

{{User|Harold Foppele }}

This editor is appearing in multiple noticeboards for behaviour which is contentious. Ther latest adventure is the repeated removal of tye RFD notice at [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]]. You will see from their contributions record the number of times. I have warned Tham on their user tag page that this is tantaomunt to volunteering to be blocked here. They have a track record of achieving blocks on enWiki and Commons already.

They have all the appearance of shooting not to understand when given direct information about their behaviour, whichever project they are editing, and are fast becoming a time sink. Their behaviour across multiple WMF sites may well lead to a Global Lock, but I do not believe they have quite reached the threshold for that.

I believe that what is required is a preventative block to seek to ensure thatchy understand the seriousness of their behaviour, and the need to be collegial. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:03, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:45, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Blocks for sockpuppet ==

Please block [[User:Harold Foppele]] and [[User:Johnwilliamsiii]] for sockpuppetry based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Harold_Foppele en wiki] CU and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1177465640 commons] CU investigations. The user has also violated copyright, see the above discussion. A block is necessary to prevent further abuse. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:30, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]&lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:31, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:CC. @[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]], @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]], @[[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:33, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the ping. I concur based on [[w:en:WP:DUCK|behaviour]]. CUs appear divided. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 11:41, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Problem when trying to start a discussion with authors of the Plurilingual education portal ==

The authors I wanted to discuss with are called &quot;Project PEP&quot; and my name is Franch Chandler. How can I be allowed to do so ? [[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] ([[User talk:French Chandler|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/French Chandler|contribs]]) 18:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] place your qestion [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Projet_PEP&amp;action=edit into the dialog box] on this link and hit Publish page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

== Please publish my post ==

My post is about &quot;Every child grows and develops at their own pace, but some may experience challenges that affect their ability to perform everyday tasks. These challenges can include difficulties with fine motor skills, sensory processing, handwriting, feeding, and self-regulation. When these issues are not addressed early, they can impact a child’s confidence, academic performance, and independence.

With the rise of digital healthcare services, '''online physical therapy''' has emerged as a powerful and accessible solution for parents seeking support for their children. This modern approach provides structured, personalized therapy programs that can be accessed from the comfort of home, making it easier for families to ensure consistent care.&quot; [[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] ([[User talk:Skyabovetherapy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Skyabovetherapy|contribs]]) 12:28, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] Well, you can publish it yourself, Wikiversity is a free environement, where everybody can create educational resources. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:11, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
::They actually triggered some abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:I looked at your attempts to add this text and I see a link to one website repeated many times, which reminds me of the misuse of Wikiversity for self-promotion or to increase the importance of the website. It is necessary to remind you here that Wikiversity is not a place for promotion, but a place for education. So if you want to educate, it will not be a problem to create the page without external links with a clearly defined procedure for how people should use it and what to expect from it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:07, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== New user limit ==

Hi, I am creating an AIPA Method learning resource page. 

I am the author of the linked research, and I hit the “new user limit” and “new page with external link” filters while publishing. 

Here is the link to the page in creation: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=AIPA_Method&amp;veaction=edit] 

Thank you for your help. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:19, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:30, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you, you are very kind. 
::I will wait a day, and try again (without links, too). 
::Today, I already created About Me info page, and maybe that is enough for the filters for one day.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:53, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:56, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work. 
::::There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that. 
::::There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
::::Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies. 
::::Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):    [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:47, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::For the unknown reasons, the form didn't publish my second part of the message: 
:::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
:::::Best Regards, 
:::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::And the third try: 
:::::: == Introduction ==
::::::The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
::::::The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:::::: == Theoretical foundations ==
::::::The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
::::::* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
::::::* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
::::::* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
::::::Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:::::: == Experiential empiricism ==
::::::The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
::::::* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
::::::* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
::::::* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
::::::* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
::::::All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
::::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
::::::Best regards, 
::::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:54, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Unable to publish pages  ==

Whenever I try to publish a page with linked sources it gets flagged and says I'm a new user attempting to publish content with outside links. Those outside links are my sources. [[User:Soboyed|Soboyed]] ([[User talk:Soboyed|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soboyed|contribs]]) 04:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:This restriction is automatically lifted after you have edited for a certain time (I don't recall that time off-hand, but it is not long). This is designed to stop spam. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:53, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Showing error to publish a Post ==

My  action was constructive, not destructive, please allow to publish it. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|&amp;#126;2026-20906-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|talk]]) 08:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:Maybe you got caught in a filter. Consider [[Special:CreateAccount|creating an account]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Your edits, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-20906-18 these ones], seems to have tripped a filter when you tried to create a page on [[Create]] which external links. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:58, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Have you read my [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2802219 previous reply] to you @[[User:~2026-20906-18|~2026-20906-18]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:02, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Abuse filters which should be deleted ==

Hi, there are some abuse filters which should probably be deleted.
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023)
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive)
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:Why do these need to be deleted rather than inactivated? Do inactive abuse filters cause a server strain? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:39, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Deleted filters do not cause strain to the servers. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:These sounds like sensible suggestions but, yes, would inactivation perhaps make more sense than deletion for at least some  filters? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:35, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would keep them @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Alternatively, I would turn off the ones that haven't caught anything for a long time, but I would leave them enabled in case they need to be turned on or improved. If someone has already written the code and we don't have hundreds of free man-hours of programmers on Wikiversity, the server load seems secondary to me, and is negligible compared to other things. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I know how to write abuse filter code and regex, but I would recommend disabling filters that have never caught anything in a long time ''and'' those who made lots of false positives. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:09, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Of course @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]], there are people here today who are capable of changing the code. But the question is what it will be like in a few years, the question is what will happen if those two are busy for a long time, etc. That's why I would leave it so that those who don't know much about code can be inspired by it and will need to do something with it someday - plus, more code for different types of filtering is actually great educational material on how those filters work. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:41, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

Here's the updated list of abuse filters under review with actions I've taken (several disabled, one basic code improvement, and some actions changed) - none have been deleted so they can all be edited and reactivayed - please suggest any further changes:
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore) - One time account spam bot - 4 hits over 10 years ago - Disabled in 2024 - May be useful in future
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018) - Userspace spamming - 778 hits; none since 2018 likely due to global filters - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched) - Specific user page spam - 1,101 hits most recent 7 March 2026 - Still active - Kept enabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives) - Questionable Language (profanity) - 6,055 hits including very recently - However it was logging hits without taking any actions - Edited to reduce likelihood of false positives by only applying filter to users with low (&lt; 20) edit count and applied weak actions to tag and warn but not prevent publishing the content
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023) - Blocked Solicitation Links - 95 hits; none since 2023 - blocks specific historical spam sites - Non-active - Now disabled
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore) - Not reviewed - They are currently disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022) - Fundamental Physics Edits - 347 hits; none since 2022 - Non-active and very specific for a historical issue - Now disabled 
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019) - Page Creation - 20 hits; none since 2019 - Retained for historical reference and possible future updates - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive) - Globally Banned Editor (renamed to Low-edit Spam Monitor) - 2,829 hits including very recent - Only applies to users with less than 5 edits and takes no actions / monitoring only - Reviewing the details of the hits I don't see many false positives and have strengthened its actions to add a tag and warning

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:57, 9 April 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Please block ~2026-20985-80/~2026-21079-90/~2026-21223-88. Reason: Vandalism. [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] ([[User talk:Àncilu|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Àncilu|contribs]]) 23:24, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:All edits should be deleted and the first is blocked by Atcovi. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:33, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Antispam - Filter 12 ==
{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Thanks for contacting me with a suggested [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] for the coupon spam we've been getting. A very much appreciated time saver. Per your suggestion, abuse filter 12 has been reactivated with your updated regex. It should tag and prevent page creation actions for coupon promo etc. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:33, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Please do the following to filter 12:
:# Enable the block action (temporary for unregistered users, indefinite for registered users)
:# Disable both the disallow and tag actions, since that filter will be set to block
: Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:42, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::Excellent. Done:
::* Block duration for non-registered users = 1 week
::* Block duration for registered users = indefinite
::* Disallow and tagging disabled
::Thankyou. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:24, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== Urgent! error message This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed ==

While submitting the post this error was coming &quot;This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link&quot; How to resolve it?

Here is the content:

{{note|marketing material removed}}

[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: That's because Wikiversity doesn't accept advertising. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::So this is fine
::'''Online Internship and Digital Learning for Students'''
::Online learning has become an important part of modern education. With the help of the internet and digital tools, students can now study, practice, and gain experience without being physically present in a classroom. One key part of this system is the online internship, which helps students learn real-world skills along with their studies.
::An online internship allows students to work on tasks and projects through digital platforms. This makes learning more practical and useful, especially for those who want to understand how real work environments function.
::'''Background'''
::The concept of online learning developed from distance education, where students learned from remote locations. Over time, with the growth of digital technology, learning has become more interactive and flexible.
::The introduction of the online internship has added another important layer to digital education. It combines theoretical learning with practical experience, helping students prepare for future careers.
::During global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and online internship programs became essential. They helped students continue learning and gaining experience despite restrictions on physical movement.
::'''Importance of Online Internship'''
::An online internship plays an important role in student development. It helps bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills.
::'''Some key points include:'''
::Students understand how real work is done
::They develop basic professional skills
::It supports career readiness
::It allows learning without location limits
::By participating in an online internship, students can improve their confidence and gain early exposure to different fields.
::'''Features of Online Internship-Based Learning'''
::Modern education platforms often include online internship opportunities as part of their learning system. These usually offer:
::Flexible schedules for students
::Access to learning from home
::Beginner-friendly tasks and projects
::A combination of theory and practice
::Such features make online internship programs suitable for a wide range of learners, including beginners.
::'''Learning Tasks'''
::Explore how online internship programs support student learning in digital environments.
::Identify how students can gain practical experience through an online internship
::Analyze the role of flexible learning in improving student engagement
::Understand how online education and internships work together
::'''References'''
::[https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/E-Learning_Hanaaya-Navaneeth.pdf The Past, Present and Future of E-Learning: Hanaaya Varyani and Navaneeth M S]
::[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9788102 Current Trends and Future Perspectives of e-Learning in India]
::'''See Also'''
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/internship Online Internship]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/ Online Courses]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/kids-learning Kids Learning]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/career_helper/ Career Guidance] [[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] Wikiversity is a resource for education, or a space for education. However, your intention to link to another website is obvious, and such content does not belong here, as it contradicts the purpose of Wikiversity. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

==AI-generated images==
Seeking your advice.

Myself and students use some AI-generated images in the [[Motivation and emotion]] project.

[[User:Dronebogus]] has been removing some of these images from Wikiversity pages and nominating them for deletion at Commons. As a result, some have been deleted and some have been kept.

Dronebogus has made some useful edits and image suggestions for [[Motivation and emotion]] which I've appreciated and  incorporated. However, there are other edits to remove an AI image by Dronebogus that I've reverted where I think the image is more educational than no image or an alternative image suggested by Dronebogus.

There are a couple of pages where Dronebogus has reverted my reversion, so we are at risk of edit warring. We have briefly discussed and warned each other on our user talk pages, but it seems to come down to a difference in perception about the educational usefulness of the AI images.

So, I'm asking here for others to please review the recent edit histories for these pages:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion]]

and let us know what you think about the AI image suitability vs. using no image or alternative images suggested by Dronebogus.

Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think Jtneill needs to try harder to find non-AI alternatives both on Commons and the web. I’m not reiterating the well known problems with generative AI— you can read about those on Wikipedia and the broader Internet. Needless to say it’s kind of just inherently toxic. If you use it, it should be the last resort of last resorts. Just my stance, which I consider perfectly valid and reasonable. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 04:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for Page Creation Approval - Research on Dr. Ian Stevenson ==


'''Hello Administrators,'''

I am a digital archivist and researcher attempting to create an educational page regarding Dr. Ian Stevenson's scientific work, specifically titled &quot;Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect&quot; and its official Vietnamese edition.

My edits are purely constructive, aimed at integrating local research context with global structured data (including '''Wikidata Q139548587'''). The automated filter is currently preventing publication due to &quot;new user external link limits.&quot;

I have ensured that all citations, references, and images (sourced from Wikimedia Commons) are strictly academic and non-promotional. Could you please review my contributions and consider whitelisting my account or approving this specific page creation?

Thank you for your assistance in preserving this research '''legacy''' within the open knowledge ecosystem.

'''Best regards,''' [[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] ([[User talk:Ian Stevenson777|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ian Stevenson777|contribs]]) 07:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
: The page title should probably be in English, as this is English Wikiversity. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:19, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] I looked at the text and it seems to me that it is informative, but the user cannot learn anything from it because they would have to buy the book. In this regard, it seems to me that it is enough [[:w:Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect|to have that article on Wikipedia]] and there is no need to duplicate it here on Wikiversity. If you are particularly interested with its Vietnamese translation, I would focus on Vietnamese Wikipedia, but it seems to me, that the article there [https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%A1i_lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_giao_nhau&amp;oldid=75029095 have some problems at the moment]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:51, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Call for custodians and bureaucrats ==

Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>33d9xh56ky2y216rsdycphe2o3czxj7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808024</id>
      <parentid>2808012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:48:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Codename Noreste</username>
        <id>2969951</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Call for custodians and bureaucrats */ reply: I'm willing to do so. (-) ([[mw:c:Special:MyLanguage/User:JWBTH/CD|CD]])</comment>
      <origin>2808024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40349" sha1="boehf56vt7rq2t7lgxlb0ldzglo9aow" xml:space="preserve">{{/Header}}
== Dan Polansky ==

I would like to ask you to assess the behavior of Dan Polansky, who in my opinion continues to violate [[Wikiversity:Etiquette|Etiquette]], calls users who disagree with him trolls, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Harold_Foppele&amp;oldid=2760143#Your_qualification questions their expertise], tests them, etc. This is most evident in [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]], where he has already indicated that two discussion opponents are trolls. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:05, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
: The coddling of overt disruptor Harold Foppele (substantiation is in RCA above) and proven provocateur and disruptor Juandev (substantiation in CR above) must stop. The English Wikiversity must start to properly curate its content and discipline disruptive editors. --[[User:Dan Polansky|Dan Polansky]] ([[User talk:Dan Polansky|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dan Polansky|contribs]]) 08:10, 18 November 2025 (UTC)
:[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Dan Polansky]] is underway; outcome pending. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:03, 27 November 2025 (UTC)
::It has been closed with consensus to ban him indefinitely from this project, I believe there is nothing else to do here. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 22:06, 11 March 2026 (UTC)

== Sidewide count.js ==

i would like something like: [[Template:User contrib count/count.js]]. i created [[Template:User contrib count]] and a user/common.js. {{User contrib count}}.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt; so a &quot;count.js&quot; would complete it. See [[User:Harold Foppele/common.js]].
If an Administrator could help please. Cheers [[User:Harold Foppele|Harold Foppele]] ([[User talk:Harold Foppele|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Harold Foppele|contribs]]) 19:22, 18 January 2026 (UTC)

== need to add my profile ==

im trying to add new profile content  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:03, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

:You can edit it now. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 18:05, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::where can create a new one [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
:::i have created and its in sandbox. i would like to know when it will be approved  [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 19:38, 4 February 2026 (UTC)
::::Please don’t create [[wv:spam|spam]] pages as it will be deleted. Please also read [[WV:Scope]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 04:01, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Im trying to add new profile while add content its shows not alowed ==

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Exceeded New Page Limit

This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action|inform an administrator]] of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link [[User:PAGURUMURTHY|PAGURUMURTHY]] ([[User talk:PAGURUMURTHY|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PAGURUMURTHY|contribs]]) 18:51, 4 February 2026 (UTC)

== New User: cannot create talk page ==

Hi, I am a new user of Wikiversity and I wanted to create a talk page for the article [[ChatGPT's Essay on Kohlberg's Theory: AI's Use in Academic Writing]]. As a new user, I was barred from performing this action. The text that I wanted to add to the talk page is:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
I have doubts as to to the reliability of this essay. Take for rexample the sentence:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Due to its efficiency, AI has saved 380,000-403,000 lives per year in European healthcare as reported in a recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report&lt;ref&gt;Dantas, C., Mackiewicz, K., Tageo, V., Jacucci, G., Guardado, D., Ortet, S., Varlamis, I., Maniadakis, M., De Lera, E., Quintas, J., Kocsis, O., &amp; Vassiliou, C. (2021). Benefits and hurdles of AI in the workplace – what comes next? ''International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Expert Systems, 10'', 9-17. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351993615_Benefits_and_Hurdles_of_AI_In_The_Workplace_-What_Comes_Next&lt;/ref&gt;.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Reading the reference (freely available on ResearchGate), one notes:

# that the reference is from 2021 (predating the widespread use of LLMs such as ChatGPT and the associated 'AI' boom), and
# that the reference factually contradicts this essay.

Quoting from the reference:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
There are enormous benefits of applying AI-based solutions to monitor workers’ health and prevent accidents or, currently, COVID-19 infections, and those benefits are reported with enormous potential. According to the recent Deloitte and MedTech Europe report [11], implementing AI in European healthcare systems could save up 380,000 to 403,000 lives annually or €170.9 to 212.4 billion per year.
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Not that the reference says ''could save'', not ''saves'' as in the essay.

This calls into question the reliability of the essay.

&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Could an administrator make this addition for me? Thank you! 
{{reflist}}
[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 06:53, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Æolus|Æolus]] I have added it for you, you can change the header and sign it now. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 08:05, 5 February 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you! [[User:Æolus|Æolus]] ([[User talk:Æolus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Æolus|contribs]]) 12:43, 5 February 2026 (UTC)

== Disallowed to add a page on a course ==

I'm trying to populate a newly created course on Wikiversity, but it blocks me from creating more pages with &quot;New User Exceeded New Page Limit&quot;. Could this be lifted please? [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 13:21, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

:Sorry! Never mind. I was trying to create a new article instead of a new page. All good now. [[User:Berkeleywho|Berkeleywho]] ([[User talk:Berkeleywho|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Berkeleywho|contribs]]) 14:03, 15 February 2026 (UTC)

== Harold Foppele adding LLM-generated nonsense and personal fiction ==

I became aware of [[User:Harold Foppele]]'s editing after I deleted some of his uploads on Commons. He appears to be adding a large amount of text and images that are some combination of personal fiction and LLM-generated nonsense. This includes:
*[[Quantum Ultra fast lasers#Future thought experiment|Personal speculative fiction]] in an otherwise &quot;nonfiction&quot; article
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Schematic).jpg|diagrams]] and [[:File:Rontosecond pulse laser (Futuristic).jpg|renders]] for nonexistent lab equipment, with fake source (on Commons, he indicated these files as having been created by him using an LLM)
*Uploading nonsense LLM-created images of equations with obvious artifacts. These images, such as [[:File:Redfield equation (non-Markovian).png]] and [[:File:Lindblad equation (Markovian).png]], don't even match the text he puts them with.
Much of his writing is also of extremely poor quality, to the point where it's not clear whether it's written by him or an LLM. I'm not an active editor on this project, so I'm not as familiar with the standards here, but I believe this is worth custodian attention. [[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] ([[User talk:Pi.1415926535|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Pi.1415926535|contribs]]) 03:06, 23 February 2026 (UTC)

:Fake source ''and'' contradictory copyright info, claiming both public domain and CC license. Moreover, if they are indeed nearly-direct LLM output, depending on jurisdiction they may not even be eligible for copyright.
:I've put speedy deletion marks for the equations, because they're obviously not coherent mathematical equations (the parentheses don't match, the symbols merge into each other the way text in image models often do, etc) [[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]] ([[User talk:Sesquilinear|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Sesquilinear|contribs]]) 21:50, 7 March 2026 (UTC)

== Repeated removal of RFD notices by Harold Foppele ==

{{User|Harold Foppele }}

This editor is appearing in multiple noticeboards for behaviour which is contentious. Ther latest adventure is the repeated removal of tye RFD notice at [[Quantum/Henry C. Kapteyn]]. You will see from their contributions record the number of times. I have warned Tham on their user tag page that this is tantaomunt to volunteering to be blocked here. They have a track record of achieving blocks on enWiki and Commons already.

They have all the appearance of shooting not to understand when given direct information about their behaviour, whichever project they are editing, and are fast becoming a time sink. Their behaviour across multiple WMF sites may well lead to a Global Lock, but I do not believe they have quite reached the threshold for that.

I believe that what is required is a preventative block to seek to ensure thatchy understand the seriousness of their behaviour, and the need to be collegial. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 23:03, 4 March 2026 (UTC)
: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:45, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Blocks for sockpuppet ==

Please block [[User:Harold Foppele]] and [[User:Johnwilliamsiii]] for sockpuppetry based on [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sockpuppet_investigations/Harold_Foppele en wiki] CU and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?diff=1177465640 commons] CU investigations. The user has also violated copyright, see the above discussion. A block is necessary to prevent further abuse. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:30, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

:&lt;small&gt;@[[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]]&lt;/small&gt; [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:31, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:: {{Done}} [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 11:44, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
:CC. @[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]], @[[User:Sesquilinear|Sesquilinear]], @[[User:Pi.1415926535|Pi.1415926535]] [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 11:33, 8 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you for the ping. I concur based on [[w:en:WP:DUCK|behaviour]]. CUs appear divided. 🇵🇸&amp;zwj;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User:Timtrent|Timtrent]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;nbsp;[[User talk:Timtrent|talk to me]]&amp;nbsp;🇺🇦&amp;zwj;🇵🇸 11:41, 8 March 2026 (UTC)

== Problem when trying to start a discussion with authors of the Plurilingual education portal ==

The authors I wanted to discuss with are called &quot;Project PEP&quot; and my name is Franch Chandler. How can I be allowed to do so ? [[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] ([[User talk:French Chandler|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/French Chandler|contribs]]) 18:25, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:French Chandler|French Chandler]] place your qestion [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Projet_PEP&amp;action=edit into the dialog box] on this link and hit Publish page. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 20:22, 16 March 2026 (UTC)

== Please publish my post ==

My post is about &quot;Every child grows and develops at their own pace, but some may experience challenges that affect their ability to perform everyday tasks. These challenges can include difficulties with fine motor skills, sensory processing, handwriting, feeding, and self-regulation. When these issues are not addressed early, they can impact a child’s confidence, academic performance, and independence.

With the rise of digital healthcare services, '''online physical therapy''' has emerged as a powerful and accessible solution for parents seeking support for their children. This modern approach provides structured, personalized therapy programs that can be accessed from the comfort of home, making it easier for families to ensure consistent care.&quot; [[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] ([[User talk:Skyabovetherapy|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Skyabovetherapy|contribs]]) 12:28, 28 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Skyabovetherapy|Skyabovetherapy]] Well, you can publish it yourself, Wikiversity is a free environement, where everybody can create educational resources. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 14:11, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
::They actually triggered some abuse filters. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 16:24, 29 March 2026 (UTC)
:I looked at your attempts to add this text and I see a link to one website repeated many times, which reminds me of the misuse of Wikiversity for self-promotion or to increase the importance of the website. It is necessary to remind you here that Wikiversity is not a place for promotion, but a place for education. So if you want to educate, it will not be a problem to create the page without external links with a clearly defined procedure for how people should use it and what to expect from it. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 18:07, 1 April 2026 (UTC)

== New user limit ==

Hi, I am creating an AIPA Method learning resource page. 

I am the author of the linked research, and I hit the “new user limit” and “new page with external link” filters while publishing. 

Here is the link to the page in creation: [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=AIPA_Method&amp;veaction=edit] 

Thank you for your help. 

Best regards, 

Senad Dizdarević [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:19, 30 March 2026 (UTC)

:@[[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] I should admit I dont know, what is &quot;new user limit&quot;, but if filter blocks your page because of certain external link, you may force to save anyway and sometimes it works. It should not work, when the website is blacklisted. As of now, I am not seeing you to save page in main namespace, so try to save it without external links first. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 07:30, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
::Thank you, you are very kind. 
::I will wait a day, and try again (without links, too). 
::Today, I already created About Me info page, and maybe that is enough for the filters for one day.  [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 07:53, 30 March 2026 (UTC)
:::Well, I have analyzed your contribution to Wikiversity and I should point out here, that this project is not a place for advertising, so there is no way of promoting your books and authority this way. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 17:56, 1 April 2026 (UTC)
::::Hi, my About Me page is just an info page with the neutral as possible presentation of my work. 
::::There is a big difference between informing and advertising. Informing is neutrally stating that something exists and requiring no action, while advertising is a special communication form with intent to cause certain action from readers. For example, click here, click there, order this, buy that. 
::::There is no such intention, form, or terms on my info page. Just neutral information. I don't hide and I am not ashamed that I am write and author, and that is a part of the usual bio, including works. I checked your user page: &quot;I graduated from the Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague and studied information science at the Faculty of Arts of Charles University.&quot; I think that if you had written a book on Life Science, you would have mentioned that as well.
::::Most of the Info page is about my research and AIPA Method which is a valid contribution to psychology, consciousness studies, identity theory, and personality development. Actually, my paper '''AIPA Method: A Cognitive-Phenomenological Model for Identity Reconstruction and Stabilization in Pure Awareness''' is now in the peer review procedure at Journal of Consciousness Studies. 
::::Here is a part from the Wikiversity AIPA Method page in creation (waiting for the end of the time limit for new users):    [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:47, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
:::::For the unknown reasons, the form didn't publish my second part of the message: 
:::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
:::::Best Regards, 
:::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)
::::::And the third try: 
:::::: == Introduction ==
::::::The AIPA Method addresses a gap in contemporary personal development and consciousness science: most evidence‑based approaches (CBT, MBSR, MBCT, standard meditation) operate at the level of mental content—reframing thoughts, observing them, or reducing their impact—rather than at the level of identity structure. In contrast, AIPA targets the structural relationship between the self and the mind, aiming at durable identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness rather than symptom management.
::::::The central research question of the primary AIPA preprint is whether a structured, sequentially staged method can produce permanent identity reconstruction rooted in Pure Awareness, and how such a method compares to established approaches in scope, mechanism, and outcome.
:::::: == Theoretical foundations ==
::::::The AIPA framework is grounded in the cognitive‑phenomenological tradition (e.g., McAdams, Varela, Metzinger, Erikson), contemporary consciousness science on minimal phenomenal experience, and qualitative methods advocacy in psychology. It builds directly on:
::::::* Empirical work on pure awareness and Minimal Phenomenal Experience (MPE), especially Gamma &amp; Metzinger’s large‑scale study of content‑reduced awareness states.
::::::* Metzinger’s proposal of minimal phenomenal experience as an entry point for a minimal unifying model of consciousness.
::::::* Narrative identity and partial‑self models within personality and identity theory.
::::::Within this backdrop, AIPA proposes Pure Awareness as a distinct, operationally specified state that can become a structural ground of identity rather than a transient meditative experience.
:::::: == Experiential empiricism ==
::::::The empirical foundation of the AIPA Method is explicitly first‑person and experiential, combining:
::::::* A 22‑year longitudinal autoethnographic self‑study (2003–2025) documenting partial personality episodes, protocol use, and outcomes.
::::::* A 13‑year prospective verification period with zero self‑reported recurrence of targeted harmful behaviors after a dated stabilization point (1 January 2006).
::::::* A high‑ecological‑validity “stress test” during acute bereavement, used to examine whether non‑reactive awareness remains stable under maximal provocation.
::::::* Two independent practitioner cases (an Amazon‑verified report and a structured questionnaire case) providing preliminary convergent signals across cognitive, emotional, behavioral, and identity dimensions.
::::::All central constructs (Pure Awareness, partial personalities, the Switch, identity stabilization) are operationalized with explicit phenomenological and behavioral criteria intended to enable replication and future third‑person measurement.
::::::I believe this is a valid contribution to Wikiversity. 
::::::Best regards, 
::::::Senad [[User:Senad Dizdarević|Senad Dizdarević]] ([[User talk:Senad Dizdarević|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Senad Dizdarević|contribs]]) 06:54, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Unable to publish pages  ==

Whenever I try to publish a page with linked sources it gets flagged and says I'm a new user attempting to publish content with outside links. Those outside links are my sources. [[User:Soboyed|Soboyed]] ([[User talk:Soboyed|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Soboyed|contribs]]) 04:52, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

:This restriction is automatically lifted after you have edited for a certain time (I don't recall that time off-hand, but it is not long). This is designed to stop spam. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 04:53, 2 April 2026 (UTC)

== Showing error to publish a Post ==

My  action was constructive, not destructive, please allow to publish it. [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|&amp;#126;2026-20906-18]] ([[User talk:&amp;#126;2026-20906-18|talk]]) 08:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)

:Maybe you got caught in a filter. Consider [[Special:CreateAccount|creating an account]]. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:06, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Your edits, [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Special:AbuseLog&amp;wpSearchUser=%7E2026-20906-18 these ones], seems to have tripped a filter when you tried to create a page on [[Create]] which external links. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 23:58, 4 April 2026 (UTC)
:Have you read my [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Request_custodian_action&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=2802219 previous reply] to you @[[User:~2026-20906-18|~2026-20906-18]]? [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:02, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Abuse filters which should be deleted ==

Hi, there are some abuse filters which should probably be deleted.
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023)
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019)
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive)
Thanks. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 03:51, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:Why do these need to be deleted rather than inactivated? Do inactive abuse filters cause a server strain? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (&lt;span style=&quot;color:grey&quot;&gt;ko'''a'''vf&lt;/span&gt;)]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯&lt;/span&gt; 05:39, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:: Deleted filters do not cause strain to the servers. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:28, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:These sounds like sensible suggestions but, yes, would inactivation perhaps make more sense than deletion for at least some  filters? -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 09:35, 5 April 2026 (UTC)
:I would keep them @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]]. Alternatively, I would turn off the ones that haven't caught anything for a long time, but I would leave them enabled in case they need to be turned on or improved. If someone has already written the code and we don't have hundreds of free man-hours of programmers on Wikiversity, the server load seems secondary to me, and is negligible compared to other things. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 08:11, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:: I know how to write abuse filter code and regex, but I would recommend disabling filters that have never caught anything in a long time ''and'' those who made lots of false positives. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 15:09, 6 April 2026 (UTC)
:::Of course @[[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]], there are people here today who are capable of changing the code. But the question is what it will be like in a few years, the question is what will happen if those two are busy for a long time, etc. That's why I would leave it so that those who don't know much about code can be inspired by it and will need to do something with it someday - plus, more code for different types of filtering is actually great educational material on how those filters work. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:41, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

Here's the updated list of abuse filters under review with actions I've taken (several disabled, one basic code improvement, and some actions changed) - none have been deleted so they can all be edited and reactivayed - please suggest any further changes:
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/1]] (not needed anymore) - One time account spam bot - 4 hits over 10 years ago - Disabled in 2024 - May be useful in future
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/2]] (no hits since 2018) - Userspace spamming - 778 hits; none since 2018 likely due to global filters - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/3]] (not needed since there are global filters that disallow this specific type of spam filter 3 would have catched) - Specific user page spam - 1,101 hits most recent 7 March 2026 - Still active - Kept enabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/4]] (looking at the logs, there are too many false positives) - Questionable Language (profanity) - 6,055 hits including very recently - However it was logging hits without taking any actions - Edited to reduce likelihood of false positives by only applying filter to users with low (&lt; 20) edit count and applied weak actions to tag and warn but not prevent publishing the content
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/5]] (no hits since 2023) - Blocked Solicitation Links - 95 hits; none since 2023 - blocks specific historical spam sites - Non-active - Now disabled
* Abuse filters 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12 (these filters are not needed anymore) - Not reviewed - They are currently disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/17]] (no hits since 2022) - Fundamental Physics Edits - 347 hits; none since 2022 - Non-active and very specific for a historical issue - Now disabled 
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/19]] (no hits since 2019) - Page Creation - 20 hits; none since 2019 - Retained for historical reference and possible future updates - Now disabled
* [[Special:AbuseFilter/21]] (false positives, vandal currently inactive) - Globally Banned Editor (renamed to Low-edit Spam Monitor) - 2,829 hits including very recent - Only applies to users with less than 5 edits and takes no actions / monitoring only - Reviewing the details of the hits I don't see many false positives and have strengthened its actions to add a tag and warning

-- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:57, 9 April 2026 (UTC)

== Block request ==

Please block ~2026-20985-80/~2026-21079-90/~2026-21223-88. Reason: Vandalism. [[User:Àncilu|Àncilu]] ([[User talk:Àncilu|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Àncilu|contribs]]) 23:24, 5 April 2026 (UTC)

:All edits should be deleted and the first is blocked by Atcovi. [[User:PieWriter|PieWriter]] ([[User talk:PieWriter|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/PieWriter|contribs]]) 00:33, 6 April 2026 (UTC)

== Antispam - Filter 12 ==
{{ping|Codename Noreste}} Thanks for contacting me with a suggested [[Special:AbuseFilter|abuse filter]] for the coupon spam we've been getting. A very much appreciated time saver. Per your suggestion, abuse filter 12 has been reactivated with your updated regex. It should tag and prevent page creation actions for coupon promo etc. Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:33, 15 April 2026 (UTC)
: @[[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] Please do the following to filter 12:
:# Enable the block action (temporary for unregistered users, indefinite for registered users)
:# Disable both the disallow and tag actions, since that filter will be set to block
: Thank you. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 13:42, 5 May 2026 (UTC)
::Excellent. Done:
::* Block duration for non-registered users = 1 week
::* Block duration for registered users = indefinite
::* Disallow and tagging disabled
::Thankyou. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:24, 9 May 2026 (UTC)

== Urgent! error message This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed ==

While submitting the post this error was coming &quot;This action has been automatically identified as potentially harmful, and therefore disallowed. If you believe your action was constructive, please inform an administrator of what you were trying to do. A brief description of the abuse rule which your action matched is: New User Created Page with External Link&quot; How to resolve it?

Here is the content:

{{note|marketing material removed}}

[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:14, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
: That's because Wikiversity doesn't accept advertising. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:20, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
::So this is fine
::'''Online Internship and Digital Learning for Students'''
::Online learning has become an important part of modern education. With the help of the internet and digital tools, students can now study, practice, and gain experience without being physically present in a classroom. One key part of this system is the online internship, which helps students learn real-world skills along with their studies.
::An online internship allows students to work on tasks and projects through digital platforms. This makes learning more practical and useful, especially for those who want to understand how real work environments function.
::'''Background'''
::The concept of online learning developed from distance education, where students learned from remote locations. Over time, with the growth of digital technology, learning has become more interactive and flexible.
::The introduction of the online internship has added another important layer to digital education. It combines theoretical learning with practical experience, helping students prepare for future careers.
::During global events such as the COVID-19 pandemic, online education and online internship programs became essential. They helped students continue learning and gaining experience despite restrictions on physical movement.
::'''Importance of Online Internship'''
::An online internship plays an important role in student development. It helps bridge the gap between academic knowledge and practical skills.
::'''Some key points include:'''
::Students understand how real work is done
::They develop basic professional skills
::It supports career readiness
::It allows learning without location limits
::By participating in an online internship, students can improve their confidence and gain early exposure to different fields.
::'''Features of Online Internship-Based Learning'''
::Modern education platforms often include online internship opportunities as part of their learning system. These usually offer:
::Flexible schedules for students
::Access to learning from home
::Beginner-friendly tasks and projects
::A combination of theory and practice
::Such features make online internship programs suitable for a wide range of learners, including beginners.
::'''Learning Tasks'''
::Explore how online internship programs support student learning in digital environments.
::Identify how students can gain practical experience through an online internship
::Analyze the role of flexible learning in improving student engagement
::Understand how online education and internships work together
::'''References'''
::[https://ijpsl.in/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/E-Learning_Hanaaya-Navaneeth.pdf The Past, Present and Future of E-Learning: Hanaaya Varyani and Navaneeth M S]
::[https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9788102 Current Trends and Future Perspectives of e-Learning in India]
::'''See Also'''
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/internship Online Internship]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/ Online Courses]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/online_courses/kids-learning Kids Learning]
::[https://easyshiksha.com/career_helper/ Career Guidance] [[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] ([[User talk:EasyshikshaMarketing|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/EasyshikshaMarketing|contribs]]) 05:27, 17 April 2026 (UTC)
:::@[[User:EasyshikshaMarketing|EasyshikshaMarketing]] Wikiversity is a resource for education, or a space for education. However, your intention to link to another website is obvious, and such content does not belong here, as it contradicts the purpose of Wikiversity. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 11:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC)

==AI-generated images==
Seeking your advice.

Myself and students use some AI-generated images in the [[Motivation and emotion]] project.

[[User:Dronebogus]] has been removing some of these images from Wikiversity pages and nominating them for deletion at Commons. As a result, some have been deleted and some have been kept.

Dronebogus has made some useful edits and image suggestions for [[Motivation and emotion]] which I've appreciated and  incorporated. However, there are other edits to remove an AI image by Dronebogus that I've reverted where I think the image is more educational than no image or an alternative image suggested by Dronebogus.

There are a couple of pages where Dronebogus has reverted my reversion, so we are at risk of edit warring. We have briefly discussed and warned each other on our user talk pages, but it seems to come down to a difference in perception about the educational usefulness of the AI images.

So, I'm asking here for others to please review the recent edit histories for these pages:
* [[Motivation and emotion/Lectures/Brain and physiological needs]]
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2025/Stockholm syndrome emotion]]

and let us know what you think about the AI image suitability vs. using no image or alternative images suggested by Dronebogus.

Sincerely, James -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:45, 26 April 2026 (UTC)

:I think Jtneill needs to try harder to find non-AI alternatives both on Commons and the web. I’m not reiterating the well known problems with generative AI— you can read about those on Wikipedia and the broader Internet. Needless to say it’s kind of just inherently toxic. If you use it, it should be the last resort of last resorts. Just my stance, which I consider perfectly valid and reasonable. [[User:Dronebogus|Dronebogus]] ([[User talk:Dronebogus|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Dronebogus|contribs]]) 04:10, 27 April 2026 (UTC)

== Request for Page Creation Approval - Research on Dr. Ian Stevenson ==


'''Hello Administrators,'''

I am a digital archivist and researcher attempting to create an educational page regarding Dr. Ian Stevenson's scientific work, specifically titled &quot;Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect&quot; and its official Vietnamese edition.

My edits are purely constructive, aimed at integrating local research context with global structured data (including '''Wikidata Q139548587'''). The automated filter is currently preventing publication due to &quot;new user external link limits.&quot;

I have ensured that all citations, references, and images (sourced from Wikimedia Commons) are strictly academic and non-promotional. Could you please review my contributions and consider whitelisting my account or approving this specific page creation?

Thank you for your assistance in preserving this research '''legacy''' within the open knowledge ecosystem.

'''Best regards,''' [[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] ([[User talk:Ian Stevenson777|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Ian Stevenson777|contribs]]) 07:26, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
: The page title should probably be in English, as this is English Wikiversity. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 14:19, 28 April 2026 (UTC)
:@[[User:Ian Stevenson777|Ian Stevenson777]] I looked at the text and it seems to me that it is informative, but the user cannot learn anything from it because they would have to buy the book. In this regard, it seems to me that it is enough [[:w:Where Reincarnation and Biology Intersect|to have that article on Wikipedia]] and there is no need to duplicate it here on Wikiversity. If you are particularly interested with its Vietnamese translation, I would focus on Vietnamese Wikipedia, but it seems to me, that the article there [https://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=N%C6%A1i_lu%C3%A2n_h%E1%BB%93i_v%C3%A0_sinh_h%E1%BB%8Dc_giao_nhau&amp;oldid=75029095 have some problems at the moment]. [[User:Juandev|Juandev]] ([[User talk:Juandev|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Juandev|contribs]]) 12:51, 5 May 2026 (UTC)

== Call for custodians and bureaucrats ==

Can I encourage currently active [[Wikiversity:Curators|curators]] to consider putting themselves forward for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|custodianship]] and/or [[Wikiversity:Bureaucrat|bureaucratship]]. We have a productive, capable group of [[Wikiversity:Staff|staff]] at the moment who should probably have more rights to better support the project and we are light on for active custodians and bureaucrats. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 11:34, 9 May 2026 (UTC)
: I'm willing to do so. [[User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[User talk:Codename Noreste|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Codename Noreste|contribs]]) 11:48, 9 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>boehf56vt7rq2t7lgxlb0ldzglo9aow</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Consciousness</title>
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'''Consciousness''' is not well defined as a single, universally agreed-upon formula -- There are over 40&lt;ref&gt;Unknown Issue of Journal of Consciousness Studies&lt;/ref&gt;  different definitions for this one word. However, there is considerable convergence of academic understanding of the term as it relates to the question most analysts would like to see answered: how are we to understand the brain's elctrochemical activity and self-reflective cognitive experience as being related? In other words, how does the brain turn material processes into the thoughts, feelings, and technicolor panorama that characterizes conscious experience? In this question (technically refered to as &quot;The Hard Problem of Consciousness&quot;), consciousness is understood (defined) as not merely a self-reflective state of cognition, but as cognitive content (perceptions, feelings, thoughts) self-reflectively experienced. One of the problems that has added to the confusion associated with this concept, is the idea that somehow there needed to be a 1 to 1 match between the electrochemical activity of the brain, and the self-reflective experiences. Recent conceptions have relaxed from this position suggesting that self-relfective experience is not a good indicator of brain function because it is prone to some illusions that make it subjective.

Up until 1990 when John Searle, an influential American philosopher, finally agreed that as long as testing was done in the 3rd person, objective science could be done on consciousness, research on consciousness was actively discouraged. Since that time, a broad spectrum of theories has been proposed to account for self-reflective cognition. Following the nineteenth century phenomenologists, some have suggested that mental representation as such is inherently self-cognizant and thereby underwrites consciousness &lt;ref&gt;Neisser, U (1976). Cognition and Reality. San Francisco: Freeman; Searle, J .(1992). The Rediscovery of Nind. Cambridge MA: MIT; O'brien, G. &amp; Opie, J. (1999). A connectionist theory of phenomenal experience. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 22, 127-148&lt;/ref&gt;. However, in order to account for the fact that much if not most cognition is not conscious, most theories nominate a specific process that operates upon representational cognition to render it conscious. Such theories include the linguistic coding of representational content &lt;ref&gt; Edelman, G.M. (1989). The remembered present: a biological theory of consciousness. New York: Basic Books; Jaynes, J (1976). The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. New York: Houghton Mifflin&lt;/ref&gt;, global broadcasting of representational content &lt;ref&gt;Dennett, D. (1978). Brainstorms: philosophical essays on mind and psychology. Montgomery VT: Bradford; Baars, B. (1988). A cognitive theory of consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press&lt;/ref&gt;, higher order thought &lt;ref&gt;Dretske, F. (1993). Conscious Experience. Mind, 102, 263-283; Rosenthal, D. (1997). A theory of consciousness. In N. Block, O. Flanagan and G. Guzeldere (Eds.), The Nature of consciousness, (pp. 729-754). Cambridge MA: MIT&lt;/ref&gt;, planning &lt;ref&gt;Bridgeman, B. (1992). The co-development of consciousness and planning, reply to Zelazo on Bridgeman on Consciousness. Psycoloquy 92.3.39 &lt;/ref&gt;, the recursive processing of an ongoing orientational reference frame &lt;ref&gt;Peters, Frederic &quot;Consciousness as Recursive, Spatiotemporal Self-Location&quot; http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2444/version/1&lt;/ref&gt;,  and the attentional highlighting of representational content &lt;ref&gt;Crick, F. (1984). The function of the thalamic reticular complex: the spotlight theory. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 81, 4586-4590; Velmans, M. (1991). Is human information processing conscious? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 14, 651-726;  Damasio, A. (1999). The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness. New York: Harcourt Brace &amp; Company&lt;/ref&gt;.

Today the American Society for the Study of Consciousness [[/(ASSC)/]] has 2 Journals on the topic. Consciousness and Cognition (Elsevier) and an e-journal called Psyche. The Journal of Consciousness Studies is published independently.


Consciousness can be viewed from the perspective of '''[[evolutionary biology]]''' as an [[adaptation]], as a [[trait]] that increases [[fitness]]. &lt;ref&gt;Freeman and Herron. ''Evolutionary Analysis.'' 2007. Pearson Education, NJ. &lt;/ref&gt; Consciousness also adheres to [[John Alcock]]'s theory of animal behavioral adaptations because it possesses both proximate and ultimate causes. &lt;ref&gt; Alcock, J. ''Animal Behavior'' 5th Ed. 1993. Sinauer Assoc. Cunderland, MA &lt;/ref&gt; The proximate causes for consciousness, i.e. how consciousness evolved in animals, is a subject considered by Sir  John C. Eccles in his paper &quot;Evolution of consciousness.&quot; He argues that special anatomical and physical properties of the mammalian [[cerebral cortex]] gave rise to consciousness. &lt;ref&gt; Eccles, John C. &quot;Evolution of consciousness.&quot; 1992. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA Vol. 89 pp. 7320-7324 &lt;/ref&gt; Budiansky, by contrast, limits consciousness to humans, proposing that human consciousness may have evolved as an adaptation to anticipate and counter social strategems of other humans, predators, and prey.&lt;ref name = &quot;ingvww&quot;&gt;Budiansky, Stephen. ''If a Lion Could Talk: Animal Intelligence and the Evolution of Consciousness.'' 1998. The Free Press, NY.&lt;/ref&gt; Alternatively, it has been argued that the recursive circuitry underwriting consciousness is much more primitive, having evolved initially in pre-mammalian species because it improves the capacity for interaction with both social ''and'' natural environments by providing an energy saving &quot;neutral&quot; gear in an otherwise energy expensive motor output machine.&lt;ref&gt;Peters, Frederic &quot;Consciousness as Recursive, Spatiotemporal Self-Location&quot; http://precedings.nature.com/documents/2444/version/1&lt;/ref&gt;  Once in place, this recursive circuitry may well have provided a basis for the subsequent development of many of the functions which consciousness facilitates in higher organisms, as outlined by Bernard J. Baars.&lt;ref&gt;Baars, Bernard J. ''A Cognitive Theory of Consciousness.'' 1993. Cambridge University Press.&lt;/ref&gt;

While all this may be true, a case can also be made that consciousness is an architectural factor probably associated with the development of certain vertebrate phyla such as mammals and birds, and especially Simmian species, some of which have shown facility with language that while not as sophisticated as humans, still allows them some communication potential. In this theoretical framework, consciousness can be seen to be the result of a specific architecture of control mechanism perhaps based on a specific memory architecture. In any case consciousness can be separated into two types of consciousness, Primary Consciousness which most animals are thought to have, and Higher Order consciousness which it is thought only humans have. However no significant difference in brain architecture has been found to explain the &lt;ref&gt; Bernard J. Baars, There are no known differences in brain mechanisms of consciousness between Humans and other mammals (e-book) http://cogprints.org/912/&lt;/ref&gt;difference.

==formal proof that everything is made of and causal with consciousness that has always existed everywhere==
Nothing is nothing; Nothing is nonexistence; Nowhere and at no time has nothing existed; Something has always existed everywhere; Nothing is made of nothing; Everything is made of something that has always existed everywhere; Nothing is causal with nothing; Everything is causal and something is self-causal; Everything is made of and causal with the self-causal that has always existed everywhere;

here is the rigorous reasoning;

logical tautology &quot;Nothing is nothing&quot;; deducing synonymical tautology &quot;Nothing is nonexistence&quot; (nonexistence is a synonym for nothing; a &quot;thing&quot; is &quot;that which exists&quot; by definition);

synonymical tautology &quot;Nothing is nonexistence&quot;; deducing semantic tautology &quot;Nowhere and at no time has nothing existed&quot; (saying &quot;nothing exists&quot; (is absurd by fact, something clearly exists) is like saying &quot;nonexistence exists&quot; which is absurd by contradiction);

semantic tautology &quot;Nowhere and at no time has nothing existed&quot;; deducing ontology &quot;Something has always existed everywhere&quot;;


logical tautology &quot;Nothing implies nothing&quot;; AND identity morphism &quot;Nothing has the property of nothing&quot;; deducing logical morphism &quot;Nothing is made of nothing&quot;; logical morphism &quot;Nothing is made of nothing&quot;; deducing physics &quot;Everything is made of something&quot;;

ontology &quot;Something has always existed everywhere&quot;; AND physics &quot;Everything is made of something&quot;; abducting the most synthetic physics-ontology hypothesis &quot;Everything is made of something that has always existed everywhere&quot;;


logical tautology &quot;Nothing implies nothing&quot;; AND semantic tautology &quot;Nothing exists as nothing&quot;; deducing postulate of causation &quot;Nothing is causal with nothing&quot;;

postulate of causation &quot;Nothing is the causal with nothing&quot;; have causation corollaries &quot;Everything is causal&quot;; AND &quot;Something is self-causal&quot;;

causation corollaries &quot;Everything is causal&quot;; AND &quot;Something is self-causal&quot;; abducting the most synthetic causation hypothesis &quot;Everything is causal with something that is self-causal&quot;;


the most synthetic physics-ontology hypothesis &quot;Everything is made of something that has always existed everywhere&quot;; AND the most synthetic causation hypothesis &quot;Everything is causal with something that is self-causal&quot;; abducting the most synthetic causation-physics-ontology hypothesis &quot;Everything is made of and causal with the self-causal that has always existed everywhere&quot;;

&quot;Self-causal&quot; means &quot;self-deterministic&quot;; theorizing I predict that self-determinism is consciousness! predicting consciousness-causation-physics-ontology hypothesis &quot;Everything is made of and causal with consciousness that has always existed everywhere&quot;;

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

[[Category:Consciousness| ]]
[[Category:Consciousness studies| ]]</text>
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    <title>Composite Materials/Syllabus</title>
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{{center top}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:175%; font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;[[School:Engineering|School of Engineering]]&lt;br&gt;Mechanics of Composite Materials&lt;/div&gt;{{center bottom}}
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This course is designed as an introduction for the student to the basic theory and applications of modern composite materials. It is assumed that the student has an understanding of all the basic engineering knowledge up until this point. Without going far into detail, the student is best suited for this course by having the following prerequisites:

*[[Linear Algebra]]
*[[Mechanics of Materials]]
 
Each Lesson should take a week to complete entirely; there will be plenty of problems to work on and it is important, if you wish to have a great understanding of the material, to try all the problems available. The length of this course will be approximately three months. Over that time period the student will learn all of the following course material:

* The basic definitions/structures of composites
* [[w:Stress_(physics)|Stress]]/[[w:Deformation_(mechanics)|Strain]] and the transformation
* [[w:isotropy|Isotropic]] stress/strain relations
* [[w:Orthotropic_material|Orthotropic]] and transversely isotropic stress relations
* Estimates of composite [[w:stiffness|stiffness]]
* Maximum strain and [[w:Fatigue_(material)|maximum stress]]
* Tsai-Hill and Tsai-Wu theories
* Laminated composites, cross and angle ply, symmetric and anti-symmetric laminates
* Design Project: Design of a pressure vessel using fiber-reinforced composites.
&lt;br&gt;
[[Image:Crystal_Clear_action_1leftarrow.png|left|40px|]]'''[[Composite Materials|Back to Composite Navigation Page]]'''
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    <title>United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008</title>
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      <text bytes="145243" sha1="mzlsl39zovcsz94jwiydu6tc5aoiklg" xml:space="preserve">The '''Great Repeal Bill''' was a proposed bill from 2007 onwards, intended to abolish many laws and regulations hampering individual freedoms, society, and businesses in the United Kingdom&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.adamsmith.org/images/stories/deregulation.pdf |title=Route Map to Reform: Deregulation |publisher=Adam Smith Institute |date=2007-11-20 |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was similar to the proposed bill to remove European Union laws after {{w|Brexit}}. Members of the public can add to the list of laws and rules to be repealed in the draft of the Bill below. You are also highly encouraged to join the [[/Debate|debate]] about why certain legislation should be included (or excluded) from a Great Repeal Bill.

This experiment in direct democracy allows ordinary citizens to have a direct say in drafting of legislation and is believed to be the first of its kind&lt;ref name=&quot;supplysidepolitics&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cps.org.uk/cps_catalog/CPS_assets/600_ProductPreviewFile.pdf |title=Supply Side Politics |publisher=CPS |date=2007 |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Since several of the bodies and some of th regulations listed have been earmarked for abolition a decision is needed on whether to remove these from the wiki or to highlight them as successes. ''Hundreds of quangos will be axed, merged or reformed as part of a major shake-up of public sector organisations announced on Thursday''.&lt;ref name=&quot;quangos face abolition&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.news.yahoo.com/18/20101014/tuk-hundreds-of-quangos-face-abolition-o-a7ad41d.html|title=Quangos to be abolished|publisher=Yahoo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== About the Bill ==

First proposed by [[w:Douglas Carswell|Douglas Carswell]] and [[w:Daniel Hannan|Daniel Hannan]] in their book, ''[http://www.amazon.co.uk/Plan-Twelve-Months-Renew-Britain/dp/0955979900 The Plan: 12 months to renew Britain]'', the '''Great Repeal Bill''' is as much an effort in deregulation as it is an initiative in open politics and a move towards direct democracy. The Labour party and the TUC will ensure that all existing rights and protections are maintained and will take the necessary actions to prevent Conservatives from watering down or scrapping any of these hard won rights and protections.   There is currently no right of popular [[w:initiative|initiative]] in Britain to ensure that popular legislative measures are debated and voted on in the [[w:Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]]&lt;ref name=&quot;supplysidepolitics&quot;/&gt;.  Nor is there at this time a right of referendum.  However, working with the political system as it is today, we hope to present to Parliament the draft Bill as a [[w:Private Members Bill|Private Members Bill]], or ultimately as a government Bill.

The [[w:Bill (proposed law)|Bill]] is to be drafted in collaboration with ordinary citizens drawing upon the collaborative approach a wiki editing model provides. This experimental approach hopes to provide insight into public opinion, examine if a case for popular legislative initiative using the wiki approach can be made, and provide a resource for public policy research. The initiative originally began on the blog site ConservativeHome in June 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://conservativehome.blogs.com/centreright/2008/06/what-laws-would.html |title=CentreRight: What laws would you repeal? |publisher=Conservativehome.blogs.com |date=2008-06-10 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

A parallel effort is being made on a private, &quot;guarded&quot; wiki at [http://ourlaw.wikispaces.com/ ourlaw.wikispaces.com]. Part of the outcome that may be sought is to see the difference between the results of an open vs. closed environment. Both wikis are licensed under CC-BY-SA 3.0, so content may be ported in either direction where appropriate.

== Contributing ==

Please be specific when adding suggestions for laws to scrap (not new laws, the clue lies in the title - Great ''Repeal'' Bill). The table headings for each section is indicative of what suggestions should include:

* '''Clause''' - A numbering which should be incremented if adding a new proposal.
* '''Legislation''' - Ideally the short title and year for specific Primary legislation (typically the Act of Parliament), or title, year and sequence number for secondary legislation (typically Statutory Instruments or Regulations) which contains the laws, regulations or provisions to be repealed. If you are able to assist by clarifying the title in existing proposals, please do so. 
* '''Extent of repeal''' - The specific section or provisions of the law that should be repealed. If you are able to assist other contributors by making explicit the specific section a proposal refers to, please do so.
* '''Reasoning''' - A brief explanation or justification as to why the bill should be concerned with repealing the law.

&lt;div style=&quot;border:1px solid gray; background:#fdffe7;{{Text default color}}; font-size:x-large; margin:1em; padding:0.5em; vertical-align:middle; height:64px;&quot;&gt;
[[Image:Stop sign light red.svg|left|64px]] '''Do not delete without consensus'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;Please do NOT simply delete proposals from this page. [[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate|Debate]] them instead.
&lt;/div&gt;

==Maintenance==
Because this draft Bill is intended to be a working document, proposals should be moved to [[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Old]] if they are out of date by reason of the legislation they propose for repeal having been repealed.

== Title and words of enactment ==

An Act to repeal Acts of Parliament and secondary legislation that are detrimental to the quality of life and freedom of British citizens to choose how they wish to live their lives; and for connected purposes.

Be it enacted by the Queen's most Excellent Majesty, by and with the advice and consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parliament assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows:—

&lt;!--
Repeal all acts that give primacy to the EU, and to Parliament in the UK and assert the prime authority for any act is the will of the people.

That means to repeal sections of the Act of Union 1707, and to Madzimbamuto v Lardner-Burke [1969] which would need over turning in the process.  

These principles need to be repealed:
- Parliament can make law concerning anything.
- No Parliament can bind a future parliament (that is, it cannot pass a law that cannot be changed or reversed by a future Parliament).
- A valid Act of Parliament cannot be questioned by the court. Parliament is the supreme lawmaker.

And replaced by:
- Any acts made by Parliament can only be enforced if ratified by the people.

Re-affirm the right of the people to partake in the totally unrestricted dissemination of political views across the entire spectrum of same by scrapping all laws purporting to limit this ancient right in any way.

Reverse all procedural changes to the process of trial on Indictment and all other limitations to the ancient right to trial by jury. These measures have increased the chances of wrongful convictions of the innocent and wrongful acquittal of the guilty. Proposals to hold special trials for so-called 'complex cases' heard by a judge and two 'lay experts' are highly likely to result in wrongful acquittals of well-connected, corrupt individuals and if the truth be known, is the driving force behind the political will to introduce them.
--&gt;
&lt;!--
== please add the correct Acts :
The enabling acts for the European Human Rights bill
The apparently illegal Act repealing Habeas Corpus and Magna Carta
Any act presuming to (illegally) amend or revoke any item in the 1689 Bill of Rights
Use of Mobile Phone whist driving - the exist laws regarding Driving without due care and attention and Dangerous driving are more than adequate to cover this 
--&gt;

== Extent, commencement, transitional provision and short title ==

(1) This Act extends to England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.&lt;br&gt;
(2) An amendment or repeal contained in this Act has the same extent as the Act or instrument or relevant part of the Act or instrument to which the amendment or repeal relates (ignoring extent by virtue of an Order in Council).&lt;br&gt;
(3) This Act comes into force at the end of the period of six months beginning from the date of Royal Assent. (This provision will give time for public and private sector organisations to adjust to the many reforms in this Act)&lt;br&gt;
(4) A Minister of the Crown, or two or more Ministers of the Crown acting jointly, may by order make transitional, transitory or saving provision in connection with the coming into force of any provision of this Act.&lt;br&gt;
(5) An order under subsection (4) is to be made by statutory instrument.&lt;br&gt;
(6) This Act may be cited as the Great Repeal Act 2010.

== Applicability to devolved assemblies ==

This Act shall neither add to nor subtract from the devolved powers of the National Assembly for Wales, the Scottish Parliament or the Northern Ireland Assembly.

== Business deregulation ==
{{/set
|
{{/entry
| clause = 1.
| bill = [[/Debate#Employment Act 2002|Employment Act 2002]]&lt;br&gt;Dispute Resolution Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/752) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2004/20040752.htm |title=The Employment Act 2002 (Dispute Resolution) Regulations 2004 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = Chapter 1 of Part 1 of Schedule 2&lt;br&gt;Paragraphs 6 and 9 of Schedule 2&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2002/ukpga_20020022_en_2#pt1-ch1-pb1-l1g1 |title=Employment Act 2002 (c. 22) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| reason = These sections contain laws which burden employees and entrepreneurs. 
&lt;/br&gt;
Many things are burdensome to business however that is not alone sufficient reason to repeal them, it requires some analysis of why the costs outweigh the benefits.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 2.
| bill = Weights and Measures Act 1985&lt;br&gt;Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/659)
| parts = Relevant sections, including various secondary legislation
| reason = This Act requires retailers to use certain weights and measurements
I disagree about revocation.  There has been regulation since the Magna Carta to ensure buyers and sellers are trading on equal terms.
&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2006/20060659.htm |title=The Weights and Measures (Packaged Goods) Regulations 2006 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
Having an internationally traceable system of weighing and measuring for trade use is a requirement of WTO membership, it needs simplification and more deregulation, not outright repeal.  Imperial Measurements can be made traceable to international metric standards and used quite legally in the UK subject to appropraite legislation.  In fact 'imperial' does not exist, it is all defined by metric standards.  Just because something says it weighs a 'kilogram' doesn't mean that it does.  The only thing in the world that actually weighs a kilogram is the primary standard kilogram in Paris, all mass measurements need to be traceable back to it to have any intergrity.&lt;br&gt;
Adding: ''&quot;1) pricing information shall be provided in at least one customary or recognised measure for all types of items; 2) within a business that sells to consumers, readily comparable unit prices shall be clearly displayed&quot;'' would avoid any need to specify further. If some unusual unit (or multiple types of unit) are traditional or common in some contexts, or someone wants to use a normal and a &quot;strange&quot; measure, this would allow their fair usage and also ensure purchasers can make fair pricing comparisons.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 3.
| bill = Housing Act 2004&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/ukpga_20040034_en_14#pt5 |title=Housing Act 2004 (c. 34) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=2004-12-01 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = Part 5 (currently suspended by The Home Information Pack (Suspension) Order 2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2010/1455/contents/made |title=The Home Information Pack (Suspension) Order 2010 |publisher=Legislation.gov.uk |date=2010-05-19 |accessdate=2010-08-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
| reason = This Act requires Home Information Packs to be used. The effect is to impose an additional cost on house purchasers and a VAT revenue for the state. The EU requirement for an energy survey could be met without the overhead of a full HIP.
''Disagree'' - Home Information Packs need reforming, to include surveys. They have brought down the cost of searches dramatically and speeded up process. Contributing to Economy, but are ineffective and require full review and change.
''Agree'' - From my personal experience selling my home no-one has ever asked to look at the HIP or shown any interest in it. In addition when my home failed to sell I had to resort to renting it, and having rented it for a year my HIP is now invalid. When the rental ended I wanted to put it back on the market for both sale and rental but discovered I would end up paying for the HIP again if I want to market it...and again every time the rental ended if more than a year had passed. Essentially anyone not doing the standard &quot;put it on the market, wait for it to sell, sell&quot; ends up paying for one potentially several times.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 4.
| bill = European Works Council Directive (94/45/EC)&lt;br&gt;European Social Chapter
| parts = The entire Directive
| reason = These burden businesses&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_council |title=Works council |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_of_the_European_Union#Social_chapter |title=Law of the European Union - Social chapter |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
An opinion by a business that a law is a burden is not sufficient to make that law wrong. The employee must often be empowered to avoid the business taking advantage of the relationship. The requirement should not be to remove a burden, but to keep it proportional to the problem and appropriate to the circumstances.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 5.
| bill = Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000/1551) and 2002 (SI 2002/2035)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2000/20001551.htm |title=Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 1551 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2002/20022035.htm |title=The Part-time Workers (Prevention of Less Favourable Treatment) Regulations 2000 (Amendment) Regulations 2002 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = The entire Regulations
| reason = These contain laws which make it less likely that businesses are able to hire part-time workers. In the statutory instrument of 2002,the then Sec of State extended[[User:TimC|TimC]] 14:14, 25 August 2010 (UTC) the categories of people to whom these regulations apply by removing an exemption. (this is presumably a sop to union dislike of contract labour). It is possible that simply reinstating the missing paragraphs by statutory instrument would meet the objective.
&lt;/br&gt;
These regulations provide for the equality of contract between contracting parties. The need for the removal of exemption should be extended to ensure that &quot;Less Favourable Treatment in the Labour Market&quot; is not possible. For this reason alone, and the market efficiency it generates, the Regulations require retention not repeal.
&lt;/br&gt;
Without equity of treatment and equal access to standard contract terms the Market will be inherently inefficient. Regulations provide for contracted forgoing of Rights under the Regulations. Abolition or repeal would simply provide for structural market inefficiencies as every contract would inherently carry a right of negotiation at inception as understood from Contract Law.
&lt;/br&gt;
Abolition should be opposed as it would place an unreasonable competitive brake on all Businesses carried out with Part Time Workers. It is easier to have no contract but that reduces all Markets to the whims of the Employer and so places a burden onto the Employer to be permanently exercising active control with consequent inefficiencies.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 6.
| bill = The Companies Act 1985 (Operating and Financial Review and Directors' Report etc.) Regulations 2005 (SI 2005/1011) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2005/20051011.htm |title=The Companies Act 1985 (Operating and Financial Review and Directors' Report etc.) Regulations 2005 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = The entire Regulations
| reason = Specify what aspect of the regulations you find objectionable. Is it the environmental audit or the fact that companies have to mke an annual report? Just naming the regulations will not do.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 7.
| bill = Money Laundering Regulations and the Proceeds of Crime Act 2002 2007 and 2009
| parts = SI 2001/1819&lt;br&gt;SI 2001/3641&lt;br&gt;SI 2003/171&lt;br&gt;SI 2003/3075&lt;br&gt;SI 2006/308&lt;br&gt;SI 2006/1070&lt;br&gt;SI 2007/2157&lt;br&gt;SI 2007/3299&lt;br&gt;
| reason = This Law makes you liable  if your client, without your knowledge,  committs a crime. You can loose everything you own before charge and without a fair trial.  This Law has destroyed the Presumption of Innocence and allows the Police and the Crown Prosecution Service to punish the innocent before charge and before trial. It allows Police to seize every moveable item of value from a business person  before charge and further allows the Crown Prosecution Service to freeze all assets before charge and before trial. It brings forward the spectre of a Police State to Britain
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 8.
| bill = [[w:Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974|Health and Safety at Work etc. Act 1974]]
| parts = Sections of the secondary legislations enacted over the past decade.
| reason = Costs people 20 times more money to enforce than people get paid for enforcing it {{fact}}.  citing &quot;a 75-country study found that regulations usually cost a country twenty times more than they cost the government (see publications by Djankov,
Laporta, Silanes and Shleifer).&quot; page 59 of http://www.policynetwork.net/uploaded/pdf/Habits_of_Highly_Effective_Countries%20_Lessons_for_SA.pdf
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;There may well be Health and Safety regulations which are disproportionate. There is, also, however, a large problem with insufficiently trained officials taking an over-cautious view and blaming regulations for their lack of research. Before removing regulations, action should be taken to determine whether the fault lies with the regulations or with poor implementation. There should be a requirement that any change made in order to satisfy such regulations should quote the regulation involved and allow for an appeal.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
It may be sensible to re-examine the scope of the Act, however. Its framers were, I think, more concerned with industrial accidents and safety on construction sites than they were with the relatively benign office environments in which many of us work, and its extension and intrusion into other areas is the main source of problems. For instance, there are now training courses for using ladders. Far too often this legislation is now used as a basis for compensation claims and there is too little personal responsibility. Whether that is a problem that needs addressing in the legislation or not is another question, and whether that should be done as part of this Bill is also a good question, but it should be considered.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
Repeal the sections of the  Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1992 and 1999 which refer to persons other than employees or those working in or on the premises.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
H&amp;S rules should no longer be able to 'trump' other laws (e.g. laying flat headstones in churchyards), and thus avoid complex and unsatisfactory court cases. Sign of the problem is that H&amp;S Executive has a habit of redrafting guidance notes to 'clarify' legislation. It indicates paying less heed to highly unlikely events, although this does not appear to have been heeded by courts or by council officers.

Agree: Have worked in the industry. The Act as it currently stands entails far too much bureaucracy and form-filling, wasting time and resources. Also facilitates the creation of vested interests through health and safety training companies, many of whom offer astonishingly basic and ill-informed courses for large sums of money. As mentioned above, elements of it are anachronistic. 

Disagree: This is a hobby-horse Repeal of legislation that predates the EEC let alone the EU. The inability of poor business practice to support health and provide safety in the workplace dates to 1802. The Great Repeal Bill will have a lot of good work to do without bogging it down in abolishing Victorian Legislation just because Businesses refuse to take personal responsibility for safety seriously.

Arguing the minutiae of office safety is an exercise in office politics that should be kept away from the serious business of Legislation.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 9.
| bill = Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 (SI 2005/1541) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2005/20051541.htm |title=The Regulatory Reform (Fire Safety) Order 2005 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = See reasons
| reason = Amend the order by removing references to all premises where people sleep: ie  hotels, boarding houses, hostels, communal parts of dwellings, holiday lets, chalets, holiday camps and the like.  Replace these sections by reinstating such parts of the Fire Precautions Act 1971 as are necessary to reimpose the requirements of the Fire Precautions (Hotels and Boarding Houses) Order 1972 and strengthen this to include the above mentioned premises subject to an exemption for single building holiday lets which do not provide accommodation for fewer than five persons.-  Do you mean 'do not provide accommodation for MORE than five persons?[[User:TimC|TimC]] 15:08, 2 September 2010 (UTC)
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 10.
| bill = [[/Debate#Schedule_12_of_the_Finance_Act_2000_Provision_of_Services_through_an_intermediary_otherwise_known_as_IR35)|
Finance Act 2000 (IR35)]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/ir35/ |title=HM Revenue &amp; Customs: IR35 - Countering Avoidance in the Provision of Personal Services |publisher=Hmrc.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;Income Tax (Earnings and Pensions) Act 2003&lt;br&gt;Social Security Contributions (Intermediaries) Regulations 2000 (SI 2000/727)
| parts = The relevant sections
| reason = Costs small businesses time and money, adds extra charges for contractors, and also pushed many offshore. It has raised a mere £9.2m over 6 years &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pcg.org.uk/cms/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=5546:pcg-exposes-the-truth-of-ir35s-pitiful-tax-take&amp;catid=745:pcg-news&amp;Itemid=1053 |title=exposes the truth of IR35's pitiful tax take |publisher=PCG |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; and at most raised 35 million. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IR35 |title=IR35 |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}[[User:TimC|TimC]] 15:08, 2 September 2010 (UTC)

{{/entry
| clause = 11.
| bill = Financial Services and Markets Act 2000
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = We all know that it has failed. It was only brought in because the predecessor legislation, the Financial Services Act 1986, although working well, had been introduced by the previous Conservative government. Bring it back!
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 12.
| bill = Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977| parts = The entire Act
| reason = Prevents personal injury liability disclaimers from being legally binding.&lt;br&gt;
''Disagree:'' The law has traditionally said that liability for death and injury is too serious to be excluded &quot;as a norm&quot;. The aim of this clause is that you cannot just point to the contract and say &quot;we're not liable even if negligent&quot; if your mistake causes death or injury. This is in effect a &quot;public policy&quot; issue; it's probably a good thing that it's prevented from exclusion and disclaimer.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 13.
| bill = Town and Country Planning Act 1947
| parts = The entire Act and its subsequent amendments
| reason = Increases housing costs which have gone up 4 times faster than the RPI over the last century (see #90) because planning drove up costs and prevents innovation. People are entitled to housing that is as good, modern, and inexpensive as the market can produce. National park rules should allow land there to stay undeveloped.Planning laws distort the market for land and lead to over investment by UK citizens in property at the expense of commerce.

Agree: But, we need legislative protection of historic sites and areas of natural beauty that the above act is actually failing to provide. 
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 14.
| bill = Income Tax Act 2007
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = Replace with a National Sales Tax on all non-essential items. Implemented on a local basis as well to encourage competition between different areas. People who spend more on non-essential items would pay more which is a fairer tax. This could vastly reduce national and local government revenue from a decrease in the tax rate. This may also attract foreigners to move to the UK which could increase tax collected. See the Fair Tax currently being debated in the U.S. for further insights. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_tax |title=Fair tax |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fairtax.org/site/PageServer |title=Americans For Fair Taxation |publisher=Fairtax.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disagree: Would drive down government revenue to a degree that is unsustainable considering the amount of current government spending commitments. If it happens, it needs to occur in a government prepared to dramatically reduce the responsibilities and burdens on the state, which is unlikely. Also believe indirect taxation such as this will be unpopular, as it creates the impression that things are more expensive than they in fact are.
Poorer people spend a far greater proportion of their income on goods, rather than savings, investments, mortgages, therefore this is a recessive tax.  Having a local tax will mean much lower government income in poorer area, with money going to already relatively wealthy areas.  Also there is disagreement about what is 'non-essential', it would inevitably creep on to essentials.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 15.
| bill = Climate Change Act 2008
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = Costs individual households and businesses billions of pounds when the UK is estimated to be responsible for only 2% of worldwide carbon emissions and man made climate change is only a hypothesis{{fact}} and not an established fact.
Absolute certainty is impossible in climatology as it is in everything else (up to and including mathematics). Nevertheless, the IPCC's last assessment report states: 'Most of the observed increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic GHG concentrations.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/ar4/syr/en/spms2.html |title=Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report |publisher=Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change |date= |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disagree: Agree that certain clauses of the Act need revision and certain aspects of the government's approach to climate change need revision, but support the idea of reducing man's environmental impact in general, and reducing dependence on foreign sources of energy can only be a positive. Notion that Britain should not act because its impact is &quot;only 2%&quot; is not a good one, since it nevertheless still has such responsibilities, and should endeavor to set an example. 
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 16.
| bill = The Leasehold Reform Act 1967
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = Prevents people and businesses from having the right to recover possession of properties after expiration of a lease.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 17.
| bill = Race Relations Amendment Act 2000
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = In creating a requirement to promote &quot;race equality&quot; and demonstrate that procedures to prevent racial discrimination are in place this Act transforms what ought to be matters of conscience into an exercise in burdensome bureaucracy. Has engendered among the ethnic majority both sometimes justifiable resentment and a feeling that anyone from outside their number succeeding in their chosen sphere is doing so only because of their minority status, which is quite often wholly unfair. Has created the atmosphere which allowed the Ali Dizaei debacle in the Metropolitan Police to take place and done nothing to promote feelings of pan-racial &quot;community&quot;.

Agree: Anachronistic act, much of what it tries to achieve was actually included in earlier Race Relations legislation. This sort of legislation more suited to 1950s and 60s when racial discrimination and racism still a factor in public life. Believe that most people, including business owners, are enlightened enough that this act is no longer necessary. Those that still subscribe to racial doctrines and prejudices are typically not those in positions to discriminate, but are thugs and gangs.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 18.
| bill = Race Relations Act 1976
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = Overrode the eminently sensible Race Relations Act 1965 which confined itself solely to the public sphere more or less in its entirety. The 1976 act exacerbates, rather than mitigates, racial tensions in society
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 19.
| bill = Race Relations Act 1968
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = Intrudes unacceptably into areas which are more properly matters for personal conscience and public opprobrium to deal with. Actually damaged race relations in the United Kingdom in a way the far milder and more appropriate Race Relations Act 1965 did not in that it encouraged members of ethnic minorities who might previously have only suspected prejudicial treatment to band together into &quot;communities&quot; and go hunting for it, setting themselves against the native (for lack of a better term) population. Separation from the wider community was incentivised as unintegrated &quot;communities&quot; regarded as homogenous by outsiders became better able to campaign for preferential treatment and increased &quot;group rights&quot; than the individual who regarded himself as British first. As well as ghettoising ethnic minorities, all this has an equally unwelcome effect on member of the ethnic minority, who have been taught to resent and fear (particulary with regard to potential litigation) members of ethnic minorities even where their history in Britain goes back three or four generations.

Disagree: With the notion that it encourages 'ghettoisation'. Believe this is a broader failure of multiculturalism and the collapse of British self-confidence following the 1950s than something that can be associated with this particular Act. This Act still valuable as a safeguard for race relations. 
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 20.
| bill = Insolvency Act 1986
| parts = S214
| reason = Section 214 of the act creates personal liability for a company director in respect of wrongful trading. It is suggested that the creation of such liability in instances described by the section often results in small business directors being held personally liable for honest mistakes often to the extent of causing personal bankruptcy. The law against fraud and deliberate wrongdoing must be a harsh deterrent, however, S214 deals not with fraud but instead creates an onerous burden of expectation on the average entrepeneur's ability to predict the future and in doing so fosters a business culture of risk aversion and premature liqudation of potentially viable businesses.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 21.
| bill = Digital Economy Act 2010
| parts = S3-21,42,47(3)(a)
| reason = This Act was rushed through Parliament during the wash-up period before the 2010 General Election and was not properly debated and analysed. Private companies/organisations should never have the right to bar/disconnect someone from anything. This should be a matter for the courts, and not industry. Also, ISPs should not have to police the internet when they are merely carriers of data, which privacy laws prohibit them from accessing. This clause repeals the parts of the Act that deal with this issue. See also the Communications Act 2003 under the consequential amendments section.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;

''Disagree'' - private companies should certainly have the right to terminate or suspend contracts with their customers, subject to the terms of those contracts. Currently most ISPs' Terms of Service ''already state'' that use of their networks for copyright infringement is forbidden, and their contracts also already contain clauses allowing them to terminate or suspend services for ToS violations. The notion that for some reason the courts should be required in this decision is one promulgated by pro-piracy ISPs who don't want to terminate or suspend their customers and know that most complaints come from entities outside the legal jurisdiction that covers them, so demanding court orders will usually result in the complaint going away.

Further, the Digital Economy Bill ''does not'' say that customers will be cut-off. It says that ISPs will have to send notices to their subscribers if they are repeatedly notified of copyright infringement, that they will be required to keep track of who they have notified and how many times, and that copyright holders will be able to request anonymised information from ISPs relating to the customers who have been sent the largest number of notifications. There is nothing wrong with the ISP coming to a view as to whether alleged infringement is genuine or not, in the same way that there is nothing wrong with someone telling someone else off for dropping litter on the street. The courts only need to be involved if there is a dispute, and in that situation it should be the contract between ISP and customer that is the basis for litigation.

Finally, I'll add that I don't think the anti-piracy part of the Digital Economy Bill will work, but I also don't think it's some kind of unjustifiable infringement of ISPs' customers' rights. For one thing, one ISP barring them doesn't mean the whole Internet is inaccessible - there are many ISPs, and there are always public terminals in libraries, internet cafés and other public places that they can use. Banning them completely from the Internet is an entirely different matter and would, of course, require an injunction from a court, ''but that is not what the Digital Economy Bill proposes, even in the case that the Secretary of State directs Ofcom to take further steps to curb piracy''.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 22.
| bill = Finance Act 2008
| parts = S58(4)
| reason = This section of the 2008 Finance Act is an apparently innocuous piece of legislation that closes a tax loophole in the Dual Taxation Treaty between the UK and the Isle of Man.  The referenced clause however reads : &quot;(4) The amendments made by subsections (1) to (3) are treated as always having had effect.&quot;  This effectively renders the closure retrospective, making income that was not previously taxable subject to full income tax.  This is unprecendented and, as well as being widely condemned by such bodies as the Chartered Institute of Taxation and the Joint Committee of Human Rights, exposes several thousand freelance workers to huge tax demands.  Many of these people will be made bankrupt by this clause, most of them ordinary people with families who risk losing their homes.  During the committee stage of the Finance Act, both the Lib Dems and Conservatives opposed the retrospective element of this bill, tabling amendments to close the loophole but with only prospective effect.  These amendments were only defeated by Labour forcing the clause through by exercising their committee majority.
Effects are already being felt in parts of UK arts &amp; heritage where it is apparent that some significant donors have left the country.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 23.
| bill = Police Act 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;policeact1997&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1997/ukpga_19970050_en_8#pt5 |title=Police Act 1997 (c. 50) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = Part V
| reason = This legislation created the Criminal Records Bureau (CRB). It cannot and does not provide any guarantees about whether people will actually be safe around children, but it has helped to create an atmosphere of suspicion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7474692.stm |title=Adults 'scared to go near kids' |publisher=BBC News |date=2008-06-26 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over 2000 people&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/5001624.stm |title=Criminal records mix-up uncovered |publisher=BBC News |date=2006-05-21 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; have found themselves wrongly labeled as criminals by CRB and the result of this legislation has been to create a shortage of adult volunteers. In addition to this the requirement for CRB checks which have effectively become a tax on volunteering{{fact}}Actually it is not so much a tax on volunteering as a source of income for the company running the CRB check system, see http://www.capitarvs.co.uk/[[User:TimC|TimC]] 08:58, 7 October 2010 (UTC)
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 24.
| bill = Sunday Trading Act 1994
| parts = The relevant sections
| reason = There are good social reasons for restricting the number of hours or days a person should work, but it is not the place of the government to mandate a given day of the week for it. ''(Jewish shops? Muslim shops? Shop workers of no strong religious belief?)'' To the extent this protects shop workers from abuse, update employment law to ensure a shop worker's employment must allow for a regular one day a week off for (or in lieu of) religious belief. To the extent it protects the British culture, the established religion, or any other social structure, it is clear that the population as a whole don't feel that forcing shops to close on a given day is an issue worthy of enforcement in this day and age. Its value seems to be more symbolic in a country where most people are happy to drive, shop, or do DIY on a Sunday - it's almost a reminder of something. But symbolics make poor legislation.

Disagree: Background and culture of this country still Christian. Whether majority of people go to church every week is irrelevant. The fact is that Sunday is culturally a day of rest and leisure, and this should be maintained. Could lead to abuse of low-income workers (in shops, etc) if repealed.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 25.
| bill = [[Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988]] (as amended by The Copyright (Computer Programs) Regulations 1992&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si1992/uksi_19923233_en_1 |title=The Copyright (Computer Programs) Regulations 1992 (SI 1992/3233) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
| parts = S18 - &quot;except that in relation to [..] computer programs the restricted act of issuing copies to the public includes any rental of copies to the public&quot;
| reason = Currently, renting out software to customers is illegal unless you have permission of the rights holder. For &quot;normal&quot; software (e.g. operating systems, computer games, office software), this law is acceptable. The problem is, is that nearly every electronic device has software in it (cars, microwaves). This outlaws car rental, computer rental/leasing (even with proper operating system licenses, as the &quot;bare-metal&quot; computer does have a BIOS which can't be removed), hotels with TVs in the rooms, landlords who provide the use of a microwave etc. In hardware, the &quot;software&quot; is usually &quot;firmware&quot;, however in the EU Computer Programs Directive (91/250/EEC) which our law is based upon, it does say that &quot;the term 'computer program` shall include programs in any form, including those which are incorporated into hardware&quot;. This undermines our right to rent out hardware that we own. It is infeasable to ask every manufacturer of every single electronic device permission to rent/lease hardware, just because it contains a small amount of software. The aforementioned words from Section 18 of the Act should be removed, and replaced with something that excludes programs built into hardware. ''Nicely argued example of a poorly drafted law.''
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 26.
| bill = UK Strategic Export Control Lists (Dual-Use Items)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bis.gov.uk/assets/biscore/eco/docs/control-lists/uk-consolidated-list.pdf |title=UK Strategic Export Control Lists (Dual-Use Items) |publisher=Department of Business, Innovation and Skills |date= |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = Annex I Section 5 Part 2 (&quot;Information Security&quot;)
| reason = The internet is an international tool that is nearly impossible to regulate. Encryption is a very important element in the backbone of the internet, and should not be controled by governments. Nearly every single computer server or desktop uses encryption, including simple email clients. With encryption technologies, the internet just woudn't work for anything important. Besides the fact that encryption is ubiquitous and essential, freedom of speech and privacy laws entitle the public to keeping private traffic secure. The aforementioned part of the Export Control List should be removed, as in today's connected digital world, encryption should not be classed as &quot;Dual-Use&quot;. We don't call &quot;pens and pencils&quot; dual-use items, even though the military can use them, because pens and pencils are everywhere. This is the same as encryption - the world uses it in nearly every element of computing freely, yet unenforcable laws try to restrict it. Infact, the only way for businesses to suceed in today's connected digital world, is to remain ignorrant of the aforemented part, as men and women who take a laptop abroad on holiday with them become subject to the part (All laptops have encryption technologies built into them in some form). Over the years, encryption is slowly becoming deregulated, but lets strike its regulation off from the books completely, as in today's digital world, we need encryption for simple domestic and business purposes.   
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 27.
| bill = The Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2003/20032498.htm |title=The Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI 2003/2498) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=2003-09-27 |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = S24 (This amends Section 296 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988)
| reason = This section was designed to protect circumvention of copy controls, such as DRM to prevent the illegal copying of a DVD. In principle, this is good, however the Section is badly written and its scope extends to areas greater than orignally intended. An example would be if someone were to buy a electronic device, which came with pre-loaded software. That person may want to change the software on the device. Since he owns the device, one would assume that he is able to do this, however the aformentioned section would prevent this, as he would have to &quot;circumvent a technical measure&quot; since most manufactures try to prevent people from removing pre-loaded software due to warranty/support issues. The Section should be re-written to narrow its scope to something like &quot;circumvention of DRM controls directly related to the prevention of piracy&quot;. We need our freedom to do what we wish with hardware that we own. We should be allowed to change software on electronic devices if we so wish. HTC &quot;forbid&quot; people to remove the software on their phones, and replace it with custom software; even though &quot;piracy&quot; is not involved here, this badly written section gives HTC the right to &quot;forbid&quot; people from removing their software. '''To sum up, am I asking government to restore the freedom to allow people to &quot;remove&quot; or &quot;replace&quot; software on hardware, and to forbid manufacturers from restricting people from doing such acts'''.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 28.
| bill = [[/Debate#Consumer Credit Act 2006|Consumer Credit Act 2006]]
| parts = S15 (this section repeals sub-sections 127(3-5) of the Consumer Credit Act 1974&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&amp;title=consumer+credit+act&amp;Year=1974&amp;searchEnacted=0&amp;extentMatchOnly=0&amp;confersPower=0&amp;blanketAmendment=0&amp;sortAlpha=0&amp;TYPE=QS&amp;PageNumber=1&amp;NavFrom=0&amp;activeTextDocId=436587&amp;versionNumber=1&amp;parentActiveTextDocId=436428&amp;hideCommentary=0&amp;showProsp=0&amp;suppressWarning=0&amp;showAllAttributes=0 |title=Consumer Credit Act 1974, s. 127|publisher=UK Statute Law Database |date= |accessdate=2010-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
| reason = Consumer lending institutions should know the Law and follow it if they decide to rely on the Law to enforce their consumer credit agreements

Disagree- Too much of a burden placed on creditors; also, would give rise to defences in the realm of &quot;ignorance of the law is no defence&quot;

}}

}}

== Local government deregulation ==

{{/set
|
{{/entry
| clause = 1.
| bill = Local Government Act 1999
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = This Act imposed on local authorities rules which subject locally elected decision makers to official scrutiny by officials rather than voters.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 2.
| bill = [[/Debate#Local Government Act 2000|Local Government Act 2000]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/ukpga_20000022_en_6#pt3 |title=Local Government Act 2000 (c. 22) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| parts = Part III and Schedule 4
| reason = This Act established a Standards Boards to oversee the conduct of locally elected councillors.

Comment: Schedule 4 is prospectively repealed by paragraph 53 of Schedule 4 to, and Part 5 of Schedule 25 to, the Localism Act 2011.
}}

{{/entry
| clause = 4.
| bill = Planning and Compulsory Purchase Act 2004 
| parts = Section 39
| reason = This Act requires planning decisions to be taken with the objective of contributing to the achievement of sustainable development.
}}

}}

== Civic deregulation ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;|'''Clause'''
| style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|'''Legislation'''
| style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|'''Extent of repeal'''
| style=&quot;width:50%;&quot;|'''Reasoning'''
| style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;|'''Debate'''
|-
||2.
||Hunting Act 2004
||The entire Act
||The Act is unclear &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4083283.stm |title=No one can define new hunt ban |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-12-10 |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;, it has been declared unenforceable in court &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunting_Act_2004#Enforcement_of_the_Hunting_Act |title=Hunting Act 2004 - Enforcement of the Hunting Act |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it was introduced not for policy reasons but to placate government backbenchers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1472099/Hunt-ban-is-revenge-for-Thatchers-defeat-of-the-miners-says-Labour-MP.html |title=Hunt ban is revenge for Thatcher's defeat of the miners, says Labour MP |publisher=The Telegraph |date=2004-09-19 |accessdate=2009-07-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

||[[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate#Hunting Act 2004|Debate]]
|-
||2.
||Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
||Section 4
||
||
|-
||3.
||The Firearms Act (Amendment) (No. 1 &amp; 2) Act 1997 (The Pistol Ban)
||The entire Act
||This was an emotionally derived piece of legislation driven by a tabloid media campaign, and which overruled the recommendations of the government's own inquiry (which concluded that the Dunblane shootings were down to a failure of Policing and law enforcement). To that end it was recommended that firearms law required no new restrictions. This poorly-thought out, knee-jerk response to a single incident currently prevents a lawful, harmless form of recreation and has had no effect in curtailing firearms related crime &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/1440764.stm |title=Handgun crime 'up' despite ban |publisher=BBC News |date=2001-07-16 |accessdate=2010-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;, as it only provided powers to remove firearms from lawful, private possession (which criminals by definition will ignore). In 12 years no other Western nation has followed the UK's &quot;shining example&quot; suggesting that the UK is too restrictive, not the other way around. Infact, the absurdity of these laws means our own Olympic pistol team have to go to France in order to train due to the barrel and overall length of firearms allowed on a sec.1 firearms certificate. A criminal who by nature does not follow these restrictions can simply use a hacksaw to bypass this, demonstrating the futility of this legislation. Repealing this amendment would allow licenced shooters to use both fullbore and .22 rimfire pistols under the same strict conditions as other sec.1 firearms.
||
|-
||4.	
||Dangerous Dogs Act 1989 
||The entire Act
||Utterly judgemental piece of legislation that stereotypes dogs rather than treating each as an individual. Infringement of freedoms in that one cannot keep a perfectly safe dog simply because of its breed.

Disagree: Extend its scope to ban all private ownership and keeping of dogs of any breed, which are inherently aggressive and dangerous creatures of unrivalled barbarity and have no place in civilised society.  They kill at least one child in the UK every year, usually more. Treating them as individuals is like treating some murderers as if they were benign and adorable beings whom we should take into our homes and allow to access local children on the off-chance that they might not savage them to death on that particular day.

Disagree: Regulation of dog ownership, and pet ownership in general, should be increased not reduced. Animal cruelty on the increase, and spate of recent dangerous dog attacks show that not everyone can be trusted to care for dogs in a way that is suitable for themselves, the dogs, and society. However, believe above comment is hyperbolic and too emotionally charged. 
||
|-
||5.
||Football Spectators Act 1989
||The entire Act
||Reasons?

Disagree: Cannot, under any circumstances, go back to the 1980s days of football hooliganism. 
||
|-
||6.
||Police Act 1997&lt;ref name=&quot;policeact1997&quot;/&gt;
||Part 5 (and subsequent requirements)
||Relates to the establishment of the Criminal Records Bureau, and the requirements for voluntary groups and organisations to use it.
||
|-
||7.
||Safeguarding Vulnerable Groups Act 2006 which established the Independent Safeguarding Authority
||The entire Act
||This is already included in another section. Propose dropping it from here.
||
|-
||8.
||Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000
||Sections 60 to 62 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2000/ukpga_20000037_en_5#pt2-pb3-l1g60 |title=Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 (c. 37) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
||This Act imposed obligations on local highway authorities to involve themselves in long established rights of way.
||
|-
||9.
||Charities Act 2006 
||Part 1
||This Act redefined the definition of charity that had existed satisfactorily since 1661. It was mainly introduced to attack 'public schools' which claim tax benefit for the chaitable purpose of providing education. 
||
|-
||10.
||[[Racial and Religious Hatred Act 2006]]
||The entire Act
||This Act of the Parliament created an offence in England and Wales of inciting hatred against a person on the grounds of their religion. However, it also creates an issue for people wishing to criticize aspects of religion who now cannot do so without fear of possibly committing this offence. This act should be repealed on the grounds that it breaches the principles of free speech.

Agree: Majority of religious attacks are actually predicated on and motivated by racial hatred. Racial hatred already covered by Crime and Disorder Act below. 
||
|-
||11. 
||Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 
||Part 5, Section 63 and related clauses
||This makes the possession of 'extreme' types of 'pornography' a criminal offence, regardless of the reason for that possession, and where the definition of 'pornography' is so sweeping as to amount to censorship, including images that can be created using entirely legal means and with fully consenting adult participants&lt;ref&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_63_of_the_Criminal_Justice_and_Immigration_Act_2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7364475.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/121589446/PDFSTART?CRETRY=1&amp;SRETRY=0&lt;/ref&gt;. Possession of images are criminalised whether or not participants consented, and it applies to fictional and staged acts. It covers entirely private material that is not published. BBFC classified works are exempt, yet a clip from such a film can still be illegal.

''Noteworthy'', the consultation on this was 61% '''against''' stronger laws and only 36% in favour, including strong representations against it from a wide range of bodies and organisations speaking on sexual matters (Liberty&lt;ref&gt;http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmpublic/criminal/071018/pm/71018s01.htm&lt;/ref&gt;, [http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/ Backlash] etc). A Rapid Evidence Assessment purporting to give the law an academic basis, was deemed by academics to be &quot;'''&quot;extremely poor, based on contested findings and accumulated results... one-sided and simply ignores the considerable research tradition into &quot;extreme&quot; (be they violent or sexually explicit) materials...'''&quot; - a statement signed by some 40 academics.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/acad_statement.html&lt;/ref&gt;  [http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/qcopinion.html Legal opinion from QC] suggests the concept is itself flawed. Prosecutions subsequently have been desultory, and included a humour spoof of Tony the Tiger having sex and preferring it to Frosties.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/6918001/Man-cleared-of-porn-charge-after-tiger-sex-image-found-to-be-joke.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/01/06/tiger_police/&lt;/ref&gt; Even in the case which prompted the law, the guilty party had  begun experimenting with such fetishes and had &quot;murderous thoughts&quot; years before viewing &quot;extreme&quot; pornography.&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/sussex/6756863.stm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/news.html Law Lords undermine Home Office case]&lt;/ref&gt;

''Comment:'' We don't need this law. As well as criminalising the recording of one's own legal actions, the recording of ones friends or partners' legal actions, and the possession of material produced by friends of their legal actions, there's considerable research that questions the supposed connection in the first place.

Agree: The Act was motivated by a misguided view of what causes sexual violence. More efforts should be made to prevent children watching pornography, and treating mentally-ill adults who are sensitive to influence from extreme pornography, not on criminalising adults. This Act is a cover for a societal failure to deal with the implications of widely available pornography and the internet.
||
|-
||12. 
||Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 
||Proposed amendments
||Proposed amendments by MPs and Lords: [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldbills/041/amend/ml041-iib.htm Clause 63], [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200708/ldbills/016/amend/ml016-id.htm Clause 113, 114, 115], [http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200708/cmbills/015/amend/pb0150901m.279-285.html Amendments 3-10, and 179]). [http://www.backlash-uk.org.uk/wp/?page_id=82 Possible amendments from Backlash].
||
|-
||13.
||The Firearms Act 1968
||Non-lethal weapons - Section 5(1)(b) any weapon of whatever description designed or adapted for the discharge of any noxious liquid gas or other thing
||A variety of non lethal self-defence devices are included in the list of prohibited weapons, alongside machine guns and rocket launchers. Both pepper spray and electronic stun guns offer an excellent and reliable means of protecting oneself against an attack. The prohibition of these devices not only strips away a perfectly legitimate means of self-defence benefited from across most of Europe (Only 7 out of 27 EU states prohibited self-defence sprays), but unnecessarily criminalizes those who decide to take responsibility for their own protection by carrying said devices.&lt;ref&gt;Elderly couple face jail for carrying pepper spray guns after brutal attack http://tablebear.wordpress.com/2009/09/07/justice-in-the-uk/&lt;/ref&gt; What good is the right to defend yourself when you have no effective means to do so?
||
|-
||14.
||Crime and Disorder Act 1998
||
||This Act introduced ASBOs and &quot;racially aggravated offences&quot;, thus creating different classes of victim and subverting the concept of equality before the law. It also provided for the abolition of judicial hanging for High Treason.
||
|-
||15.
||[[Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005]]
||Sections 132 - 138&lt;ref&gt;http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/ukpga_20050015_en_12#pt4-pb3&lt;/ref&gt;
||These sections prohibit protest within 1km of Parliament, infriging the right to peaceful protest. &lt;ref&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socpa#Protests_near_Parliament&lt;/ref&gt; 
||
|-
||16.
||Counter-Terrorism Act 2008
||Section 58A and Section 76 -delete item iii 'a constable' from Section 76&lt;ref&gt;http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2008/ukpga_20080028_en_9#pt7-pb3-l1g76&lt;/ref&gt;
||The photography of a police officer 'law'.&lt;ref&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter-Terrorism_Act_2008#Photographs_of_police_officers_in_public_places&lt;/ref&gt; An ill thought out law, that further allows police to harass citizens and individuals from taking photos.
||
|-
||17.
||Terrorism Act 2006.
||Relevant Sections
||The ability of the police to hold people for 28 days without charge under anti-terrorism legislation.&lt;ref&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism_Act_2006#Extending_the_period_of_detention_without_charge&lt;/ref&gt;I disagree- this seems an appropriate period of detention for suspected terrorists.
||
|-
||18.
||Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005
||Section 3&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.statutelaw.gov.uk/content.aspx?LegType=All+Legislation&amp;searchEnacted=0&amp;extentMatchOnly=0&amp;confersPower=0&amp;blanketAmendment=0&amp;sortAlpha=0&amp;PageNumber=0&amp;NavFrom=0&amp;parentActiveTextDocId=0&amp;activetextdocid=1414130&amp;versionNumber=1 |title=Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 (c. 2) - Statute Law Database |publisher=Statutelaw.gov.uk |date=2005-03-14 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||The ability of the Home Secretary to place control orders upon people.This ineffective measure would not be required if the adherance to the 'Human rights act' was repealed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control_order |title=Control order - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |publisher=En.wikipedia.org |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|-
||19.
||Police Reform Act 2002.
||Relevant sections
||This law among other things has given the ability for 'respected' community figures such as Nightclub Bouncers, Parking Attendants et al. to issue on-the-spot fines for anti-social behaviour. They also have access to the PNC (Police National Computer). It also allows for seizure of vehicles (S.59) despite the 1689 Bill of Rights specifically outlawing forfeiture before conviction&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/crime/article6727070.ece ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/8168709.stm |title=UK &amp;#124; Concerns over fines by 'bouncers' |publisher=BBC News |date=2009-07-25 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Agree: This Act is useless without reform of the nightclub bouncer industry, which allows criminal groups to establish local monopolies and create covers for violence and drug dealing. Know this after 4 years working in the pub and club industry.
||
|-
||20.
||Civil Contingencies Act 2004
||
||This Act is a primary piece of legislation, brought in to give greater consistency and to give assurances that the Civil Power can respond appropriately to incidents on the scale of 9/11 Bali bombings and Foot and Mouth 2001 and Fire strike and wide area flooding.     
Part 1 of the Act requires Public bodies to co-operate, co-ordinate and prepare for civil emergencies in an intergrated and effective manner.  It requires specific resources to be maintained in readiness, and responses practiced to ensure that the UK is able to respond effecitvely.  Repealling this Act in its' entirety would dramatically reduce the effectiveness of principal responders to manage major emergncies for example 7th July 2005, Gloucester floods, Buncefield, Cockermouth floods Part 2 of the CCA 2004 Act relates to Emergency Powers being put in place in a time of civil emergency or unrest.  For example a similar incident to that currently occuring in Bangladesh would require the implementation of the Emergency powers to ensure that the impact of the emergency, and the national resources required to assist the civil power could be brought in quickly - without the need to go through due process which takes time; and could affect the ability of the country to recover from an incident. 
etc           
||
|-
||21.
||The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) (Amendment) Order 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2008/draft/ukdsi_9780110810324_en_1 |title=The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons)(Amendment) Order 2008 No |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=2008-04-06 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||The entire Order
||Inhibits people from pursuing their peaceful hobbies in order to combat a non-existant threat. The Home Office claimed in enacting the order that a consultation had demonstrated strong support for their actions, despite the fact that 85% of those consulted had opposed a ban on replica swords and 56% had opposed a ban on any other weapons.&lt;ref&gt;http://web.archive.org/20101213021037/www.homeoffice.gov.uk/documents/cons-2007-ban-offensive-weapons/cons-resp-banning-off-weapons?view=Binary&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|-
||22.
||Health Act 2006
||Chapter 1
||This is the legislation that prevents you smoking in an enclosed public space or in the workplace, such as a restaurant or a company car. It is often claimed that the ban has had a huge negative impact on many pubs across the country&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/7102937.stm |title=UK &amp;#124; Pub beer sales slump to low point |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-11-20 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;, particularly since the recession began. It is however worth noting that the number of licensed premises in England and Wales has actually increased (by about 4%) since the introduction of the ban&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/+/http:/www.culture.gov.uk/images/research/Licensing_Statistical_Bulletin_2009.pdf |title=Alcohol, Entertainment and Late Night Refreshment Licensing (see page 10)|publisher=DCMS/National Archives |date=2009-10-22 |accessdate=2010-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;, while in Scotland (where a ban was introduced in 2005) the number of pubs itself has increased&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/number-of-scottish-pubs-rises-since-smoking-ban-1.887290 |title=Number of Scottish pubs rises since smoking ban |publisher=Herald Scotland |date=2008-08-16 |accessdate=2010-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. An alternative, if somewhat unpractical, approach would be to allow individual pubs to regulate smoking perhaps by setting aside designated smoking and non-smoking areas. In any case the ban enjoys widespread support from the general public&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/smoke0608.pdf 
|title=Widespread support for smoking ban 
|publisher=Office of National Statistics 
|date=2008-06-18 
|accessdate=2010-04-13
|archiveurl=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20080620105427/http://www.statistics.gov.uk/pdfdir/smoke0608.pdf
|archivedate=2008-06-20
}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
||[[Great_Repeal_Bill/Debate#Smoking_Ban|debate]]
|-
||23.
||The Equality Act (Sexual Orientation) Regulations 
||
||The regulation prevent discrimination in the provision of goods and services on the ground of sexual orientation. This could be seen as a violation of the principle of free association{{fact}}, and led to the closure of those adoption agencies (e.g. Catholic) unwilling to place children with same-sex couples. This was however denied by a recent judgement by Lord Justice John Grant McKenzie Laws in the case of a devoutly Christian marriage counsellor who went to the Court of Appeal in an attempt to overturn his sacking two years before after he refused to provide sexual advice for gay couples. Judge Law said that &quot;religious faith is necessarily subjective, being incommunicable by any kind of proof or evidence.&quot; He added that to use the law to protect &quot;a position held purely on religious grounds cannot therefore be justified.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2010/04/30/british-judge-christian-b_n_559244.html |title=	
British Judge: Christian Beliefs Have No Legal Standing  |publisher=Huffington Post |date=2010-04-30 |accessdate=2010-04-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. This judgement could give ground to a repeal of the regulations preventing discrimination in the provision of goods and services on the ground of religious beliefs.
||
|-
||24.
||Arbitration Act 2006 
||
||Gives the judgements of Sharia courts recognition in law{{fact}}

...actually, it gives any civil arbitration method *agreed to by both parties* force in civil cases and equity only. Since the victim in criminal cases is the state, and the state has a duty to prosecute crimes under law, it cannot apply here.


||
|-
||25.
||Terrorism Act 2006
||Sections 23 to 25
||28 days detention without charge is too long. ''Disagree, this seems appropriate to allow authorities to investigate computer files etc.''

Disagree: 28 days is reasonable amount, as discussed above. Parliament prevented 42 days as was requested by the Brown government, which was excessive and which was not based on any decent rationale.
||
|-
||26.
||[[Criminal Justice Act 2003]]
||Section 7 and 306
||14 days detention without charge is too long.
||
|-
||27.
||Terrorism Act 2000
||Section 13, Sections 44 to 47
||Improve freedom for peaceful protest, remove power to stop and search without probable cause
||
|-
||28.
||Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 ||Sections 34 to 39 and 61 to 80
||Re-introduce the right to silence
||
|-
||29.
||Planning (Listed Buildings and Conservation Areas) Act 1990
||The entire Act
||It is owners who are best placed to look after their property. This Act enables councils to prosecute people for crimes committed by previous owners and to be jailed for that.
||
|-
||30.
||Criminal Justice Act 2003
||Part 10 and Schedule 5
||This section of the Act removes the ancient right of (freedom from) double jeopardy and so should itself be removed.
||[[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate#Criminal Justice Act 2003 and double jeopardy|Debate]]
|-
||31.
||Licensing Act 2003 
||The entire Act
||This Act permits extended opening hours of licensed premises in a misguided scheme to introduce perceived European drinking habits to the UK. Instead incidents of violence and public disorder have extended into the early morning and has dramatically declined the standard of life of those in around licensed locations. The law also imposes restrictions on live music and entertainment which have inadvertently increased costs and legal limitations on voluntary and small social organisations{{fact}}. It also contains the absurd requirement that businesses that sell alcoholic drinks by mail order should have a premises licence for premises that customers never visit. 

Agree: British drinking culture too ingrained to change in the foreseeable future. 
||
|-
||32.
||Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts1994/ukpga_19940033_en_8#pt5-pb2-l1g63 |title=Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994 (c. 33) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=1996-04-01 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||Section 63 to 65
||Prohibiting what people can do with their own land (as the Act states) is an infringement of their liberty to make use of their property. By giving the police the power to disperse any group (even if they have the land owners permission) this is an infringement of the right to free association.
||
|-
||33.
||Reserve Forces Act 1996
||Sections 54 to 57
||This Act has allowed the use of Territorial Army soldiers as cut-price replacements for regular troops in peacekeeping operations overseas.''Please state why you think this is a bad practice.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/6293700.stm |title=UK &amp;#124; UK Politics &amp;#124; MPs urge 'more support for' TA |publisher=BBC News |date=2007-07-11 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Bob |first=Colonel |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/personal-view/3642177/We-ask-too-much-from-our-TA-soldiers.html |title=We ask too much from our TA soldiers |publisher=Telegraph |date=2007-08-23 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|-
|34.
||Extradition Act 2003
||The entire Act
||Farewell, [[w:Gary McKinnon|Gary McKinnon]]. An unpleasantly one-sided deal that discriminates against British subjects. The Americans have consistently declined to uphold their side of the bargain; the arrangement enjoys no reciprocity nor prospect of same&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/news/articles/world/factcheck%20are%20ukus%20extradition%20rules%20lopsided/166700 |title=FactCheck: Are UK-US extradition rules lopsided? - Channel 4 News |publisher=Channel4.com |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;The Act should therefore be abolished. 

Agree: Hands too much power over British subjects to foreign powers.
||
|-
|35.
||Misuse of Drugs Act 1971 and all amendments thereto, also withdrawal from all treaties relating to the control of drugs.
||The entire Act
||For interfering with peoples right to find happiness in their own way, for promulgating the myth that your body and person belong to the state, for weakening the public mind by nannying people instead of allowing them to shoulder their own responsibilities and make their own choices. Drug prohibition is extremely expensive (policing, customs, criminal justice, prisons), criminalises large segments of the population, makes quality control impossible and harm minimization difficult, makes criminals rich while driving addicts to crime by inflating prices, is hugely hypocritical with respect to the relative dangers of legal drugs like alcohol and tobacco (each of which result in more deaths annually than all illegal drugs combined),&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.drugscope.org.uk/resources/faqs/faqpages/how-many-people-die-from-drugs]. [[DrugScope]].&lt;/ref&gt; and deprives the government of tax revenue which could be spent on treatment - all while utterly and miserably failing in its primary purpose of preventing drug use. For example, the UK has higher rates of cannabis usage than the Holland, despite Dutch decriminalisation.&lt;ref name=&quot;wdr_2006&quot;&gt;[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/WDR-2006.html World Drug Report 2006]. [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]].&lt;/ref&gt;

Disagree: Drug use is incompatible with the principles behind a capitalist, free society. Leads to lethargy, lack of work ethic, inhibits productivity and peoples' capacity to contribute to society. The amount of 'deaths' it causes is irrelevant. Drugs destroy lives in other ways. Prohibiting drugs does not, as said above, mean your body belongs to the &quot;state&quot;, but recognises that an individuals' choices, actions and lifestyles are not made in isolation. Further, decriminalising drug use would only benefit middle-class teenagers who's parents care enough to get them to rehab, or at least to pay enough to cover up their drug-caused shortcomings. It would do nothing to help the millions of working-class poor who regularly use drugs, who are often from backgrounds that do not enable recovery, and from areas of economic hardship that only encourages drug-dealing and drug use as an alternative to real society. Decriminalising drug use would only encourage the atomisation of society and confirm the abandonment of large numbers of working class Britons to their fate to benefit the spoiled children of middle class professionals. 
||
|-
|36.
||Drugs Act 2005
||Section 21
||Included as an &quot;add-on&quot; a worthless restriction on sale of natural psylocybin mushrooms, a low risk item with almost no social issues and less toxic than aspirin. This attracted exceptionally heavy criticism from the House of Commons [[W:Science and Technology Select Committee|Select Committee's]] inquiry&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/shared/bsp/hi/pdfs/31_07_06_drugsreport.pdf&lt;/ref&gt; for its lack of basis:
: ''&quot;Sir Michael Rawlins, Chairman of the ACMD [Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs], told us 'I have no idea what was going through the minds of the group who put it in Class A...It is there because it is there'. The Home Office has admitted that it has '''never conducted any research''' into psilocin use and that there is''' 'no clear evidence of a link''' between psilocin use and acquisitive or other crime'... the '''ACMD was not given the chance to consider the evidence properly''' before responding... the Home Office received '''no submissions in favour''' of the clarification of the law in respect of magic mushrooms prior to the Drugs Act 2005...and four submissions against... [W]e encountered a widespread view that the Class A status of magic mushrooms does not reflect the harms associated with their misuse. The RAND report concluded that the Government’s decision 'was '''not based on scientific evidence', '''noting that 'the positioning of them in Class A '''does not seem to reflect any scientific evidence'''...' The lethal dose for humans is about one’s own body weight in mushrooms... Professor Blakemore was also of the view that 'if one could look at all the evidence for harm available now, including social harms, one would say [the classification  of magic mushrooms] is '''wrong'...''' The Government’s own 'Talk to Frank' drug information website states... ''''not addictive in any way''''... The drugs charity Release told us that 'There was little transparency as to the  reasoning behind  this policy', describing it as 'an '''unacceptable situation''''... [an MP] stated 'The policy appears to have been '''driven by something other than evidence''''...&quot; and that there was a &quot;'''striking lack of evidence to suggest that the Class A status...was merited on the basis of the harm associated with their misuse'''.&quot;''

: Committee testimony stated ''&quot;My feeling was that the whole business was rushed through in 2005 because the election was coming and the Bill had to be on the statute book but, more importantly, because there were two court cases outstanding where the government were trying to prosecute shopkeepers.&quot;'' 

In a clinical sense, these are almost universally agreed to be non-addictive, not related to a crime increase, low or no potential for abuse,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_effects.shtml&lt;/ref&gt; less toxic than asprin,&lt;ref&gt;according to the NIOSH Registry of Toxic Effects, part of the US govt Center for Disease Control the ED:LD ratio is 641 as opposed to 199 for aspirin.&lt;/ref&gt; and associated primarily with spiritual experience in clinically reported double-blind tests.&lt;ref&gt;http://csp.org/psilocybin/Hopkins-CSP-Psilocybin2006.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.tclondon.org.uk/pages/home/drug-types/magic-mushrooms.php&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|- 
||37.
||The Childrens Act 1989
||The entire Act
||This Act of introduced rights for children, without also conferring any responsibilities. It is probably the single biggest cause of social breakdown in Britain, since it has made it almost impossible for any adult to discipline or even criticise a child without fear of legal redress{{fact}}.  It also created the Child Support Agency (CSA), since dissolved.  Repeal the entire act and then start over again, using our brains and experience of what happens when you give power to children and  take it away from adults.

Agree: Children needs rules and discipline, an appreciation of authority and their duties to society and the nation. However, must be recognised that repealing this Act alone with not solve the problems of indiscipline. This can only be solved by measures to tackle family breakdown and lack of community cohesion.
||
|- 
||38.
||The Childrens Act 2004
||The entire Act
||This Act amended the Childrens Act 1989, making matters worse. 
An unintended consequence was to place more blame on local authorities for the failings of parents of children placed on the protection register, so that (especially after Baby P) they are exceptionally over-sensitive to potential risk and errors or accusations of incompetence. The result introduces bureaucracy, drives away or straitjackets competent staff, and bloats budget requirements at the expense of other more serious and front line responsibilities. Repeal and start again.
||
|-
||39.
||Coroners and Justice Act 2009 &lt;ref&gt;http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2009/ukpga_20090025_en_5#pt2-ch2-pb1-l1g62&lt;/ref&gt;
||Section 62 and related clauses
||These sections redefine an adult over the age of consent as a child, and it includes all images even if they were not of any real people (e.g. cartoons and CGI) and are purely imaginary.&lt;ref&gt;http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroners_and_Justice_Act_2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/03/17/cartoon_badness/&lt;/ref&gt; The law is far broader than simply images that would be intended for pedophiles - &quot;child&quot; is defined to include those appearing to be 17 or 18, as well as images of adults, where the &quot;predominant impression conveyed&quot; is of a person under the age of 18. As with Section 63 of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008 (see above), BBFC classified works are exempt, but a clip from such a work can still be illegal. The definitions include the possibility of criminalising a cartoon image where a fully clothed 17 year old is shown in the background of a scene where adults are depicted having sex. The definitions could cover graphic novels such as Lost Girls and Watchmen&lt;ref&gt;http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/graphic-artists-condemn-plans-to-ban-erotic-comics-1652270.html&lt;/ref&gt;. Mainstream TV such as South Park's Proper Condom Use depict cartoon scenes of children in sexual acts. The law was criticised in Committee debates by Conservative and Lib Dem MPs&lt;ref&gt;http://melonfarmers.wordpress.com/2009/03/24/easily-bullied-into-condoning-injusticedangerous-cartoons-bill-discussed-in-house-of-commons-committee/&lt;/ref&gt;. Similar laws in other countries have resulted in people being convicted for joke cartoon images&lt;ref&gt;http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7770781.stm&lt;/ref&gt;.
||
|-
||40.
||Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006
||Section 36 to 41
||Inhibits people from pursuing their peaceful hobbies by imposing unreasonable restrictions on replica firearms, including airsoft guns used in paintball-esque games. Film makers and theater production groups also cannot acquire replica firearms without being officially recognized, curtailing small scale amateur productions.  
||
|-
||41.
||Telecommunications (Lawful Business Practice) (Interception of Communications) Regulations (SI 2000 No 2699) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/si/si2000/20002699.htm |title=Statutory Instrument 2000 No. 2699 |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date= |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
||The whole Regulations
||Allows businesses and government departments to intercept personal communications on their networks without consent. This is now the practice of schools as well.{{fact}}
||
|-
||42. 
||Gambling Act 2005.
||The entire Act
||Reasons?
||
|-
||43. 
||The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988
||The entire Act
||This was a poorly-thought out, knee-jerk response to a single incident which currently prevents a lawful, harmless form of recreation from being enjoyed by law-abiding sportspeople in the UK. It has failed to curtail firearms related crime, which has risen exponentially since that time. Singling out particular types of firearm has no effect on murder rates or the criminal misuse of firearms in general. A bolt action rifle can cause as much harm as a self-loading centre-fire or pump action rifle. Banning these legitimate sporting rifles was for political show only.
||
|-
||44.
||Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005
||Section 110 &lt;br&gt; Section 152
||Section 110 - For the first time since 1829 this act has empowered any constable to arrest and detain any person without warrant for any offence, no matter how trivial. In all cases they may use reasonable force, may detain with handcuffs, and may require a DNA sample to be taken all of which is unjustified by the nature of the offences and could reduce the trust between the police and the public.

Also section 152 appears to override RTA 1988 Section 164(8) and is open to abuse.  If you are unable to produce your drving license and counterpart immediately when stopped by the police, your vehicle can be seized. 
||
|-
||45.
||The Criminal Justice Act 1988.
|| Section 139.
|| This provision imposes &quot;a very significant limitation on the citizen's freedom&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;R v Davis [1998] Crim LR 564&lt;/ref&gt;
||[[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate#Lock knives|Debateon an earlier version of this clause]]
|-
||46
||Race Relations Amendment Act 2000
||The entire Act
||In creating a requirement to promote &quot;race equality&quot; and demonstrate that procedures to prevent racial discrimination are in place this Act transforms what ought to be matters of conscience into an exercise in burdensome bureaucracy. Has engendered among the ethnic majority both sometimes justifiable resentment and a feeling that anyone from outside their number succeeding in their chosen sphere is doing so only because of their minority status, which is quite often wholly unfair. Has created the atmosphere which allowed the Ali Dizaei debacle in the Metropolitan Police to take place and done nothing to promote feelings of pan-racial &quot;community&quot;.
||
|-
||47.
||Race Relations Act 1976
||The entire Act
||Overrode the eminently sensible Race Relations Act 1965 which confined itself solely to the public sphere more or less in its entirety, and established a quango which positively thrives - indeed depends - upon interracial malcontent and stirring up suspicions of an omnipresent racism in the shape of the Commission for Racial Equality.
||
|-
||48
||Race Relations Act 1968
||The entire Act
||Intrudes unacceptably into areas which are more properly matters for personal conscience and public opprobrium to deal with. Actually damaged race relations in the United Kingdom in a way the far milder and more appropriate Race Relations Act 1965 did not in that it encouraged members of ethnic minorities who might previously have only suspected prejudicial treatment to band together into &quot;communities&quot; and go hunting for it, setting themselves against the native (for lack of a better term) population. Separation from the wider community was incentivised as unintegrated &quot;communities&quot; regarded as homogenous by outsiders became better able to campaign for preferential treatment and increased &quot;group rights&quot; than the individual who regards himself as simply British. As well as ghettoising ethnic minorities, all this has an equally unwelcome effect on members of the majority poplation, who have been taught to resent and fear (particulary as regards potential litigation) members of ethnic minorities even where their history in Britain goes back three or four generations.
||
|-
||49.
||Occupier's Liability Act 1984
||The entire Act
||Places unfair burden upon householders by making them liable for injury suffered by tresspassers on their property, leading to the famous case of a burglar who broke his leg falling through floorboards and successfully sued{{fact}}. Previous legislation more than adequately protected children, legitimate callers or people straying onto property by accident. This statute serves no useful purpose other than to increase public perception of the unfairness of the legal system.

''Disagree'' — OLA 1984 was introduced because the House of Lords, in its former judicial capacity, hadn't made clear what duty was owed to trespassers, only that one existed. Hence the Law Commission looked into it its recommendations prompted the Act. The pre-existing law was unclear, putting occupiers in an uncertain position and hence creating an opportunity for very real injustice. Occupiers are not liable for all injury suffered by trespassers as the poster alleges, instead a negligence-style duty of care is defined, so you need to know that a danger exists, have reasonable grounds to believe a trespasser would encounter it and to fail to take reasonable steps to prevent them from doing so, causing an injury to occur. A reasonable warning can be enough, per s1(5).

In summary: previous legislation and common law was unclear, the burden is heavily overstated by the poster.

''Dispute'' the disagreement - OLA 1984 affords more rights to a trespasser than does the OLA 1957 to a legitimate visitor, which is ludicrous.
||
|-
||50.
||Misuse of Drugs Act 1971
||Sections 8 (d)
||This section of the Act makes it a crime for the occupier or manager of premises to permit someone to use cannabis on those premises. This section was due to be amended in the Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001, section 38, but this new law was repealed under the Drugs Act 2005.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/ukpga_20050017_en_6#sch1 drugs act 2005 sch.1] [http://www.opsi.gov.uk/acts/acts2005/en/ukpgaen_20050017_en_1.htm govt explanation (see item 54)]&lt;/ref&gt; Although the legal situation is currently somewhat vague, it appears that Section 8(d) is still in force. This law creates the absurd situation in which housing providers, drug treatment centers, and homeless shelters can work with heroin and other drug addicts within the law, but if the drug involved is cannabis the organisation risks prosecution if they allow the person to remain in their facilities. When around 10%&lt;ref name=&quot;wdr_2006&quot;/&gt; of all 15-64 year olds use cannabis at least once per year (and many much more often) it is simply unreasonable and counterproductive to hold occupiers or managers criminally responsible for cannabis use on their premises.
||
|-
||51.
||Building Regulations
||Part P
||These sections make it convoluted or near-impossible for a homeowner to easily do even the most basic electrical DIY without consulting the council - replacing a plug or an electrical switch. While electrical safety is important, this is an unreasonable restriction, that a homeowner &quot;may&quot; be alowed (or may equally be forbidden) to do such basic DIY work in their home. Cost to homeowner of replacing facia of socket themselves - £10 (£4 socket, £6 time). Cost to do same in an area where notification &quot;may&quot; or &quot;may not&quot; be required depending on the council - extra admin, extra letters, a council employee, time needed on hold to my council asking if they consider the work &quot;notifiable&quot; or not - total cost for my time, councils time, form designers, data processors, council data storage, offices and facilities, council's internal audit and compliance time, administration clerks, possible electrician? £200? There has to be a way to greatly lighten this unnecessary item. ([http://www.diyfixit.co.uk/safety-and-regulations/electrical-regulations.html Current &quot;easy read&quot; regulations])
||
|-
||52.
||Criminal Justice Act 2003
||Section 287
||Requires courts to impose a mandatory minimum jail sentence of five years for possession of an illegal firearm. This has produced many notable injustices including the lengthy imprisonment of non-violent and otherwise law-abiding people who have come into possession or retained war trophies and antiques. &lt;ref&gt;Grandmother faces five years in jail for 80 year old gun http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/10335003.stm&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;71 year old licensed gun owner jailed for five years for a few technically illegal guns. http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/crime/6905852/Pensioner-jailed-for-hoarding-Aladdins-cave-of-firearms.html&lt;/ref&gt;, &lt;ref&gt;Man jailed for forgotten pistol in storage http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/norfolk/7964280.stm&lt;/ref&gt; 
||
|-
||53.
||The Prevention of Crime Act 1953
|| Sections 1(1) to (3) and 1A(10)
||Has the effect of criminalizing the carrying of any object in public intended for the purpose of self-defence.
||
|-
||54.
||Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959
||The whole Act
||This Act had the effect of banning perfectly legitimate tools from those who would benefit from them. Both 'flick knives' and 'gravity knives' utilize their method of releasing a blade to ensure safe operation when restricted to using one hand &lt;ref&gt;Switchblade history http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYguo9ES46U&lt;/ref&gt;, the later notably being exclusively manufactured for parachute applications. &lt;ref&gt;Gravity knife history http://www.ehow.com/how-does_4578586_what-gravity-knife.html&lt;/ref&gt; The way in which a folding knife folds has no bearing on its lethality and as folding knives in general are not illegal, concealment should not be a factor.
||
|-
||55.
||Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
|| General
||The [[w:Regulation_of_Investigatory_Powers_Act_2000#Controversy|&quot;controversy&quot; section at Wikipedia]] gives a good summary of all that was wrong with this. A huge list of bodies were allowed to access private data, that data was promptly used for matters outside the anticipated scope of the law (dog fouling?), the matter was &quot;sexed up&quot; with reference to pornography and terrorism in a dubious manner as part of the politics of the time, it became a license to create a surveillance society, secondary legislation was wide open... awful lawmaking. But governments love power.
||
|-
||56.
||Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000
||Part 3
||A specific part of the above. RIPA part 3 imposes a nearly impossible to argue presumption of guilt (encryption key possession), and for what? The sole prosecution under part III is a schizophrenic not judged to be a threat to national security, and not suspected of holding illegal material, jailed for 9 months.&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Register]]'', 24 November 2009, [http://www.theregister.co.uk/2009/11/24/ripa_jfl/ UK jails schizophrenic for refusal to decrypt files]&lt;/ref&gt; If I wanted to cause my spouse or anyone else some trouble, I'd put a file of random data on their computer, then anon call the police and claim they have an encrypted file of child porn and that's why I'm resigning/divorcing. They get investigated, the court demands an encryption key to the random data, they of course deny knowing anything, they get sentenced for refusal because the court &quot;reasonably believes&quot; it to be data and that therefore they &quot;reasonably&quot; must have had a key to it that they are withholding. Brilliant revenge recipe, not good law. Until these issues are faced, a law presuming guilt has no fair place in this UK society.
||[[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate#RIPA part III|Debate]]
|-
||57.
||Anti-social Behaviour Act 2003
||Part 5
||This part of the act added airguns that use a self-contained air cartridge system to Section 5 of the Firearms Act, alongside rocket launchers and machine guns. Only around 1500 were surrendered and 6000 put on a firearm license. BASC estimates that around 68000 are still in circulation &lt;ref&gt;BASC - Brocock Ban http://www.airgunforum.net/agf/index.php?showtopic=9811&amp;mode=threaded&amp;pid=63011&lt;/ref&gt;, the owners of which face prosecution should they be found in possession or decide to hand them in to the police. Essentially, somewhere near 68000 new criminals were created overnight. Another 'feel-good' law that achieved nothing but taking away people's hobbies. 
||
|-
||58.
||The Policing and Crime Act 2009
||Part 2
|| 14, 53A introduces a new offence of paying for sexual services with a strict liability that a third person (c) has not engaged in coercive behaviour. The definition of coercive behaviour in the act is too broad, including any form of deception. Minor forms of deception are included in almost all human interactions and that means that (a) would be guilty of an offence in almost any situation where a third person is involved. The act is not designed to protect victims from abuse and that the law is too broad.
Strict liability goes against natural justice and the provision is not well regarded by the police, who consider it very hard to enforce. In fact, it may be harmful to those who offer sexual services as will any law that prevents openness. This provision of the act should be removed for being unworkable and for eroding the principle of &quot;mens rea&quot;. It is not the place of Government to dictate what adults do with their bodies in private, but it is fair to restrict what is done in public.&lt;br&gt;

''Comment:'' s.14? Ouch! This essentially criminalises all paid sex, by any person, anywhere in the world, because nobody can know for sure whether some third party may have made some statement that might be cited as a form of coercion, or told some statement a fraction less than the truth, to the hooker, and there is no defence of ignorance nor any restriction to UK territory. If soliciting or accepting prostitution is to be criminalised, or it is to be a crime for a citizen to have sex with a prostitute anywhere in the world, say so directly. But if the intent of this is to impede sex slavery, then it's an awful, awful, approach. [[User:Amicus|Amicus]] 13:52, 14 May 2010 (UTC) (disclosure - I have never in my life paid for sex nor been with any prostitute)
||
|-
||59.
||The Road Traffic Act 1988
||Part 1
|| 21, 172 forces motorists to incriminate themselves, stripping them of the normal Right to Silence. This is most often used in speed camera cases.
||
|-
||60.
||[[Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984]]&lt;br&gt;Criminal Justice and Police Act 2001&lt;br&gt;Criminal Justice Act 2003
||Sections dealing with DNA evidence
|| Revoke of the sections allowing DNA to be effectively taken from anyone, where any suspicion of anything is alleged (however unfounded or trivial), which to add insult to injury, they also cannot easily get removed and is kept indefinitely. While DNA is useful to have on database for future crimes, the logic of &quot;keep it in case it's useful&quot; has been rejected - we do not for example DNA profile the entire nation. Good justification is needed to take DNA, keep DNA, and to not within a very few months of use, destroy DNA, even if it would potentially be useful to have on file for decades. In principle DNA should not be accessible unless there is reasonable suspicion of a jury triable offence or one carrying imprisonment, and should be destroyed upon aquittal or within 3 years of end of sentence for less serious offences. Long term storage might be justified for offences involving violence, burglary, sexual issues, and a specific list of matters, but not &quot;everything&quot;.
||
|-
||61.
||The Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003
||Section 296ZE
|| A good section, but why the cumbersome and intimidating requirement that a consumer must seek redress via the Secretary of State? Surely this can be simplified and made more accessible with direct approach to the copyright holder, or by the courts? 

The requirement might be reworded as:  ''&quot;...may deliver notice to the copyright holder or their appointed representative in the designated form, and upon receipt of such a notice a means shall be provided by the copyright holder or their appointed representative to enable a person to carry out the permitted act within a reasonable period&quot;''

and perhaps: ''&quot;In the event of a failure by a copyright holder to provide a means to carry out the permitted act within a reasonable time, the complainant seeking to undertake a permitted act may apply to the Court for an order requiring compliance.&quot;''
||
|-
||62.
||Terrorism Act 2000
||Section 58
|| Outlaws possessing an immensely wide range of information (&quot;of a kind likely to be useful to a person committing or preparing an act of terrorism&quot;). This could conceivably be '''any''' information, as '''any information''' could in theory be &quot;useful&quot;. There is no requirement of any evidence that it was intended '''in fact''' to be useful, was downloaded in connection with terrorism, or anything of that kind. There is no defence that on a balance of probability it was not in the person's possession with a criminal intention. We're here on the Wikipedia/Wikiversity website, a clear example of this - someone wrote up the encyclopedia's hundreds of articles on explosives, tactics, terrorism tricks, detection methods, police procedures. Someone obtained and had in their possession the scientific and operational research to do that article writing. &quot;Material likely to be useful&quot;? Of course! So... arrest them for having edited the article or viewed it on their computer? (Viewing is deemed to be possession/control in cyberlaw as the browser saves a copy to the computer). See also [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7242724.stm this Appeal Court case].

This section is hopelessly widely drawn. It's also hopelessly ineffective. Most material that &quot;could be useful&quot; has dual uses that are non-terrorism based, common curiosity and non-censorship are highly regarded values, and - lacking any and all safeguards that there is some tie between the information and a criminal interest - this section effectively forbids viewing or owning of all kinds of information and knowledge with valid uses. A recent case exposing the draconian nature of this was that of Home Gunsmith series author Philip Luty's recent arrest, and subsequent arrest of many people who downloaded his legal books available via his website. &lt;ref&gt;Philip Luty arrested for writing books considered 'likely to be useful' to terrorists http://lpuk.blogspot.com/2010/01/phillip-luty-update-free-speech-in.html&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|-
||63.
||The Firearms Act
||Signal apparatus (Flare guns)
||Flare guns used for signalling are included under section.1, requiring a Firearm Certificate to purchase and possess. This causes an unnecessary burden on those wishing to have a means of signalling at sea or while hiking. Many collectors of valuable WW1 &amp; WW2 flare guns have had to have theirs destroyed as part of the deactivation process in order to keep them. Disposable flare launchers are however not covered and can be purchased freely - these are however inferior and have caused injuries to the user due to their weak cases exploding. The majority of EU countries and indeed the rest of the world do not require these vital safety items to be licenced, therefore the UK should follow suite and exclude flare guns from the firearms Act.
||
|-
||64.
||Unsure (relates to taking photos of ones children and family)
||
||News reports over the years highlight an excessive and increasing infringement of family rights, in the area of parents and friends taking photos of their kids' activities. Parents and friends forbidden from taking pics of their children's Christmas nativity play, or family photos on the beach or park, or at football,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.oxfordmail.co.uk/news/4639239.Ex_cop_tells_of_grandson___s_match_photo_veto/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/news/article-23427400-park-warden-tells-parents-they-cant-photograph-their-own-daughter-playing-on-swings.do&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.guardian-series.co.uk/news/4790659.WANSTEAD__Headmaster_bans_photos_at_nativity_plays/&lt;/ref&gt; or in extreme cases considered to be grounds for suspicion of paedophilia.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/libertycentral/2009/sep/09/child-porn-photography&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://menmedia.co.uk/news/s/76/76177_paedophile_fear_prompts_nativity_camera_ban.html&lt;/ref&gt; I have a suspicion that the number of adults taking such pictures for innocent family reasons massively outweighs the number of delinquents who take such pictures for obsession. (Are pics of kids so hard for a perv to take elsewhere that nativity plays and football grounds get filled with such malfeasors... unlikely) I don't know what rules, regulations or laws led to this incursion and near-criminalising of the ordinary record of the most precious part of life - the growing up of one's family and ones children's achievements and social activities - but applicable laws or uncertainties needs revoking or clarifying.
||
|-
||65.
||[[Data Protection Act 1998]]
||
||A review of this act, which is well intentioned and broadly beneficial, but widely considered too complex&lt;ref&gt;Bainbridge, D: &quot;Introduction to Computer Law - Fifth Edition&quot;, page 430. Pearson Education Limited, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; and has the effect of massive &quot;red tape&quot; in practice, especially on clubs, non-profits, and small businesses and organisations. See [[w:Data Protection Act 1998#Complexity|Data Protection Act 1998: 'Complexity' and 'Problems of Interpretation' on Wikipedia]] for a summary: ''&quot;[DPA1998] has a reputation for complexity... interpreting the act is not always simple. Many companies, organisations and individuals seem very unsure of the aims, content and principles of the DPA. Some hide behind the Act and refuse to provide even very basic, publicly available material quoting the Act as a restriction...&quot;'' &lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/data_protection/introductory/data_protection_myths_and_realities.pdf Data Protection myths and realities]'', [[Information Commissioner's Office]]&lt;/ref&gt; 

Rightly or wrongly, DPA has also been held responsible by some news sources for issues such as the above (children's photos) due to wider society not being sure exactly what was &quot;pesonal information&quot; or okay, and what was not. Perhaps also a ''de minimis'' exemption from registration may be possible and worthwhile for small businesses and organisations and certain kinds of usage?
||
|-
||66.
||Wireless Telegraphy Act 1949
||Section 5(b)
||5(b)(i) - Any reception of unencrypted radio communications not on a ‘broadcast band’ is illegal.  Criminalises plane-spotters with their scanner.  Far too wide ranging.
&lt;br&gt;''Comment:'' Actually the entirety of 5(b), because 5(b)(ii) is an equal problem. Criminalises listening to any wireless transmission with intent to hear what's being broadcast unless an intended recipient, or disclosing what they were told by third parties who heard a broadcast that they were not intended recipients. Unreasonable in this day and age. Trivial example - Gordon Brown's microphone in the 2010 election, if this had been enforced (it could be argued that once he got in his car, the media were not an &quot;intended recipient&quot;) - the nation would never have heard of Mrs Duffy and every newspaper reporting it, any person mentioning it, would potentially have been a criminal. More serious example - plane spotters, wireless afficionados, broadcasts from ships and overseas, ham radio, etc. ''&quot;Intent to receive contents...&quot;'' can be proven by simply listening to a radio on a variety of channels. There is no requirement of reasonableness. In most other areas of privacy the legal line is that a person who puts a matter (or a communication) into the public arena is implicitly agreeing it is public. Anyone with broadcast capability is either a hobbyist, a company or an official body having the capability to keep their communications private if they so wish, or else evidently doesn't care.

Trivial example. A laptop or mobile phone user visits a wireless point at a cafe or other location. He/she requests the device to locate suitable wireless connections to identify 1) if there is indeed a wireless connection available or 2) to connect to the cafe's stated network. The device (as normal for wifi) lists all 6 networks it can identify as broadcasting in the area, including a fellow cafe-user's mobile phone that's bluetooth-connected and a named wifi network from an office next door, and asks which one the user wishes to connect to. The messages sent by these networks are legally a &quot;message&quot; (defined as: &quot;the making of any signal or the sending or conveying of any... information&quot;), so just by checking or attempting to identify the wifi connection the user has already breached 5(b)(i).

:This is a poor example. The SSID has been made public, and as such any wireless device querying the wireless network is an intended recipient.

''Solution:'' rewrite this section to specify a much narrower list of broadcast sources or wavebands, and to equipment designed for (or intended for use in) unauthorised intercepting or descrambling mobile phone, portable phone, wireless internet, bluetooth, and other domestic wireless communications, with an exclusion for communications intended to be received by any receiving device (eg location broadcasts, device connection request signals, signals picked up by wireless equipment which are not stored or put into human-readable form, etc).
||
|-
||67.
||The Immigration (Certificate of Entitlement to the Right of Abode in the United Kingdom Regulations 2006 (No 3145) and The 2002 Immigration Act Section 10 which gives authority to the home secretary to pass statutory regulations 
||This regulation which did not undergo a legally required impact assessment and claimed it did not over ride primary legislation nor the European Charter on Human Rights is used by the immigration authority to assert control over those they have no right to control with regards their rights to live and work freely in the UK. The 2002 Act provides executive power to the Home Secretary to circumvent going to parliament and has been used to create the 2006 regulations which came in force in 2008. It was also passed when the anti terror legislations were, and overrides the rights of British Patrials who have right of abode in the uk based on their descent from a father or mother born in the UK and is a British citizen. A law against being half English, Scottish, Welsh, or Irish.
||This act ha been used to override primary legislation over the children of British born parents who were born before February 07 1961 to subject them to repeated application and fees without regard to their ability to pay such fees as a captive market with the sole purpose of making money and subjecting them to direct and indirect control regardless of all the primarily legislations namely the 1971 immigration act which allows such persons to be treated equally and on the same basis as British citizens. Furthermore section 15 of the 2006 Asylum, Immigration, and Nationality act has been ignored to suggest when a passport has expired that such persons become subject to control while ignoring the fact that a statutory right is vested in the person and not in his/her documents. This is a perverse set of laws that allow ILE/ILR holders to evidence their rights using an expired passport while preventing those who have the right of abode, a status that is not subject to immigration control to be controlled in this manner. 

It is an unjust act designed to force the take up of the identity cards and also holds such persons as a captive market and states that such persons should cost recovery fees even if they are already tax payers and the children of UK tax payers and have the closely of all links through blood to the country mostly children of mixed commonwealth and UK citizens living in the country.
||
|-
||68.
||Public Order Act 1986
||Section 5
||Unfortunately used to enforce 'speech crime' (as an excuse to arrest usually) - anything said or written on a placard (i.e. during protest) that may cause 'offence' is an arrestable offence.
||
|-
||69.
||Criminal Justice Act 1987
||Section 2A
||This section makes it a crime not to answer a question in an interview conducted under this part. This is a travesty of justice and can allow the SFO to go on fishing experditions asking questions on pain of imprisonment a businessman may not know the answer to. In the wost case it is possible, and has happened, for the SFO to charge someone for not answering a question even though the question is unconected to the offence being investigated ||
|-
||70.
||Sexual Offences Act 2003
||Part 1, Section 45, Clauses 1 and 2, and related
||This section extends the definition of &quot;child&quot; from the Protection of Children Act (1978) to cover persons of 16 and 17 years. This age group is thereby covered by child pornography laws in the aforementioned 1978 act and elsewhere. It is thusly illegal to make &quot;indecent&quot; images of 16 and 17 year olds (or indeed in most cases for 16 and 17 year olds to make such images of themselves.) [The term &quot;indecent&quot; is undefined in law.] 

The main problem with this legislation is that it is logically and morally incompatible with the age of sexual consent being 16 years. A recording or depiction of a lawful act should not be unlawful; neither should persons who are legally recognised as sexual beings - and therefore adults in that regard - be prohibited from recording or depicting themselves, or consenting to be recorded or depicted, as sexual beings. While the motivation behind the extension of protection to 16 and 17 year olds was well-meaning, it does not make rational or moral sense that an image or recording of a person with whom one can legally have sexual intercourse should be legally defined as &quot;child pornography&quot;. The protection of children and young people from exploitation is paramount to a just and decent society; however, the laws by which we live our lives should also make a modicum of sense. This inconsistency in the legislation could alternatively be rectified equally well by raising the age of sexual consent to 18.
|| [[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate#Sexual Offences Act 2003 (16 + 17 year olds)|Debate]]
|-
||71.
||The Merchant Shipping (Inland Waterway and Limited Coastal Operations) (Boatmasters' Qualifications and Hours of Work) Regulations 2006
||Alter section 4 to deregulate rather than require alternative equivalent qualifications
||This is the narrowing of an over-broad piece of legislation. For many years, charities, community groups, scouts etc. have taken groups of children narrowboating, happily chugging along Britain's inland waterways at 3mph without any problem. However, the above SI makes it a requirement for the captain of a narrowboat carrying non-relatives to have a qualification. The simplest one, the National Community Boats Association's Certificate of Boat Management, costs over £100, plus two days of time and travel, to obtain. The upshot is that fewer groups go narrowboating because leaders cannot be bothered to get the qualification - they just go and do something simpler instead, like camping. 

However, there is a predicted network effect - as the volume of business dries up, the suitable multi-berth boats will become uneconomical to run for the hire companies, and will get retired or converted. Then, it will not be possible for anyone to go, qualification or not. Over-regulation kills what it attempts to control.

The playing field here is not level - the captain of a boat containing a family or family group is not required to be qualified. (Doing so would devastate the leisure canal boat hire industry.) And I know of no accidents which this regulation might have been brought in to prevent a repeat of. It's just regulation for the sake of it. There is no need for this regulation; those who lead community groups and camps are already checked for suitability in many other ways. They should be allowed to use their judgement, and parents should be allowed to assess for themselves whether the person appointed to run an activity seems competent and careful.

At the very least, the skippering of narrowboats hired for pleasure on inland waterways should be deregulated entirely.

''Comment:'' Cogently argued.

Agree: Excellent argument for deregulation. This Act is endemic of public life in Britain: regulation for the sake of regulation, tick-boxing to satisfy bureaucrats. 
||
|-
||72.
||The Proceeds Of Crime Act 2002 and amendments 2007 and 2009
||
||This Law has destroyed the Presumption of Innocence and allows the Police and the Crown Prosecution Service to punish the innocent before charge and before trial. It allows Police to seize every moveable item of value from a suspect before charge and further allows the Crown Prosecution Service to freeze all a suspects assets before charge and before trial. It brings forward the spectre of a Police State to Britain   Visit www.afbio.co.uk to see the abuse
||
|-
||73.
||The Road Vehicles (Statutory Off-Road Notification) Regulations 1997
||Section 7
||When keeping a vehicle off road, it should be sufficent to declare SORN once.  However you must tell the DVLA every year that nothing has changed or be fined.  A headache for classic car owners who happen to be on holiday when the renewal arrives.  Why should privately owned possesions, on private land, be 'licensed' by the state in this way?

''Comment'' Makes sense. The off-road notice should have an option &quot;until further notice&quot; where the owner states they will notify DVLA if this changes.

Agree: Above comment offers good alternative.
||
|-
||74.
||Land Registration Act 2002
||Part 9, Schedule 6 and Schedule 12 Section 18 (see also consequential amendments and repeals below)
||The news routinely reports cases of adverse possession where legitimate land and home-owners must go through much legal process, expense and often distress and difficulty, to recover land and property that has been occupied without their consent. There is a valid benefit to adverse possession law, in that land and property not managed by its owner should have owners' status granted to its actual occupant after a period of time and unused land should be allowed to have economic use, but this should cover land and property in some state of abandonment by the owner and/or whose occupation is unchallenged for a substantial time, not any occupation of any brief duration and however obtained (with or without permission). The current law is archaic and routinely responsible for cases of very grave injustice.

Granting the same ''legal'' right over property to merely opportunistic occupiers from the moment they acquire ''de facto'' control, or to any person who manages to change the locks regardless of ownership rights, is abusive and unjust. A person who acquires any other asset without permission or rights knows they may lose possession at any moment. It's the nature of &quot;property&quot;. With any other property, an owner can quickly and easily gain recovery, if necessary by asking the police or courts to &quot;move on&quot; the non-owner. The law supporting adverse possession being different for land and property (other than longer term uncontested occupation) should be repealed, for the removal of injustice. A better approach is suggested on the debate page.
|| [[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate#Adverse possession|Debate]]
|-
||75.
||Copyrights, Designs and Patents Act 1988
||Especially Sections 12-15
||This Act dates from the pre-digital age and is no longer appropriate. There are a huge number of published works that are in a 'limbo' situation where they are not in print but still governed by copyright laws. Change the rules so that once a work has been out of print for a certain time (say, 3 years) it automatically loses its copyright status (with a possible opt-out mechanism for those authors who specifically do not wish that to happen despite no longer earning royalties). This would enable such works to be scanned and placed on the Internet with a consequent huge increase in the accessibility of knowledge and learning that would therefore be made available to all.

Furthermore, remove all historical parish registers and other such data from copyright status entirely so that any organization such as the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints which possesses copies of these documents can place such images online without needing the permission of any archivist or diocesan authority or anyone else for that matter. This would greatly increase access to such documents for family historians everywhere.
||
|-
||76.
||Traffic Act 1981, 1986 and later
||Unknown
||These Acts brought in compulsory seat belt wearing.  Not only is the issue of an individual wearing a seat belt none of the Government's business rather a matter of personal choice and responsibility there is also reasonable evidence to assume it has not reduced the number of accidents or fatalities see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seat_belt_legislation#The_British_law

Disagree: Surely common-sense dictates that seat-belt wearing saves lives. The evidence you're suggesting presumably stems from the phenomena that people act more recklessly when they have what they believe to be a safeguard on their behaviour, i.e., the seat-built and airbag will save them, so they subconsciously drive more quickly and recklessly than otherwise. Recommend that this is a societal problem, caused by people of all ages (not least middle-aged men trying to prove a point) who do not seem to understand that they are driving 3 ton death machines. More education needed at a teenage level.
||
|-
||77.
||1925 Dangerous Drugs Act and others
||Unknown
||This Act and its successors have criminalised the use of cannabis and other substances.   The use of such substances is purely a matter of personal choice and responsibility.   Secondly the criminalisation of these substances has created a huge criminal supply network which would be removed by the decriminalisation of drugs as well as improving the quality/safety of the substances and reducing the consequential crime caused by drug users/addicts.

Agree: See above, use of narcotics incompatible with the principles behind a free, capitalist society in which individuals have duties and responsibilities as well as 'rights'. An individual's action do not happen in isolation. Society is a complex system, and every action can have repercussions.
||
|-
||78. commnet
||Child Car Seat Regulations - 2006
||Unknown
||This is an area of parental decision and responsibility.

Disagree: There are a shocking number of parents simply incapable of looking after their children properly. Acknowledge that this is a deep-rooted societal problem that must be solved by other means, but let's at least try and save some children's lives along the way.
||
|-
||79.
||Unknown ''comment- if you feel strongly about this then identify what law it is that needs changing!''
||Unknown
||Laws criminalising brothels and associated facets of prostitution.  Such laws should be removed and prostitution decriminalised.  It is a matter of personal choice and private negotiation.  Criminalising it only makes the 'business' more dangerous, linked to criminal gangs, harder to zone and removes the tax revenue.

Disagree: Moves already in place to criminalise the men rather than the women, targetting demand instead of supply. This seems a more reasonable approach, but nonetheless, the principle behind this (as yet unidentified) act remains morally right. 
||
|-
||80.
||The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (Offensive Weapons) Order 1988 
||Article 2
||This part of the act lists various items to be restricted as 'offensive weapons' which makes a criminal offense or importing or selling them. This list was infact taken directly from a popular martial arts catalogue at the time and includes obscure novalty items that aren't even weapons, such as 'foot claws' (A 'ninja' costume prop to enable climbing of walls) and 'butterfly knives', the description of which outlaws many popular fruit knife designs from the turn of the century. 'Blow pipes' are also included, essentially outlawing children's toys and souveneers brought back from South America and South East Asia. These items present no danger whatsoever to public safety and istead the act criminalises collector's items and legitimate bladed tools. The useless nature of this act can be further demonstrated by the fact that swords, machetes, clubs and combat knives are readily and legally available.
||
|-
||81.
||The Education (Student Support) (No.2) Regulations 2008 No. 1582
||Part 2 6(b), 7(c), 8(d)
||This penalises the sons and daughters of those UK citizens working outside the UK, who attend international schools but wish to return to the UK to attend universities in England. No allowance is made for the UK curriculum taught in the international schools, nor whether the student returns home to the UK every school year. The finances of the student are dependant on the activities of the parent. Before international schools were available, migrant workers would need to place their children in boarding schools, this legislation turns back the clock.
||
|-
||81.
||The Animal Welfare Act 2006
||Reword Introductory Section 2(b) to exclude 'protected' status from an animal if under the control of man for the purpose of pest control
||This criminalises reasonable activity in controlling animal pests (a squirrel in a recent example) The legislation anthropomorphises wild animals and then penalises behaviour towards them. It is also the Act under which goldfish cannot be sold or given as prizes to  persons under the age of sixteen.

Disagree: Does not anthropomorphise animals. Rather, acknowledge that they feel pain and are part of the natural world and all the beauty therein. The idea of goldfish given away as prizes is repugnant. Many of the fish are often poorly cared for and diseased, and endure short, miserable lives. 
||
|-
||82.
||The [[Protection from Harassment Act 1997]]
||The whole Act
||This Act is liable be used oppressively as instrument or pretext for harassment&lt;ref&gt;I use this word mainly for the purpose of irony. In truth, I fear that the enforcement or pretended enforcement of this Act could potentially involve a level of unwarranted [[w:Police|paramilitary]] violence and intimidation that could, in ordinary non-technical language, be fairly labelled as &quot;terrorism&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; with litigation&lt;ref&gt;Especially criminal litigation.&lt;/ref&gt; and threats of litigation and with force and threats of force. It is also liable to encourage excessive intolerance.

This Act is liable to encourage unwarranted interference (by the police and courts) with every aspect of ordinary life. This Act is liable to have a chilling effect on every aspect of ordinary life.

This Act might be in danger of maliciously misconstrued in a sexist manner that discriminates heterosexual men simply for being what they are. A normal person might be in danger of being maliciously prosecuted essentially on account of being in love with an abnormal anti-social sociopath. That is the apparent tennor and subtext of some of the literature being published on this subject. It is completely sinister.

It might be worthwhile to retain section 4 provisionally if it is heavily amended so as to remove elements of strict liability (&quot;ought to know&quot;), words reversing the normal burden of proof, get out clauses for police officers etc. and the entire &quot;course of conduct&quot; nonsense . . . though it would be much better to replace it with a completely new provision, included in the body of the repealing Act or inserted into the Offences against the Person Act 1861, creating an offence of intentionally or recklessly&lt;ref&gt;i.e. subjective recklessness/advertant indifference&lt;/ref&gt; causing fear of violence without lawful excuse, which is what should have been enacted in the first place.

Section 1 on the other hand is so vague&lt;ref&gt;The Act does not provide a closed and unambiguous definition of &quot;harassment&quot;. Section 1(3) does not provide a comprehensive list of things that are or may reasonable. The statute doesn't even condescend to make the apparently obvious statement that conduct done in order to avoid equal or worse mental distress than that which is forseen is reasonable. It is far more interested in ensuring that police officers and other public officials who act in a ''plainly'' unreasonable manner are completely untouchable, via paragraphs (b) and (c).&lt;/ref&gt; that it could be ''twisted'' to mean just about anything. The examples given in section 2A(3) are dangerous because they include references to conduct that is (a) usually benign, and possibly always benign, and (b) unavoidable.&lt;ref&gt;Unless you are a hermit, you cannot go through life without contacting other people. Nor can you go through life without looking at, or in the general direction of, other people (&quot;watching&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt;

A statute of this kind ought to be sufficiently precise that a police officer reading it in bad faith could not possibly even pretend to misunderstand it.&lt;ref&gt;''Cf.'' Re Castioni&lt;/ref&gt; This Act does not even come close to that in relation to the protean offences of harassment and stalking, and it would be better to have no statute at all. This Act, taken as a whole, is one of the most potentially dangerous pieces of legislation ever enacted.
||
|}

== Constitutional deregulation ==

{{/set
|
{{/entry
| clause= 1.
| bill = [[United Kingdom Law/Great Repeal Bill 2008/Debate#Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006|Legislative and Regulatory Reform Act 2006]] 
| parts = Section 6(2) to (5), Section 12(2)(c)(i), Section 15(1)(a), Section 15(3), Section 16
| reason = This Act allows changes in legislation and regulation without reference to Parliament. At the very least, the mentioned sections should be repealed. This will disallow secondary legislation from creating new punishable offences and will also stop the negative resolution procedure from being used to push legislation through Parliament.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 2.
| bill = European Communities Act 1972
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = This Act undermines democracy by transferring powers from the British Parliament to unelected functionaries abroad. It allows substantial changes in the law to be made without a vote in Parliament.

Disagree: Repealing this Act will in practice mean the UK leaving the EU.

Agree: A large proportion of our laws (in the order of 75%) are made by the EU with Parliament having no say in their imposition. Repealing this Act will in practice mean leaving the EU, which will result in the restoration of sovereignty which was given away by various governments without the consent of either Parliament or the people.

Disagree: the 75% figure is an invention of those that advocate departure. The EU has no jurisdiction over policing, defence, education, health or any of the other things people actually base their votes upon. Substantial changes cannot be made without a decision of the British executive since EU law takes effect only on ministerial order.

Agree: The principle should be that the crown-in-parliament has supreme legislative power for the United Kingdom. Membership of the EU impinges on that principle. However, the issue of the EU must be taken into consideration with other international memberships, such as the European Convention on Human Rights, which also limits unacceptably the actions that may be conducted by the crown-in-parliament. Further, possible to argue that the EU is an anachronistic organisation considering the massive growth in economies outside of Europe, free trade with which Britain could benefit. 
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 3.
| bill = Parliament Act 1911
| parts = Section 7
| reason = This Act allows changes in legislation without reference to the House of Lords. At the very least, the 1949 Act should be repealed, because the 1911 Act was sufficient. The 1911 Act could also be amended so it could not be used to amend the constitution (the 1949 Act was passed by invoking the 1911 Act).
Agree: This Act should not be repealed but amended to disallow further constitutional Acts to be passed using it (such as the Parliament Act 1949). Section 7 should be repealed (see Septennial Act 1715 below).
Agree: Allows too much power to the executive to push through massive changes without effective consultation and checks and balances. However, must be completed in conjunction with a reform of the Lords that gives them real teeth to check the power of the Commons.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 4.
| bill = Parliament Act 1949
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = This Act shortens the durations in which the House of Lords can delay legislation from three to two sessions/two years to one year. The Parliament Act 1911 already establishes the primacy of the House of Commons and this Act should be repealed (with relevant provisions to re-enact amended sections of the 1911 Act) to enhance scrutiny and prevent bad bills from being passed.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 6.
| bill = European Union (Amendment) Act 2008
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = Gives force to the European Constitution ([[w:Lisbon Treaty|Treaty of Lisbon]] - may only be ratified if the Lisbon Treaty wins popular support in a national referendum)
Disagree: Now that the Treaty is in force, any referendum will be purely academic since there is nothing the UK Parliament can do about it short of leaving the EU.

Agree: Leaving the EU is a much better outcome than retaining a hugely flawed and monstrously undemocratic EU Constitution. In any case, it is quite possible that unilaterally repealing this Act will result in the EU requesting the UK to remain involved in more or less the same way that Norway and Switzerland are involved. Again, if we stay in the EU, then the whole Government project of &quot;Big Society&quot; through devolution of power and accountability will be a mockery: huge powers are currently held by EU bodies and cannot be devolved without repealing this (and probably other) Acts. 

Disagree: leaving EU debate is already covered by the ECA debate, above. The EU's &quot;huge powers&quot; are all subservient to its role to ensure effective trade. They do not include any of the areas voters identify as wanting to keep in Britain. That's why it wasn't the EU that decided whether to go to war in Iraq, there's no European Health Service, etc.

Agree: The 'disagree' above does not consider that the EU has already begun legislating into areas far beyond trade, including such humdrum things as waste collection and environmental management. The idea of the EU as a trade bloc ended with its transition from the European Community to the current Union.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 7.
| bill = Human Rights Act 1998
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = To be repealed and replaced by proposed new Bill of Rights &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/5114102.stm|title=Cameron 'could scrap' rights act|accessdate=2007-04-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The proposed new Bill should be written only in accordance with, and in the spirit of, the existing Bill of Rights 1689 &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opsi.gov.uk/RevisedStatutes/Acts/aep/1688/plain/caep_16880002_en |title=Bill of Rights (c.2) |publisher=Opsi.gov.uk |date=2009-12-17 |accessdate=2010-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; and should create enhanced rights for established, ethnic Britons above and beyond any 'entry-level' rights which may be granted to foreign newcomers of unknown antecedence. In any event, this statue shall renounce and repudiate the use of cruel and unusual punishment against all persons whilst they remain within the environs of the United Kingdom. No person of any ethnic background shall suffer torture or any other form of cruel and unusual punishment whilst they remain within United Kingdom. The possibility that they may become so at risk if deported, however, is not a proper matter for United Kingdom courts which shall confine themselves to domestic considerations alone.

Disagree: The Human Rights Act 1998 implements certain human rights obligations under European Community law (see the charter of fundamental rights). The proposed 'Bill of Rights' would effectively have to contain everything already within the HRA 1998 and confining the courts to 'domestic' considerations alone opens the path for massive governmental abuse of fundamental human rights. It will also be expensive to redraft the legislation for no real purpose. 

Second disagree: the Bill of Rights 1689 primarily governs the rights of parliament as against the monarch, e.g. establishing that &quot;the Freedome of Speech and Debates or Proceedings in Parlyament ought not to be impeached or questioned in any Court or Place out of Parlyament.&quot; and tying . Citing it suggests confusion with the American Bill of Rights which is explicitly and exclusively about the rights of an individual as against the state. Further legislation drawn up in the tradition of the English act would do no more than enshrine various constitutional conventions under which the monarchy already functions. Drafting alternative legislation about the rights of individuals against the state would be a waste of time and money as per the first disagree. Creating a tiered set of rights that depends in any way on ethnicity is unsupportable since taxation and other participation in the state is not dependent on ethnicity. Furthermore, trying to define the rights owed by a state to those living within it according to any criteria of prior contributions (whether by blood line or otherwise) inherently suggests that the rich should get better rights than the poor; to promote blood line above other considerations suggests a predisposition to reaching that conclusion by any route.

Agree: Unacceptably impinges upon the legislative supremacy of the crown-in-parliament and the independence of the British judiciary. Power and authority of the state and the law depends upon the law's ability to offer guarantees to subjects, but also on the inability of subjects to find a way around the law and circumvent it. The position of European courts as the supreme appellant courts undermines our law, judiciary and parliament. Historically, this has proved untenable (see origins of the Hundred Years War). But, agree with above, Bill of Rights 1689 already offers constitutional protections. We survived nearly three centuries without anything piled up on top. 
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 9.
| bill = The EU Data Retention Directive
| parts = The entire Directive
| reason = This directive mandates that all communcations traffic (Email, Web, Phone, Cellphone, SMS etc) messages be kept for up to 18 months by the service providers. At the moment, it just requires the logs, not the content of the communication, but this is merely because of technical limitations. This directive requires what should be forbidden: ISPs should not be permitted to retain any additional logging except the bare minimum required for billing. Government (or other officials) should not be allowed to impose retrospective surveillance, or go on &quot;fishing&quot; expeditions. This is an EU directive, not a UK law, but it's so bad that it should be explicitly voided. Free speech requires the right to anonymous speech. Wiretapping must be limited in extend, and require a court order.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 11.
| bill = The Immigration (Certificate of Entitlement to the Right of Abode in the United Kingdom) Regulations 2006 (SI 2006/3145)
| parts = The entire Regulations
| reason = This act was used to attempt to over ride primary legislation over the children of British born parents who were born before 7 February 1961 to subject them to repeated application and fees without regard to their ability to pay such fees as a capitive market with the sole purpose of making money and subjecting them to direct and indirect control regardless of all the primarily legislations namely the 1971 immigration act which allows such persons to be treated equally and on the same basis as British citizens. 
It is an unjust act designed to force the takeup of the identity cards and also holds such persons as a captive market and states that such persons should cost recovery fees even if they are already tax payers and the children of UK tax payers and have the closesly of all links through blood to the country mostly children of mixed commonwealth and uk citizens living in the country.
}}

}}

== Charitable reform ==

{{/set
|
{{/entry
| clause = 1.
| bill = Charities Act 2006
| parts = Provision for &quot;public benefit&quot; of private schools
| reason = A politically motivated clause that forces an unnecessary and deliberate burden on private schools that provide excellent education. To be replaced with a provision banning the use of taxpayers' money, in the form of tax refunds, to politically motivated &quot;charities&quot; such as the Taxpayers' Alliance.

Disagree - the Act's public benefit requirement allows judges to weight the balance between benefit to society and cost on the public purse (tax breaks etc) that will be accorded to charities; institutions should prove their worth before being awarded free tax breaks.

Comment: I agree with the proposal. The Act rests on a fundamental misunderstanding of what charitable status is for. It is not about tax, it is about allowing property to be held indefinitely for a defined purpose, rather than belonging to a particular person. If the Government wants independent schools (or political campaigning groups) to pay tax on their income, it should change the tax rules, not monkey around with the definition of charitable status.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 2.
| bill = Education Act 1994
| parts = Section 22, Clause 2(f)
| reason = This restriction unfairly limits paid part-time elected officers and should really have been dovetailed in with &quot;major union office holders&quot; in Clause 2(d). With the diversification of students' unions and the move in many mature/part-time institutions to have paid officers working part-time(following the Widening Participation agenda), this Clause is a barrier to good governance.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 3.
| bill = Education Act 1994
| parts = Section 22, Clause 9
| reason = With the advancement of online or virtual voting, this exemption for 'open' or 'distance-learning' students' union not to have to hold a secret ballot to elect their 'major union office holders' is obselete. Quite easily this can be made part of the distance learning student experience.
}}
}}

== Obsolete and spent provisions ==

{{/set
|
{{/entry
| clause = 1.
| bill = Easter Act 1928
| parts = The entire Act
| reason = This Act has never been bought into force, and if it were to happen at some stage, it would make the UK out-of-sync with the date of Easter in all other countries. The date of Easter is a consideration for the churches, not Parliament. Another reason being it is an infringement of a persons right to celebrate religious occasions when they would traditionally do so.
}}
}}

== Authorities and bodies to be abolished ==

There are plenty of QUANGOs available at [http://spreadsheets.google.com/ccc?key=tm4Dxoo0QtDrEOEC1FAJuUg] that can be listed here and a full list here as well [http://www.taxpayersalliance.com/sapb.pdf]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;|'''Clause'''
| style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|'''Authority or body'''
| style=&quot;width:20%;&quot;|'''Enabling Legislation'''
| style=&quot;width:50%;&quot;|'''Reasoning'''
| style=&quot;width:5%;&quot;|'''Debate'''
|-
|| 1.
|| England Marketing Advisory Board 
||
|| Obsolete and no longer necessary.
||
|-
|| 2.
|| Gambling Commission&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gamblingcommission.gov.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
|| Gambling Act 2005, Part 2 and Schedule 4 plus consequential amendments
|| Obsolete and no longer necessary.&lt;br&gt;Disagree: This sector arguably more than most needs some sort of statutory regulation in order to stop questionable practices and the addiction that goes along with gambling.
||
|-
|| 3.
|| Horserace Betting Levy Board&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hblb.org.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
|| Can be dissolved by commencing Part 2 of the Horserace Betting and Olympic Lottery Act 2004
|| Obsolete and no longer necessary.&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;''Agreed:'' Do we really need a board for this (especially if the government will be selling off the Tote)?
||
|-
|| 4.
|| British Wool Marketing Board&lt;ref&gt;http://www.britishwool.org.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| No reason why farmers cannot have a marketing organisation. No reason why they have to register with this board.
||
|-
|| 5.
|| The Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board&lt;ref&gt;http://www.ahdb.org.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Again, like wool marketing, there is no reason why we need a board with a compulsory levy on the potato industry. If potato farmers want a marketing association then they can set one up.
||
|-
|| 6.
|| The Equalities and Human Rights Commission&lt;ref&gt;http://www.equalityhumanrights.com/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Organisation established to promote and protect equality and human rights. The introduction of a Bill of Rights would make this body redundant with protection of rights being a matter for the courts to assess against the BOR. [[User:TimC|TimC]] 15:02, 21 August 2010 (UTC)
||
|-
|| 7.
|| The Electoral Commission&lt;ref&gt;http://www.electoralcommission.org.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
|| Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000
|| Expansionist quango looking to take over elections from local authorities, centralise them and make them easier to rig.  Widely-reported problems at close of poll on 6 May could have been avoided if money wasted on the Commission had been available to Acting Returning Officers to do their job.
||
|-
|| 8.
|| The Infrastructure Planning Commission&lt;ref&gt;http://infrastructure.independent.gov.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
|| Planning Act 2008
|| Planning should be done by elected local authorities, not bureaucrats. This NDPB will soon be abolished and consumed by The Planning Inspectorate.
||
|-
|| 9.
|| The Planning Inspectorate&lt;ref&gt;http://www.planning-inspectorate.gov.uk/&lt;/ref&gt; and the Advisory Panel on Standards for the Planning Inspectorate&lt;ref&gt;http://www.apos.gov.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Planning should be done by elected local authorities, not bureaucrats.
||
|-
|| 10.
|| Capacitybuilders&lt;ref&gt;http://www.capacitybuilders.org.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Three NDPBs are not required for the voluntary sector. Charities can work just as well directly with government.
||
|-
|| 11.
|| The Social Investment Business&lt;ref&gt;http://www.socialinvestmentbusiness.org/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Three NDPBs are not required for the voluntary sector. Charities can work just as well directly with government.
||
|-
|| 12.
|| Commission for the Compact&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thecompact.org.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Three NDPBs are not required for the voluntary sector. Charities can work just as well directly with government.
||
|-
|| 13.
|| Better Regulation Executive&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bis.gov.uk/policies/better-regulation/better-regulation-executive&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| A little ironic that the drive for less red tape is being led by another NDPB.
||
|-
|| 14.
|| Women's National Commission&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thewnc.org.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Can easily be merged into the Equalities and Human Rights Commission. The future of this NDPB is currently being reviewed.
||
|-
|| 15.
|| Homes and Communities Agency&lt;ref&gt;http://www.homesandcommunities.co.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Should be abolished and its functions merged into CLG.
||
|-
|| 16.
|| &lt;del&gt;National Housing and Planning Advice Unit&lt;ref&gt;http://www.communities.gov.uk/nhpau/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/del&gt;
||
||
||
|-
|| 17.
|| National Lottery Commission&lt;ref&gt;http://www.natlotcomm.gov.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
||
|| Should be merged with the Gambling Commission.
||
|-
|}

== Consequential amendments and repeals ==

{{/set
|
{{/entry
| clause = 1.
| bill = Limitation Act 1980
| parts = Sections 15-18
| reason = This is as a consequence of repeals to the Land Registration Act 2002.
}}
{{/entry
| clause = 2.
| bill = Communications Act 2003
| parts = Section 124A-R
| reason = This is as a consequence of repeals to the Digital Economy Act 2010, which amended this Act.
}}
}}

==See also==
* [[Law reform]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==

* [http://www.gazette-news.co.uk/news/4528406.MP_calls_on_voters_to_draft_new_law_online/ MP calls on voters to draft new law online], ''Gazette'', Wednesday 5th August 2009
* [http://www.hip-consultant.co.uk/blog/scrapping-home-information-packs-hips-123/ Will Home Information Packs (HIPs) be ‘scrapped’?], ''HIP-Consultant.co.uk'', September 3rd, 2009 HIP-Consultant.co.uk
* [http://www.hip-consultant.co.uk/blog/10-myths-of-home-information-packs-hip/ 10 Myths of Home Information Packs (HIP)], ''HIP-Consultant.co.uk'', November 24th, 2008
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/man-fined-for-drowning-squirrel-2030149.html], Man fined for drowning squirrel- The Independent July 19 2010
* [https://www.lawcom.gov.uk/ (UK) Law Commission]

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== Image without license ==

Normally, all images which indicate the license source or authors are not complete, have received the appropriate template (just more than 1200 files).[[User:Crochet.david|Crochet.david]] 12:24, 3 August 2009 (UTC)
== Signature bot ==

Do we have a signature bot available? If not, we should try to get one going for [[Talk:Great Repeal Bill]]. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:27, 5 August 2009 (UTC)
== How to enroll in the actual courses? ==

Ive gone thru the tutorials but don't understand how to go about actually starting with learning a course? How do i enroll in a course as a student and start learning?
--[[User:Cyma|Cyma]] 07:37, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
: This will vary according to the learning resource - much of the content is &quot;what you make of it&quot;, but some is more formally organized and may have specific &quot;sign-up&quot; instructions. It's usually more about &quot;learning by doing&quot; and by improving the resource and discussing it etc. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 12:59, 6 August 2009 (UTC)
== Newbie Question Concerning Projects ==

I am rather new to Wikiversity but am interested in using it for a graduate course I am teaching this fall. I would like to set up an extended annotated bibliography collecting secondary sources on the history of classical rhetoric. Would the community support this kind of project (since page entries would be focused on reviewing specific articles)? Would the project I am discussing work better as a Wikibook than as a part of the Wikiversity?
[[User:Insignificantwrangler|Insignificantwrangler]] 23:36, 15 August 2009 (UTC)

: I think this project is perfectly fine for Wikiversity. Reviews on Wikibooks would be limited to previously published reviews, while on Wikiversity your students are free to include their own reviews of articles. If that distinction isn't important for what you wish to do, answering for yourself what you intend your students to do a) work together to write a book or b) write a paper, article or something else much simpler or smaller, is a good way to help you decide which project to use. Writing a book can be a great undertaking that requires a lot of work, perhaps more work then students can be expected to accomplish in a single semester. What are your needs? Is it something that students could build on from what students did the previous semesters, or something students would need to start over from scratch each time? Is it a one time deal or something you hope to repeat? Some more things to consider when deciding which project to use. --[[User:Darklama|&lt;span style=&quot;background:DarkSlateBlue;color:white;padding:2px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;dark&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Darklama|&lt;span style=&quot;background:darkslategray;color:white;padding:2px;&quot;&gt;lama&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;]] 00:53, 16 August 2009 (UTC)
== Emmbedding video stored at internet archives ==

Is it possible to embed video files stored at Internet Archives in a &quot;wikiversity project?
thanks for the advice.
--[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 21:08, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

:In short, no. You can link to them, but we can't embed video from any other website but [[commons:Main Page|Commons]]. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:15, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
== Community Review in progress ==

A [[WV:CR|Community Review]] is in progress related to JWSchmidt's recent contributions to discussions involving custodians, deletion, and policy. Please share your thoughts at [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Topic bans for User:JWSchmidt‎]]. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 08:58, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

== Proposed deletion of unused images lacking licence information ==

I would like to propose the deletion of all completely unused [[:Category:Files needing copyright information|images lacking licence information]]. We have a large number of images without adequate information about what licence they are available under and I think deleting those that aren't used will help to reduce the burden of trying to resolve these problems. Considering these images are unused, there is only a small risk of their deletion being harmful and it would be very easy to restore any as necessary. 

In accordance with the [[foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy]], all content on Wikimedia projects must either be available under an accepted free licence or accepted under an EDP (aka a [[Wikiversity:Fair use|fair use policy]]). As these images are unused, they cannot be justified under a fair use policy and nor would it be immediately beneficial for us to try to establish their availability under a free licence.  

Since our [[Wikiversity:Deletion policy]] is only currently a proposal, I think this is the most appropriate venue to try to establish consensus for this. Please indicate below whether you {{tl|support}} or {{tl|oppose}} this proposal. If you oppose then please provide an explanation so that your concerns can help to develop the proposal into something you can accept. [[User:Adambro|Adambro]] 17:49, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

:If it is really policy that images without licensing information are not welcome, then we first have to make it impossible for people to upload files without licensing information. I believe that many file uploaders have in the past assumed that their contributions were under the GFDL. Why not use something like [[Template:GFDL-presumed]] as the default treatment for files without licensing information? Before deleting files an attempt should be made to contact the uploader. If a file is doing no harm then there is no reason to delete it. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 20:50, 17 August 2009 (UTC)

::As discussed before, it really is policy. See [[meta:Resolution:Licensing_policy]] for details. There's a related discussion somewhere or another about machine readability (templates) being required as well. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:37, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
:::Indeed, it is most definitely a requirement that images have licensing information. I think the issue of making it impossible to upload without is probably for a separate discussion. It would be easier for us to concentrate here on reducing the backlog of problematic images, rather than try to come up with solutions to stop the number of such images growing. As SB_Johnny notes below, if we can reduce the number then it will be much easier to keep an eye on the situation and try to resolve the issues sooner, whilst the user is still active here, rather than years later when they may well not be.
:::I don't really think {{tl|GFDL-presumed}} is an option. It has long since been phased out on the English Wikipedia where I assume the practice started. It doesn't provide enough confidence as to the validity of the licence. 
:::Regarding contacting uploaders, I suspect in many cases attempts will have already been made. [[User:Adambro|Adambro]] 22:07, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
:::To respond to JWSchmidt's final point that &quot;If a file is doing no harm then there is no reason to delete it&quot;, all of the files I am referring to are harmful, for a number of reasons.  They are harmful to Wikiversity because hosting them is potentially violating copyright law. They are harmful because their lack of information means they violate the Foundation's resolution which we have no choice but to comply with. They are harmful because, whilst they are unused, we still have to concern ourselves with categorising them if we are to ensure that tools like [[Special:UncategorizedFiles]] are of any value. To look at it from the other angle, does their existence benefit Wikiversity? Considering we can't, or at least shouldn't, use these images whilst they lack licensing information then it doesn't seem realistic that their existence can be beneficial. [[User:Adambro|Adambro]] 22:22, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
::The {{tl|GFDL-presumed}} also engage the responsibility of the editor (the one that add the template and click on ''Save page'' button) if this file is not actually eligible for the GFDL (or other similar licence) and that the copyright owner seeks compensation for the injury suffered. [[User:Crochet.david|Crochet.david]] 12:07, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
:::For more about the background of GFDL-presumed, see [[meta:Template:GFDL_presumed_warning]] and [[meta:Template:GFDL-presumed]].  It seems that these templates were only created to tag images uploaded before a certain date, the date on which the upload form page was modified to state that images without license info would be deleted.  Our [[MediaWiki:Uploadtext]] has stated &quot;'''Images without [[Wikiversity:Uploading files|proper information]] about their source &lt;u&gt;and&lt;/u&gt; their [[Wikiversity:License tags|license]] will be deleted.'''&quot; (emphasis in the original) since [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&amp;oldid=46307 November 2006].  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:23, 18 August 2009 (UTC)

:Asuming that the uploaders have been warned and given an appropriate grace period, deletion is probably the best solution. Attempts have been made to get this done in the past (I tried to get it going when we had a whopping 60 or so unlicensed files, but it was resisted), but debate was endless, so now the problem is much bigger. Keeping the number as close to zero as possible will allow us to give more prompt attention to uploaders in the ruture who might not understand the need. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:37, 17 August 2009 (UTC)
:::Like most things at Wikiversity that should be subject to discussion, how to deal with licensing of uploaded files has never really been the subject of a coherent community discussion. There has been a series of attempts to impose on the Wikiversity community the destructive approach that was developed at Wikipedia. The Wikipedia method is to have a website that is saturated with statements saying &quot;all your contributions are under a copyleft license&quot;. However, wiki participants are allowed to upload files without specifying the license. Later, uploaded files are deleted because they do not specify a license. That approach is fine for a wiki run by deletionists, but there are alternatives. If it is true that all uploaded files must be under a copyleft license or be provided with a fairuse rationale then the first thing to do is to make it impossible to upload files unless the uploader specifies the license. The deletionists have repeatedly refused to do this and so they have created the &quot;problem&quot;. They continue to cause the problem by refusing to change the file upload system so as to require that a license be specified. The deletionists further cloud the issue by making false claims such as saying that Wikiversity cannot host content that is potentially a copyright violation. Fanning the flames of copyright paranoia has long been a popular sport for deletionists and people who would like to shut down free culture websites. Wikiversity is a learning community. We should have a way of educating participants about copyleft licenses and fairuse and then allow participants to specify the license for their uploaded files. Uploading without a license having been specified should be impossible. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AColloquium&amp;diff=465792&amp;oldid=465788 I don't really think GFDL-presumed is an option. It has long since been phased out on the English Wikipedia]&quot; &lt;-- The silly methods of Wikipedia caused the &quot;problem&quot;, there is no point in looking to Wikipedia for a solution to the problem. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AColloquium&amp;diff=465792&amp;oldid=465788 They are harmful because their lack of information means they violate the Foundation's resolution which we have no choice but to comply with.]&quot; &lt;-- Please quote from the resolution to support this claim. Rather than deletion, a better approach to uploaded files without license information is to assume GFDL for those already uploaded and prevent new uploads that lack license information. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 14:09, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
::::You seem to say a lot but don't really properly explain why you seem to oppose deleting these files. As has been explained, assuming GFDL is a dangerous system. How do we know that the reason the uploader didn't tag the file with an appropriate template was because it is copyrighted? Is it really worth the risks involved to save images which aren't being used? You don't seem to have explained how such images benefit the project. As I've said, it would be easier if we focus on dealing with these unused images with no licensing information rather than trying to solve the wider issues. We already seem to have what should really be a straightforward discussion turning into something much more onerous. There certainly are related issues that need to be discussed but I think we can deal with these images without having to discuss the whole system of image uploads. You ask me to quote from the Resolution to support my suggestion that &quot;their lack of information means they violate the Foundation's resolution&quot;. It would probably be easier if you simply read the [[foundation:Resolution:Licensing policy|Resolution]] in full and you should be able to come to the same conclusion. [[User:Adambro|Adambro]] 14:29, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
::::I think it's the &quot;GFDL-presumed&quot; stuff that was a silly wikipedianism, not the sticking to the license policy. The &quot;house rules&quot; are that everything needs to be free-licensed, and explicitly so in the case of uploaded files. I wouldn't object if we just changed it to &quot;all uploads must be either PD or released under CC-BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL 1.3&quot;... it would limit us to a certain extent, but would certainly be simpler. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:21, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
:::::Looking towards the more medium term, it would be simpler I feel if we removed all the free licences from [[MediaWiki:Licenses]] and encourage all freely licensed content to be uploaded to Commons which would have a number of advantages. Commons, being a project dedicated to hosting such content, has a much better &quot;infrastructure&quot; for managing freely licensed content, and of course anything uploaded there is instantly available for the benefit of other projects. Sure, we'd have to be prepared to accept some stuff getting deleted due to a likely more stringent analysis of the licensing status of an image, but being able to be confident that content is actually freely licensed is in the interests of our users. However, we are drifting away from the original point I was looking for consensus about so I don't really want to encourage discussion on the broader issues at this point. [[User:Adambro|Adambro]] 17:36, 18 August 2009 (UTC)
::::::Well, as far as deleting the unused ones goes, there's really not much to talk about. For used ones, deleting after the 7 day period is the best way to go IMO. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:45, 19 August 2009 (UTC)
:I sent an email to all the contributors who submitted a file and had received a rebate in order for copyright (In [[:Category:Files needing copyright information|this category]]) and which have enabled the sending of mail through the site. But then I reached the limit of transmission through the software. I've done all the images from 0 to 9 and A to K.[[User:Crochet.david|Crochet.david]] 07:02, 19 August 2009 (UTC)

:::::&quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=465900&amp;oldid=465899 You seem to say a lot but don't really properly explain why you seem to oppose deleting these files.]&quot; &lt;-- At Wikiversity the burden is on deletionists to provide a valid reason for deletion. If you have a Wikiversity page that you want to delete, then take it to [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]] and state how the page does harm to Wikiversity. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=465900&amp;oldid=465899 How do we know that the reason the uploader didn't tag the file with an appropriate template was because it is copyrighted?]&quot; &lt;-- I agree that this kind of question arises when people are allowed to upload files without specifying a license. Let's fix the problem by making it so that Wikiversity does not allow people to upload files unless they specify a license. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=465900&amp;oldid=465899 You don't seem to have explained how such images benefit the project.]&quot; &lt;-- I have no obligation to do so. I do not not even know which files you want to delete. If there are files that harm Wikiversity then list them at [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=465900&amp;oldid=465899 simply read the Resolution in full and you should be able to come to the same conclusion]&quot; &lt;-- I've read the resolution and my conclusion is that you have falsely represented what the resolution says. The fact that you have not provided quotes from the resolution to support your claim is very good evidence that you have falsely represented what the resolution says. &quot;The 'house rules' are that everything needs to be free-licensed&quot; &lt;-- What are 'house rules'? &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=465944&amp;oldid=465900 all uploads must be either PD or released under CC-BY-SA 3.0 and GFDL 1.3]&quot; &lt;-- There are many other licensing options that satisfy the Wikimedia requirements. I object to any proposal that would limit file uploading options for Wikiversity participants. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AColloquium&amp;diff=465947&amp;oldid=465944 removed all the free licences from MediaWiki:Licenses and encourage all freely licensed content to be uploaded to Commons]&quot; &lt;-- In my experience Commons is not a welcoming environment. Participants at Commons cannot be trusted to make decisions such as deletion decisions that are sensitive to the needs of Wikiversity. We already give people the option to upload to Commons, that is enough. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=466264&amp;oldid=466261 Well, as far as deleting the unused ones goes, there's really not much to talk about.]&quot; &lt;-- I agree; Wikiversity pages that are causing no harm should never be targeted for deletion. &quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=466264&amp;oldid=466261 deleting after the 7 day period is the best way to go]&quot; &lt;-- No page should be deleted from Wikiversity unless it is causing a problem for Wikiversity. The correct solution here is to prevent file uploads unless a license is specified by the uploader. For old files, just add a template such as &quot;GFDL-presumed&quot;. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 14:26, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

::::::I find your comments, particularly [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity%3AColloquium&amp;diff=466426&amp;oldid=466393 your edit summary] where you said &quot; if there are pages that need to be deleted, take them to Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion&quot;, quite bizarre. You seem to fail to acknowledge that [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]] is only an accepted process for deleting files because community consensus has determined it to be. You must surely understand therefore community consensus is just as valid wherever it emerges. 

::::::I would note that I have already explained how unused files without licensing information are harmful to the project and asked you to explain how they might benefit the project and so address my concerns. You have again refused to do so. Your other comments don't explain why we shouldn't delete these files. If you are trying to convince me that these files shouldn't be deleted then you are not doing a very good job. [[User:Adambro|Adambro]] 15:39, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

::::::As this discussion doesn't seem to be going anywhere (at least not in the linear sense), it's probably best to close it before the ad hominem attacks get any worse (e.g., ''&quot;I've read the resolution and my conclusion is that you have falsely represented what the resolution says&quot;'', above). I think it's safe to assume a course has been decided. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:12, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

::::::Yeah, if anyone would like to continue discussing objections to [[wikimedia:Resolution:Licensing policy]], then the proper venue can be found at [[meta:Licensing_policy_FAQ_draft#I_don.27t_agree_with_these_policy_changes._Where_can_I_say_something.3F|&quot;I don't agree...&quot;]]  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:07, 21 August 2009 (UTC)

:::::::&quot;[http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&amp;diff=466488&amp;oldid=466429 quite bizarre]&quot; &lt;-- I know that deletionists can be made uncomfortable by having to provide a reason for deleting the contributions of wiki editors, however, I think it is best for Wikiversity if only damaging files are deleted. &quot;I have already explained how unused files without licensing information are harmful&quot; &lt;-- you claimed: &quot;They are harmful to Wikiversity because hosting them is potentially violating copyright law. They are harmful because their lack of information means they violate the Foundation's resolution which we have no choice but to comply with. They are harmful because, whilst they are unused, we still have to concern ourselves with categorising them&quot;. Are you claiming the right to delete anything that is potentially violating copyright law? If so, you might as well close down all of Wikimedia. We are not guided by copyright paranoia. &quot;they violate the Foundation's resolution&quot; &lt;-- I asked you to quote from the resolution to show that you are correct about this. You have failed to support this claim by quoting from the resolution. My reading of the resolution suggests to me that your claim is false. I also suggested a better option than deletion, which you seem to reject. If you are overwhelmed by the task of categorizing image files, then I suggest that you find some other way to spend your time. If you want to propose files for deletion, go to the correct forum for community discussion of deletion proposals and explain how the files that you want to delete are doing harm. &quot;If you are trying to convince me that these files shouldn't be deleted...&quot; &lt;-- I still do not know what you want to delete. List the files and let the community discuss them. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 22:52, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

::::::::The link to the policy has been repeatedly posted.  But, here is the bottom line: &quot;All projects are expected to host only content which is under a Free Content License&quot; and &quot;By March 23, 2008, all existing files under an unacceptable license as per the above must either be accepted under an EDP, or shall be deleted.&quot; (note: EDP is the Exemption Doctrine Policy for Fair Use) [[Foundation:Resolution:Licensing_policy]]   --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:49, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

::[[:File:Intercept_theorem_proof.jpg]] is taken from wikipedia, a file of same name there...hope this satisfies the doubts {{unsigned|Altera vista}}

:::Moved to commons and deleted locally... we should probably have a link to [http://toolserver.org/~magnus/commonshelper.php commonshelper] on our upload form for WP images. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:05, 21 August 2009 (UTC)
== Possible small-scale funding ==

Hi all - this was posted to the mailing list, but posting it here too. It's a scheme to give grants to Open Education projects/initiatives of up to £15,000 (UK). I'd be willing to write something up in collaboration with others, if anyone's interested - though I'll probably still be fairly busy until November. (Deadline for first round is 31 December.) See [http://blogs.talis.com/education/2009/08/07/talis-incubator-for-open-education blog post] and the Talis [http://blogs.talis.com/education/incubator/ 'incubator'] for details. [[User:Cormaggio|Cormaggio]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Cormaggio|talk]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 08:27, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

:Seems interesting Cormac. I like to help you out, but i don't know if i got enough time. Will know more about it in a few months.

:It is a commercial business, so i presume that the invested money needs to be returned with a profit, or not? (must say that i didn't read everything before this edit, sorry about that)--[[User:Daanschr|Daanschr]] 21:04, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

::They make it clear that they want open source material (they don't want the money back). I think it would be a great idea to start a project on writing grants in general to help people take advantage of grants when they come up... maybe along those lines, Cormac? --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 09:04, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

:::That's a good idea Johnny. I think WMF and Wikieducator have made available some grant proposals that were successful - they could be useful resources. And of course, actually getting involved in writing a grant would be a good way to learn about what is needed, what is extraneous etc - learning by doing. :-) [[User:Cormaggio|Cormaggio]] &lt;sup&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Cormaggio|talk]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; 10:07, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
== License upload form ==

Do we want to consider changing our [[Special:Upload]] form, so that it forces people to consider license issues?  For example, compare our form to [[commons:Commons:Upload]] or [[w:Wikipedia:Upload]].  In order to do this we would need to modify MediaWiki on Wikiversity.  So, first we would need to decide what we want to implement, reach consensus, and if it is desirable to implement something like the upload form on the other projects we would then post a request to Bugzilla with a link to the consensus discussion here.  Let's start by discussing the merits of such a change.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 12:29, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
:I do not understand the technical details of how the upload form works, but it seems like it should be possible to modify the form so that the uploader has to select a valid licensing option before a file will upload. I do not understand why the form allows people to use options such as &quot;non-commercial use only&quot;. I think many people see the current upload form and rightly decide it is a bad joke that is best ignored. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 14:38, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
::The technical details are that in order to implement any major change (like switching to a multichoice upload form similar to those at Commons and Wikipedia, but with our own customized text and choices) we would need to request a change to the MediaWiki installation at Wikiversity.  From what I understand, it is not physically possible for us to customize the upload forms as the other projects have done without this change.  We can draft and discuss the text that we would like to see in those uploads forms, but nothing can get implemented until we post a Bugzilla request to add the software change to enable the use of these multichoice forms.  I could be wrong about this last bit, but I don't think it is technically possible to completely prevent an upload without a license.  For example, on Commons I skip the forms and go straight to the upload page, because it is easier for me to cut and paste the license and summary info all at once.  But, anyone could just as easily skip the license info if they know how to bypass the form.  Also, note that the Commons form has a choice labeled &quot;It is a non-free fair use image&quot; even though commons does not accept such files.  If someone clicks on that option they get [[commons:Commons:Fair use|an explanation of the policy]] and the page does not allow uploading.  These options are present to educate new users about the acceptable license policy for images.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 12:18, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
*Yep, the WP version is probably better for us, since commons doesn't allow for fair use (assuming the consensus remains that fair use should be permitted). However, I don't think there's any way (software wise) to prevent uploads without a license. There's really no way to insist beforehand aside from creating a usergroup for uploading and disabling it for autoconfirmed, and I'd far prefer having to delete than requiring people to get prior permission. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:08, 20 August 2009 (UTC)
**The Wikipedia upload form also includes a set of crazy &quot;licensing options&quot; which are the source of the problem of files not having the needed licensing information. I've done a small amount of php programming and that experience suggests to me that it is possible to force uploaders to select a license before a file can be uploaded. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 22:29, 22 August 2009 (UTC)

:I can't offer much on the technicalities, but want to support what JWSchmidt has pointed out, the need for a dramatic simplification of the form to be filled out. As much as possible it should be check boxes and drop downs (instead of templates needing memorisation and help boxes), and if we can get it down to an easy 3, like:

:#Copyright - with a range of check boxes
:#Attribution - input box to put in a name or URL
:#Source - URL

:Maybe there are a better 3, my main point is, make it fast and easy. --[[User:Leighblackall|Leighblackall]] 03:22, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

== transclusion ==

I like to create a navigation Form? Module? page?  ( obviously I do not know the proper term) to include in every page . The existing {{Navigation|Title...}} templates don't seem to do the trick, since it requires changes of the content  on each page the navigation template is placed.  It would be nice if one could create a &quot;module page&quot; for navigation that could be placed on each page  and changes made in the &quot; module page&quot; would automatically show up on all pages the module is included in.
Is this called &quot;Transclusion&quot;?  How would i go about it to design such a thing/ use such a thing
Thanks for any suggestions/ advice [[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 17:04, 24 August 2009 (UTC)

:Transclusion is where content appears to be on one page but actually is on another page.  For an example, over at Wikipedia, the Reference Desk pages include some transcluded content for the oldest days.  At the Science Ref Desk ([[w:Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Science]]), say, the following line is added near the top:

:&lt;nowiki&gt;{{Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Science/2009 August 18}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

:This shows the content for August 18th even though it's actually in the archives.  If you try to edit the transcluded sections it takes you right to the archive page and you edit there: ([http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Reference_desk/Archives/Science/2009_August_18&amp;action=edit&amp;section=T-3]). [[User:StuRat|StuRat]] 21:08, 24 August 2009 (UTC)
== AP course ==

Hey guys! I'm kinda new here... Is it against policy to create resources for program-specific classes such as the AP program? I want to do start an AP Statistics resource, but I'm not sure where to start. Are there any AP related examples that I can take a look at? Any help would be greatly appreciated, since I have no idea what I'm doing! (My mind keeps thinking about Wikipedia standards)--[[User:Edge3|Edge3]] 03:54, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
: Hi Edge3, forgive my ignorance, but what is AP? But, the answer is that yes you are free to create resources on Wikiversity for specific classes/courses - that's absolutely fine and is to be encouraged. You can just make a red link to a page name, e.g., [[AP statistics course]], click on it, and away you go! There are others around who can help out as you find your feet. -- [[User:Jtneill|Jtneill]] - &lt;small&gt;[[User talk:Jtneill|Talk]] - [[Special:Contributions/Jtneill|c]]&lt;/small&gt; 10:37, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
::Well my friend, let me direct you to [[w:Advanced Placement]] and [[w:AP Statistics]]. Looks like I can get started!--[[User:Edge3|Edge3]] 14:28, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
:::Hi Edge3. You might also want to have a look at [[b:Category:Advanced Placement]], which contains a number of textbooks created for AP classes. I suspect they all need work, but worth a look. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:24, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
::::Which now brings me to my next question: what's the difference between Wikiversity and Wikibooks?--[[User:Edge3|Edge3]] 15:49, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
:::::Well, WB is for textbooks, WV is not :-). Seriously though, a good example for statistics is that you could create models on a WV project, from data collection to analysis and synthesis of the data. You can't do that on WB, since the textbooks can't be &quot;Original Research&quot;. For other materials, both projects can import and export materials to each other, so it doesn't really matter which one you create the materials on. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:07, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
::::::[concurrent reply] In a nutshell, they work hand in hand. Wikiversity is structured to accommodate the [[learning community]] (people) where [[Wikibooks]] is for textbook formed materials (books). [[User:CQ|CQ]] 16:10, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
::::: Wikibooks is for collaborative writing of textbooks. Wikiversity is for collaborative writing of learning resources and for collaborative research. In the context of a school, Wikibooks provides the books you'd need for a class and would be expected to read, and Wikiversity provides the worksheets, lesson plans and other resources that are used in class. Wikibooks is for the type of learning that can be done by reading a book. Wikiversity is more for hands on learning like learning done by doing exercises, doing experiments, and other things that can be done by participating in a class and applying what you learn as you learn it. --[[User:Darklama|&lt;span style=&quot;background:DarkSlateBlue;color:white;padding:2px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;dark&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Darklama|&lt;span style=&quot;background:darkslategray;color:white;padding:2px;&quot;&gt;lama&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;]] 16:14, 9 August 2009 (UTC)
:The short answer of your question is:  No, no problems with creating such resources.  In fact, the current incarnation of the [[Introduction to US History]] course was intended as such.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 23:02, 25 August 2009 (UTC)
Hello, I just wanted to ask if you are a high school student, because I am, and I am willing to take a calculus related AP test during the next year. So I will be really grateful if any of the wikis will be helping. Thanks!--[[User:;Hiba;1|;Hiba;1]] 12:43, 20 August 2009 (UTC)

== Dropdown boxes ==

--[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 01:19, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
I like to incorporate in a project page a &quot;dropdown box filled with text.  I used the following which works ok except ....

&lt;div class=&quot;NavFrame&quot; style=&quot;clear:both; {{{style|}}}{{{bodystyle|}}}&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavHead&quot;  style=&quot;&lt;!--
&lt;!---deprecated:---&gt;
   {{#if:{{{titlebkg|}}}{{{color|Goldenrod}}} |background:{{{titlebkg|}}}{{{color|Goldenrod}}};{{text color default}};}}
   {{{title_style|}}}
&lt;!----&gt;
{{{titlestyle|}}}&quot;&gt; {{Tnavbar2|&lt;!---deprecated:---&gt;{{{templateName|}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{{name|&lt;noinclude&gt;Navigation&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|mini=1|style=position:absolute; width:auto; left:0.5em;}}'''{{{&lt;!---deprecated:---&gt;header|&lt;!----&gt;How to Participate!}}}'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; font-size:0.9em;&quot;&gt;
'''Everybody is welcome to participate'''&lt;br&gt;
'''If you are unfamiliar with the Sytax of the site  go to ....'''&lt;br&gt;
'''If you are familiar you will ignore this message anyway'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Thank you for your contributions'''&lt;br&gt;
'''As you see the text is centered and it would be good to have it left justified I could not find the place to correct that. it is probably  buried in some sort of template. Since i do not know much about these things ( I use this stuff more like a cook book) i might be wrong If you can help, your advice will be greatly appreciated as always thank you in advance[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 01:23, 26 August 2009 (UTC)''' {{{cat|}}}{{{category|}}}
&lt;!--end NavContent:--&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--
&lt;!---end NavFrame:---&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;

As you see the text is centered and it would be good to have it left justified
I could not find the place to correct that. it is probably  buried in some sort of template. Since i do not know much about these things ( I use this stuff more like a cook book) i might be wrong
If you can help, your advice will be greatly appreciated as always
thank you in advance[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 01:23, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

:This seems to work: 
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; font-size:0.9em;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavFrame&quot; style=&quot;clear:both; {{{style|}}}{{{bodystyle|}}}&quot;&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavHead&quot;  style=&quot;&lt;!--
&lt;!---deprecated:---&gt;
   {{#if:{{{titlebkg|}}}{{{color|Goldenrod}}} |background:{{{titlebkg|}}}{{{color|Goldenrod}}};}}
   {{{title_style|}}}
&lt;!----&gt;
{{{titlestyle|}}}&quot;&gt; {{Tnavbar2|&lt;!---deprecated:---&gt;{{{templateName|}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{{name|&lt;noinclude&gt;Navigation&lt;/noinclude&gt;}}}|mini=1|style=position:absolute; width:auto; left:0.5em;}}'''{{{&lt;!---deprecated:---&gt;header|&lt;!----&gt;How to Participate!}}}'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div class=&quot;NavContent&quot; style=&quot;margin:0.5em; font-size:0.9em;text-align:left;&quot;&gt;
'''Everybody is welcome to participate'''&lt;br&gt;
'''If you are unfamiliar with the Sytax of the site  go to ....'''&lt;br&gt;
'''If you are familiar you will ignore this message anyway'''&lt;br&gt;
'''Thank you for your contributions'''&lt;br&gt;
 {{{cat|}}}{{{category|}}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;
:[[User:Alandmanson|Alandmanson]] ([[User talk:Alandmanson|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/Alandmanson|contribs]]) 11:52, 19 May 2023 (UTC)

== add a template to another read-only template and make template redirection ==

Can somebody add &lt;nowiki&gt;{{Move to Wikimedia Commons}}&lt;/nowiki&gt; to make easier the transfert to Wikimedia Commons in these template wich are accepted in Wikimedia Commons:
* Template:Cc-by-sa-3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0
* Template:cc-by-sa-2.5,2.0,1.0
* Template:Cc-by-sa-3.0
* Template:Cc-by-sa-2.5
* Template:Cc-by-sa-2.0
* Template:Cc-by-3.0
* Template:Cc-by-2.5
* Template:Cc-by-2.0
* Template:GFDL
* Template:GFDL-self
* Template:GPL
* Template:PD-old
* Template:PD-US
* Template:PD-USGov
[[User:Crochet.david|Crochet.david]] 21:27, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
== HTML tag ==

--[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 13:19, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
Is it possible to include html on a page, that would be translated automatically by the system (server? or whatever) into wiki mark up or executable code
In tiddlywiki, obviously an off-shut of wiki, this is accomplished by adding &lt;html&gt;..text..&lt;/html&gt; the ..text.. is interpreted as html code.
Anything like this available by any chance?
Thank you.[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 13:19, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
:Try ? [[User:Crochet.david|Crochet.david]] 14:26, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
::The [[MediaWiki Project]] has some links about becoming a &quot;power user&quot; of the MediaWiki technology. Check it out and meet us there! --[[User:CQ|CQ]] 18:44, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

Thank you , i followed your advice But I am a bit overwhelmed by it all. the crux there seems to be able to manipulate java applets, which have to be , to my very very limited knowledge and experience stored on the server/ some server. Although there are comments regarding &quot; loading of code etc on the suggested sites ( mediawiki) I am not versed enough to follow their instructions, i guess i am just not quite there.  If there would be a step by step procedure how to do this I could and would do this. but then again then you people might not want people like me mess around with it.
Would appreciate your response.
thanks
== Lost Pages ==

There are a collection of pages [[User talk:Neposlusan|here]] which have no categories and no home.  This appears to be part of some sort of religious coursework.  I'm really not sure what to do with them.  Any suggestions?  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 05:55, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

:I'm guessing {{custodian|Ottava Rima}} would be the best person to ping, as he has some background in religious studies. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:20, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
== multipage upload form proposal ==

'''''The discussion below has been copied to [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Multipage image upload form]].  Please continue the discussion there.'''''  

{{archive top}}

It seems that there are two issues that we need to decide.  The first is the question of a multipage upload form, which requires a change to the Wikiversity MediaWiki installation.  The second is the content of those forms, or a change to our existing single page form if we decide not to go with multipage.  There seems to be some support for some kind of multipage form, though we need to discuss the contents in more detail.  Let's discuss below the first point about multipage upload forms.  Please indicate if you agree or disagree that we should pursue this.  The change that we are talking about is to add &lt;code&gt;$wgForceUIMsgAsContentMsg = array( 'licenses', 'uploadtext' );&lt;/code&gt; to the Mediawiki installation which will allow us to create multipage upload forms that explain the various license options.  Once we choose between keeping/modifying the existing one page form or the multipage, we can than start discussing the content, choices and wording of the text.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:06, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

*{{support}} - the single page form is too limiting and (in the current state) too confusing.  Switching to multipage will allow much greater flexibility and ease of use, esp. for newcomers to wikiversity.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:09, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
*{{support}} - absolutely, we're way behind the curve on this. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:14, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
*{{support}} - but with conditions &amp; reservations:
**{{comment}} - How good of a repository is Wikiversity compared to the Commons, anyway? I think the smart thing to do is direct uploads to the Commons by default if that can be done. Wikiversity could have a buffer repository for developing ''original'' media and images that go to the commons when finished. Wikiversity should develop a culture of originality and resourceful adaptation. That would leave Wikiversity's repository for Fair Use media and images only... and we would need a mechanism for approving these ''before'' anyone even thinks of uploading them. Fair Use media and images reside elsewhere on the web and can be linked to for review though a Request for comments process of some sort. I don't know the answer, but I don't like to see stuff uploaded then deleted. I'd rather issues be resolved before they become issues. My $.02 worth. [[User:CQ|CQ]] 15:31, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
***{{comment}} I agree that a large percentage of our uploads would be better at commons.  My feeling is that having a multipage upload form could allow us to steer Free Content License works to commons, while still allowing fair use uploads here.  There might also be situtations where a large number of uploads of similar images for a learning project could be seen as duplicates at commons, and therefore deleted.  But, that is a topic for another thread.  First, we need to make a simple decision on single page vs. multipage upload forms.  I think that the multipage form would allow us the flexibility to implement your suggestion, or other suggestions that might be proposed.  The current single page form limits our ability to ditinguish by license type, which is the first step in directing people to the best place for the upload.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:40, 23 August 2009 (UTC)
*{{support}} &lt;!--No, I am NOT cheating a vote --&gt;In fact; HIGHLY support (10 on a scale of 0-10) because I HATE having to upload files one by one. Also, I think this should apply universally on all the wikis, ESPECIALLY commons. [[User:Deathgleaner|Deathgleaner]] 20:06, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
*:*{{comment}} This change to the upload form would still require uploading files one by one.  I'm not sure if there is any way to allow multiple uploads.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:23, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
{{archive bottom}}

== Policy Violations ==

Here's a question for community discussion:
What should we do when Wikiversity participants violate Wikiversity policy?  Obviously, they should be informed that they're violating policy, but what if they persist and continue to regularly violate Wikiversity's policies, despite repeated requests that they comply?  What sort of actions can and should the community take?  How should we enforce our policies?  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:08, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
:That's a tough question. In my opinion, [[Wikiversity:Policies]] are not fully-represented and the process for proposing, discussing and setting them could be improved. We've had a lot of &quot;[[Wikiversity:Community Review|Community Review]]&quot; taking place resulting in hurt feelings, accusations, and ill will. I would like to get a better sense of what the current user base thinks, since so much of the previous user base is gone or in an embattled state. Thanks for posting this here Jade Knight. {{custodian|CQ}} 19:25, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
::I think CR was originally intended to deal with pressing issues that couldn't be resolved due to the lack of a policy structure. The problem is that while there was some effort to follow up and get the structure in place, the damage was done to a great degree... most of the contributors at that time were just tired of thinking about that sort of thing. Maybe the real question in that regard is how can we get people ''interested'' in policy, and even make it an enjoyable discussion to be a part of? Wikipedia has thousands of participants, with a certain percentage that seem to relish the policy-making process: it ends up working out over time because within that percentage there is a wide diversity of views, and the &quot;middle ground&quot; they find tends to trend towards constant improvement. I don't get the impression that we have a critical mass of people with that kind of passion for endless debate to do things the way they do. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:37, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
:&quot;What should we do when Wikiversity participants violate Wikiversity policy?&quot; &lt;-- I thought that was settled: nominate the policy violator for custodianship. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 19:36, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
::That's not a helpful comment, JWSchmidt. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:37, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
::JWSchmidt, the community has disagreed with your assertions that candidates for custodianship have violated policy.  How do you reconcile your insistence that your accusations are true with the prevailing concensus of the community?  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:41, 27 August 2009 (UTC)
:::Part of the problem is that other people who might object to the policy violations have been blocked from participating or otherwise driven away from the project or intimidated into silence. I've been told to fuck off and leave the project, subjected to two bad blocks, a bad ban in #wikiversity, had my questions censored, and had a heap of false charges against me published by the &quot;leaders&quot; of Wikiversity, but I did not leave nor am I intimidated into silence. Another problem is that community discussions are censored or disrupted by you and SBJ telling custodians that they do not have to respond to questions. A third problem is when admins look the other way when their friends violate policy. --[[User:JWSchmidt|JWSchmidt]] 03:23, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
:If someone's violating policy, we should try to talk to them and let them know that it's a violation, as well as explain why the policy is a good idea. It's important to remember that pretty much anyone who bothers to contribute here will be a creative mind in search of the opportunity to learn, teach, or research. Try, try, try again, using every tactic you can come up with to get through to the person. If your every effort fails, ask others to help. If their efforts fail as well, then there's little choice but to turn to the more draconian methods of the block and the ban.
:But even if all communication fails and the block and ban must be used, we should remain open to the person, in the hopes that we can someday get through to them. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:37, 27 August 2009 (UTC)


I am new to this!  I have this far one observation:  What are wikiversiti's guiding principles if any? i am sure you must have them even if I cannot  - at least easily find them. Newcomers  in my mind at least cannot really participate in anything except start their own subject ( class, research, etc) or become a student.  it would be presumptuous for me to make comments on policy without a clear understanding of principles. A suggestion: I would be helpful to provide a simple page (standard wikipedia style looks good to me)  of step by step introduction topics ( example: guiding principles: 1,  2,  3,....:  How to participate !,  2,  3,...   ) 
(But this leads away from the topic !)[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 14:57, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

:Quite the contrary, the newcomer's perspective is at least as important as that of the &quot;veterans&quot;! Coming up with a better &quot;introduction&quot; would be a good start, for sure. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 15:03, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

:You can see the current state of policies [[Wikiversity:Policies|here]], Altera vista.  Additionally, I'd like to second what SB_Johnny said, and say that new views are great!  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:46, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
== Classes on wv ==

I've been noticing a lot of material lately being added that's going strictly into the userspace, which I guess in some ways sprouts out of earlier discussions about how to &quot;protect&quot; pages being used as part of coursework offered at brick-and-mortar institutions. While I can certainly understand the motivation, I wonder a bit whether this should be discouraged. 

From my understanding of the mission, we are here to provide &quot;open&quot; resources, so I'm not sure how appropriate it is to hold &quot;closed&quot; classes using wikiversity resources. 

A bit of mindspill:
*While it's great to hold classes here to experiment with the potential of the wiki software for a session or two, it's probably better to hold closed classes on closed wikis. Even a paid webhost for a year costs less than most college textbooks! 
*I wonder if something similar to the &quot;montessouri&quot; (sp?) approach could be employed... if people not enrolled officially want to contribute, perhaps part of the assignment for the students could be to teach the &quot;open participants&quot;.
*Would it be possible to run some sort of script with the sandbox server to convert audio from lectures into .ogg format for uploading to wv or commons? The &quot;open participants&quot; (and even the enrolled students) could then listen on their computers or mp3 players. 
*I realize textbooks will be a problem, since there are precious few &quot;open source&quot; textbooks that are well developed enough to use in a class. However, the open participants could try to find such sources and the instructors and students could see if they are up to snuff as an alternative to the text used in the class.

I think the nice thing about this would be that future instructors will be able to look at how another instructor ran a class on any particular subject. Lecture transcriptions could in some cases become seed material for wikibooks, which will help with the textbook problem. And it would expose both instructors and students to a more &quot;natural&quot; experience of how open wikis work, since they're in some ways isolated from the community when things aren't quite &quot;open&quot;. 

Thoughts? --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 11:48, 28 August 2009 (UTC)
:Do you have a suggestion?  The best I can think to do is simply to collect and categorize such pages in such a way as to make them readily found, while perhaps keeping &quot;closed&quot; courses out of the main School/Topic run.  But I don't really know.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:38, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

::My inclination is to approach the contributors creating userspace content and engage them in a dialogue about collaborative editing and explain the wikiversity goals of free content and open participation.  Perhaps we should draft some ideas for guidelines on userspace.  I see no problem with some homework or a learning blog, but creating entire projects in userspace is counterproductive.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:32, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

== suggestion for policy development ==

I received the suggestion below via irc and was asked to post it here for discussion by the community.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 01:00, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

&lt;blockquote&gt;
:make a committe, pick 3 or 4 other people to be on the &quot;final edit&quot; committee, then the community can reverse any of the committee's decisions if they need to

:we could propose the &quot;final edit committee&quot; on the Colloquium as a way of ending the policy log-jam

:legislatures do this all the time

:a small committee drafts laws

:then everyone accepts or rejects

:the committee would look at the proposed policies, decide which ones should be official, clean them up, make them official, then if the community objects the policies can be further edited...or even put back to proposed or rejected

:people should nominate and self-nominate for the committee

:The community should discuss and fine-tune this proposal

&lt;/blockquote&gt;
:An intersting thought, and perhaps a good idea for us.  I would personally recommend that the committee be a little bigger, and instead of going straight to official, to run a vote of community support to gauge consensus.  If there appears to be consensus on the policy in the community (after a finished draft has been presented), then it becomes official.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:30, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

::Is the idea that a small group will be somehow elected, and only they will be permitted to edit the policies? It might be better to just try to do the &quot;policy of the week&quot; approach and focus energies on one policy at a time... in practice it would probably be a small group doing the work anyway. 
::One thought I had a while ago was to try to just pass very minimalist policies (rather than sweeping ones), which can be amended or merged as time goes on. The advantage there is that we could get at least something together that reflects what we all agree on, since there's probably vast agreement on the vast majority of topics. More controversial issues could be kept out of the policies while debate continues. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 12:36, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

:::&quot;Is the idea...&quot; &lt;- I simply did a cut and paste of the suggestion; I am not entirely clear on how it was intended to be implemented.  I will ask for clarification.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:29, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

:::I think minimalist policies is a great idea, SB_Johnny.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:03, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
== Adding your own files/images ==

[[Image:example.svg|thumb|Your caption]]
I'm very new to all of wiki. I use wikipedia from time to time but I've never contributed anything. So I thought it would be a fun experience to try this out. I've browsed through the intro and tutorial documents and have not found the answer to my question which is: Can you add your own files and images to a wiki page? If so, How? 

Thanks for the help
--[[User:Jeff.Smith|Jeff.Smith]] 22:02, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
:Jeff, the same syntax that applies to Wikipedia applies here so you might take a look at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents/Images_and_media [[User:Countrymike|Countrymike]] 22:12, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
:Mike, Thank you for the help finding that literature. Now that I can upload files how do I embed them in a wiki page?
--[[User:Jeff.Smith|Jeff.Smith]] 22:23, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
::Use &lt;nowiki&gt;[[Image:example.svg|thumb|Your caption]]&lt;/nowiki&gt; to get this example. --[[User:CQ|CQ]] 22:29, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
:::Thanks for the help. It there a way to upload PDFs directly to wiki or do I have to just link them and upload them elsewhere?--[[User:Jeff.Smith|Jeff.Smith]] 03:49, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
::::To upload an image : Go to [[commons:Commons:Upload|Wikimedia Commons]]. After upload, you can use file in all wiki that use Wikimedia Commons as shared repositiony, so all wiki of the wikimedia Foundation and lot of another. [[User:Crochet.david|Crochet.david]] 06:28, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
== 2 Observations from an Newcomer/Outsider ==

Being very interested in and impressed by the concept of Wikiversity and after initial attempts to get started to contribute ( learning language, templates etc etc) I began to monitor the &quot; Colloquium&quot;.
Here are 2 observations, for what they might be worth,( if anything)
*  Reading the entry On &quot;Apology&quot; I felt as if i would try to join a country club with its own language, only initiated would be able to follow. The specific reason was the expression &quot; sockpuppeteer&quot; . The reader can probably deduct from my comment that i grew up prior to the &quot; internet revolution&quot;, but it seems to me in a project such as wikiversity ( again this is said with the proviso that i interpret the mission of wikipedia correctly) participation should have as few hurdles as possible, and every attempt should be made to make the mechanics of participation as easy as possible.  I think commonly ( i hope that includes still my generation) understood language where ever possible might be used. [[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 12:07, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

::Ah. Well, a &quot;sockpuppeteer&quot; -- the word is used on the [[w:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2008-09-15/Poetlister|WP signpost article]] (the &quot;signpost&quot; is something akin to a newspaper) -- is someone who has a number of accounts under different names, and uses the accounts to make it appear that they are different people. I don't know the history of Poetlister in particluar, but I'm under the impression he may have been using these to rig votes. Part of the reason there was concern is that he was a &quot;checkuser&quot; on one of the wikis, and one of the chief duties of a [[meta:Checkuser|checkuser]] is to identify sockpuppeteers. Weird stuff happens on wikis sometimes... hope that helps explain a bit of the jargon. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:52, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

*  Suggestion for policy development
Again as a newcomer I lack insight to comment directly on policies. So i tried to inform myself regarding the underlying principles of wikiversity ( not policies , code of conduct, etc but the underlying philosophical context) 
may be the discussion should / could begin with the translation of Universitas as in universitas magistrorum et scholarium - a community of teaching and learning . According to http://arts.cuhk.edu.hk/Lexis/Latin/ the translation of universitas is:the whole, total, universe, world community of teaching and learning might be translated more correctly into: Communitas magistrorum et scholarium
If that is the case then my comments under 1 are misplaced. if it is correct however may be attempts and/or suggestions could be made how to move from a Communitas to an Universitas based organization.  It seems to me that the former is definitely a subset of /included in the more universal latter ( and I hope that still would include my generation)
If I am too far off base please just ignore this. [[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 12:07, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
:We always appreciate the ideas and insights of newcomers!  Do you have any particular ideas for how to develop more of a ''Universitas''?  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 19:16, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

::Hi Altera Vista, I am not sure what you mean with a universitas rather than a communitas? I could explain how i like Wikiversity to develop. At the moment the focus seems to be mainly on facilitating learning or learning about learning. I prefer to learn about something, and that something is all knowledge and details of that knowledge, as universal as possible and for all people to participate in.--[[User:Daanschr|Daanschr]] 14:56, 31 August 2009 (UTC)


A community can easily become a club. In most cases it does. This inevitably results consciously or unconsciously in an attitude us against them, the club members against the rest.  
Academia is no exception, may be even a leader in this pattern. The definition of  Universitas as given above is: whole, total, universe, world  , (German word would be All)  To me the difference between  a Community of learners denotes ultimately no responsibility or belonging.   Universitas magistrorum on the other hand in its original meaning seems to indicate, to me at least, a vital roll of the non human component of the &quot;All&quot; as legitimate may be even The Teacher and not subject  (the viewpoint of universe/nature as mere subject was mainly adapted since Descartes).  As a matter of fact the metaphor of the &quot;Sorcerer's Apprentice&quot; seems to be fitting in this connection.  Humanity , the perpetual apprentice is charged with an obligation  - to look after the house while the master is gone as part of his/her apprentic-ship.  Too often in the past we mistook our task to look after the masters house to try out, without understanding what we are doing, the little bit we learned, often with catastrophic consequences.  We thought we know a lot , and probably we do. We understand however very little not to say nothing that really matters.
Wikiversity I think is an opportunity to go back philosophically to our roots, at least in the western cultural setting.  To me that would mean to rethink and may be even incorporate Socratic principles in the mission of Wikiversity.  Such an effort would surely deserve the title Universitas in its original meaning.
Sorry for the rant, but to me this is the crux of the problem and i hope it will be discussed further[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 22:22, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
:But do you have any particular suggestions as to how we might be able to better accomplish this?  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 05:22, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

::In the western monastic tradition, the focus on universalism is combined with a focus on scheduling time and concentrated labour. I agree with you that it is important to be part of the universe and not to be part of a small ignorant community. On the other hand, there need to be tasks, activity, devotion for details. This in order to ensure that we are not merely talking but also working, maintaining. (I find it hard to put it in words)--[[User:Daanschr|Daanschr]] 08:16, 1 September 2009 (UTC)


One could argue that the Western monastic movement is based on the Benedict of Nursia (Benedictine Order) (see Mumford) His innovation was Ora''' ET'''Labora . Translated more to our tast it would be Contemplate '''AND''' Work.   Contemplation should lead to Understanding, and understanding is the beginning of wisdom (Noesis the Greek used to call it) Work on the other hand leads to Knowledge.( Related to Dianoia)
Knowledge is the beginning of habit.  We have undoubtedly much and often sophisticated knowledge , but sad to say we have little understanding.
Knowledge builds on reason, understanding requires '''all''' of our human capabilities. (J.R Saul puts it at 6  in his book &quot; On Equilibrium&quot;) All of them have to be brought together in order to obtain understanding and this I think was the insight of Benedict, which became the foundation of Western Culture. ( Don't blame him for our &quot; Back sliding&quot;).
You ask what can we do in practical terms?! 
I think there are no answers in the sense we like to have absolute answers  we can take home and follow confidently like a recipe in a cook book.  All we can do analyze the situation and respond prudently, realizing that this response has to be revisited and adjusted constantly. In the first case ( answers) we are isolated  we don't need anybody else we have it we can cook in our own little kitchen . in the second case we have to be by necessity connected - consciously connected to what ever came before us.  This , by necessity, will  - not give us - but bring us in touch  with  what Socrates referred to as the 'Greater Good'.
In practical terms Wikiversity could try and encourage in each project its connections / how it relates to the Universal / the Greater Good as Socrates might have suggested.
This would also attract folks that have no particular insight in the specifics of the project butcould probe its wider ramifications.  By making or encouraging this possibility it would become natural to pose questions that would/ could lead beyond the confines of the particular subject.
I would feel disruptive if i , for example would raise such questions on a project that deals with &quot; how to make better videos&quot;  ( just an arbitrary example that came to mind)
On the other hand such an expansion of a project might lead to as yet unexplored possibilities.
I believe it is the opportunity and task of all of us to set that stage
( And here stops the rant sorry it got so long , I can wax real passionate about this)
[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 13:05, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
P.S.  Most contemporary universities follow the dictum of bacon: &quot;..knowledge is power&quot; 
Wikiversity's motto could be Knowledge is the handmaiden of understanding
The first leads to fragmentation and compartmentalization the second one would lead to inclusion, and interconnectedness .
(On and on he goes!)
[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 13:43, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

:I graduated at Leiden university. Leiden university has the motto ''Praesidium Libertatis'', or bulwark of freedom/liberty. I have never heard anything about Bacon's &quot;..knowledge is power&quot;, while i was there. I don't believe such a strong distinction can be made between on the one hand fragmentation and compartmentalization and on the other hand inclusion and interconnectedness. What i like about contemporary universities is the wide range of topics and methods of investigation. A problem of focusing on inclusion and interconnectedness is (paradoxically) that knowledge gets separated from the real world, which can be seen in fundamentalist christianity, islam and communism. I like the tradition of Voltaire, where the acceptability of being different can add to a greater whole, because a whole always consists out of several parts. Relativism can be a way of embracing the whole world, as can be seen in science, taoism, romanticism, liberalism.--[[User:Daanschr|Daanschr]] 14:38, 1 September 2009 (UTC)

Knowledge is power  Ipsa Scientia Potestas Est taken from: Meditationes Sacrae. De Haeresibus. by: Sir Francis Bacon,1597
I agree with you to a point. Everything is a balance.  You mentioned fundamentalism (christianity etc) is intuition gone wild, devoid of common sense, --( sensus communis  -- I am using Latin phrases not to show that I know them but because our terms have been often so compromised that they become almost useless in communicating), -- and  reason.
Voltaire and his compatriots on the other hand were mostly concerned with the problems of his time. They were first and foremost interested in combating the utterly corrupted political spiritual and also intellectual conditions they lived in. As weapon of choice they reached back to the Tradition of Anaximander and Socrates.  Both ( Anaximander introduced and Socrates expanded the concept of Reason as guiding principle.  That concept of reason as the Greek understood it however combined both Knowledge and Wisdom/ Understanding.  With this they could postulate that Reason in itself was connected to moral value.  as Max Horkheimer in one of his lectures ( I do not recall the specifics at the moment, Alzheimer's disease is setting in!!) pointed out is both a tool and a principle.
One cannot blame the folks of the 18th century to be &quot; blown away&quot; by the spectacular success the application of reason as tool created that the bigger concept of Reason was forgotten.
This oversight precisely led  and had to lead to romanticism which ultimately embraces utopianism. Utopianism however is pure absolutism  a fundamentalism of some sorts.  
I think tolerance might be a better description then Relativism ( one could make a coherent argument that relativism ultimately  can lead or justify Auschwitz)  what Taoism is based on.  science on the other hand to day is not what Bacon, Voltaire or the rest of that crowd had in mind.
If for no other reason the drive to privatize intellectual property is the antithesis of science as they envisioned it. And patent protection seems to have become the hallmark of academia today.  With the conception : Knowledge is power however that became inevitable.
[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 18:13, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
:Out of curiosity, are you a Classicist?  Anyway, this is all nice and philosophical, but how would you like to see Wikiversity change as a result of these philosophical insights?  What suggestions do you have to bring to the table on how to improve things?  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 05:25, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

::What i like about Wikiversity and Wikipedia is the voluntarism. But, i see a side-effect. It is very hard to organize volunteers. There are millions of people playing World of Warcraft, but only a few hundred seem to be interested in knowledge, online. In the meanwhile, the elite of libertarians are changing the world in such a way that everything is more and more about money. Something that i was mostly busy with in the last years on Wikiversity and Wikipedia is how we can get more people interested in joining this initiative. At the moment we are with a small insignificant group. That doesn't have to be bad. Socialism has been very small for decades, but eventually conquered half the world. But, i don't think the advocates of the Enlightenment will win. Given the rise of religion, i think that religious ignorance will probably conquer the world.--[[User:Daanschr|Daanschr]] 06:42, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
:::I think you may be building up a false dichotomy there.  But that's a discussion for another place.  Right now we're talking about Wikiversity.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 06:50, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
::::I agree that my text was too radical. I mainly reacted to Altera vistas ''science on the other hand to day is not what Bacon, Voltaire or the rest of that crowd had in mind. If for no other reason the drive to privatize intellectual property is the antithesis of science as they envisioned it. And patent protection seems to have become the hallmark of academia today.'' My reaction was too negative. Wikiversity should be optimistic and positive.--[[User:Daanschr|Daanschr]] 08:14, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

No I am not a Classicist, my background was Physics.  However if you start digging deep enough you always will invariably end up at the same place.
I quite agree with you, everything today is about money, even science, even the search for truth that inspired those who came before us. But there are some signs that are promising.  I for one am quite impressed by the &quot;Free Software Movement&quot; (Eben Moglen for example)  As Eben Moglen points out this is not free like in free beer but free as it belongs to the Common ( with capital letter)  and from there , it seems to me is but a very small step to the Common Good  the principle Socrates for example was searching for. I think this concept Should be expanded into other/ all areas of human activities.  Periodically attempts in this direction are made, but they seem to drown and are not heard of again. This however seems to me no excuse not to try.  Wikiversity attracted me as a possible platform to start again such a thing -- make knowledge, experiences, and insights etc practical in the spirit of  &quot; Search for the Greater Good &quot; otherwise it is just more free beer.
For this reason I am in the process of starting the project: &quot; Designing for the Commons&quot; here on wikiversity I am inexperienced in Computer &quot;Things&quot; thats one reason why it might be slow in getting going but again that is no excuse.  In order to attract folks the quality has to be high, in other words it has to be valuable, it cannot be &quot; Underwater Basket weaving&quot; -- nobody gives a dam about..--  I worked in fluid dynamics and came up with the process of [[Dynamic Containment]] which I plan to use as a start. ( The picture / movie strips are just a start, no explanations yet , but it is coming be patient) The idea is to use technologies like this to develop actual useful applications collaboratively and free, that can stand up in the market place.  I am convinced it can be done.  I am also convinced if such practical attempts are anchored in what one might refer to as our Common humanistic inheritance it might influence enough folks so this thing we try to do will develop momentum on its own. I have no illusions that this will be easy or might even be successful, but that should not matter.  Lewis Mumford expressed this more eloquently than I can  Its taken from his book &quot; The Condition of Man&quot;: ( These words accompany by a picture  &quot; Dawn at  Lake George&quot; by Alfred Stieglitz)
&quot;......the foreground is dark, and it will become darker before the day breaks.  The purging of long accumulated poisons, the healing of ugly wounds, will not be done in a day:  all this needs time,patience, resolute effort, and a willingness to forgo selfish local gains for the sake of a larger common good -- the unification of mankind and the replenishment of life.
Nothing that is worth doing in our time will be done easily; that is , without a spiritual rebirth.  Unless the blind recover their sight and the crippled learn to walk our very knowledge will slay us.
No peace without struggle; no security without risk; no wholeness without simplification; no goods without measure; no love without sacrifice; no full life without the willingness to accept and transcend death in the very process of living. 
Those who have learned this lesson may build the City of Man.&quot;
[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 09:03, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

:We could continue this conversation on special pages on Wikiversity outside the Colloquium. 
:''The idea is to use technologies like this to develop actual useful applications collaboratively and free, that can stand up in the market place.'' YouTube can be used for stimulating participation. I like the [http://transitiontowns.org/ Transition Towns] initiative, but perhaps these people are too radical.--[[User:Daanschr|Daanschr]] 11:09, 2 September 2009 (UTC)
== Praise and Punishment at Wikiversity ==

I have started a learning project on [[Praise and Punishment at Wikiversity]] to explore the various ways we can engage in promoting good behavior and discouraging bad behavior here.  I would appreciate as much community involvement as I can get.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 20:12, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
:I'm afraid I'm somewhat apprehensive of what is yet another learning project relating to this project or one of our sister projects. Wikiversity shouldn't become a self-fulfilling prophecy, with more and more work simply investigating the problems that occur here or on the other projects. The problems that resulted from previous similar attempts can, in part, be attributed to the lack of enough established policies. I am not saying that what goes on here or on another WMF project should never be the subject of work here, rather that it is probably too early in the development of this project to do so. We need to focus on developing an appropriate set of policies to address some of the issues that have and will continue to arise. Any discussion about dealing with behaviour issues on Wikiversity should be conducted with the focus of developing our policies at a venue like this, not in a learning project setting. [[User:Adambro|Adambro]] 20:42, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
::The ultimate goal is an eye towards policy development.  But we need to ask a few questions and learn a few things to get there.  Really, this learning project would have been most appropriate a year ago, when I first came up with the idea.  But, alack, life gets in the way.  I still think it's relevant, however, and having community involvement in it now could help prevent tension in the future.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 05:18, 1 September 2009 (UTC)
:::I agree with Adambro that we should develop our policies here on the Colloquium and elsewhere in the project namespace. To expedite the process and make it more &quot;fine-grained&quot;, I separated the three concepts on the {{tl|proposal}} template: [[Wikiversity:Policies|Policies]], [[Wikiversity:Guidelines|Guidelines]] and [[Wikiversity:Process|Process]] (singular process). I've set [[Wikiversity:Consensus]] as a {{tl|guideline}} and removed the {{tl|merge}} tag that proposed merging it with [[Consensus]] in the main namespace, per [[Wikiversity talk:Consensus]]. I have also applied [[Wikiversity:Community Review]] as an initial context for developing the [[Wikiversity:Process]], temporarily setting it as a &quot;guideline&quot; until a {{tl|process}} template is built. [[Wikiversity:Processes|Processes]] (plural) and [[Wikiversity:Guidelines|Guidelines]] need to take precedence over [[Wikiversity:Policies|Policies]], in my opinion. These all must be based in [[WV:CON|consensus]]-driven process. I also feel that participation at [[Wikiversity:Strategy]] and [[Strategy:Wikiversity]] is crucial at this time and would be a better &quot;learning environment&quot; for learning about WMF policies, guideline and processes than the main namespace here. Wikiversity is part of something much bigger. --[[User:CQ|CQ]] 14:59, 3 September 2009 (UTC)
== {{tl|GFDL-presumed}} ==

As I mentioned above: &quot;For more about the background of GFDL-presumed, see [[meta:Template:GFDL_presumed_warning]] and [[meta:Template:GFDL-presumed]].  It seems that these templates were only created to tag images uploaded before a certain date, the date on which the upload form page was modified to state that images without license info would be deleted.  Our [[MediaWiki:Uploadtext]] has stated &quot;'''Images without [[Wikiversity:Uploading files|proper information]] about their source &lt;u&gt;and&lt;/u&gt; their [[Wikiversity:License tags|license]] will be deleted.'''&quot; (emphasis in the original) since [http://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=MediaWiki:Uploadtext&amp;oldid=46307 November 2006]&quot;

I therefore propose that {{tl|GFDL-presumed}} be modified to include the phrase &quot;This template is for legacy images and should not be added to images uploaded after November 2006&quot; (insert exact date on which the upload form was modified, Nov. 15?)  I believe that this is needed to prevent confusion about the legitimate usage of this license template.  Please discuss below.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 12:51, 23 August 2009 (UTC)

:I've updated the documentation for {{tl|GFDL-presumed}} and removed the template from some post- Nov. 2006 uploads.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:47, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

== Make template redirection ==

Can somebody make :
* Template:CC-BY-2.5 redirect to Template:Cc-by-2.5
[[User:Crochet.david|Crochet.david]] 21:27, 26 August 2009 (UTC)

:which one should be the redirect?  Is it the other way around?  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:51, 13 September 2009 (UTC)

== Policy roundtable discussion ==

There has been the suggestion that we should pick a policy topic to work on for a couple of weeks, and then pick another topic after that...  I'd like to take a poll on which topics the community would like to work on first, second, etc.  &lt;s&gt;Please indicate below, in order of importance, what you would like to see us focus our effort on.  For example: * &lt;nowiki&gt;--~~~~&lt;/nowiki&gt;  1) Topic A, 2) Topic B&lt;/s&gt;

--[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:52, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

:Oh, these get ''very'' confusing if people are doing a/b/c preference voting ([[commons:Commons:2008 Election suffrage poll|as happened on commons recently]]). Can we just list them and each person signs the highest priority? They can then move their sig to another choice if their first priority doesn't attract as much attention as other options. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:58, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

::That is fine by me.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:02, 30 August 2009 (UTC)
:::Me too. --[[User:CQ|CQ]] 17:17, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

:As far as the list: I look at the [[Wikiversity:Process]] and [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]] as a place to develop new [[Wikiversity:Guidelines]] for advancing [[w:roles]] that increase [[wikt:participation]] and improve [[Wikiversity:Usability]]. Example the [[Wikiversity:Catalyst]] role. --[[User:CQ|CQ]] 17:17, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

: Policies, guidelines, processes, etc. should be created when there is a need. I think a good way to think about this is &quot;What does Wikiversity need the most right now?&quot;. I think what Wikiversity probably needs to the most right now is some guidelines to deal with conflict. Not so long ago the introduction for [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]] was changed that put forward the idea that creative ideas should be used to find uses for works and deletion should be a last resort. Maybe something similar might be useful to deal with conflict? Maybe a [http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/meta-conflict-resolution/?nid=1261 conflict resolution] or guidelines for [http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/transformation/?nid=1223 conflict transformation] would help? --[[User:Darklama|&lt;span style=&quot;background:DarkSlateBlue;color:white;padding:2px;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;dark&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:Darklama|&lt;span style=&quot;background:darkslategray;color:white;padding:2px;&quot;&gt;lama&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;]] 18:15, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

::Yeah, just saw that there was a page on [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Proposed policy‎]], but it hadn't been templated or widely advertised. Considering how much we've been relying on that for the past year or so, we should probably start there. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 18:21, 30 August 2009 (UTC)

:I'd agree with the conflict guidelines statement. I think Wikiversity needs that desperately! Also, this isn't strictly a policy, but I think towards the top of the priority list might be creating a few new up-to-date Wikiversity editing tutorials, and place them in a more accessible place on the [[Wikiversity:Main Page|main page]]. Just a thought, anyone else have an opinion on this? I just know that when I was a *newbie* I was very confused by the tutorials and had a lot of trouble finding my way around. A key example of this is [[Help:Tour of project boxes|project boxes]]: if they're going to be effective, more people have to know about them or how to use them. I certainly didn't find out about them for awhile. Ditto for categories. Or perhaps if nobody wants to use them (project boxes, not categories, as categories are an obvious necessity), they should be phased out entirely. Anyway, lots of stuff to discuss there. [[User:Trinity507|Trinity507]] 00:52, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
::I recently created a [[History/Categorization|Guide to categorizing things in History]], and have tried to make the importance of categories generally known there to help with that aspect of things.  I've also recently written a beginning form of a page on [[School:History/New Learning Project|how to start a new History project]].  This latter still needs some work, I'm sure, but at least provides a start.  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 02:10, 31 August 2009 (UTC)
:::The history categorization guide looks great to me, maybe every school should consider doing something like that and posting it in a prominent place on their main page. I certainly plan to do the same for [[School:Ethnology|Ethnology]]. [[User:Trinity507|Trinity507]] 21:38, 31 August 2009 (UTC)

In the interests of maintaining momentum and from IRC discussions over the past few days, I'll [[WV:BOLD|be bold]] and switch the sitenotice to [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Proposed policy‎]], since there seems to be broad agreement on it so far. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 08:58, 2 September 2009 (UTC)

My idea was to create a queue of three discussions, or policy proposals, and not add one until one has been voted upon, or tabled if consensus cannot be reached.  I think that if a policy proposal has been hanging around too long then it falls into a limbo where the information within it may decay into forms of misinformation, which this wikihood is definitely not about.  This is why I am suggesting an express-lane for resolving issues in &quot;limbo,&quot; and a commitment to timely resolution for future discussions.  Admittedly I have not read, or even skimmed, most of the writing here, but I will.  For now I just want to get this idea out hoping that it can help gel the meanings of the wv and its culture.--[[User:John Bessa|John]][[Image:bessa66.png|12px]][[User:John Bessa|Bessa]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:John Bessa|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 16:39, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

=== Roundtable 2 ===

At the risk of confusing things further....  

Please indicate below which ''one'' topic you would like to see the community focus our attention on next, and feel free to add a topic if you don't see it listed.

If you'd like to dive in and start commenting on any or all of the ones below, that is great!  We are merely trying to get a little organized and draw attention to one at a time.

The general idea is that we might spend anywhere from a few days to perhaps a week or two with the currently selected focus and then move on to choose another topic.

The current focus of discussion is at [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Proposal]].

--[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 17:43, 4 September 2009 (UTC)


'''Suggestions:'''

* {{tick}} [[Wikiversity:Community Review/Multipage image upload form]] - discussion from above is continued at [[WV:CR]]
: This one started above a while ago and I'd like to get some more input. --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:39, 8 September 2009 (UTC)
: I'll second that, if only to keep things moving. --[[User:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|'''SB_Johnny'''}}]]  &lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:SB_Johnny|{{font|color=green|talk}}]]&lt;/sup&gt; 12:12, 10 September 2009 (UTC)
* [[#suggestion for policy development]]
* {{tick}} [[Wikiversity_talk:Changing_username#Usurpation|Usurpation]] - another active discussion that had already started
* &lt;s&gt;[[Wikiversity_talk:Bots#editing_rate|Bot editing rate]]&lt;/s&gt; - change made, but please review or comment
* &lt;s&gt;''[[Wikiversity:Community Review/Proposal‎]]'''&lt;/s&gt;' - focus of prior round of discussion
* [[Wikiversity_talk:Username#Adopt_as_Guideline|Username guideline]]
* [[Wikiversity:Disclosures]] as {{tl|Guideline}}
* [[Wikiversity_talk:What_Wikiversity_is_not| What Wikiversity is not]]
* [[Wikiversity:Fair use]]
* add a suggestion...

'''Comments on roundtable:'''

:How about we say that this will run for one week?  You can show support now, change your mind and move it to another item before the week is up.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 00:39, 8 September 2009 (UTC)

::Lets Start from the beginning - Ideas from a Wikipedia refugee: 
::Wikimedia projects in general are becoming more aware of the problems inherent in creating insular communities when the supposed purpose of the community is to gather more knowledge and make it more accessible. I feel strongly that if Wikiversity doesn't start at the beginning by deciding exactly how exclusive it is going to be, it will end up a portal to a very limited and biased knowledge base. With out examining this first and making intentional and brave community decisions about it, every policy that is debated will default into the exclusive narrow perspective of those already involved in the project (no where near all the perspectives needed to truly provide a global resource of collaborative knowledge educational materials) [[User:Jriggsy|Jriggsy]] 00:47, 11 September 2009 (UTC)

:::That sounds a lot like [[Wikiversity:Archive/No early policies]] from 2006.  Despite the [[Wikiversity talk:Archive/No early policies|lack of concensus]] on that proposal that is pretty much a good description of how things have been for the past few years.  This lack of policy has caused a number of problems and disagreements.  It is about time we start to clarify these issues, hence the strong community support for the policy roundtable above.  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 14:41, 13 September 2009 (UTC)
== How to start a project at Wikiversity! ==

I recently received a message from a new Wikiversity user stating &quot;I have looked at several of the tutorials at Wikiversity and I'm just not getting an understanding on how to start posting info as a teacher.&quot;  This suggests to me that our tutorials are missing something; indeed, I'm not sure if it's clear to someone who's completely unfamiliar with Wikimedia projects how to start a new project at all; when you type in something and click &quot;Go&quot;, if it doesn't exist, you'll get a &quot;Did you mean to create [[X]]?&quot; notice, but it doesn't actually mention you have to click on the redlinked word to create the project.  Perhaps we could work on these resources?  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 22:48, 25 August 2009 (UTC)

:A good place to start is [[Wikiversity:School and university projects]] though I admit it could use some work.  I think in a case like this some form of peer mentorship might be the best way to go, as we work on tutorials or other materials that can help people get started.  What topic/subject is the teacher interested in?  --[[User:Mu301|mikeu]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Mu301|talk]]&lt;/sup&gt; 21:19, 27 August 2009 (UTC)

::Well, the biggest issue I'm trying to bring to light is that how to contribute isn't obvious enough.  How can we make it more obvious?  [[user:Jade Knight|The Jade Knight]] &lt;sup&gt;[[User talk:Jade Knight|(d'viser)]]&lt;/sup&gt; 04:54, 28 August 2009 (UTC)

:::Well, I think there are two or three levels of contributing to Wikiversity. The first one is just edit a page and it seems to me that this guy, missed the way, how to do so. I would recomend some mwmessages around the foundation of a new page and also set one-two phrases about &quot;the start&quot; to the important help pages. The other problem might be &quot;how to accomodate my pedagogical needs&quot; in that case some study is needed. When we start to work with MS Word/OO Writer it is very simple to start edit, but then we have to study a little bit the software, the same with MediaWiki. In that case, there should be a compendium of knoweledge:
:::*basic of editing
:::*intermediate editing skills
:::*(X)HTML
:::*CSS
:::*using a dynamic content and so on...

:::Maybe the video tutorial may help also.--[[User:Juan de Vojníkov|Juan de Vojníkov]] 07:58, 16 September 2009 (UTC)

== navcontent ==

--[[User:Altera vista|Altera vista]] 13:42, 26 August 2009 (UTC)
I went to mediawiki and found the code that would achieve what i like to do as I tried to use their example at wikiversity it did not work.  any suggestions?
Thanks
:Errr can you link a code and example?--[[User:Juan de Vojníkov|Juan de Vojníkov]] 08:00, 16 September 2009 (UTC)</text>
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{{collapse box|[[/Book|Book]] - [[/Book/2023|2023]]|{{:Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Banner}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{/Image}}{{center top}} --&gt;
{{center bottom}}ชื่อ นาย อนุกูล นามสกุล  ชื่อเล่น แม็ก  เกิด 29 กันยายน พ.ศ.2539 ชื่ออื่นๆ ภูวดล นามสกุล  
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สัญลักษณ์+พิเศษ

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{{center bottom}}

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Insert text here

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[[Image:Gtk-dialog-question.svg|right|98px]]

==Quiz==

Below is a sample quiz.  Edit the question and responses so that they pertain to your lesson plan.

&lt;quiz display=simple&gt;
{Type a question here...
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Wrong answer
- Wrong answer
+ CORRECT answer
- Wrong answer

{Type a question here...
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ CORRECT answer
- Wrong answer
- Wrong answer
- Wrong answer

{Type a question here...
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Wrong answer
+ CORRECT answer
- Wrong answer
- Wrong answer
&lt;/quiz&gt;

|}
{| cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 90%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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[[Image:Check_mark.svg|right|98px]]

==Header 3==

Insert text here

| style=&quot;width: 60%; background-color: #c9e4c8; {{Text default color}}; border: 2px solid #969696; vertical-align: top; -moz-border-radius-topleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomleft: 8px; -moz-border-radius-topright: 8px; -moz-border-radius-bottomright: 8px; height: 10px;&quot; |
[[Image:Ciências sociais.png|right|98px]]

==Header 4==

Insert text here

|}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cornish Language</title>
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      <text bytes="2989" sha1="cw2fzhq7rnn7ry338lrykdg6uyuejm4" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__
{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 99%; background-color: inherit;color:inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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&lt;div style=&quot;overflow-x:hidden; overflow:hidden; width:100%&quot;&gt;
&lt;imagemap&gt;File:2008-06-23 GreatBritain StIves 01 Cropped.jpg
rect 0 0 0 0 [[null]]
desc none&lt;/imagemap&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;position:absolute; top:10px; left: 160px; padding:1em;&quot;&gt;
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{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width: 400px; color: #000000; background: transparent;&quot;
| style=&quot;width: 90px; height: 70px; background: #ffd700; {{Text default color}}; text-align: center; font-size: 14pt;&quot; |[[Image:Flag of Cornwall.svg|70px|Flag of Cornwall]]
| style=&quot;font-size: 14pt; padding: 4pt; line-height: 1.25em; background: #ffffff; {{Text default color}}; opacity: .88;&quot; | '''Introduction to Cornish'''
|}&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
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{{center top}}&lt;big&gt;&lt;b&gt;Kernewek&lt;/b&gt;&lt;/big&gt;{{center bottom}}
[[File:Menantol2.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Men an Tol, Cornwall]]

'''Cornish''' / ˈkɔːnɪʃ/  (''Kernewek'') is a Celtic language spoken in Cornwall. It is closely related to Welsh and Breton, and sits - linguistically as well as geographically - in between the two.

Cornish went into decline during the 17th and 18th centuries and ceased to be a community language, but it has now been revived and the number of speakers is growing. There are currently around 3,500 people with knowledge of the language and it is taught in many Cornish schools. Some young people have been brought up to be native Cornish speakers.

The language was protected under the European Charter for Regional and Minority Languages in 2003, and in 2008 a standard written form of the language was agreed, which is used in these lessons.

|-
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==Topics==


|}

{{Template:Lesson Turner
|PreviousLesson=Topic:Cornish
|NextLesson=Kernowek Onan
|FirstPage=Topic:Cornish
|Division=Topic:Brythonic Celtic Languages Division
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{{languages}}

[[Category:Cornish]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cornish Language/Pronunciation</title>
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      <text bytes="5448" sha1="b8sz6pdv6s22fzjhe5y1lo1gkyxackj" xml:space="preserve">{|cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;width:99%;background-color:inherit;color:inherit&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;background-color:#d2ebff;{{Text default color}};border:1px solid #999999;-moz-border-radius:8px; text-align:left&quot;|
'''In this lesson, you will learn:'''

* How to pronounce Cornish

==Stress==

Stress in Cornish is always on the penultimate syllable (the second to last). This even happens when syllables are added:

Example:
*'''&lt;u&gt;Ker&lt;/u&gt;now''' 'Cornwall, a Cornishman'
*'''Ker&lt;u&gt;new&lt;/u&gt;ek''' 'the Cornish language'
*'''kerne&lt;u&gt;weg&lt;/u&gt;er''', 'a Cornish speaker'
*'''kerneweg&lt;u&gt;or&lt;/u&gt;yon''' 'Cornish speakers'

There are some exceptions, these will be pointed out as they appear.

==Vowel length==

Before you can accurately pronounce Cornish, you need to know how to ascertain the length of the vowel. Cornish has rules for this so it is quite regular, but there are exceptions, which will need to be learnt separately.

*All unstressed vowels are short.

*In stressed words of one syllable, vowels are:
**Long at the end of words
**Long before the graphs &amp;lt;b&amp;gt;, &lt;dh&gt;, &lt;g&gt;, &lt;gh&gt;, &lt;k&gt;, &lt;l&gt;, &lt;m&gt;, &lt;n&gt;, &lt;r&gt;, &amp;lt;s&amp;gt;, &lt;st&gt;, &amp;lt;th&amp;gt; and &amp;lt;v&amp;gt;
**Short before the graphs &lt;ch&gt;, &lt;ff&gt;, &lt;ll&gt;, &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;p&gt;, &lt;rr&gt;, &lt;ss&gt;, &lt;t&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
**Short before any other two consonants (except &lt;st&gt;)

*Stressed vowels in words of more than one syllable are short (there are a few exceptions which will be pointed out as they appear).

==Pronunciation==


{| width=&quot;700px&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#ffff99;{{Text default color}}; border-collapse:collapse&quot;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &amp;lt;a&amp;gt; ||
* When long, as in a drawn out English '''s{{font|color=blue|a}}d'''
*When short, as in English '''c{{font|color=blue|a}}t'''
*When unstressed, as in English '''sof{{font|color=blue|a}}'''
*When before rr, rt and lt, as in English '''f{{font|color=blue|a}}ther'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;aw&gt;
| As in English '''c{{font|color=blue|ow}}'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ay&gt;
| As in English '''wh{{font|color=blue|y}}'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; |&amp;lt;b&amp;gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;c&gt; ||
*As in English '''{{font|color=blue|c}}ity'''
*In placenames, as in English '''{{font|color=blue|c}}at'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ch&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ck&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;d&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;dh&gt;
| As in English '''{{font|color=blue|th}}is'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;e&gt; ||
*When long, as in English '''{{font|color=blue|ai}}r''' (before the r sets in)
*When short, as in English '''b{{font|color=blue|e}}t'''
*When unstressed, as in English '''fall{{font|color=blue|e}}n'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;eu&gt;
| As in French '''p{{font|color=blue|eu}}r'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ew&gt;
| A combination of English '''m{{font|color=blue|a}}de''' and '''t{{font|color=blue|oo}}k''' made in rapid succession
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ey&gt;
| A combination of English '''sof{{font|color=blue|a}}''' and '''s{{font|color=blue|ee}}''' made in rapid succession
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;f&gt; ||
*Usually as in English '''{{font|color=blue|f}}ace'''
*When [[Introduction to Cornish/Mutation|lenited]], as in English '''{{font|color=blue|v}}an'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;g&gt;
| As in English '''{{font|color=blue|g}}un'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;gh&gt;
| Pronunciation varies between speakers:
*Some pronounce it as in Scottish '''lo{{font|color=blue|ch}}'''
*Some pronounce it as in English '''A{{font|color=blue|h}}a!'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;gwr&gt;
| As in English '''{{font|color=blue|g}}reat'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;h&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;hw&gt;
| As in Scottish or posh English '''{{font|color=blue|wh}}ere'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &amp;lt;i&amp;gt; ||
*When stressed, as in English '''s{{font|color=blue|ee}}n'''
*In unstressed position in the middle of a word, as in English '''sat{{font|color=blue|i}}n'''
*In unstressed position at the end of a word, '''bab{{font|color=blue|y}}'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ia&gt;
| As in the English name '''L{{font|color=blue|ea}}h'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;iw&gt;
| A combination of English '''s{{font|color=blue|ee}}''' and '''t{{font|color=blue|oo}}k''' made in rapid succession
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;j&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;k&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ks&gt;
| As in English '''bo{{font|color=blue|x}}'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;kw&gt;
| As in English '''{{font|color=blue|qu}}ick'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;kwr&gt;
| As in English '''{{font|color=blue|cr}}ack'''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;l&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;m&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;n&gt; || ''Same as English''
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;o&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;oo&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ou&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ow&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;oy&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &amp;lt;p&amp;gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;r&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &amp;lt;s&amp;gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;sh&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;ss&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;t&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;th&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &amp;lt;u&amp;gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;v&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;w&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;y&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;yw&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|-
| width=&quot;96&quot; | &lt;z&gt; || &amp;nbsp;
|}

|}
                                 

{{Template:Course-Lesson Turner
|PreviousLesson=Introduction to Cornish
|NextLesson=Kernowek Onan
|Course=Introduction to Cornish
|Topic=Topic:Cornish
|Division=Topic:Brythonic Celtic Languages Division
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[[Category:Cornish]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Curriculum symposium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="1955" sha1="sr5s7o00r15tbkytnddwhmta6z14zzk" xml:space="preserve">The curriculum symposium is intended as the forum for the development of curricula and advice on the development of content that meets curricular requirements.
There are currently no common standards for the development of curricula in the English Wikiversity.

The German curriculum symposium does currently have some more curricula.

== Goals ==

The aim of curricula should be not to demand participation in specific courses but to define the academic standards, aptitudes and competencies that should be acquired by the learner. Wikiversity courses can be used as examples but should not be used to define standards or procedures by example.

== Forum ==
&lt;div style=&quot;background-color:#eeeeee;{{Text default color}};font-size:smaller&quot;&gt;
:* ''Please use [[Template:sub]] to add sub-pages under this header and to make postings on the respective topic pages.''
:* ''Please use the respective talk pages to discuss the forum entries in detail.''
&lt;/div&gt;

=== Educational standards ===

* {{sub|Competence expectancies}}

=== Individual curricula ===

* {{sub|Evaluation of non-standard curricula}}

== Curricula ==

* [[:Category:Curriculum]]

== See also ==

* [[Educational standards organisations]]
* [[w:National Science Education Standards|National Science Education Standards]] (Wikipedia)
* [[w:National Educational Technology Standards|National Educational Technology Standards]] (Wikipedia)
* [[b:Subject:Standard curricula|Subject:Standard curricula]] (Wikibooks)
* [[meta:WikiCurriculum|WikiCurriculum]] (Meta)

== External links ==

* http://professionals.collegeboard.com/educator
* [http://www.curriki.org/ Curriki] (Curriculum Wiki &amp;mdash; an online environment to support the development of K-12 educational materials.)
* [http://discovered.creativecommons.org/search/ Discover the Universe of Open Educational Resources] (creativecommons.org)
* http://www.wikiprogress.org/index.php/Education

[[Category:Curriculum]]
[[Category:Symposium]]</text>
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    <title>Currents, and Circuits, and Variables, Oh My!</title>
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      <text bytes="8443" sha1="hpltbg8podd981lk7j2os8d50vlhg8s" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{center top}}

{| cellpadding=&quot;10&quot; cellspacing=&quot;5&quot; style=&quot;width: 900px; background-color: inherit; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto&quot;
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[[Image:Computer-blue.svg|right|200px]]
&lt;p style = &quot;font-size: 20pt;font-family: arial; text-align: left; color:#002254&quot;&gt;{{PAGENAME}}&lt;/p&gt;
:{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;350px&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#b4b4b4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px #cccccc solid;&quot; |'''Grade Level''': 8
|}

:{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;350px&quot;
| bgcolor=&quot;#b4b4b4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px #cccccc solid;&quot; |'''Subject''': Physical Science
|}

:{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;350px&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#b4b4b4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px #cccccc solid;&quot; |'''Sub-Subject''': Electric Circuits, Scientific Method
|}

:{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;350px&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#b4b4b4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px #cccccc solid;&quot; |'''Length/Duration''': 1 90-100 minute period
|}

:{| cellpadding=&quot;4&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; width=&quot;350px&quot; 
| bgcolor=&quot;#b4b4b4&quot; style=&quot;border: 0px #cccccc solid;&quot; |'''Technologies Used''': Electric Circuit Simulator, Online Graphing, Moodle 
|}
|}

{{center bottom}}

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[[Image:Emblem-star.svg|right|98px]]

==Relationship to Theoretical/ Empirical Findings==

'''1.'''
Throughout the design of the electric circuit lesson, students discussed as a class, gave examples of why they thought what they thought to each other, then finally were prompted to be specific in their learning of how they knew what they knew; a moodle forum prompt. Just as stated in an article by King (1994), if students practice lesson-based questions as well as ones intended to access prior knowledge/experience and promote connections between the lesson and that knowledge, their growth is that much more acknowledged. When students are reminded and made aware of their prior knowledge after having a collected body of evidence, they will be more likely to retain the new information learned. Why? Because one who has been in an experience is more likely to remember an integration of a familiar concept once experienced by self and a newly generated experience constructed within the classroom. 

King, A. (1994). Children How to Question and How to ExplainGuiding Knowledge Construction in the Classroom: Effects of Teaching Children How to Question and How to Explain . American Educational Research Journal, 31(2), 338-368.

'''2.'''
Because students will go out of their way (ignoring, shutting down, distraction) to avoid a fact that contradicts their current &quot;logical&quot; ideas about how something works, the classroom needs to establish a culture where a student may be called out at any moment to counter attack an idea that is against their norm. Although this relies more on the extrinsic motivation side, it seems to hold true that knowing you'll eventually be in an instance of defending a position against someone else's arguments will help increase instrinsic motivation due to increased competencies of practicing defending against other positions.

McGuire, W. (1961). The Relative Efficacy of Various Types of Prior-Belief Defense in Producimmunity against Persuasion. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 62(2), 327-337.


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[[Image:Gtk-dialog-question.svg|right|98px]]

==Purpose and Background of Lesson==

'''Purpose:''' Students explore multiple variables of electric circuits to collect data/ observations of how electric current (mA) and connections within a circuit are affected by those variables. Students also evaluate their thinking and how it has changed from beginning to end of the electric circuit activities.

'''Background:''' Students have built basic series circuits, parallel circuits, tested conductors and nonconductors within those circuits, and have explained what evidence there is to support that an interaction has occurred within these various elements of electricity. All of this was done through an inquiry based lab by following curricular procedures. As with most science concepts, students were asked to make a hypothesis to the following scenario before they began the above experimental investigations: “If you had 2 light bulbs within the same circuit, and both bulbs were shining light, what would happen to one of the light  bulbs if you removed one of the working light-bulbs?”

|}
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[[Image:Check_mark.svg|right|98px]]

==Evaluate/ Elaborate/ Extensions and Links==

'''Evaluate:''' 
Teacher comments on moodle forum posts. Checks for evidence and process of thinking.

'''Elaborate:''' 
Student write a conclusion and reflection to their electric circuit activities for Homework. May use forum post for scaffold.

'''Extensions and Links'''

&lt;u&gt;Other Insightful Educational Lesson Plans&lt;/u&gt;

[[Educational_Technology_Lesson_Plans]]

&lt;u&gt;Educational Technologies&lt;/u&gt;

[[Educational_technologies]]


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[[Image:Ciências sociais.png|right|98px]]

==Engage/ Explore/ Explain==

'''Engage:''' See background.

'''Explore:''' 
''Part 1:'' Students collect further data on how the number of cells within a circuit affects the amount of electric current that flows though that circuit. Students use an online Simulator:[http://interactionsinfo.net/simulations/emdtutorial/index_ca.html] to run the experiment; students collect data by using an online ammeter attached to their circuits. The current (Ma) is measured for circuits using 1,2,3, then 4 cells incrementally.  

''Part 2:'' Student create a graph using an online program: Create a Graph [http://nces.ed.gov/nceskids/createAgraph/default.aspx]. They use their values obtained from the 4 different cells and current. Once the graph is complete they upload it to moodle [https://moodle.sandi.net/login/index.php].

'''Explain:''' Students evaluate their process and changes in their thinking on an online forum. The forum allows students to post their thoughts so that the teacher and all others within the class can observe their ideas and also may respond to their ideas. The prompt/ purpose of the forum post is: “&lt;u&gt;Consider what you hypothesized as to what would happen to lights in a circuit if you took one out. Evaluate in detail ( 3 sentences minimum) how your thinking has changed now that you have evidence from our electric circuit lesson.”&lt;/u&gt; Students are required to look in their journals to find their observations/ evidence from today’s and the previous electric circuit interactions activities to make their evaluation credible and reflective as to what they thought at the beginning. Also, students are not required &lt;u&gt;BUT&lt;/u&gt; were encouraged to reply to other student’s moodle [https://moodle.sandi.net/login/index.php] forum posts on whether they agreed or disagreed with the other students thinking; if they disagreed, they were asked to give evidence from their personal information to counterargue the other student’s ideas.


|}
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      <text bytes="64359" sha1="f4lkb1zf3yoy7ubldq0dxylgi0488d7" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Sergey Fedosin.jpg|250px|thumb|Sergey Grigor'yevich Fedosin]]

==Academic degrees ==
Specialist degree, Radiophysics, Perm State University, 1978.

[http://en.psu.ru/ Perm State National Research University] is a main University in the middle of Russia, which is known by its fundamental educations. 

==Professional experience==
September 1978 – June 1986 

Scientific Researcher of Natural Science Institute (ENI) at Perm State University. Natural Science Institute (ENI) is a multifunctional center of science and research at Perm State University; it has more then 10 laboratories (physics, chemistry, biology, physical chemistry, radiobiology and so on). At ENI, I worked in the laboratory of organic semiconductors. The chemists of the laboratory synthesized some new semiconductors and physicists found their properties. My first task was constructing of special techniques for measurement of Hall effects in organic semiconducting crystals. The accuracy of the equipment after many improvements was about 10 nV, so I used it for my research of Hall effects and conductivity of crystals and powder of the new materials. 

May 2000 – September 2003 

Scientific Researcher (Laboratory of Radiospectroscopy at Perm State University). During my work in the Laboratory I was a team member in two projects: «Technology for generation of diamonds in graphite by electromagnetic forces», and «Apparatus for demonstration of ball lightning». Both projects were on the base of research grants of Department of science Administration of Perm Region.

==Memberships/Affiliations (current) ==
The editor of [http://sergf.ru/index.htm Perm scientific site], guest editor of Special Issue ''Time, Space and Matter: open questions and new perspectives'' for International Journal of Physics.

==Awards ==
Student research work at Physical Technical Institute by A.F. Ioffe (USSR Academy of Sciences, Sankt-Peterburg), 1977 – 1978.
Award of Perm State University competition, 1987 (Powerful source of controlling electric current).
Honorary Citizen of Louisville, USA (since 1995). Author of three patents. Who's Who in the World nomination. &lt;ref&gt;Who's Who in the World - 32nd Edition, 2015. {{ISBN|978-0-8379-1155-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Research interests ==
:Philosophical analysis. 

Study of physical phenomena and then using the results of operations should include the philosophical component. This ensures maximum return on applied research methods and provides an additional synergistic effect. Development of new ideas is impossible without a deeper philosophy. 

:Relativity theory.

The primary goal of any physical theory is the description of phenomena in the framework of a system based on the knowledge of these phenomena in other similar systems. In common relativity describes the transformation of relations of physical quantities from one system to another. This is the basis for modeling of phenomena, the application of similarity theory, networking and laws. Analysis of the relativity of the device work provides important directions of research in technology. 

:Fundamental forces.

It is well known that on a macro scale is the main force of gravitation, the transition to the atoms and molecules is dominated by electromagnetic forces, and at the level of elementary particles are nuclear forces. Description of these forces is based on mathematical formulas derived from the symmetry of interactions. But it is equally important to build physical models of the substantial interactions, which allows understanding the true causes of forces. This may be of significant assistance in applied research, from the ordering of electrons in superconductivity, and ending with the ordering of molecules in liquid crystals. 

:Infinite hierarchical nesting of matter.

In this theory, matter is divided into different levels so that between them it is possible find the relation of similarity. This allows assessment of the values of physical quantities in various systems, using only a few basic characteristics of these systems. This approach complements the method of describing systems based on the use of natural physical units.

==Books ==
The theory of similarity between the atomic and stellar systems is described in the first book. &lt;ref name=book1&gt; Fedosin S.G. (1999), written at Perm, pages 544, [https://payhip.com/b/wGPU Fizika i filosofiia podobiia ot preonov do metagalaktik], {{ISBN|5-8131-0012-1}}. &lt;/ref&gt; The book presents the theory of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter | Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter]] and the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation | Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation]] (LITG); there is also an additional article about LITG. &lt;ref name=pict&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1209.0111 Electromagnetic and Gravitational Pictures of the World]. Apeiron, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 385-413 (2007). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.891124.&lt;/ref&gt;

A relation is discovered between the mass and binding energy of space objects, corresponding to the Einstein formula (equivalence of mass and energy); [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Discreteness of stellar parameters | discreteness of stellar parameters]] and [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Quantization of parameters of cosmic systems | quantization of parameters of cosmic systems]] are revealed; stellar Planck, Dirac, Boltzmann and other [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar constants | stellar constants]] are determined; combined [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/SPФ symmetry | SPФ symmetry]] with respect to [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Similarity of matter levels | similarity of matter levels]] of physical processes at different scale levels of matter is introduced.
For the first time a mathematically precise derivation of the Newton formula of emergence of the gravitation force is provided based on the concept of gravitons; the energy density and penetrability of gravitons in the matter are found. This approach is further developed in article &lt;ref name=mod&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://sergf.ru/mgen.htm  Model of Gravitational Interaction in the Concept of Gravitons]. Journal of Vectorial Relativity, Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-24 (2009). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.890886. &lt;/ref&gt; within the framework of Le Sage’s theory of gravitation. On the basis of LITG equations it becomes possible experimental determination of the speed of gravity, the study of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field |gravitational torsion field]], the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational induction | gravitational induction]], the gravitational shielding and the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitoelectromagnetism | gravitoelectromagnetism]]. The analysis of thermodynamics using the theory of relativity is done, the effective reaction force in the principle of Le Chatelier - Brown is determined, a new fourth energy definition of entropy is presented.

The second book describes the contemporary problems of physics. &lt;ref name=prob&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://payhip.com/b/N6Jx Sovremennye problemy fiziki: v poiskakh novykh printsipov]. Moskva: Editorial URSS, 2002, 192 pages. {{ISBN|5-8360-0435-8}}. &lt;/ref&gt; The most important results are: creation of the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Extended special theory of relativity | extended special theory of relativity]] in new axiomatics; the analysis of relationship between LITG and the general theory of relativity; the study of the role of relativity in physical theories; calculation of the angular momentum and radius of proton; (see also &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://vixra.org/abs/1509.0168  Mass, Momentum and Energy of Gravitational Field.] Journal of Vectorial Relativity, Vol. 3, No. 3, pp. 30-35 (2008). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.890899. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/APTA/issue/view/795  4/3 Problem for the Gravitational Field.] Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, Vol. 23, pp. 19-25 (2013).  http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889383. [https://www.academia.edu/ai_review/4688203 AI Review of &quot;4/3 Problem for the Gravitational Field&quot; at academia.edu] &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=mom&gt; Fedosin S.G., Kim A.S. [http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1021001025666 The Moment of Momentum and the Proton Radius]. Russian Physics Journal, Vol. 45, No. 5, pp. 534-538 (2002). http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1021001025666.&lt;/ref&gt;); representation of the original [[electron-ionic model of ball lightning]] (see also the articles &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G., Kim A.S. [http://www.padrak.com/ine/PRODUCTS.html Electron-Ionic Model of Ball Lightning]. Journal of New Energy, Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 11-18 (2001). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.891156.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. Electron-ion model of ball and bead lightning. Journal of Atmospheric and Solar-Terrestrial Physics, Vol. 265, 106374 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jastp.2024.106374. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. and Kim A.S. The Physical Theory of Ball Lightning. Applied physics (Russian Journal), No. 1, pp. 69-87 (2001), in Russian. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14005315. &lt;/ref&gt; ).

The philosophy of carriers is described in third book. &lt;ref name=book3&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://lccn.loc.gov/2009457351 Osnovy sinkretiki: filosofiia nositeleĭ]. – Moskva: Editorial URSS, 2003, 464 pages. {{ISBN|5-354-00375-X}}. &lt;/ref&gt;  In this book the following basic problems are solved. Firstly, new philosophical logic called “syncretics” is developed. The discovery was made – all philosophical categories together constitute a mathematical group and have the group properties.
As a result, instead of the three previously known philosophical laws (unity and struggle of opposites, transformation of quantity into quality, negation of negation) it becomes possible to formulate new philosophical laws. Among these new laws we could mention the law of conservation and change in the system’s organization, the law of the existence flow, the law of multiplication of structures and many others (a total of 27 new laws). Secondly, a new philosophical system is created – the philosophy of carriers. The basis of this philosophy are five postulates of which all the theory is deduced (similarly the Euclidean geometry has 5 postulates). Thirdly, based on the field equations a theorem is proved that relates the energy fluxes of various kinds in the space volume with the laws of conservation of momentum, energy and angular momentum.

The origin of life was further developed in the fourth monograph. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://payhip.com/b/SnDc Nositeli zhizni : proiskhozhdenie i ėvoliutsiia.] – S.-Peterburg: Dmitriĭ Bulanin, 2007, 104 pages. {{ISBN|978-5-86007-556-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; On the basis of a large amount of factual material has been proven that the masses and lengths of living beings faithfully replicate the masses and lengths of the non-living carriars. Thus, the same similarity relations were true not only between different spatial levels of organization of matter, but also between the levels of living carriers of their masses in the hundreds of tons (whales) and up to a mass comparable to the mass of individual atoms (prions). As a result the philosophical conclusion follows about parallel co-existence in the nature of live and lifeless as two philosophical opposites, are jointly organizing the whole nature around them. With respect to the Earth it is proved by the fact that it is biological evolution over billions of years radically transformed the geochemistry of the ocean, the earth's surface and the atmosphere. As a result, the question of the origin of life (from nonliving matter?) is converted to a question about the ways in which life on the lowest scale level has the opportunity to grow and move to the higher scale levels of matter.

One of the results of fifth book &lt;ref name=fiz&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://payhip.com/b/RZOb Fizicheskie teorii i beskonechnaia vlozhennost’ materii]. – Perm, 2009, 844 pages, Tabl. 21, Pic. 41, Ref. 289. {{ISBN|978-5-9901951-1-0}}. (in Russian). &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sergey Fedosin, [https://www.morebooks.shop/shop-ui/shop/product/9783659573019 The physical theories and infinite hierarchical nesting of matter], Volume 1, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, pages: 580, ISBN-13: 978-3-659-57301-9. (2014). &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Sergey Fedosin, [https://www.morebooks.shop/shop-ui/shop/product/9783659715112 The physical theories and infinite hierarchical nesting of matter], Volume 2, LAP LAMBERT Academic Publishing, pages: 420, ISBN-13: 978-3-659-71511-2. (2015). &lt;/ref&gt; is creation of the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Covariant theory of gravitation | covariant theory of gravitation]] (CTG), which is based on the extended special theory of relativity, Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation, [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Maxwell-like gravitational equations | Maxwell-like gravitational equations]], [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Metric theory of relativity | metric theory of relativity]] (MTR) and Le Sage's theory of gravitation. &lt;ref &gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1306.0057 Covariant Theory of Gravitation]. Essay written for the Gravity Research Foundation 2013 Awards for Essays on Gravitation. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.14384.97280.&lt;/ref&gt;
And MTR is formulated on the axiomatic basis, developing the ideas of special and general theories of relativity, which allows us to distinguish between the general relativity and gravitation theory as such. With the help of the language of vectors and tensors electrodynamics and gravitation theory (in the form of LITG and CTG) are axiomatized. Besides the field equations of Maxwell type, the similar equations for the matter are derived, which allowed axiomatizing the theory of matter as well. Using the [[operator of proper-time-derivative]] the expression for the [[four-force]] density is found and it is shown that the equation of motion of general relativity theory is a special case of the equation of motion of CTG. 

Based on the idea of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Strong gravitation | strong gravitation]], torsion field and electromagnetic forces in the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational model of strong interaction | gravitational model of strong interaction]], the nuclear forces responsible for the integrity of nuclei and elementary particles themselves are explained. Besides, the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Strong gravitational constant | strong gravitational constant]] is introduced and the stability of electron, proton and atoms in the strong gravitational field and in the proper electric field is calculated. On the basis of the theory of infinite nesting of matter the substantial electron model is constructed and the cause of its spin is derived. The energy definition is given in the tensor form and the meaning of entropy is established. The model of emergence and maintenance of inversely varying magnetic field in space objects is described.

The origin and the internal structure of ball lightning and bead lightning is explained in the same way. A model of appearance and maintaining of inversely varying magnetic field in a rather massive space objects like the Earth and the Sun is described. The arguments against the existence of black holes are presented.

In August 2021, the book “Horizons in World Physics”, Volume 306, was published, &lt;ref name=fedhor&gt; Sergey G. Fedosin. The Electromagnetic Field of a Rotating Relativistic Uniform System. Chapter 2 in the book: Horizons in World Physics. Volume 306. Edited by Albert Reimer, New York, Nova Science Publishers Inc, pp. 53-128 (2021), ISBN: 978-1-68507-077-9, 978-1-68507-088-5 (e-book). https://doi.org/10.52305/RSRF2992. // [http://sergf.ru/ef.pdf  Электромагнитное поле вращающейся релятивистской однородной системы]. &lt;/ref&gt; in which the scalar and vector potentials, electric and magnetic fields inside and outside a charged cylinder, a spherical system of particles, and also in a relativistic uniform system at rest and in a state of rotation were calculated. When turning from a classical to a relativistic uniform system, a method is used to calculate the internal field potentials with the help of the gauge function that satisfies the Laplace equation. The external electric potential and the field strength are found by separating variables using Legendre polynomials. Separation of variables for calculating the external vector potential and the magnetic field leads to the need to introduce new polynomials proportional to the sine of the spherical zenith angle. The first seven such polynomials are calculated, which are sufficient to find the vector potential in the quadrupole approximation.

==Comments ==
The theory of infinite nesting of matter implies the existence in the Universe of new particles – [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Nuon | nuon]]s, the number of which is comparable with the total number of nucleons. At the stellar level the analogues of nuons are the white dwarfs, the number of which exceeds the number of neutron stars. Introduction of nuons allows explaining the redshift and background radiation effects, solving the problem of invisible dark matter and dark energy, and understanding the effect of attenuation of radiation from distant supernovae as a result of photons’ scattering on the nuons. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://sergf.ru/rsen.htm Cosmic Red Shift, Microwave Background, and New Particles.] Galilean Electrodynamics, Vol. 23, Special Issues No. 1, pp. 3-13 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.890806.&lt;/ref&gt;

The purpose of the comments to fifth book &lt;ref name=com&gt; [http://sergf.ru/com.htm Comments to the book:] Fedosin S.G. Fizicheskie teorii i beskonechnaia vlozhennost’ materii. – Perm, 2009, 844 pages, Tabl. 21, Pic. 41, Ref. 289. {{ISBN|978-5-9901951-1-0}}. (in Russian). &lt;/ref&gt; is to clarify the following issues: 

# What determines the mass to charge ratio of proton and electron? 
# What is the relationship between the weak, electromagnetic, strong and gravitational interactions; between neutrinos, photons and gravitons? 
# Can the gravitational torsion field be the cause of formation of stationary planetary orbits in the processes of accumulation of matter at the early stages of emerging of protoplanetary disks around stars? 
# What parameters define the relationship between mass and radius of nucleon? 
# At what minimum distances equilibrium of nucleons is achieved under the influence of strong gravitational field and torsion field in the deuteron and in atoms? 
# What transformations of elementary particles’ matter is the emergence of the states of vector W- and Z-bosons, t-quark, tau lepton in accelerator experiments associated with? 
# How can the structure of hadrons and their interaction with each other be explained in the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Model of quark quasiparticles | model of quark quasiparticles]] and based on the fundamental forces without using the theory of quarks? 
# Can we consider that the law of matter amount conservation does not contradict the law of conservation of energy-momentum of the special theory of relativity? 
# How can the neutron substantial model and proton substantial model be grounded? 
# Is there a relationship between the electric and magnetic proton polarizabilities which is not associated with the idea of quarks? 
# How do strong gravitation, torsion fields and electromagnetic fields balance and mutually complement each other in the atoms? 
# What are the dimensions and shape of the electron cloud in the simplest atoms? 
# What is the cause of stationary states and quantization of the energy levels, angular momenta and magnetic moments of electrons in atoms? 
# How can the relations for mass, radius, angular velocity of rotation, rest energy and magnetic moment in the self-consistent model of proton with non-uniform distribution of mass and charge be correlated with each other? 
# Does the law of equipartition of energy fluxes between the matter and field hold during the nucleon rotation? 
# What is the most general expression for the force in physics? 
# Why do muons act like electrons in the atom? 
# Can strong gravitation be used to explain the cold fusion of atomic nuclei? 
# How can the general theory of relativity (GTR) be axiomatized so as to divide the system of axioms into two parts, one of which corresponds to general relativity of phenomena in different frames of reference, and the other corresponds to the theory of the gravitational field as such? Which parts of GTR can be derived from the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Covariant theory of gravitation | covariant theory of gravitation]] ? &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1103.0109 The General Theory of Relativity, Metric Theory of Relativity and Covariant Theory of Gravitation: Axiomatization and Critical Analysis.] International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Physics (IJTAP), ISSN: 2250-0634, Vol.4, No. I, pp. 9-26 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.890781.&lt;/ref&gt;
# What shape do the Liénard–Wiechert gravitational potentials have for a material point which at the initial time is not located at the origin of coordinates? How can we using the Liénard–Wiechert potentials of individual points and the superposition principle of potentials accurately calculate the relativistic potentials inside and outside the massive ball?

==Other publications ==
Fundamental long-range fields, which include gravitational and electromagnetic fields, are associated with any objects in Universe and are considered as consequence of Le Sage's theory of gravitation. Reduction of gravitational forces and electromagnetic forces to action of graviton fluxes (particles with properties of photons and neutrinos) &lt;ref name=mod/&gt; &lt;ref name=gr&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1503.0127 The graviton field as the source of mass and gravitational force in the modernized Le Sage’s model.] Physical Science International Journal, ISSN: 2348-0130, Vol. 8, Issue 4, pp. 1-18 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/PSIJ/2015/22197.&lt;/ref&gt;
and to fluxes of smallest charged particles ([[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Praon | Praon]]s), &lt;ref name=fiz/&gt; &lt;ref name=cc&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://www.ajol.info/index.php/jfas/article/view/168204  The charged component of the vacuum field as the source of electric force in the modernized Le Sage’s model.] Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 971-1020 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v8i3.18, https://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.845357. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://wseas.org/wseas/cms.action?id=10178 The Force Vacuum Field as an Alternative to the Ether and Quantum Vacuum]. WSEAS Transactions on Applied and Theoretical Mechanics, ISSN / E-ISSN: 1991-8747 / 2224-3429, Vol. 10, Art. #3, pp. 31-38 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.888979.&lt;/ref&gt;
filling [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Electrogravitational vacuum | electrogravitational vacuum]], allows us to define more exactly concept of body mass as a measure of its inertia in fluxes of gravitons and charged particles (inertial mass is manifested through resistance to any external force that creates acceleration). If in some reference frame these fluxes are compensated, then the body is either moving inertially and has inertial mass at a given constant velocity, or it is motionless and has a rest mass. 

Relationship between energy of fundamental fields and corresponding body mass (as well as gravitational mass) is described in the articles.&lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1106.0024 Energy, Momentum, Mass and Velocity of a Moving Body]. [http://www.preprints.org/manuscript/201704.0150/v1 Preprints] 2017, 2017040150. http://dx.doi.org/10.20944/preprints201704.0150.v1. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://nrcresearchpress.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjp-2013-0683#.UxgUeD9_ui4 Energy, Momentum, Mass and Velocity of a Moving Body in the Light of Gravitomagnetic Theory.] Canadian Journal of Physics, Vol. 92, No. 10, pp. 1074-1081 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2013-0683. &lt;/ref&gt;
According to the article, &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://www.cjpas.net/single-article/?id=1893 On the structure of the force field in electro gravitational vacuum]. Canadian Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 15, No. 1, pp. 5125-5131 (2021). http://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4515206. &lt;/ref&gt; it is the charge component of force field of electrogravitational vacuum in form of fluxes of charged particles within the framework of Le Sage's theory of gravitation, which is mainly responsible for both electromagnetic and gravitational interactions, as well as for action of other fields inside bodies.
The article &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://jjp.yu.edu.jo/index.php/jjp/article/view/230 The Principle of Operation of an Engine That Draws Energy from the Electrogravitational Vacuum]. Jordan Journal of Physics, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 87-95 (2024). https://doi.org/10.47011/17.1.8. &lt;/ref&gt; analyzes motion of vacuum charged particles inside known devices that draw their energy from vacuum, and explains operating principle of such engines according to [[vacuum thruster concepts]].

In case of a weak field it is proved that the [[invariant energy]] of a massive body is not just the sum of non-gravitational and gravitational energies of the body according to the general theory of relativity, but also is equal to the difference between the matter energy, as the sum of masses of individual baryons of this matter, and the sum of other energies, including the energy of fields and the internal kinetic energy of the matter. For the total energy of the massive body and its mass the expression is derived, which includes only the energy of fundamental fields and the energy of strong gravitation.

As a consequence, the content of the principle of mass and energy equivalence is specified. In the theory of infinite nesting of matter the objects of higher levels of matter consist of the objects of lower levels of matter. If we take a set of objects of a certain level of matter and make up more massive objects of them, then the heavier the object will be, the more its mass will differ from the sum of masses of the original objects. According to the standard opinion, decrease in mass should take place mainly due to contribution of the negative mass-energy of the gravitational field, holding together the matter of massive objects. However, from a philosophical point of view, another possibility can be admitted – the relative mass of objects can increase as we move to higher levels of matter. Such a possibility is admitted in an article, &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1107.0024 The Principle of Proportionality of Mass and Energy: New Version.] Caspian Journal of Applied Sciences Research, Vol. 1, No 13, pp. 1-15 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.890753.&lt;/ref&gt;
which examines the relationship between mass and energy in a variety of cases, including heating of bodies, fusion of atomic nuclei, as well as analyzes the findings of the general theory of relativity and covariant theory of gravitation. 
The next article, &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://sergf.ru/pnden.htm The Principle of Least Action in Covariant Theory of Gravitation.] Hadronic Journal, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 35-70 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889804.&lt;/ref&gt; in which the covariant theory of gravitation is derived from the principle of least action, again confirms the increase in mass of bodies in comparison with the calibration mass-energy of particles of the system due to the contribution of the gravitational energy. In the article the meaning of the cosmological constant and the form of [[gravitational stress-energy tensor]] are found. The problem of the relationship between the masses of the entire system and its constituent parts is solved in the articles, &lt;ref name=&quot;bi&quot;&gt; Fedosin S.G. The binding energy and the total energy of a macroscopic body in the relativistic uniform model. Middle East Journal of Science, Vol. 5, Issue 1, pp. 46-62 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.23884/mejs.2019.5.1.06. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://bpasjournals.com/physics/index.php/journal/article/view/92 The Mass Hierarchy in the Relativistic Uniform System]. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol.38 D (Physics), No. 2, pp. 73-80 (2019). https://zenodo.org/records/4421469. &lt;/ref&gt; where five types of masses of the physical system are defined and it is shown that the mass density of objects at higher levels of matter decreases in comparison with the mass density of bodies that make up these objects.

In article, &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://cscanada.net/index.php/ans/issue/view/213 The Hamiltonian in Covariant Theory of Gravitation.] Advances in Natural Science, Vol. 5, No. 4, pp. 55-75 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.3968%2Fj.ans.1715787020120504.2023 .&lt;/ref&gt;
taking into account the Lagrangian function and the principle of least action, the analysis of the covariant theory of gravitation leads to the Euler-Lagrange equations and to the Hamiltonian function. The latter is expressed in terms of the three-dimensional generalized momentum in an explicit form, as well is determined in terms of the 4-velocity, scalar potentials and strengths of gravitational and electromagnetic fields, taking into account the metric. Such notions are introduced into consideration as 4-dimensional generalized velocity and Hamiltonian 4-vector, and the problem of body mass is again considered. In order to describe the properties of mass three different masses are introduced: one of them is related to the rest energy by Einstein's formula, another is the observable mass, and the third mass is determined from the condition of absence of the energy of macroscopic fields in the matter. It is shown that the action function has a physical meaning as the function that describes the change of intrinsic properties, such as the rate of proper time flow and the increase rate of the phase angle of periodic processes.

Article &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://journals.yu.edu.jo/jjp/Vol9No1Contents2016.html About the cosmological constant, acceleration field, pressure field and energy.] Jordan Journal of Physics. Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-30 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889304.&lt;/ref&gt;
makes important changes to the theory of gravitation. Based on the fundamental principles, 4-potentials of the [[acceleration field]] and [[pressure field]] are introduced into the theory. On the basis of these 4-potentials such tensors are constructed in a relativistically covariant way, as the [[acceleration tensor]] and [[pressure field tensor]], as well as the [[acceleration stress-energy tensor]] and [[pressure stress-energy tensor]]. So, the tensors are found that previously were derived phenomenologically and only approximately described the energy-momentum of matter and pressure. The equations of the acceleration and pressure fields are similar in form to the Maxwell equations. Adding the 4-potentials of gravitational and electromagnetic fields and tensor invariants of these fields to the Lagrangian allows us to find the Hamiltonian, i.e. the relativistic energy of the system of multitude of particles and fields. Interpretation of the cosmological constant is given as the energy density of the particles at rest at infinity located at a distance from each other. This allows us to uniquely express the energy and momentum of the system, and to ultimately simplify the equation for the metric. &lt;ref name=wf&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://journals.yu.edu.jo/jjp/Vol8No1Contents2015.html  Relativistic Energy and Mass in the Weak Field Limit.] Jordan Journal of Physics. Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 1-16 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889210.&lt;/ref&gt;
The solution of this equation is obtained and the components of the metric tensor are calculated for the case of a massive and electrically charged body, outside &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1404.0058 The Metric Outside a Fixed Charged Body in the Covariant Theory of Gravitation.] International Frontier Science Letters, ISSN: 2349 – 4484, Vol. 1, No. I, pp. 41-46 (2014). https://zenodo.org/records/889239. &lt;/ref&gt; and inside the body. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://physmath.spbstu.ru/en/article/2021.53.13/ The relativistic uniform model: the metric of the covariant theory of gravitation inside a body], St. Petersburg Polytechnical State University Journal. Physics and Mathematics (Научно-технические ведомости СПбГПУ. Физико-математические науки), Vol. 14, No. 3, pp.168-184 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.18721/JPM.14313. &lt;/ref&gt;

The article &lt;ref name=&quot;en&quot;&gt; Fedosin S.G. Energy and metric gauging in the covariant theory of gravitation. Aksaray University Journal of Science and Engineering, Vol. 2, Issue 2, pp. 127-143 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29002/asujse.433947. &lt;/ref&gt; contains the relationship between the field coefficients and dependences of the scalar curvature and the cosmological constant in the matter as functions of the parameters of typical particles and field potentials. Besides, comparison of the cosmological constants inside a proton, a neutron star and in the observable Universe allows us to explain the problem of the cosmological constant arising in the Lambda-CDM model. 

The 4/3 problem, according to which the field mass found through the field energy is not equal to the field mass determined through the field momentum, is solved in article &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1403.0973 The Integral Energy-Momentum 4-Vector and Analysis of 4/3 Problem Based on the Pressure Field and Acceleration Field.] American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 152-167 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.11648/j.ajmp.20140304.12. &lt;/ref&gt; and more precisely in the article. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. The generalized Poynting theorem for the general field and solution of the 4/3 problem. International Frontier Science Letters, Vol. 14, pp. 19-40 (2019). https://zenodo.org/records/3252778. &lt;/ref&gt;
It is shown, that in a moving body the excess mass-energy of the gravitational and electromagnetic fields is compensated by the lack of mass-energy of the acceleration and pressure fields. Moreover, for a fixed and a moving body in the form of a sphere the total energy and momentum of all the four fields inside of the body are equal to zero.

In order to describe the dissipation of the kinetic energy of matter fluxes in a viscous medium, the 4-potential of the [[dissipation field]], [[dissipation field tensor]] and [[dissipation stress-energy tensor]] are considered in the field theory. Further application of the principle of least action allows us to find the dissipation field equations and the equations of motion of matter particles, which are equivalent to the Navier-Stokes equations. Thus, these equations are derived in a covariant form, which also allows us to determine the metric inside the viscous medium and its energy. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G.  Four-Dimensional Equation of Motion for Viscous Compressible and Charged Fluid with Regard to the Acceleration Field, Pressure Field and Dissipation Field. International Journal of Thermodynamics. Vol. 18, No. 1, pp. 13-24 (2015). https://zenodo.org/records/3549371. [https://www.academia.edu/ai_podcast/7261197 AI Podcast at academia.edu].&lt;/ref&gt;

Unification of the equations of various fields acting in the matter can be carried out using the concept of general field and the standard procedure for finding the stress-energy tensor and equations of vector fields of any type. &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://www.oalib.com/paper/5263035#.VuFYxn2LQsY The Concept of the General Force Vector Field]. OALib Journal, Vol. 3, pp. 1-15 (2016), e2459. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/oalib.1102459. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1406.0135 The procedure of finding the stress-energy tensor and vector field equations of any form]. Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, Vol. 8, no. 18, pp. 771-779 (2014). http://dx.doi.org/10.12988/astp.2014.47101. &lt;/ref&gt;
As a result we find out that the electromagnetic and gravitational fields, acceleration field, pressure field, dissipation field, strong interaction field, weak interaction field and other vector fields, are the components of a single [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/General field | general field]]. 
Each particular field is relatively independent of the other fields in equilibrium state, when the process of energy exchange between the fields and particles is completed. In equilibrium, particular fields are described by equations that have the same form for all the fields, including the equation of motion. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. Two components of the macroscopic general field. Reports in Advances of Physical Sciences, Vol. 1, No. 2, 1750002, 9 pages (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/S2424942417500025.&lt;/ref&gt; 

One result of the concept of the general field is the model of gravitational equilibrium, which allows estimating the parameters of cosmic bodies using simple formulas. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/cjp-2015-0593#.Vv3piZyLQsY Estimation of the physical parameters of planets and stars in the gravitational equilibrium model.] Canadian Journal of Physics, Vol. 94, No. 4, pp. 370-379 (2016). http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2015-0593.&lt;/ref&gt; These formulas are based only on the field equations, unlike formulas of polytropic model originating from the estimated equation of state in polytropic process. Another result is clarification of the virial theorem — in the model under consideration the energy, associated with the forces acting on the particles, is approximately 5/3 times greater than the kinetic energy of the particles, whereas in the classical approach this ratio is equal to 2. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://zenodo.org/record/1037246 The virial theorem and the kinetic energy of particles of a macroscopic system in the general field concept]. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Vol. 29, Issue 2, pp. 361-371 (2017). https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-016-0536-8. &lt;/ref&gt; An analysis of the integral theorem of generalized virial allows us to find formula for root-mean-square speed of typical particles of the system, without using the notion of temperature. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. The integral theorem of generalized virial in the relativistic uniform model. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Vol. 31, Issue 3, pp. 627-638 (2019). https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00161-018-0715-x.&lt;/ref&gt; The relation between the theorem and the cosmological constant, characterizing the physical system under consideration, is shown. The difference is explained between the kinetic energy and the energy of motion, the value of which is equal to half the sum of the Lagrangian and the Hamiltonian.

Also the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Relativistic uniform system | relativistic uniform system]] is described in the simplest way in the concept of the general field. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. The electromagnetic field in the relativistic uniform model. International Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, Issue. 2, pp. 110-116 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.29132/ijpas.430614. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bi&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://sergf.ru/gpren.pdf  The gravitational field in the relativistic uniform model within the framework of the covariant theory of gravitation]. 5th Ulyanovsk International School-Seminar “Problems of Theoretical and Observational Cosmology” (UISS 2016), Ulyanovsk, Russia, September 19-30, 2016, Abstracts, p. 23, {{ISBN|978-5-86045-872-7}}. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. The Gravitational Field in the Relativistic Uniform Model within the Framework of the Covariant Theory of Gravitation. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Vol. 78, pp. 39-50 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILCPA.78.39.&lt;/ref&gt;
The potentials of the acceleration field and the pressure field are calculated in the article &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://rdcu.be/ccV9o   The potentials of the acceleration field and pressure field in rotating relativistic uniform system]. Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Vol. 33, Issue 3, pp. 817-834 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00161-020-00960-7. &lt;/ref&gt; for a rotating uniform system and a relativistic relationship connecting the pressure, particle velocity and density is found. In the limit of low velocities, this relationship turns into the standard formula of the [[w:kinetic theory of gases |kinetic theory of gases]]. Electromagnetic potentials and fields of a rotating uniform system are calculated in the articles. &lt;ref name=fedhor/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. The Electromagnetic Field outside the Steadily Rotating Relativistic Uniform System. Jordan Journal of Physics, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 379-408 (2021). https://doi.org/10.47011/14.5.1.  &lt;/ref&gt;

The idea of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Strong gravitation | strong gravitation]] is studied in many articles. &lt;ref name=book1/&gt; &lt;ref name=mod/&gt; &lt;ref name=prob/&gt; &lt;ref name=fiz/&gt; &lt;ref name=com/&gt; Further development of this idea is carried out in article, &lt;ref name=mom/&gt; 
where it is used to calculate the angular momentum and the radius of the proton. The exact calculation of the proton radius becomes possible in the self-consistent model, where the explanation of emergence of [[De Broglie wavelength]] is also presented, as a consequence of the Lorentz transformations applied to the standing waves inside the elementary particles.&lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1208.0006 The radius of the proton in the self-consistent model.] Hadronic Journal, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 349-363 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.889451.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the article &lt;ref name=pict/&gt; it is shown that, according to the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Metric theory of relativity |metric theory of relativity]], the description of events can be made using not only electromagnetic but also gravitational wave, which follows from the equation of similarity of these fields. The article &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1102.0027 Scale Dimension as the Fifth Dimension of Spacetime.] Turkish Journal of Physics, Vol. 36, No 3, pp. 461-464 (2012). http://dx.doi.org/10.3906/fiz-1110-20.&lt;/ref&gt;
presents the concept of the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Scale dimension | scale dimension]] as a generalization of the four-dimensional spacetime to the fifth dimension.

In the book &lt;ref name=fiz/&gt; and in the article &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1507.0016 Generation of magnetic fields in cosmic objects: electrokinetic model.] Advances in Physics Theories and Applications, Vol. 44, pp. 123-138 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.888921.&lt;/ref&gt; the electrokinetic model of generation of magnetic fields in cosmic objects is introduced based on the assumption of separation of the charges in matter of cosmic bodies under pressure and high temperature.
The difference of equations of motion in the covariant theory of gravitation and in the general theory of relativity is used for explanation of Pioneer anomaly in the article. &lt;ref name=an&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/abs/10.1139/cjp-2015-0134#.VjDKetLhAsY The Pioneer Anomaly in Covariant Theory of Gravitation]. Canadian Journal of Physics. Vol. 93, no. 11, pp. 1335-1342 (2015). http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjp-2015-0134.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Assuming that the photon consists of charged particles of vacuum field (praons), the substantial model of the photon is built. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. The substantial model of the photon. Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 411-467 (2017). http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jfas.v9i1.25. &lt;/ref&gt; According to the theory of infinite nesting of matter, flows of praons generate electromagnetic forces between the charges and can explain the Coulomb's law, and the charge and mass of praons can be calculated using the coefficients of similarity. &lt;ref name=cc/&gt; [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Praon | Praon]]s are part of nucleons and leptons matter as well as nucleons are the basis of neutron star matter and ordinary stars and planets. Motion of praons inside of a photon leads to the dipole magnetic moment and a nonzero rest mass of the photon as a sum of the masses of all praons constituting the photon. 

For vector fields, covariant expressions for the energy, momentum and angular momentum are derived, the angular momentum pseudotensor and the radius-vector of the system’s center of momentum are determined, the integral vector is calculated and the impossibility of interpreting it as a four-momentum of the system is shown, in contrast to how it is done in general theory of relativity. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. The covariant additive integrals of motion in the theory of relativistic vector fields. Bulletin of Pure and Applied Sciences, Vol. 37 D (Physics), No. 2, pp. 64-87 (2018). http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2320-3218.2018.00013.1. &lt;/ref&gt; The formula for calculating the relativistic angular momentum is derived in the article. &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. On the Dependence of the Relativistic Angular Momentum of a Uniform Ball on the Radius and Angular Velocity of Rotation. International Frontier Science Letters, Vol. 15, pp. 9-14 (2020). https://zenodo.org/records/3732428. &lt;/ref&gt;
Based on the Lagrangian formalism in curved space-time, formulas are derived for the generalized four-momentum of a system with particles and fields, &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. Generalized Four-momentum for Continuously Distributed Materials. Gazi University Journal of Science, Vol. 37, Issue 3, pp. 1509-1538 (2024). https://doi.org/10.35378/gujs.1231793.&lt;/ref&gt; as well as for the four-momentum of a physical system as a whole.&lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. What should we understand by the four-momentum of physical system? Physica Scripta, Vol. 99, No. 5, 055034 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad3b45. &lt;/ref&gt;
With the help of Lagrangian formalism for vector fields, the components of angular momentum pseudotensor are found and radius-vector of the center of momentum of a physical system in curved space-time is determined. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [https://www.worldscientific.com/share/UKXXIJKZAN75HJAGXVVH?target=10.1142/S0217751X2450163X  Lagrangian formalism in the theory of relativistic vector fields]. International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 40, No. 02, 2450163 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1142/S0217751X2450163X. &lt;/ref&gt;

[[Field energy theorem]] for vector fields was proved in the article. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://dergipark.org.tr/gujs/issue/45480/435567 The Integral Theorem of the Field Energy.] Gazi University Journal of Science. Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 686-703 (2019). http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3252783. &lt;/ref&gt; Unlike the [[w:virial |virial]] theorem, the field energy theorem is applied not to the particles themselves, but to their fields. With the help of this theorem, the concepts of the kinetic and potential energies of the fields are introduced and the relations between them are found. Various forms of the covariant equation of motion of particles of matter are analyzed in the article. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. Equations of Motion in the Theory of Relativistic Vector Fields. International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy, Vol. 83, pp. 12-30 (2019). https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILCPA.83.12. &lt;/ref&gt; Using the example of electromagnetic field, which is a vector field, the field integral equations are derived in covariant form. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://www.jpier.org/PIERC/pier.php?paper=19062902 On the Covariant Representation of Integral Equations of the Electromagnetic Field]. Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 96, pp. 109-122 (2019). https://doi.org/10.2528/PIERC19062902. &lt;/ref&gt; A new theorem on the magnetic field of rotating charged bodies is proved in the article. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. The Theorem on the Magnetic Field of Rotating Charged Bodies. Progress In Electromagnetics Research M, Vol. 103, pp. 115-127 (2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.2528/PIERM21041203. ArXiv [http://arxiv.org/abs/2107.07418v1 2107.07418]. Bibcode [https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/#abs/2021arXiv210707418F/abstract  2021arXiv210707418F].&lt;/ref&gt;. 
A description of all known covariant equations for vector fields is presented in the article [[equation of vector field]].

A comparison of equations of the covariant theory of gravitation and the general theory of relativity is given in the article. &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3636.html?lang=en  Comparison of tensor and vector theories of gravitation]. Iranian Journal of Physics Research, Vol. 25, Issue 3, pp. 61-87 (2025). https://ijpr.iut.ac.ir/article_3636_42baaa1a75b6c2906396b5b02f1bd012.pdf?lang=en,  https://doi.org/10.47176/ijpr.25.1.01981. &lt;/ref&gt; The article shows that in order to increase the accuracy of results in the general theory of relativity, vector fields such as the [[acceleration field]] and the [[pressure field]] should be used instead of scalar fields. In addition, formulas are presented which make it possible to find the contribution of gravitational field to the energy and momentum of a physical system in the general theory of relativity.

The use of spherical polynomials and vector spherical polynomials, taking into account spherical symmetry, makes it possible to find with any given accuracy the scalar and vector potentials of electromagnetic field, electric and magnetic fields inside and outside a rotating uniformly charged ball. &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://rdcu.be/fgOlw  Analysis of solution of equations for magnetic field of rotating ball using polynomials]. Discover Physics, Vol. 2, 5 (2026). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44418-026-00008-w. TechRxiv. October 22, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176116289.93994332/v1. &lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Sergey G. Fedosin. [https://www.techrxiv.org/users/977313/articles/1357526-electric-field-of-rotating-uniformly-charged-ball Electric field of rotating uniformly charged ball]. TechRxiv. November 11, 2025. https://doi.org/10.36227/techrxiv.176289249.96428033/v1. &lt;/ref&gt;

In the article &lt;ref&gt;Fedosin S.G. [https://jjp.yu.edu.jo/index.php/jjp/article/view/323 On the origin of cosmic microwave background radiation]. Jordan Journal of Physics, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 529-549 (2025). https://doi.org/10.47011/18.4.10. &lt;/ref&gt; evidence is presented that the background microwave, as well as the background infrared and optical radiation, are a consequence of thermal radiation from primordial gas and dust clouds in the early Universe. The considered scenario for the generation of background radiation is based on the theory of infinite nesting of matter and does not require the Big Bang and the expansion of the Universe.

Based on the similarity of properties of photons and money, and on the formula for the density of distribution of photon gas by energies, the corresponding mathematical formula for distribution of annual income per capita is obtained in the article. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1505.0097 Group Function of Income Distribution in Society]. International Frontier Science Letters, ISSN: 2349-4484, Vol. 6, pp. 6-15 (2015). https://zenodo.org/records/844906. &lt;/ref&gt;

== Study of systems ==
A systematic approach is essential in the development of the [[systems theory]] and [[w:systems science |systems science]] in general. In the course of study of space systems in the theory of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter | Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter]], the properties of the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Hydrogen system | hydrogen system]] were determined and the idea of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Quantization of parameters of cosmic systems | quantization of parameters of cosmic systems]] was developed. On the basis of the theorem of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/SPФ symmetry | SPФ symmetry]] and the [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Similarity of matter levels | similarity of matter levels]] in the study of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Scale dimension |scale dimension]], the following characteristics were derived, inherent in the space systems, from the smallest particles to metagalaxies and larger objects:
# The interpenetration of systems into each other, considered up to infinity.
# The distribution of cosmic objects by the matter levels, which are the steps in the infinite hierarchy of space systems, based on a geometric progression.
# The similarity of systems, including the similarity of shapes, sizes, masses, speeds of processes, equations of motion.
# The interaction of systems with each other as a mode of existence.
# Direct and indirect replication and reproduction of systems.
# The systems’ generation of material emissions in the form of fluxes of particles and field quanta, which result in total in formation of fundamental forces, acting on the systems at other levels.
# Distribution of the systems with living objects among the space systems according to the same laws that are characteristic of the systems with non-living matter (nesting of the living in the living; correspondence of the sizes and masses of living beings to the sizes and masses of space objects; location of living beings at the matter  levels according to geometric progression; recurrence of forms and modes of existence of the living at the similar scales levels; reproduction in the living objects of those fluxes and forces that form the living objects at a new level).

In the philosophy of carriers, presented in 2003, many philosophical laws were formulated as the laws that are valid for all types of systems. &lt;ref name=book3/&gt; These include:
# The law of development of the system’s opposites.
# The law of unity and struggle of the system’s opposites.
# The law of conservation and variation of the system’s organization.
# The law of the extremum of the system’s organization.
# The law of similarity of carriers at different scale levels.
# The law of connection of the organization’s extrema and the motion fluxes.
# The law of connection of the organization and the existence flow.
# The law of conservation and variation of carriers.
# The law of development of carriers (systems).
# The law of mutually complementary components of the system.
# The law of reproduction of structures.
# The law of the essence’s expression.

In the course of formulating the laws, the philosophical definitions of [[w:Closed system |closed system]], self-contained system, [[w:Isolated system |isolated system]] and [[w:Open system (systems theory) |open system]] were given.

Syncretics is regarded as a general methodology of the systems study in philosophy and systems science (systemology). Syncretics is a multi-valued philosophical logic, generalizing the metaphysical and dialectical logics. This allows us with the help of syncretics to formulate the rules of operations, to find the required combinations of categories in principles and laws, and to apply a systematic approach to any science and field of knowledge. Syncretics and philosophy of carriers substantiate the theory of infinite nesting of matter from a philosophical standpoint. &lt;ref&gt; Fedosin S.G. [http://vixra.org/abs/1209.0110 The Theory of Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter as the Source of New Ideas]. FQXi Essay Contest 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.21095.85925.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Topics for future research ==
For researchers with the skills of numerical simulation of physical phenomena, the following topics are:
# Checking of the equations of [[acceleration field]] of stars in galaxies, based on the rotation curves of stars. Determination of constant &lt;math&gt;~ \eta &lt;/math&gt; of acceleration field.
# Checking of the gravitational field equations in [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Covariant theory of gravitation | covariant theory of gravitation]], for the stars in galaxies and in cosmology.
# The visualization of calculation results of Pioneer anomaly, &lt;ref name=an/&gt; and comparing of pictures of motion in time for different orbits in covariant theory of gravitation and in general relativity.
# The application of equations of [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/General field | general field]] for description of internal structure of stars and planets.
# The simulation of gravitational Newton interaction on the base of theory of graviton field. &lt;ref name=gr/&gt; Supposing a sphere with numerous balls inside it, and a ball outside the sphere we can calculate the gravitational interaction of the ball with each ball inside the sphere and common force. The purpose is to check dependence of the force on the distance.

According to &lt;ref name=wf/&gt; the gravitational mass of a body decreases with increasing of electric charge of the body, as a result of electric mass-energy contribution. This conclusion may be checked in an experiment.

== See also ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=15em|
# [[Acceleration field]]
# [[Acceleration stress-energy tensor]]
# [[Acceleration tensor]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Characteristic speed | Characteristic speed]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Coupling constant | Coupling constant]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Covariant theory of gravitation | Covariant theory of gravitation]]
# [[De Broglie wavelength]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Discreteness of stellar parameters | Discreteness of stellar parameters]]
# [[Dissipation field]]
# [[Dissipation field tensor]]
# [[Dissipation stress-energy tensor]]
# [[Electric constant]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Electrogravitational vacuum | Electrogravitational vacuum]]
# [[Electromagnetic field of cylinder]]
# [[Electron-ionic model of ball lightning]]
# [[Equation of vector field]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Extended special theory of relativity | Extended special theory of relativity]]
# [[Fedosin's theorem]]
# [[Field energy theorem]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Field mass-energy limit | Field mass-energy limit]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Fine structure constant |Fine structure constant]]
# [[Four-acceleration]]
# [[Four-force]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/General field | General field]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational constant | Gravitational constant]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational field strength | Gravitational field strength]]
# [[Gravitational four-potential]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational induction | Gravitational induction]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational model of strong interaction | Gravitational model of strong interaction]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational phase shift | Gravitational phase shift]] 
# [[Gravitational stress-energy tensor]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational tensor | Gravitational tensor]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitational torsion field |Gravitational torsion field]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Gravitoelectromagnetism | Gravitoelectromagnetism]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Heaviside vector | Heaviside vector]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Hydrogen system | Hydrogen system]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter | Infinite Hierarchical Nesting of Matter]]
# [[Invariant energy]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation | Lorentz-invariant theory of gravitation]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Maxwell-like gravitational equations | Maxwell-like gravitational equations]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Metric theory of relativity | Metric theory of relativity]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Model of quark quasiparticles | Model of quark quasiparticles]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Nuon | Nuon]]
# [[Operator of proper-time-derivative]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Praon | Praon]]
# [[Pressure field]]
# [[Pressure field tensor]]
# [[Pressure stress-energy tensor]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Principle of energies summation | Principle of energies summation]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Quantization of parameters of cosmic systems | Quantization of parameters of cosmic systems]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Relativistic uniform system | Relativistic uniform system]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Scale dimension | Scale dimension]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Selfconsistent gravitational constants | Selfconsistent gravitational constants]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Similarity of matter levels | Similarity of matter levels]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/SPФ symmetry | SPФ symmetry]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Boltzmann constant | Stellar Boltzmann constant]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar constants | Stellar constants]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Dirac constant | Stellar Dirac constant]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Planck constant | Stellar Planck constant]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Stellar Stefan–Boltzmann constant | Stellar Stefan–Boltzmann constant]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Strong gravitation | Strong gravitation]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Strong gravitational constant | Strong gravitational constant]]
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Substantial electron model | Substantial electron model]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Substantial neutron model | Substantial neutron model]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Substantial photon model | Substantial photon model]] 
# [[Physics/Essays/Fedosin/Substantial proton model | Substantial proton model]] 
# [[Vacuum constants]]
# [[Vacuum thruster concepts]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links==
{{multicol}}
* [http://openlibrary.org/authors/OL6730463A/S._G._Fedosin Five books in Russian]
* [https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL7224994A/Sergey_Fedosin Open Library]
* [http://www.wikiznanie.ru/ru-wz/index.php/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%2C_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87 Some works, in Russian]
* [http://sergf.ru/works.htm Perm scientific site, in Russian]
* [http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sergey_Fedosin/ Papers at ResearchGate]
* [http://vixra.org/author/sergey_g_fedosin Vixra]
* [http://independent.academia.edu/SergeyFedosin Academia]
* [http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=au%3AFedosin%2C+S.+G.&amp;fq=&amp;dblist=638&amp;qt=first_page WorldCat]
* [http://ru.scribd.com/Fedosin Scribd]
* [http://www.livedna.net/?dna=712.12542  LiveDNA]
* [http://www.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/986942  MathSciNet]
* [http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3627-2369 ORCID]
* [https://search.crossref.org/search/works?q=Fedosin&amp;from_ui=yes  Crossref]
* [http://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.url?authorId=6506961094 Scopus]
* [https://arxiv.org/a/fedosin_s_1.html ArXiv]
* [http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?return_req=no_params&amp;author=Fedosin,%20Sergey%20G.&amp;db_key=PHY  ADS]
* [https://inspirehep.net/author/profile/Sergey.G.Fedosin.1  inSPIRE]
* [https://www.techrxiv.org/users/977313 TechRxiv]
* [https://catalog.loc.gov/vwebv/search?searchArg=Fedosin&amp;searchCode=GKEY%5E*&amp;searchType=0&amp;recCount=25&amp;sk=en_US Library of Congress]
* [https://catalogue.bl.uk/nde/home?vid=44BL_MAIN:BLL01_NDE British Library] +Fedosin
{{multicol-break}}
* [http://www.isni.org/000000004698099X ISNI]
* [http://viaf.org/viaf/56448904/  VIAF]
* [https://www.webofscience.com/wos/author/record/1336126  Web of Science]
* [http://elibrary.ru/author_items.asp?authorid=698627 eLIBRARY.ru]
* [http://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&amp;user=4nAcOyYAAAAJ Google Scholar]
* [https://jurn.link/#gsc.tab=0&amp;gsc.q=Fedosin&amp;gsc.sort=  JURN.org]
* [https://zenodo.org/search?page=1&amp;size=20&amp;q=Fedosin Zenodo]
* [https://www.mendeley.com/search/?page=1&amp;query=Fedosin&amp;sortBy=relevance Mendeley]
* [https://www.newsrx.com/Butter/#!Newsletters:MA/article/89b5524a-25dc-11e7-9eb7-0a90b15911ff/VerticalNews/  Newsletters]. Journal of Mathematics. 04/18/2017.
* [https://payhip.com/fedosin Payhip]
* [https://www.base-search.net/Search/Results?lookfor=Fedosin&amp;name=&amp;oaboost=1&amp;newsearch=1&amp;refid=dcbasen BASE]
* [https://www.semanticscholar.org/author/Sergey-G.-Fedosin/100935791 Semantic Scholar]
* [https://www.peeref.com/works/list Peeref] +Fedosin
* [https://www.sciencegate.app/app/authors Sciencegate.app] +Fedosin
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Fedosin&amp;title=Special%3ASearch&amp;go=Go&amp;ns0=1 Wikipedia links]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Fedosin/Most_important_results Wikipedia, Most important results]
* [https://ru.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?search=Fedosin&amp;title=%D0%A1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F%3A%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA&amp;go=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8&amp;ns0=1 Википедия, ссылки]
* [http://sergf.ru/cvfen.htm Curriculum vitae]
* [[Special:Emailuser/Fedosin|Email for me]]
{{multicol-end}}

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  <page>
    <title>English Law</title>
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        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
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      <origin>2807927</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10257" sha1="qgug12ciflwxoys7a66fdi6jvxo9qpy" xml:space="preserve">{| style=&quot;width:100%; margin-bottom: .6em; -moz-border-radius: 4px; text-align:center; border: 1px solid #50A6C2; background-color:#F0F8FF;{{Text default color}}; padding: .6em .6em .6em .6em;&quot; |
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&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:200%;border:none;margin: 0;padding:.1em;color:#000&quot;&gt;'''English Law Learning Project'''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;top:+0.2em;font-size:150%&quot;&gt;part of the [[School:Law|'''School of Law''']]&lt;/div&gt;
| width=&quot;100px&quot; | [[File:Scale of justice 2.svg|75px|frameless]]
|
|}

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:99%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;margin-top:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Welcome&lt;/h2 &gt;
A very warm welcome to the '''{{w|English Law}} Learning Project''', which covers a subject more correctly known as English and Welsh law, and is one of the three legal systems in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.supremecourt.uk/docs/supreme-court-and-the-uks-legal-system.pdf |title=The Supreme Court and the United Kingdom’s legal system |publisher=Supreme Court of the United Kingdom |format=PDF |accessdate=2017-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has evolved over several hundred years and now forms the core of a wide range of {{w|common law}} legal systems used in most Commonwealth countries.

This Learning Project focusses on English Law and covers topics of law at an undergraduate level but it is not a formal qualification. If you wish to practise as a solicitor or a barrister in England Wales you will have to enrol on a formal LLB degree or GDL course. The Project is designed to provide an informal learning experience, which may provide knowledge and skills that can be used elsewhere.

The project comprises a number of units, each of which covers a separate area of English Law. As tempting as it might be to compare this with the structure of a formal law degree, we don't allocate &quot;credits&quot; or &quot;points&quot; to any of the units. Each unit contains a number of smaller subunits and is designed to be studied alongside a relevant textbook from Wikibooks, one of the partner websites of Wikiversity. The links for the textbooks can be found at the start of each unit. Each unit outline will also list additional recommended texts, articles and other materials, which are not compulsory but intended for deeper independent study. Throughout each unit there will be opportunities in the form of quizzes and short essays to enable you to reflect on the material and see how much you understand. There is a large quiz at the end of the unit, which you can repeat as any times as you wish until you are confident of your understanding of the material. Additionally, there are a number of case studies and suggested essays to complement your studies as well as recommendations for further reading.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Project summary&lt;/h2 &gt;
* '''Project code:''' English Law
* '''Prerequisites:''' None
* '''Time investment:''' 1 calendar year
* '''Assessment suggestions:''' 
** A series of quizzes in lieu of examinations on various aspects of English Law from the 12th century onwards including relevant case law: '''40%'''&lt;!--estimated guess--&gt;
** A series of detailed essays written as journal articles for peer-reviewing: '''40%'''&lt;!--estimated guess--&gt;
** A multi-part personal development portfolio: '''20%'''&lt;!--estimated guess--&gt;
* '''[[WV:Major portals|Portal]]:''' [[Portal:Humanities|Humanities]]
* '''[[WV:Schools|School]]:''' [[School:Law|Law]]
* '''Level:''' Introductory—Advanced
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Content summary&lt;/h2 &gt;
* In this Learning Project, participants will learn about the history and development of English Law from the 12th century to the modern era, with a particular focus on areas that are usually part of undergraduate law degrees, especially the compulsory ones required before a person can commence practising as a solicitor or a barrister.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lawsociety.org.uk/Law-careers/Becoming-a-solicitor/Qualifying-as-a-solicitor/qualifying-with-a-law-degree/|title=Qualifying with a law degree|publisher=The Law Society of England and Wales}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* One of the goals of this project is to utilise free materials, so the learner does not have to pay expensive subscriptions. This will be achieved by the use of a series of free textbooks (from Wikibooks), original source material for statutes and cases, a series of law reports at Wikiversity, the development of a WikiJournal of Law, quizzes and other freely available resources.

* It will be noted that purely academic study is insufficient in preparing for legal practice and thus there will be suggested tools to enable some of these aspects. The limitations of online courses like this inhibit more active participation such as the classical skill of {{w|moot court}} but there will be recommendations for overcoming these obstacles.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Goals&lt;/h2 &gt;
{{law}}
* Study and understand the origins of English Law;
* Examine the current state of English Law, particularly in light of the withdrawal from the European Union;
* Suggest tools and methods for participants to improve their practical skills.
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Subjects&lt;/h2&gt;
{{center|'''&lt;big&gt;[[/Introduction/]]&lt;/big&gt;'''&lt;br&gt;[[/History/]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;#9642;&amp;nbsp;[[/System/]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;#9642;&amp;nbsp;[[/Skills/]]}}
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Foundation&lt;ref&gt;These are compulsory subjects for a qualifying law degree.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[/Public Law/]]
* [[/Criminal/]] ([[:b:English Criminal Law|Wikibook]])
* [[/Equity and Trusts/]] ([[:b:Equity and Trusts|Wikibook]])
* [[/European Union/]] ([[:b:European Union Law|Wikibook]])
** [[/European Union/Case guide|Case guide]]
** [[Brexit Learning Project|Brexit]]
* [[/Property/]]&lt;ref&gt;Also known as land law.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[:b:English Property Law|Wikibook]])
* Obligations
** [[/Contract/]] ([[:b:English Contract Law|Wikibook]])
** [[/Tort/]] ([[:b:English Tort Law|Wikibook]])
{{col-break}}
;Optional
* [[/Admiralty/]]
* [[/Commercial/]]
** Sale of Goods
** Services
* [[/Company/]] ([[:b:UK Company Law|Wikibook]])
**[[/Company#Private|Private]]
** [[/Company#Public|Public]]
* [[/Employment/]]
* [[/Ethics/]]
* [[/Family/]]
* [[/Intellectual Property/]]
* [[/Succession/]]
{{col-break}}
;Supplemental
* [[/Bibliography/]]
** [[/Bibliography/Authors|Authors]]
* [[/Case List/]]
* [[/Statute List/]]
* [[Wikiversity Law Reports]]
{{col-end}}
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;[[:Portal:Learning Materials|Learning materials]]&lt;/h2&gt;
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Sources'''
* {{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.gov.uk/legislation/index.htm|title=Primary legislation}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.bailii.org|title=Case law}}
* {{cite web|url=http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld/ldjudgmt.htm|title=House of Lords Judgments&lt;!--Please note this is the correct spelling.--&gt;}} (1996—2009)
* {{cite web|url=http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/criminal.htm|title=Law Commission Reports and Consultation Papers}}
{{col-break}}
;Texts
* [[b:WB:Law bookshelf|Wikibooks Law Series]]
* [[s:Magna Carta|Magna Carta]] at Wikisource
* [[s:Bill of Rights 1689|Bill of Rights 1689]] at Wikisource
{{col-end}}
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;[[Portal:Learning Projects#Learning Groups|Active participants]]&lt;/h2 &gt;
* {{u|Green Giant}}
* {{U|Weeboybrice}}
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;display:block;border:1px solid #aaaaaa;vertical-align: top;width:100%; background-color:#f9f9ff;{{Text default color}};margin-bottom:10px;padding-bottom:5px;padding-left:5px;padding-right:4px;&quot;&gt;
&lt;h2 style=&quot;padding:3px; background:#aaccff; color:#000; text-align:center; font-weight:bold; font-size:100%; margin-bottom:5px;margin-top:0;margin-left:-5px;margin-right:-4px;&quot;&gt;Notes&lt;/h2 &gt;
{{Reflist}}
&lt;/div&gt;

{{CourseCat}}
[[Category:United Kingdom Law|*]]
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  <page>
    <title>Katie Harwood</title>
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    <revision>
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        <username>Tola73</username>
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      <text bytes="28190" sha1="j3u6p38kpcc6p31g1ph4vi4hr1xlvaa" xml:space="preserve">'''Katherine &quot;Katie&quot; Harwood''' is a fictional character in the 2002 film ''Ghost Ship'' where an innocent young girl goes on a sea voyage of a lifetime, only to be caught up in a living nightmare aboard the ill-fated ocean liner. In the film, Katie is the supporting deuteragonist to the main character (Maureen Epps) and stands in stark contrast to the completely evil and demonic antagonist (Jack Ferriman). In many regards, Katie is just as much of a heroine as Maureen Epps for enduring unfathomable suffering and risking the wrath of Jack Ferriman through her unyielding efforts to save the souls and lives of others on the ship.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; Katie is portrayed by a young [[w:Emily Browning|Emily Jane Browning]].

== Significance ==
Katie is an iconic representation of childhood from an earlier era, at a time when life was simpler, and childhood more innocent.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt; She stands out in a coarse mixed reviewed horror film as a compelling, distinctive and enduring character who subverts common horror child tropes.&lt;ref&gt;https://michellepatterson.net/2018/03/23/ghostship-film-review/Michelle Patterson Publications&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://moviefilmreview.com/186187/movie-review-of-ghost-ship-2002?utm_source=chatgpt.com/ Cal Knox Movie Review&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://lmariewood.com/2025/05/23/horror-tropes-when-to-use-them-and-when-to-subvert-them/ L. Marie Wood; Horror Tropes: When to Use Them and When to Subvert Them&lt;/ref&gt; With the Shout! Factory 20-year anniversary Blue-ray rerelease of ''Ghost Ship,'' Katie is made the new face of the film in the promotional artwork, elevating a morally intact child to iconic status; something very few horror children achieve, and even more so as a tragic and sympathetic figure without villainy.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.blu-ray.com/news/?id=27285/ Shout! Factory Ghost Ship 20-year anniversary collector’s edition Blu-ray disc&lt;/ref&gt;

== Synopsis ==
In May of 1962, an endearing Katie waves goodbye to her grandparents in [[Europe]] and journeys solo aboard the exquisite ''Antonia Graza'' on an exclusive cruise to rejoin her family in New York City. Since Katie is the only child onboard, she receives special care and attention. In describing her voyage Katie states, ”The whole ship was my playground, also beautiful. I was the only child onboard, so the ship’s purser and captain took special care of me. I felt so safe and happy with them.”&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

However, after the Antonia Graza rescues a lone survivor and cargo from a sinking ship, Katie’s exciting journey suddenly takes a horrendous turn for the worse. Unbeknownst to Katie and her shipmates, the single survivor (Jack Ferriman) is literally a demonic henchman for Satan set on destroying lives and collecting souls. Ferriman informs select members of the crew about the millions in gold recovered from his sinking ship, and influences them to launch an elaborate plot to seize control of the Graza and the gold, by killing everyone onboard.

Remarkably, Katie survives the opening massacre scene on the foredeck, nevertheless, as the lone survivor and witness this also makes her a liability for the conspirators.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; Although several crewmembers and passengers try to save her life from the homicidal conspirators, Katie is eventually caught and tragically hanged to death, with her murder concealed behind the partitioning door of her cabin.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

Instead of ascending to her rightful place in heaven, Katie’s spirit is trapped on the ship by demonic forces along with the entire compliment of murdered passengers and crew. However, since Katie is still a young child, her soul is completely innocent and therefore beyond the influence and control of the demonic Ferriman. Over the next 40 years, the evil Ferriman along with the help of the wicked “marked” souls, try to use the ship as a trap to destroy unsuspecting lives, and collect a quota of souls for hell.

Despite being the only flicker of good on the ship, Katie bravely opposes Ferriman and the evil spirits, and attempts to warn and save the lives of anyone who has the misfortune of being lured aboard the condemned vessel. Concerning these things, Katie says, “Without the mark, Jack can’t control me and because of this, he hates me most of all; scaring me at every turn and chasing me away when I try to warn those who come here.”&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

When Maureen Epps and her ship salving crew are lured aboard the Graza by Ferriman, Katie attempts to warn them about the dangerous ship. Katie has very perceptive eyes, and finds Epps to be more open to the truth than her cohorts. Katie tries to leave Epps messages and clues, and even appears to her on several occasions. When Katie senses that Ferriman has sabotaged the salvage crew’s tugboat, she boldly tries to warn the crew, but is forcibly carried away by Ferriman. Epps witnesses Katie’s warning and sets off in search for the mysterious little girl.

Epps locates Katie’s cabin and comes face to face with her remains and her spirit. Katie allows Epps to have her cherished heart-shaped locket, and then proceeds to speak directly about the ship being a demonic trap. However, before Katie can finish explaining, she is overheard by an invisible Ferriman and lets out a frightened scream as he removes her from the cabin. Undeterred, Katie returns and tries to help Epps and her remaining crewmembers escape.

Endowed with supernatural power from above, Katie transports Epps back to May 21, 1962 through her memories and reveals to her the horrifying events that led to everyone’s death, including her own. Furthermore, Katie reveals the true identity of Jack Ferriman and his goal to use the ship as a conduit to collect souls for Satan.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

After experiencing Katie’s heartbreaking vision, Epps decides to risk almost certain death by destroying the cursed ship with explosives. However, Katie helps Epps escape the rapidly sinking vessel, while emancipated souls rise from the ship. Katie stays faithfully by Epps and gives her a grateful smile as her spirit ascends toward heaven.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

== Religious &amp; Symbolic Implications ==
At its core, the story is deeply religious and the plot hinges on the concept of a young girl trying to save the lives (and ultimately souls) of others from demonic forces.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Metaphorical Murals=====
The religious implications and [[Christian symbolism]] surrounding Katie’s story are rich. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.worsleyschool.net/socialarts/symbolism/page.html&lt;/ref&gt; Although only lightly touched on in the final version of the film, the most obvious religious connections come through the [[Gustave Dore]] inspired murals displayed throughout the ship. The murals are depictions based on Dante Alighieri’s Divine Comedy and The Inferno. The metaphorical murals hint at the struggle between Katie and Ferriman over the lives and souls on the ship.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; Lead actress Julianna Margulies says, “Katie is like Virgil in Dante’s Inferno. Margulies explains that Katie is like a “little guide” trying to lead others through hell and then safely onto the other side.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; As in the mural of Charon, Ferriman is literally a “ferry man” using a boat in the attempt to ferry souls to hell and eternal damnation.  Conversely, Katie opposes Ferriman by trying to protect and warn all unsuspecting visitors and sharing the truth about the demonic ship.

=====Marked Souls=====
An additional concept presented in the plot are the “marked” souls. Like the murals in the story, the souls of the sinful and the “lost”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Towns |first=Elmer | title=Liberty Bible Commentary |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |location=Nashville, TN |page=563 | year=1983}}&lt;/ref&gt; are marked with a hooked-shaped indention on their hand. Katie says the mark is “a sign of their sins” and that they are bound to the will of Satan and his demons, in addition to eventually sharing in their same flaming judgment.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; However, not all the murals are somber. The depiction of angels defeating the demons and casting them down foreshadows the eventual defeat of Ferriman and ultimately all evil.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

=====The Dove and Locket=====
Another subtle, but implicit [[Christian symbolism]] is Katie’s heart-shaped locket with the image of a raised dove in flight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Barton |first=John | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY  | year=2001 |page=383}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Christian tradition, this type of dove can symbolize innocence, purity, faith, hope, God’s peace, God’s presence through the [[Holy Spirit (Christianity)|Holy Spirit]] and God’s guidance and deliverance.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05144b.htm&lt;/ref&gt; The dove also indicated God’s bestowal of fortitude necessary to bear suffering and death&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Gauding |first=Madonna | title=The Signs and Symbols Bible |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co |location=New York, NY  | year=2009 |page=82}}&lt;/ref&gt;. In this sense, the remains of the dead dove on the bridge of the ship, foreshadows Katie’s death, but at the same time indicates that there could still be hope.  When Epps puts on Katie’s locket, it implies that Epps now has a renewed heart, or possibly even salvation as stated in Bible scripture. In this manner, the locket could also represent that Epps’ soul is not &quot;marked&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Parallel of an Innocent and Sacrificial Life=====
A striking parallel could also be drawn between Katie and Jesus Christ. In the bible, Christ lives a completely innocent life, but is hung on a cross to sacrificially die for the sins of all humanity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Towns |first=Elmer | title=Liberty Bible Commentary |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |location=Nashville, TN  | year=1983 |pages=2228-2229}}&lt;/ref&gt; Christ tastes the sting of death and hell in order to offer salvation to all who will put their faith in Him.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Barton |first=John | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY  | year=2001 |page=966}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, innocent Katie is hung by a rope behind a dividing door, but through her death she is able to lead others to &quot;salvation&quot; and safety. Because of her young age and innocent death, Katie is the only voice of hope for all the suppressed souls held captive on the demonic ship. Katie also endures small tastes of hell from Ferriman in her efforts to save others. However, Katie’s love and compassion for the lives of others is greater than her fear and pain, and in similarity to Christ, Katie rises victoriously to heaven in the end.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Forty Years and the Promised Land=====
40 years is a significant reoccurring number in the Christian faith.&lt;ref&gt;Collins English Dictonary http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/promised land&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Israelites]] endured 40 years of great trial and testing in the wilderness before they were able to enter their promised land of rest. In Christian tradition, the earthly life is often compared to a time of trial in the wilderness and the Promised Land a metaphor for heaven.&lt;ref&gt;Collins English Dictonary http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/promised land&lt;/ref&gt; Correspondingly, Katie has endured the “wilderness” and trials of the ship for 40 years, but as the result of Epps’ help she is inevitably freed to enter the “promised land” of heaven.

=====Concept of Free Will=====
Free will is both discussed and demonstrated in the story.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Keck |first=Leander | title=The New Interpreter's  Bible vol. 9 |publisher=Abingdon Press |location=Nashville, TN  | year=2002 |pages=61-62}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimately, the crew members who die are led to destruction by their own sins and their selfish desire for greed, lust and power. Epps is spared the fate of her shipmates through listening to Katie’s warnings and humbly responding to the truth.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Elevated Status of Children=====
In the Christian bible God often uses the most humble and unlikely people to work through &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Towns |first=Elmer | title=Liberty Bible Commentary |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |location=Nashville, TN  | year=1983 |page=2283}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Out of hundreds on the ship, Katie is the meekest, humblest and most unlikely to do anything significant, yet every soul on the ship ends up depending on her.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

Katie is also reminiscent of Christ elevating the status of children when he gave them special attention and profoundly declared that unless one humbles them self and has the faith of a little child, they will not enter the kingdom of heaven. This is further illustrated when Christ took a lowly child and placed him in the midst of his followers and stated that only those with childlike faith will be the greatest in the kingdom of heaven.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Barton |first=John | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY  | year=2001 |page=963}}&lt;/ref&gt; This concept is demonstrated by Epps' willingness to humble herself to Katie's level.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

The role of children in Christian scripture – Comparisons could be made between Katie and several unpretentious bible characters such as the lowly shepherd boy David who defeated the warrior Goliath and became king. Outwardly both young Katie and David appear to be nothing more that mere children, however, inwardly they possess vast unforeseen potential and a tremendous strength of character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Towns |first=Elmer | title=Liberty Bible Commentary |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |location=Nashville, TN  | year=1983 |page=563}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Eternal Destinations=====
In the film, as with [[Christian soteriology]] there are two clear eternal destinations which souls go to after death; ether heaven or hell.  A heart of child-like faith will put one on the path to heaven, but a sinful life eventually leads to destruction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Towns |first=Elmer | title=Liberty Bible Commentary |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |location=Nashville, TN  | year=1983 |page=1902}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=====The Destructiveness of Sinful Choices=====
One of the morals of the story is the corrupting dangers of pursuing riches. This theme also fits aptly within the religious concepts of the film.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt; Sinful greed, lust, debauchery and selfish desire can influence ordinarily good people to do horribly evil things (1Timothy 6:9-10).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title=Life Application Bible - New International Version |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. |location=Wheaton, IL | page=2195 | year=1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; The choices made by the characters in the story illustrate this principle.

“Be sure your sins will find you out” – As the story goes, sinful activities have consequences and will eventually have to be accounted for, and the ultimate payment for sin in the end is both physical and spiritual death (Romans 6:20-23). &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title=Life Application Bible - New International Version |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. |location=Wheaton, IL | page=2039 | year=1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Loving Others before Ourselves=====
“Greater love has no one than this – To lay one’s life down for their friends.” Katie and Epps are both willing put themselves at risk to save lives. Through the process of trying to help others both Epps and Katie experience help for themselves.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

“Those who seek to save their life will lose it, but those who are willing to lose their life will save it.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| title=Life Application Bible - New International Version |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. |location=Wheaton, IL | page=1842 | year=1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; In this sense Epps' life is saved, because she places the needs of others first. Katie also inherits eternal life in heaven by risking herself to help others.

=====Purgatory=====
The concept of purgatory (Whalen p. 1034-1039)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book| last=Whalen |first=John | title=New Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11|publisher=Catholic University of America |location=Washington, D.C.  | year=1983}}&lt;/ref&gt; is also mentioned when Katie states that the ship had become like a “prison” where souls are trapped among the living between heaven and hell.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

====Additional Symbolism====
=====Life as a Voyage on a Ship=====
Life itself is comparable to a voyage on ship...illustrating that our lives are like a ship that is bound for one of two possible destinations.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; In the context of Ghost Ship, the voyage ends in destruction (death and hell) unless we get off. In this sense, Katie pleads with us to get off, but that involves humbly changing our ways and giving up the allure and pursuit of vain things such as wealth and power.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Symbols of Changing Times=====
The once elegant and decaying ship is a symbol of changing times.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt; In a similar manner, Katie can be viewed as a symbolic representation of childhood from a more innocent era. Just as the ship decays to ruin from its glorious 1950’s splendor, Katie’s deteriorating childhood possessions and even Katie herself, are evocative symbols of changing times and eroding childhood innocence.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dichotomy and Contrasts ==
Katie is in some ways a complicated paradox: She has been deeply hurt and traumatized by all she has experienced, but by the same token, she is still very much an innocent child – Even after 40 years of resilient growth as a character. Katie exhibits a wide array of emotions from timid youthful innocence and joy, to extreme terror, sadness, loneliness, and solemn distress.&lt;ref&gt; [http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

====Characters====
Even under tremendously trying circumstances Katie demonstrates an incredible inner strength of character without compromising the sweet kind-hearted &quot;girly&quot; girl she really is. The fact that Katie remains true to herself in spite of all the evil and suffering she experienced transcends their eroding influence and distinguishes her from the other characters.&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Ferriman=====
Ferriman is representative of Satan and the crafty deceptiveness of evil in destroying people’s lives. Katie and Ferriman are at completely opposite ends of the Christian spectrum – The demonic Ferriman is totally depraved and evil while Katie is sweet and innocent. Katie is motivated by love and compassion, Ferriman is motivated by hate and rage.&lt;ref&gt; [http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Epps=====
Although Katie and Epps are two completely dissimilar characters from different eras, they still grow quite close. Epps is &quot;a woman working in a man's world&quot;&lt;ref&gt; [http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt; and appears somewhat tough and masculine on the exterior like a tomboy. Although not specifically stated, the story indicates that Epps is likely from a broken home. On the other hand, Katie comes from a close, traditional nuclear family. In contrast to Epps, Katie is more of a typical &quot;girly&quot; girl and is slightly timid, but possess a stout inner fortitude despite her diminutive and delicate appearance.&lt;ref&gt; [http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Francesca=====
The sultry Francesca lives the more representative life of a performing artist. Unlike Epps who feels the need to downplay her femininity, Francesca leans toward the other extreme and attempts to flaunt her femininity to her own advantage, even to the point of her own exploitation. Conversely, Katie is still a virtuous and modest little girl, who has yet to be tainted by any corrupting influences of the world.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

=====Captain Murphy=====
Captain Murphy appears to be a strong imposing ship captain on the outside, however, when confronted with trials and tribulations, his perceived strength is shown to be superficial. This is evident by his emotional breakdown where he shuts off emotionally and withdraws to himself while attempting to drown his problems in alcohol. In contrast, Katie appears to be very delicate in both physical appearance and personality. However, despite her dainty appearance, Katie proves her true strength and fortitude from within through dealing with her pain and problems directly, instead of allow it to define her&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

====General Themes====
Light vs. darkness, good vs. evil, childhood innocence vs. wickedness, tragedy vs. triumph, simpler more wholesome times, vs. the complexity and loss of innocence of today.&lt;ref&gt; [http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Conclusion ==
On the surface, Katie’s story is an emotional tale of heartache and tragedy – Something that no young person should ever have to endure. However, Katie’s story is also essential to the plot. &lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt; Through helping each other and being willing to put themselves at risk, Katie and Epps together achieve a triumph out of the tragedy and deliver a major blow to Ferriman and the forces of evil.  Although the struggle over the souls of people will continue, this victory of the human spirit gives hope even in the face of terrible suffering, evil and even death.&lt;ref&gt;Ghost Ship DVD (2003) - Extra features and behind the scenes&lt;/ref&gt;

“Katie is really a very sweet girl.  She's completely innocent…“ says Emily Jane Browning, who obviously became completely immersed in her character.  “…She's been hoping someone would come onto the ship to be her friend, so when Epps arrives she's very excited – they develop a real friendship.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

”Emily did an amazing job,” Director Steve Beck enthuses. “She gave Katie a real complexity…she's not just a little girl caught up in a ghost story…”  Both Browning and Beck also added that underneath all her heartfelt emotions, Katie longs for vindication and justice.&lt;ref&gt; [http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]&lt;/ref&gt;

The deeply symbolic and metaphorical aspects surrounding Katie’s story along with the close relationships she develops with others lends support to the notion that the film was originally intended to be more than just another Hollywood “slasher” horror. This is further substantiated by Katie’s tearful and heartfelt story – Emotionally poignant and touching drama not usually associated with a horror picture.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/ghost_ship_info.txt&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

===Cited Texts===
{{refbegin}}

*{{cite book| last=Barclay | first=William | title=The Gospel of Mark |publisher=Westminster Press | location=Philadelphia, PA | isbn=0664213022 | year=1975}}
*{{cite book| last=Barton |first=John | title=The Oxford Bible Commentary |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY  | isbn=0-19-875500-7 | year=2001}}
*{{cite book| last=Boettner |first=Loraine | title=Roman Catholicism |publisher=Presbyterian &amp; Reformed Publishing Co. |location=Phillipsburg, NJ |isbn=0875521304 | year=1985}}
*{{cite book| last=Buttrick |first=George | title=The Interpreter's Bible vol. 12 |publisher=Abingdon Press |location=Nashville, TN |asin=B000HTP248 | year=1957}}
*{{cite book |title=Collins English Dictionary - Complete &amp; Unabridged 10th Edition  |date=2009 | publisher=Harper Collins |location=New York, NY}}
*{{cite book| last=Dummelow |first=J.R. | title=Commentary on the Whole Bible |publisher=Macmillian Publishing Co. |location=New York, NY | year=1936}}
*{{cite book| last=Gaebelein |first=Frank | title=The Expositors Bible Commentary vol. 1 |publisher=Zondervan |location=Grand Rapids, MI |isbn=0310364302 | year=1979}}
*{{cite book| last=Gauding |first=Madonna | title=The Signs and Symbols Bible |publisher=Sterling Publishing Co. |location=New York, NY |isbn=1402770049| year=2009}}
*{{cite book| last=Jamieson |first=Fausset | title=Commentary on the Whole Bible  |publisher=Zondervan |location=Grand Rapids, MI| asin=B004BCQP8O | year=1971}}
*{{cite book| last=Keck |first=Leander | title=New Interpreter's Bible vol. 9 |publisher=Abingdon Press |location=Nashville, TN |isbn=0687278228 | year=2002}}
*{{cite book| title=Life Application Bible - New International Version |publisher=Tyndale House Publishers, Inc. |location=Wheaton, IL | lccn=90-71553| year=1991}}
*{{cite book| last=Towns |first=Elmer | title=Liberty Bible Commentary |publisher=Thomas Nelson Inc |location=Nashville, TN |isbn=0840752954 | year=1983}}
*{{cite book| last=Wall |first=Robert | title=The New Interpreter's Bible vol. 10 |publisher=Abingdon Press |location=Nashville, TN |isbn=0687278236 | year=2002}}
*{{cite book| last=Whalen |first=John | title=New Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 11 |publisher=Catholic University of America |location=Washington D.C. | lccn=66-22292 | year=1967}}

{{refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.dailyscript.com/scripts/ghost_ship_info.txt/ Daily Script_Ghost Ship]
* [http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0288477/ Internet Movie Database_Ghost Ship 2002]
* [http://ghostshipmovie.warnerbros.com/production_notes.html?page=2/ Ghost Ship official movie page_production notes]
* [http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/ghost_ship/ Rotten Tomatoes movie review_Ghost Ship]
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Resources relevant to law refom presently include a list of [[United Kingdom Law/Unnecessary Enactments|unnecessary enactments]], a collection of [[United Kingdom Law/Miscellaneous draft clauses|draft clauses]] and a number of draft {{w|Bill (law)|Bills}}.
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*[[School:Law]]

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[[Topic:Esperanto|Main page]] — [[Esperanto/Lesson 2|Next lesson]]
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In this lesson we will first get acquainted with the pronunciation of Esperanto, after which we will get to know some very basic facts about Esperanto nouns and verbs. As always, there will be vocabulary to be memorized.

==How to pronounce Esperanto==
Esperanto is exactly pronounced as it is written and written as pronounced. Despite being a constructed language that is mainly spoken by second-language speakers, there are distinct norms about what is a good pronunciation. We will start this course by discussing and practicing these norms.

'''b''', '''d''', '''f''', '''h''', '''m''', '''n''', '''v''', and '''z''' are pronounced as in English. As in most native English accents, '''b''' and '''d''' are still pronounced as such (i.e. as ''voiced consonants'') at the end of a word, and do not become devoiced to something like a &quot;p&quot; or &quot;t&quot;, e.g. &quot;sub&quot; and &quot;sed&quot; do not sound like ''sup''* and ''set''*.

Esperanto has 5 vowels, which are distinctly different from any of the vowels of English. They are the same as the five vowels of Spanish. All are pronounced clearly, without any offglides from one sound to another (which is common in English). If two vowels directly follow one another, then both are still pronounced exactly the same and as part of different syllables. In words of two or more syllables, the next-to-last syllable ([[w:penult|penult]]) is ''always'' stressed.

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! Letter !! Pronunciation ([[w:Help:Pronunciation|IPA]]) !! Audio !! Closest to English ...
|-
| a || /a/ || [[File:Open_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg]] || Between the most common pronunciations of English &quot;f&lt;u&gt;'''a'''&lt;/u&gt;ther&quot; and &quot;m&lt;u&gt;'''a'''&lt;/u&gt;n&quot;. &lt;br&gt; The first part of English &quot;i&quot; in &quot;f&lt;u&gt;'''i'''&lt;/u&gt;ne&quot; without the offglide to the 'ee'.
|-
| e || /e/ || [[File:Mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg]] || The first part of an English &quot;a&quot; in &quot;l&lt;u&gt;'''a'''&lt;/u&gt;ne&quot; without the offglide to the 'ee'.
|-
| i || /i/ || [[File:Close front unrounded vowel.ogg]] || As English 'ee' in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''ee'''&lt;/u&gt;l&quot;, but shorter. This is the most common pronunciation in &quot;cit&lt;u&gt;'''y'''&lt;/u&gt;&quot;.
|-
| o || /o/ || [[File:Mid back rounded vowel.ogg]] || The first part of an English &quot;o&quot; in &quot;b&lt;u&gt;'''o'''&lt;/u&gt;ne&quot; without the offglide to the 'oo'.
|-
| u || /u/ || [[File:Close back rounded vowel.ogg]] || As English 'oo' in &quot;b&lt;u&gt;'''oo'''&lt;/u&gt;n&quot;, but shorter.
|}


Before continuing on to the consonants that are pronounced differently from English, take some time to practice pronouncing these vowels. The exercises below will guide you through this.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:palegreen; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Exercises
|-
| First, practice pronouncing the vowels on their own. Take your time to manage to pronounce them without any offglides.
|-
| Now practice pronouncing them together with some consonants: &lt;br&gt;'''ba''', '''fa''', '''ha''', '''ma''', '''na''', '''va''', '''za''', '''de''', '''fe''', '''he''', '''me''', '''ne''', '''ve''', '''ze''', '''bi''', '''fi''', '''hi''', '''mi''', '''ni''', '''vi''', '''zi''', '''bo''', '''do''', '''fo''', '''ho''', '''mo''', '''no''', '''vo''', '''zo''', '''du''', '''fu''', '''hu''', '''mu''', '''nu''', '''vu''', '''zu'''. &lt;br&gt;Again, take your time and make sure you pronounce them without any offglides.
|-
| Finally, practice them in some short words: &lt;br&gt;'''mano''', '''amo''', '''emo''', '''manon''', '''nubo''', '''nova''', '''novan''', '''ami''', '''emi''', '''umo''', '''nana''', '''vazo''', '''zono''', '''havi''', '''viva''', '''ino''', '''ido''', '''malo''', '''ano''', '''bele''', '''nenio'''. &lt;br&gt;Again, take your time and make sure you pronounce them without any offglides.&lt;br&gt;'''''Please note:''''' Because the stress in Esperanto is always on the next-to-last syllable, the last word in this list is syllabified as &quot;ne-NI-o&quot;, with the (regular) stress as indicated.
|}


We'll now look at the consonants that are pronounced similarly to those in English.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:lime; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Letter !! Pronunciation ([[w:Help:Pronunciation|IPA]]) !! Audio !! Difference with English
|-
| g || /g/ || [[File:Voiced velar stop.ogg]] || Always hard as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''g'''&lt;/u&gt;o&quot;, never as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''g'''&lt;/u&gt;em&quot;.
|-
| k || /k/ || [[File:E-Ko.ogg]] || Always as in &quot;s&lt;u&gt;'''k'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot;, never as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''k'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot;. &lt;br&gt;The &quot;k&quot; in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''k'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot; comes with a puff of air, whereas the one in &quot;s&lt;u&gt;'''k'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot; doesn't. In Esperanto, &quot;k&quot; never comes with a puff of air. 
|-
| l || /l/ || [[File:Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg]] || As in English, except that is not pronounced as 'thick' as in English.
|-
| p || /p/ || [[File:Voiceless bilabial stop.ogg]] || Always as in &quot;s&lt;u&gt;'''p'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot;, never as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''p'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot;. &lt;br&gt;The &quot;p&quot; in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''p'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot; comes with a puff of air, whereas the one in &quot;s&lt;u&gt;'''p'''&lt;/u&gt;in&quot; doesn't. In Esperanto, &quot;p&quot; never comes with a puff of air. 
|-
| s || /s/ || [[File:Voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg]] || Always as in English &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''s'''&lt;/u&gt;ick&quot;, never as &quot;z&quot;
|-
| t || /t/ || [[File:Voiceless alveolar stop.ogg]] || Always as in &quot;s&lt;u&gt;'''t'''&lt;/u&gt;one&quot;, never as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''t'''&lt;/u&gt;one&quot;. &lt;br&gt;The &quot;t&quot; in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''t'''&lt;/u&gt;one&quot; comes with a puff of air, whereas the one in &quot;s&lt;u&gt;'''t'''&lt;/u&gt;one&quot; doesn't. In Esperanto, &quot;t&quot; never comes with a puff of air. 
|}

This pronunciation of &quot;k&quot;, &quot;p&quot;, and &quot;t&quot; is like their pronunciation in languages like French, Spanish, Italian, and Russian, among others.

Let's now practice this:

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:palegreen; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Exercises
|-
| &quot;g&quot; is always pronounced hard. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''igi''', '''ega''', '''ege''', '''igis'''.
|-
| Practice making a 'thin' &quot;l&quot;, first by itself,&lt;br&gt; then by pronouncing it in several words: &lt;br&gt;'''la''', '''li''', '''lo''', '''mala''', '''malo''', '''ilo''', '''lamo''', '''lanuga''', '''lando''', '''lango''', '''leono''', '''ludo''', '''luli''', '''lulilo''', '''flava''', '''flugilo'''. &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Remember that words are always stressed on the next-to-last syllable.&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| &quot;s&quot; is always pronounced as an &quot;s&quot;. Practice this by saying the following words out loud and making sure it never sounds like a &quot;z&quot;: &lt;br&gt;'''roso''' vs. '''rozo''', '''lenso'''
|-
| &quot;k&quot;, &quot;p&quot;, and &quot;t&quot; are never accompanied by a puff of air. Practice this by saying the following words out loud and put your hand a short distance in front of your mouth the check that there is not accompanying puff of air: &lt;br&gt;'''skemo''', '''skono''', '''sklavo''', '''kelo''', '''kanalo''', '''kamelo''', '''spleno''', '''spamo''', '''plena''', '''plenigi''', '''plu''', '''pluvo''', '''stelo''', '''stilo''', '''tio''', '''tiu''', '''tial''', '''ties''', '''tiam''', '''tagon''', '''stato''', '''timon''', '''tako''', '''tavolo''', '''titolo''', '''tutan''', '''kato''', '''poto''', '''lito''', '''lifto''', '''lipo''', '''konata''', '''katalogo''', '''psiko'''. &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Remember that words are always stressed on the next-to-last syllable.&lt;/small&gt;
|}


Esperanto also has several letters with pronunciations that are quite different from the associated pronunciation in English and a few letters that do not exist in English. Most of these latter letters have familiar pronunciations, however.

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:lime; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Letter !! Pronunciation ([[w:Help:Pronunciation|IPA]]) !! Audio !! Difference with English
|-
| c || /t͡s/ || [[File:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate.oga]] || Always as &quot;ts&quot; as in '''hi&lt;u&gt;ts&lt;/u&gt;'''.
|-
| ĉ || /t͡ʃ/ || [[File:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.ogg]] || Always as &quot;ch&quot; as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''ch'''&lt;/u&gt;ase&quot;.
|-
| ĝ || /d͡ʒ/ || [[File:Voiced palato-alveolar affricate.ogg]] || Always as the soft &quot;g&quot;, as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''g'''&lt;/u&gt;em&quot;.
|-
| ĥ || /x/ || [[File:Voiceless velar fricative.ogg]] || As in the Scottish pronunciation of &quot;lo&lt;u&gt;'''ch'''&lt;/u&gt;&quot;.
|-
| j || /j/ || [[File:Palatal approximant.ogg]] || Always as &quot;y&quot; as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''y'''&lt;/u&gt;ard&quot;, never as English &quot;j&quot;. The pronunciation is the same at the end of a word. Compare &quot;hallelu&lt;u&gt;'''j'''&lt;/u&gt;ah&quot;.
|-
| ĵ || /ʒ/ || [[File:Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg]] || Always as &quot;zh&quot;, for example the sound in &quot;mea&lt;u&gt;'''s'''&lt;/u&gt;ure&quot;.
|-
| r || /r/ || [[File:Alveolar trill.ogg]] || Lightly rolled &quot;r&quot;, as in Italian or Russian.
|-
| ŝ || /ʃ/ || [[File:Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg]] || Always as &quot;sh&quot; as in &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''sh'''&lt;/u&gt;ip&quot;.
|-
| ŭ || /u̯/ || [[File:Voiced labio-velar approximant.ogg]] || Like in &quot;no&lt;u&gt;'''w'''&lt;/u&gt;&quot;, not &quot;&lt;u&gt;'''w'''&lt;/u&gt;ater&quot;. This sound almost always occurs in one of the combinations &quot;aŭ&quot; or &quot;eŭ&quot;.
|}

The diacritic on ĉ, ĝ, ĥ, ĵ, and ŝ is called a circumflex, and the diacritic on ŭ is called a breve.

Let's now practice this:
{{anchor|pronunciationL1}}
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:palegreen; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Exercises
|-
| &quot;j&quot; is always pronounced as y. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''ja''', '''jo''', '''jam''', '''jes''', '''juna''', '''ioj''', '''kaj''', '''tuj''', '''iojn''', '''tiajn''', '''kiuj''', '''objekto'''.
|-
| &quot;c&quot; is always pronounced as ts. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''ci''', '''co''', '''cico''', '''ciano''', '''citi''', '''cent''', '''celo''', '''civito''', '''cepo''', '''laca''', '''danci''', '''centono''', '''censo''', '''cicumo''', '''civilizacio''', '''senchava''' (careful, the ''c'' and the ''h'' are pronounced separately).
|-
| &quot;ĉ&quot; is always pronounced as &quot;ch&quot;. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''ĉe''', '''ĉu''', '''ĉiam''', '''ĉies''', '''voĉo''', '''ĉielo''', '''ĉapelo''', '''ĉasi''', '''ĉeftablo''', '''ĉiea''', '''ĉipo''', '''ĉizo''', '''ĉiupova''', '''ĉevalaĉo''', '''ĉieesteco''' (note the ''c''), '''ĉervico''' (note the ''c''), '''ĉioj''', '''ĉiufoje'''.
|-
| &quot;ĝ&quot; is always pronounced as a soft g. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''ĝi''', '''iĝi''', '''ĝusta''', '''ĝis''', '''manĝi''', '''manĝigi''' (note the g), '''seĝo''', '''vizaĝo''', '''iĝis''', '''iĝu''', '''ĝemeliĝo''', '''ĝojo''', '''ĝisnuna''', '''ĝisdatigi''', '''ĝismentone''', '''pliaĝa''', '''platiĝi''', '''pliiĝi'''.
|-
| &quot;ŝ&quot; is always pronounced as &quot;sh&quot;. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''ŝi''', '''ŝtono''', '''ŝafo''', '''ŝakto''', '''ŝati''', '''ŝiajn''', '''ŝtofo''', '''poŝmesaĝilo''', '''ŝaho''', '''ŝtupo''', '''ŝuo''', '''ŝvita''', '''ŝviti''', '''ŝajne'''.
|-
| &quot;ŭ&quot; is always pronounced as an offglide like in ''no'''w'''''. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''aŭ''', '''aŭdi''', '''ankaŭ''', '''aŭtuno''', '''baldaŭ''', '''laŭta''', '''laŭte''', '''naŭ''', '''baldaŭa''', '''neŭtrala''', '''pseŭdonimo''', '''Eŭropo''', '''eŭkalipto''', '''leŭtenanto''', '''pneŭo'''.
|-
| &quot;ĵ&quot; is always pronounced as &quot;zh&quot;. Practice this by saying the following words out loud: '''ĵus''', '''ĵazo''', '''ĵaketo''', '''ĵaluze''', '''ĵaŭdo''', '''ĵeti''', '''ĵetegi''', '''ĵipo''', '''ĵinglo''', '''ĵulo''', '''ĵuĵuo''', '''poŝtaĵo''', '''ŝtonĵetilo'''.&lt;br&gt; Now, try to clearly distinguish ĵ and ĝ: '''domaĵo''', '''domaĝo''', '''vojaĵo''', '''vojaĝo''', '''aĵo''', '''aĝo'''
|-
| &quot;r&quot; is always lightly rolled. Practice this by first trying to get a rolling r. When you have managed that, try saying the following words out loud, in each case with the r rolling: '''rano''', '''razi''', '''raso''', '''rapida''', '''realo''', '''ree''', '''refalo''', '''regado''', '''reĝo''', '''regulo''', '''ricevi''', '''rompo''', '''ronĝi''', '''ruĝa''', '''ruso''', '''ruza''', '''riĉa''', '''tri''', '''pri''', '''pro''', '''por''', '''parko''', '''paroli''', '''preskaŭ''', '''promeni''', '''printempo''', '''orelo''', '''nur''', '''maro''', '''labori''', '''kvar''', '''ĵurnalo''', '''kruro''', '''kara''', '''griza''', '''grava''', '''ĉambro''', '''ĝardeno''', '''forgesi''', '''vintraero''', '''certa''', '''cirklo''', '''caro''', '''ĉirkaŭ''', '''certeco''', '''centaŭro''', '''ŝerci''', '''ŝranko''', '''ŝraŭbo''', '''ŝraŭbtenilo''', '''ŝraŭbŝlosilo'''.
|-
| &quot;ĥ&quot; is always pronounced as in the Scottish ''lo'''ch'''''. This is kind of a combination of English h and k. First, try to make the sound by itself. Once you have managed that, try pronouncing it in words: '''ĥaoso''', '''ĥoro''', '''ĥina''', '''ĥimera''', '''ĥanato''', '''monaĥo''', '''ĥordulo''', '''ĥirurgo''', '''eĥo''', '''ĥaraktero''', '''ĥirurga''', '''ĥolero'''.&lt;br&gt;
Then try pronouncing it in the following sets to distinguish it from ''h'' and ''k'': '''ĥoro''', '''horo''', '''koro'''; '''eĥo''', '''eko'''.
|}


You are now familiar with all of the letters of Esperanto and their associated sounds. You may have noticed that '''q''', '''w''', '''x''', and '''y''' have not been covered. This is because they are not part of the Esperanto alphabet.

The alphabetic order of Esperanto is similar to that of English, except that letters with diacritics are considered distinct and follow their counterparts without diacritics:

'''a, b, c, ĉ, d, e, f, g, ĝ, h, ĥ, i, j, ĵ, k, l, m, n, o, p, r, s, ŝ, t, u, ŭ, v, z'''

To get the names of the letters, simply tack on an &quot;-o&quot; to the consonants:
'''a, bo, co, ĉo, do, e, fo, go, ĝo''', etc. 

We'll practice with spelling out words once we know something more about Esperanto.

==Parts of speech==
Like in all languages, words in Esperanto can be divided into several types. In Esperanto, different parts of speech are overtly marked and thus have their own endings, though there are few complicating factors. In this lesson, we will introduce [[w:noun|nouns]] and [[w:verb|verbs]] and a few [[w:preposition|prepositions]] will be introduced.

==Nouns==
Nouns are words that usually denote persons, things, place, or ideas. Examples can be found in the box directly below. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; 
|-style=&quot;background:#ffffaa; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Examples of nouns in English
|-
| I see a '''dog'''.&lt;br&gt;He sits in a '''chair'''.&lt;br&gt;I have an '''idea'''.&lt;br&gt;I am learning '''Esperanto'''.&lt;br&gt;Take your '''time''' studying the '''contents''' of this '''course'''.
|}

In Esperanto, nouns are marked by the suffix '''-o'''. Examples are in the short vocabulary section below.

===Vocabulary===
Here are the first words for you to memorize.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:lime; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Word !! Audio !! Meaning
|-
| hundo || [[File:Eo-hundo.oga]] || dog
|-
| kato || [[File:Eo-kato.ogg]] || cat
|-
| pomo || [[File:Eo-pomo.ogg]] || apple
|-
| infano ||  [[File:Infano.ogg]]|| child
|-
| homo ||  [[File:Eo-homo.oga]]|| human being
|-
| viro ||  [[File:Viro legado.ogg]]|| man
|}

===Plurals===
To indicate that a noun is in the plural, Esperanto tacks on the suffix '''-j''':

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:lime; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Word !! Audio !! Meaning
|-
| hundo'''j''' ||  || dog'''s'''
|-
| kato'''j''' ||  || cat'''s'''
|-
| pomo'''j''' ||  || apple'''s'''
|-
| infano'''j''' ||  || child'''ren'''
|-
| homo'''j''' ||  || people 
|-
| viro'''j''' ||  || men
|}


==Article==
Esperanto has a definite article (i.e. &quot;the&quot;), &quot;'''la'''&quot;, but no indefinite article (i.e. &quot;a(n)&quot;). The meaning of the indefinite article in English is conveyed by the absence of an article:

''La'' hundo estas en la ĝardeno. — ''The'' dog is in the garden.&lt;br&gt;
Hundo estas en la ĝardeno. — ''A'' dog is in the garden. (There is a dog in the garden.)

==Verbs==
Verbs are those words that denote an action, occurrence, or state of being. Examples can be found in the box directly below:
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible collapsed&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot; 
|-style=&quot;background:#ffffaa; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Examples of verbs in English
|-
| I '''see''' a dog.&lt;br&gt;He '''sits''' in a chair.&lt;br&gt;I '''have''' an idea.&lt;br&gt;I '''am learning''' Esperanto.&lt;br&gt;'''Take''' your time '''studying''' the contents of this course.
|}

In Esperanto, verbs can have one of several endings, depending on [[w:tense|tense]], among a few other things. In this lesson we will only get to know the ending of verbs in the [[w:present tense|present tense]]: '''-as'''. Esperanto verbs do ''not'' change form depending who or what is doing the verb. For example: 

Mi '''estas''' en la ĝardeno. – I ''am'' in the garden.&lt;br&gt;
Li '''estas''' en la domo. – He ''is'' in the house.&lt;br&gt;
La infanoj '''estas''' en la parko. - The children ''are'' in the park.

==Vocabulary==
Here are some more words that you should memorize.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:lime; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Word !! Audio !! Meaning
|-
| mi ||  || I
|-
| vi || || you (both singular and plural)
|-
| li ||  || he
|-
| en ||  || in (preposition)
|-
| de ||  || of (preposition) &lt;br&gt;from (preposition)
|-
| estas ||  || am, are, is
|-
| brilas ||  || shine(s)
|-
| ĝardeno ||  || garden
|-
| domo ||  || house
|-
| urbo ||  || city
|-
| birdo ||  || bird
|-
| flugas ||  || fly/flies
|-
| floro ||  || flower
|-
| lito ||  || bed
|-
| suno ||  || sun
|-
| boato ||  || boat
|-
| sed ||  || but
|-
| falas ||  || fall(s)
|-
| folio ||  || leaf
|-
| arbo ||  || tree
|-
| sidas ||  || sit(s)
|-
| parko ||  || park
|}
Note the regular pronunciation that differs from their lookalikes with the same meaning in English: '''ĝ'''ardeno, b'''i'''rdo, b'''oa'''to.

==Examples==
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:lime; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Sentence !! Audio !! Meaning
|-
| Vi estas en la lito. ||  || You are in [the] bed.
|-
| Mi estas en la ĝardeno. ||  || I am in the garden.
|-
| La birdoj flugas. ||  || The birds fly.
|-
| La boato estas de la viro. ||  || The boat is of the man. = The boat belongs to the man.
|-
| La birdo flugas, sed la folioj falas. ||  || The bird flies, but the leaves fall.
|}

==Exercises==
Have you memorized the vocabulary of this lesson? Then you can now practice it by translating the following sentences:
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:palegreen; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Sentence &lt;small&gt;([[/Answers#Esperanto–English|answers]])&lt;/small&gt; !! Audio
|-
| La infanoj estas en la urbo. || 
|-
| La suno brilas. || 
|-
| La folioj falas de la arboj.  || 
|-
| Li estas en la ĝardeno de la domo. || 
|-
| La infano sidas en la parko. || 
|-
| La birdo sidas en la boato. || 
|-
| Mi sidas en la lito. || 
|-
| La birdo flugas en la parko. || 
|}

{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;5&quot;
|-style=&quot;background:palegreen; {{Text default color}};&quot;
! Sentence &lt;small&gt;([[/Answers#English–Esperanto|answers]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| The children are in the garden.
|-
| You are in the city.
|-
|  The leaves fall from the trees.
|-
|  He is in the garden of the house.
|-
|  The child sits in the park.
|-
| I sit in the boat.
|-
| He is a human.
|}

&lt;p style=&quot;background: #f2f2f2; {{Text default color}}; border: 1px dashed #e6e6e6; padding-left: 3px; width: 100%; text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
[[Topic:Esperanto|Main page]] — [[Esperanto/Lesson 2|Next lesson]]
&lt;/p&gt;

[[Category:Esperanto]]</text>
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    <title>Coordinate systems/Derivation of formulas/Original Copy from Wikipedia</title>
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      <text bytes="33605" sha1="82kt210kcba9x6gh5h5042l0bv70mlr" xml:space="preserve">==Table from Wikipedia==
* from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Del_in_cylindrical_and_spherical_coordinates&amp;oldid=612099218
* This is the backup copy.  PLEASE DO NOT EDIT (Instead copy and paste onto another page)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot;
|+ Table with the [[del]] operator in cylindrical, spherical and parabolic cylindrical coordinates
&lt;!-- Header --&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | Operation
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Cartesian coordinates]] (''x'', ''y'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Cylindrical coordinates]] (''ρ'', ''ϕ'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Spherical coordinates]] (''r'', ''θ'', ''ϕ'')
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Parabolic cylindrical coordinates]] (''σ'', ''τ'', ''z'')

&lt;!-- Definition of coordinates --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;coordinates
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \\
\phi &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \\
z    &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \rho\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= \rho\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= r\sin\theta\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= r\sin\theta\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
y &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arccos(z/r)\\
\phi   &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{\rho^2 + z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arctan{(\rho/z)}\\
\phi   &amp;= \phi \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= r\sin\theta \\
\phi &amp;= \phi\\
z    &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho\cos\phi &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
\rho\sin\phi &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of unit vectors --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;unit&lt;br&gt;vectors
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \frac{  x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} + \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \sin\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}-\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}+\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \cos\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol r} - \sin\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} &amp;= \frac{\tau \hat{\mathbf x} - \sigma \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   &amp;= \frac{\sigma \hat{\mathbf x} + \tau \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}         &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y} + z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{x z \hat{\mathbf x} + y z \hat{\mathbf y} - \left(x^2 + y^2\right) \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{\rho \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} +    z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{   z \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \rho \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \sin\theta \hat{\mathbf r} + \cos\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \cos\theta \hat{\mathbf r} - \sin\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | A [[vector field]] &lt;math&gt;\mathbf A&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_x      \hat{\mathbf x}         + A_y      \hat{\mathbf y}         + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\rho   \hat{\boldsymbol\rho}   + A_\phi   \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_r      \hat{\boldsymbol r}     + A_\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} + A_\phi \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\sigma \hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} + A_\tau   \hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   + A_\phi \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- grad f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Gradient]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial x}\hat{\mathbf x} + {\partial f \over \partial y}\hat{\mathbf y}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial \rho}\hat{\boldsymbol \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial r}\hat{\boldsymbol r}
+ {1 \over r}{\partial f \over \partial \theta}\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \sigma}\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \tau}\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- div A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Divergence]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial A_x \over \partial x} + {\partial A_y \over \partial y} + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \left( \rho A_\rho  \right) \over \partial \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}
+ {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \left( r^2 A_r \right) \over \partial r}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta} \left(  A_\theta\sin\theta \right)
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}\left({\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\sigma) \over \partial \sigma} + {\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\tau) \over \partial \tau}\right) + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- curl A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Curl (mathematics)|Curl]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \rho} \\
+ \left(
    \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial z}
  - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \rho}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi} \\
+ \frac{1}{\rho} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\rho A_\phi\right)}{\partial \rho}
  - \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \frac{1}{r\sin\theta} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \left(A_\phi\sin\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{1}{\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\phi \right)
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}  \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial A_\tau}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} \\
- \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \sigma}
  - \frac{\partial A_\sigma}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} \\
+ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\sigma \right)}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\tau \right)}{\partial \sigma}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Laplacian f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Laplace operator]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta f \equiv \nabla^2 f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial^2 f \over \partial x^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial y^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \over \partial \rho}\left(\rho {\partial f \over \partial \rho}\right)
+ {1 \over \rho^2}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}
+ {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \over \partial r}\!\left(r^2 {\partial f \over \partial r}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta}\!\left(\sin\theta {\partial f \over \partial \theta}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin^2\theta}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}
\left(  \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \sigma^{2}} +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \tau^{2}} \right) +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial z^{2}}
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- vector Laplacian A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Vector Laplacian]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Delta A_x \hat{\mathbf x} + \Delta A_y \hat{\mathbf y} + \Delta A_z \hat{\mathbf z} &lt;/math&gt;
| {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\rho - \frac{A_\rho}{\rho^2} - \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{\rho^2} + \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \Delta A_z &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\Delta A_r - \frac{2 A_r}{r^2}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial \left(A_\theta \sin\theta\right)}{\partial\theta}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta}{\frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\theta - \frac{A_\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  - \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}

&lt;!-- Material derivative (A dot del)B --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Material derivative]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathworld&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvectiveOperator.html|title=Convective Operator |author=Weisstein, Eric W. |date= |work=Mathworld |publisher= |accessdate=23 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla) \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;!--         Cartesian --&gt;
| {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{x}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{y}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{z}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}
&lt;!--         Cylindrical \frac{\partial B_}{\partial } --&gt;
| {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial z}-\frac{A_\phi B_\phi}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \rho} + \frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi} + A_z\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial z} + \frac{A_\phi B_\rho}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}\\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}
&lt;!--         Sp --&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{A_\theta B_\theta + A_\phi B_\phi}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\theta B_r}{r} - \frac{A_\phi B_\phi\cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_r}{r}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_\theta \cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}

&lt;!-- Differentials displacement --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | Differential displacement
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dx \, \hat{\mathbf x} + dy \, \hat{\mathbf y} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = d\rho \, \hat{\boldsymbol \rho} + \rho \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dr \, \hat{\mathbf r} + r \, d\theta \, \hat{\boldsymbol \theta} + r \, \sin\theta \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \,  d\sigma \, \hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \, d\tau \, \hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials normal area --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | Differential normal area &lt;math&gt;d \mathbf S&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  dy \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} \\
+ dx \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} \\
+ dx \, dy &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \rho \, d\phi \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+         d\rho \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \rho \, d\rho \, d\phi &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  r^2 \sin\theta \, d\theta \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\mathbf r} \\
+ r   \sin\theta \, dr      \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ r              \, dr      \, d\theta &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\tau   \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} \\
+ \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\sigma \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\tau} \\
+ \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) \, d\sigma \, d\tau &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials volume --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential volume &lt;math&gt;dV&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;dx \, dy \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rho \, d\rho \, d\phi \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;r^2 \sin\theta \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) d\sigma \, d\tau \, dz&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- nabla's on nabla's --&gt;
|-
| colspan=5 | &lt;strong&gt;Non-trivial calculation rules:&lt;/strong&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \cdot  \nabla f = \nabla^2 f \equiv \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \times \nabla f = \mathbf 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \cdot  (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = \nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt; ([[Triple_product#Vector_triple_product|Lagrange's formula]] for del)
#  &lt;math&gt;\Delta (f g) = f \Delta g + 2 \nabla f \cdot \nabla g + g \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
|}

==Original Wikipedia Table==
{{hidden begin|title= hidden because it uses the Wikiversity-dysfunctional collapsable template}}
* from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Del_in_cylindrical_and_spherical_coordinates&amp;oldid=612099218
* Please do not edit or modify this table without very good reason
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot;
|+ Table with the [[del]] operator in cylindrical, spherical and parabolic cylindrical coordinates
&lt;!-- Header --&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Operation
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Cartesian coordinates]] (''x'', ''y'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Cylindrical coordinates]] (''ρ'', ''ϕ'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Spherical coordinates]] (''r'', ''θ'', ''ϕ'')
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Parabolic cylindrical coordinates]] (''σ'', ''τ'', ''z'')

&lt;!-- Definition of coordinates --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;coordinates
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \\
\phi &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \\
z    &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \rho\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= \rho\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= r\sin\theta\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= r\sin\theta\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
y &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arccos(z/r)\\
\phi   &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{\rho^2 + z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arctan{(\rho/z)}\\
\phi   &amp;= \phi \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= r\sin\theta \\
\phi &amp;= \phi\\
z    &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho\cos\phi &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
\rho\sin\phi &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of unit vectors --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;unit&lt;br&gt;vectors
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \frac{  x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} + \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \sin\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}-\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}+\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \cos\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol r} - \sin\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} &amp;= \frac{\tau \hat{\mathbf x} - \sigma \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   &amp;= \frac{\sigma \hat{\mathbf x} + \tau \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}         &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y} + z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{x z \hat{\mathbf x} + y z \hat{\mathbf y} - \left(x^2 + y^2\right) \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{\rho \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} +    z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{   z \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \rho \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \sin\theta \hat{\mathbf r} + \cos\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \cos\theta \hat{\mathbf r} - \sin\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | A [[vector field]] &lt;math&gt;\mathbf A&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_x      \hat{\mathbf x}         + A_y      \hat{\mathbf y}         + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\rho   \hat{\boldsymbol\rho}   + A_\phi   \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_r      \hat{\boldsymbol r}     + A_\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} + A_\phi \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\sigma \hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} + A_\tau   \hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   + A_\phi \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- grad f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Gradient]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial x}\hat{\mathbf x} + {\partial f \over \partial y}\hat{\mathbf y}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial \rho}\hat{\boldsymbol \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial r}\hat{\boldsymbol r}
+ {1 \over r}{\partial f \over \partial \theta}\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \sigma}\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \tau}\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- div A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Divergence]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial A_x \over \partial x} + {\partial A_y \over \partial y} + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \left( \rho A_\rho  \right) \over \partial \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}
+ {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \left( r^2 A_r \right) \over \partial r}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta} \left(  A_\theta\sin\theta \right)
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}\left({\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\sigma) \over \partial \sigma} + {\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\tau) \over \partial \tau}\right) + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- curl A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Curl (mathematics)|Curl]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \rho} \\
+ \left(
    \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial z}
  - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \rho}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi} \\
+ \frac{1}{\rho} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\rho A_\phi\right)}{\partial \rho}
  - \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \frac{1}{r\sin\theta} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \left(A_\phi\sin\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{1}{\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\phi \right)
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}  \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial A_\tau}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} \\
- \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \sigma}
  - \frac{\partial A_\sigma}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} \\
+ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\sigma \right)}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\tau \right)}{\partial \sigma}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Laplacian f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Laplace operator]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta f \equiv \nabla^2 f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial^2 f \over \partial x^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial y^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \over \partial \rho}\left(\rho {\partial f \over \partial \rho}\right)
+ {1 \over \rho^2}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}
+ {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \over \partial r}\!\left(r^2 {\partial f \over \partial r}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta}\!\left(\sin\theta {\partial f \over \partial \theta}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin^2\theta}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}
\left(  \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \sigma^{2}} +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \tau^{2}} \right) +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial z^{2}}
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- vector Laplacian A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Vector Laplacian]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Delta A_x \hat{\mathbf x} + \Delta A_y \hat{\mathbf y} + \Delta A_z \hat{\mathbf z} &lt;/math&gt;
| {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\rho - \frac{A_\rho}{\rho^2} - \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{\rho^2} + \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \Delta A_z &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\Delta A_r - \frac{2 A_r}{r^2}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial \left(A_\theta \sin\theta\right)}{\partial\theta}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta}{\frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\theta - \frac{A_\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  - \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- Material derivative (A dot del)B --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Material derivative]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathworld&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvectiveOperator.html|title=Convective Operator |author=Weisstein, Eric W. |date= |work=Mathworld |publisher= |accessdate=23 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla) \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;!--         Cartesian --&gt;
| {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{x}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{y}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{z}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}
&lt;!--         Cylindrical \frac{\partial B_}{\partial } --&gt;
| {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial z}-\frac{A_\phi B_\phi}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \rho} + \frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi} + A_z\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial z} + \frac{A_\phi B_\rho}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}\\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}
&lt;!--         Sp --&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{A_\theta B_\theta + A_\phi B_\phi}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\theta B_r}{r} - \frac{A_\phi B_\phi\cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_r}{r}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_\theta \cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- Differentials displacement --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential displacement
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dx \, \hat{\mathbf x} + dy \, \hat{\mathbf y} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = d\rho \, \hat{\boldsymbol \rho} + \rho \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dr \, \hat{\mathbf r} + r \, d\theta \, \hat{\boldsymbol \theta} + r \, \sin\theta \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \,  d\sigma \, \hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \, d\tau \, \hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials normal area --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential normal area &lt;math&gt;d \mathbf S&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  dy \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} \\
+ dx \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} \\
+ dx \, dy &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \rho \, d\phi \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+         d\rho \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \rho \, d\rho \, d\phi &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  r^2 \sin\theta \, d\theta \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\mathbf r} \\
+ r   \sin\theta \, dr      \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ r              \, dr      \, d\theta &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\tau   \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} \\
+ \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\sigma \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\tau} \\
+ \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) \, d\sigma \, d\tau &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials volume --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential volume &lt;math&gt;dV&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;dx \, dy \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rho \, d\rho \, d\phi \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;r^2 \sin\theta \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) d\sigma \, d\tau \, dz&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- nabla's on nabla's --&gt;
|-
| colspan=5 | &lt;strong&gt;Non-trivial calculation rules:&lt;/strong&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \cdot  \nabla f = \nabla^2 f \equiv \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \times \nabla f = \mathbf 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \cdot  (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = \nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt; ([[Triple_product#Vector_triple_product|Lagrange's formula]] for del)
#  &lt;math&gt;\Delta (f g) = f \Delta g + 2 \nabla f \cdot \nabla g + g \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
|}
{{hidden end}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="33629" sha1="fdsrntgaiojzsu0gserxrj4ub3506zq" xml:space="preserve">==Table from Wikipedia==
* from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Del_in_cylindrical_and_spherical_coordinates&amp;oldid=612099218
* This is the backup copy.  PLEASE DO NOT EDIT (Instead copy and paste onto another page)
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot;
|+ Table with the [[del]] operator in cylindrical, spherical and parabolic cylindrical coordinates
&lt;!-- Header --&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | Operation
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Cartesian coordinates]] (''x'', ''y'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Cylindrical coordinates]] (''ρ'', ''ϕ'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Spherical coordinates]] (''r'', ''θ'', ''ϕ'')
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Parabolic cylindrical coordinates]] (''σ'', ''τ'', ''z'')

&lt;!-- Definition of coordinates --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;coordinates
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \\
\phi &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \\
z    &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \rho\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= \rho\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= r\sin\theta\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= r\sin\theta\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
y &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arccos(z/r)\\
\phi   &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{\rho^2 + z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arctan{(\rho/z)}\\
\phi   &amp;= \phi \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= r\sin\theta \\
\phi &amp;= \phi\\
z    &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho\cos\phi &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
\rho\sin\phi &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of unit vectors --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;unit&lt;br&gt;vectors
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \frac{  x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} + \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \sin\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}-\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}+\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \cos\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol r} - \sin\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} &amp;= \frac{\tau \hat{\mathbf x} - \sigma \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   &amp;= \frac{\sigma \hat{\mathbf x} + \tau \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}         &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y} + z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{x z \hat{\mathbf x} + y z \hat{\mathbf y} - \left(x^2 + y^2\right) \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{\rho \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} +    z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{   z \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \rho \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \sin\theta \hat{\mathbf r} + \cos\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \cos\theta \hat{\mathbf r} - \sin\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | A [[vector field]] &lt;math&gt;\mathbf A&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_x      \hat{\mathbf x}         + A_y      \hat{\mathbf y}         + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\rho   \hat{\boldsymbol\rho}   + A_\phi   \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_r      \hat{\boldsymbol r}     + A_\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} + A_\phi \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\sigma \hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} + A_\tau   \hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   + A_\phi \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- grad f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Gradient]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial x}\hat{\mathbf x} + {\partial f \over \partial y}\hat{\mathbf y}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial \rho}\hat{\boldsymbol \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial r}\hat{\boldsymbol r}
+ {1 \over r}{\partial f \over \partial \theta}\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \sigma}\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \tau}\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- div A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Divergence]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial A_x \over \partial x} + {\partial A_y \over \partial y} + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \left( \rho A_\rho  \right) \over \partial \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}
+ {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \left( r^2 A_r \right) \over \partial r}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta} \left(  A_\theta\sin\theta \right)
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}\left({\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\sigma) \over \partial \sigma} + {\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\tau) \over \partial \tau}\right) + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- curl A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Curl (mathematics)|Curl]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \rho} \\
+ \left(
    \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial z}
  - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \rho}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi} \\
+ \frac{1}{\rho} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\rho A_\phi\right)}{\partial \rho}
  - \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \frac{1}{r\sin\theta} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \left(A_\phi\sin\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{1}{\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\phi \right)
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}  \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial A_\tau}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} \\
- \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \sigma}
  - \frac{\partial A_\sigma}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} \\
+ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\sigma \right)}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\tau \right)}{\partial \sigma}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Laplacian f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Laplace operator]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta f \equiv \nabla^2 f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial^2 f \over \partial x^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial y^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \over \partial \rho}\left(\rho {\partial f \over \partial \rho}\right)
+ {1 \over \rho^2}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}
+ {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \over \partial r}\!\left(r^2 {\partial f \over \partial r}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta}\!\left(\sin\theta {\partial f \over \partial \theta}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin^2\theta}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}
\left(  \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \sigma^{2}} +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \tau^{2}} \right) +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial z^{2}}
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- vector Laplacian A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Vector Laplacian]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Delta A_x \hat{\mathbf x} + \Delta A_y \hat{\mathbf y} + \Delta A_z \hat{\mathbf z} &lt;/math&gt;
| {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\rho - \frac{A_\rho}{\rho^2} - \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{\rho^2} + \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \Delta A_z &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\Delta A_r - \frac{2 A_r}{r^2}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial \left(A_\theta \sin\theta\right)}{\partial\theta}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta}{\frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\theta - \frac{A_\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  - \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}

&lt;!-- Material derivative (A dot del)B --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | [[Material derivative]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathworld&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvectiveOperator.html|title=Convective Operator |author=Weisstein, Eric W. |date= |work=Mathworld |publisher= |accessdate=23 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla) \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;!--         Cartesian --&gt;
| {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{x}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{y}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{z}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}
&lt;!--         Cylindrical \frac{\partial B_}{\partial } --&gt;
| {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial z}-\frac{A_\phi B_\phi}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \rho} + \frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi} + A_z\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial z} + \frac{A_\phi B_\rho}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}\\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}
&lt;!--         Sp --&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{hidden begin|title = click to view or hide}}
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{A_\theta B_\theta + A_\phi B_\phi}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\theta B_r}{r} - \frac{A_\phi B_\phi\cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_r}{r}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_\theta \cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
{{hidden end}}

&lt;!-- Differentials displacement --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | Differential displacement
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dx \, \hat{\mathbf x} + dy \, \hat{\mathbf y} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = d\rho \, \hat{\boldsymbol \rho} + \rho \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dr \, \hat{\mathbf r} + r \, d\theta \, \hat{\boldsymbol \theta} + r \, \sin\theta \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \,  d\sigma \, \hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \, d\tau \, \hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials normal area --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | Differential normal area &lt;math&gt;d \mathbf S&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  dy \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} \\
+ dx \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} \\
+ dx \, dy &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \rho \, d\phi \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+         d\rho \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \rho \, d\rho \, d\phi &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  r^2 \sin\theta \, d\theta \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\mathbf r} \\
+ r   \sin\theta \, dr      \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ r              \, dr      \, d\theta &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\tau   \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} \\
+ \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\sigma \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\tau} \\
+ \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) \, d\sigma \, d\tau &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials volume --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential volume &lt;math&gt;dV&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;dx \, dy \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rho \, d\rho \, d\phi \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;r^2 \sin\theta \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) d\sigma \, d\tau \, dz&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- nabla's on nabla's --&gt;
|-
| colspan=5 | &lt;strong&gt;Non-trivial calculation rules:&lt;/strong&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \cdot  \nabla f = \nabla^2 f \equiv \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \times \nabla f = \mathbf 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \cdot  (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = \nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt; ([[Triple_product#Vector_triple_product|Lagrange's formula]] for del)
#  &lt;math&gt;\Delta (f g) = f \Delta g + 2 \nabla f \cdot \nabla g + g \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
|}

==Original Wikipedia Table==
{{hidden begin|title= hidden because it uses the Wikiversity-dysfunctional collapsable template}}
* from https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Del_in_cylindrical_and_spherical_coordinates&amp;oldid=612099218
* Please do not edit or modify this table without very good reason
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot;
|+ Table with the [[del]] operator in cylindrical, spherical and parabolic cylindrical coordinates
&lt;!-- Header --&gt;
|-
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Operation
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Cartesian coordinates]] (''x'', ''y'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Cylindrical coordinates]] (''ρ'', ''ϕ'', ''z'')
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Spherical coordinates]] (''r'', ''θ'', ''ϕ'')
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Parabolic cylindrical coordinates]] (''σ'', ''τ'', ''z'')

&lt;!-- Definition of coordinates --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;coordinates
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2} \\
\phi &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \\
z    &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \rho\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= \rho\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= r\sin\theta\cos\phi \\
y &amp;= r\sin\theta\sin\phi \\
z &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
x &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
y &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arccos(z/r)\\
\phi   &amp;= \arctan(y/x) \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
r      &amp;= \sqrt{\rho^2 + z^2} \\
\theta &amp;= \arctan{(\rho/z)}\\
\phi   &amp;= \phi \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho &amp;= r\sin\theta \\
\phi &amp;= \phi\\
z    &amp;= r\cos\theta \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\rho\cos\phi &amp;= \sigma \tau\\
\rho\sin\phi &amp;= \tfrac{1}{2} \left( \tau^{2} - \sigma^{2} \right) \\
z &amp;= z \end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of unit vectors --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Definition&lt;br&gt;of&lt;br&gt;unit&lt;br&gt;vectors
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \frac{  x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} + \cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf x} &amp;= \sin\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}-\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf y} &amp;= \sin\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol r} + \cos\theta\sin\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\theta}+\cos\phi\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z} &amp;= \cos\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol r} - \sin\theta        \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} &amp;= \frac{\tau \hat{\mathbf x} - \sigma \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   &amp;= \frac{\sigma \hat{\mathbf x} + \tau \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{\tau^2+\sigma^2}} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}         &amp;= \hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{x \hat{\mathbf x} + y \hat{\mathbf y} + z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{x z \hat{\mathbf x} + y z \hat{\mathbf y} - \left(x^2 + y^2\right) \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2} \sqrt{x^2+y^2+z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \frac{- y \hat{\mathbf x} + x \hat{\mathbf y}}{\sqrt{x^2+y^2}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\mathbf r}         &amp;= \frac{\rho \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} +    z \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} &amp;= \frac{   z \hat{\boldsymbol\rho} - \rho \hat{\mathbf z}}{\sqrt{\rho^2 +z^2}} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} &amp;= \sin\theta \hat{\mathbf r} + \cos\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} &amp;= \hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
\hat{\mathbf z}       &amp;= \cos\theta \hat{\mathbf r} - \sin\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{matrix}
\end{matrix}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Definition of A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white; {{Text default color}}&quot; | A [[vector field]] &lt;math&gt;\mathbf A&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_x      \hat{\mathbf x}         + A_y      \hat{\mathbf y}         + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\rho   \hat{\boldsymbol\rho}   + A_\phi   \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}   + A_z    \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_r      \hat{\boldsymbol r}     + A_\theta \hat{\boldsymbol\theta} + A_\phi \hat{\boldsymbol\phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;A_\sigma \hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} + A_\tau   \hat{\boldsymbol\tau}   + A_\phi \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- grad f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Gradient]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial x}\hat{\mathbf x} + {\partial f \over \partial y}\hat{\mathbf y}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial \rho}\hat{\boldsymbol \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
+ {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial f \over \partial r}\hat{\boldsymbol r}
+ {1 \over r}{\partial f \over \partial \theta}\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial f \over \partial \phi}\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \sigma}\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}} {\partial f \over \partial \tau}\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + {\partial f \over \partial z}\hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- div A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Divergence]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial A_x \over \partial x} + {\partial A_y \over \partial y} + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \left( \rho A_\rho  \right) \over \partial \rho}
+ {1 \over \rho}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}
+ {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \left( r^2 A_r \right) \over \partial r}
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta} \left(  A_\theta\sin\theta \right)
+ {1 \over r\sin\theta}{\partial A_\phi \over \partial \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}\left({\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\sigma) \over \partial \sigma} + {\partial (\sqrt{\sigma^2+\tau^2} A_\tau) \over \partial \tau}\right) + {\partial A_z \over \partial z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- curl A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Curl (mathematics)|Curl]] &lt;math&gt;\nabla \times \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\frac{\partial A_z}{\partial y} - \frac{\partial A_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_x}{\partial z} - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial x}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} + \\
+ \left(\frac{\partial A_y}{\partial x} - \frac{\partial A_x}{\partial y}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\rho} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \rho} \\
+ \left(
    \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial z}
  - \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \rho}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi} \\
+ \frac{1}{\rho} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\rho A_\phi\right)}{\partial \rho}
  - \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \frac{1}{r\sin\theta} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial \theta} \left(A_\phi\sin\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{1}{\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\phi \right)
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \theta}  \\
+ \frac{1}{r} \left(
    \frac{\partial}{\partial r} \left( r A_\theta \right)
  - \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial A_\tau}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} \\
- \left(
    \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \frac{\partial A_z}{\partial \sigma}
  - \frac{\partial A_\sigma}{\partial z}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol \tau} \\
+ \frac{1}{\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}} \left(
    \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\sigma \right)}{\partial \tau}
  - \frac{\partial \left(\sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} A_\tau \right)}{\partial \sigma}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Laplacian f --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Laplace operator]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta f \equiv \nabla^2 f&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{\partial^2 f \over \partial x^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial y^2} + {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over \rho}{\partial \over \partial \rho}\left(\rho {\partial f \over \partial \rho}\right)
+ {1 \over \rho^2}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}
+ {\partial^2 f \over \partial z^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;{1 \over r^2}{\partial \over \partial r}\!\left(r^2 {\partial f \over \partial r}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin\theta}{\partial \over \partial \theta}\!\left(\sin\theta {\partial f \over \partial \theta}\right)
\!+\!{1 \over r^2\!\sin^2\theta}{\partial^2 f \over \partial \phi^2}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt; \frac{1}{\sigma^{2} + \tau^{2}}
\left(  \frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \sigma^{2}} +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial \tau^{2}} \right) +
\frac{\partial^{2} f}{\partial z^{2}}
&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- vector Laplacian A --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Vector Laplacian]] &lt;math&gt;\Delta \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\Delta A_x \hat{\mathbf x} + \Delta A_y \hat{\mathbf y} + \Delta A_z \hat{\mathbf z} &lt;/math&gt;
| {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\rho - \frac{A_\rho}{\rho^2} - \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \mathopen{}\left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{\rho^2} + \frac{2}{\rho^2} \frac{\partial A_\rho}{\partial \phi}\right)\mathclose{} &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \Delta A_z &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(\Delta A_r - \frac{2 A_r}{r^2}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial \left(A_\theta \sin\theta\right)}{\partial\theta}
  - \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta}{\frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\theta - \frac{A_\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \theta}
  - \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\phi}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(\Delta A_\phi - \frac{A_\phi}{r^2\sin^2\theta}
  + \frac{2}{r^2\sin\theta} \frac{\partial A_r}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{2 \cos\theta}{r^2\sin^2\theta} \frac{\partial A_\theta}{\partial \phi}\right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- Material derivative (A dot del)B --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | [[Material derivative]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Mathworld&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mathworld.wolfram.com/ConvectiveOperator.html|title=Convective Operator |author=Weisstein, Eric W. |date= |work=Mathworld |publisher= |accessdate=23 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;math&gt;(\mathbf{A} \cdot \nabla) \mathbf{B}&lt;/math&gt;
&lt;!--         Cartesian --&gt;
| {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_x}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{x}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_y}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{y}} \\
+ \left(A_x \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial x} + A_y \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial y} + A_z \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right) &amp;\hat{\mathbf{z}}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}
&lt;!--         Cylindrical \frac{\partial B_}{\partial } --&gt;
| {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_\rho}{\partial z}-\frac{A_\phi B_\phi}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \rho} + \frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi} + A_z\frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial z} + \frac{A_\phi B_\rho}{\rho}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}\\
+ \left(A_\rho \frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \rho}+\frac{A_\phi}{\rho}\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial \phi}+A_z\frac{\partial B_z}{\partial z}\right)
  &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}
&lt;!--         Sp --&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; | {{Collapsible section |content =
&lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_r}{\partial \phi}
  - \frac{A_\theta B_\theta + A_\phi B_\phi}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol r} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\theta}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\theta B_r}{r} - \frac{A_\phi B_\phi\cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ \left(
    A_r \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial r}
  + \frac{A_\theta}{r} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \theta}
  + \frac{A_\phi}{r\sin\theta} \frac{\partial B_\phi}{\partial \phi}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_r}{r}
  + \frac{A_\phi B_\theta \cot\theta}{r}
  \right) &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
}}

&lt;!-- Differentials displacement --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential displacement
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dx \, \hat{\mathbf x} + dy \, \hat{\mathbf y} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = d\rho \, \hat{\boldsymbol \rho} + \rho \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = dr \, \hat{\mathbf r} + r \, d\theta \, \hat{\boldsymbol \theta} + r \, \sin\theta \, d\phi \, \hat{\boldsymbol \phi}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;d\mathbf{l} = \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \,  d\sigma \, \hat{\boldsymbol \sigma} + \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2} \, d\tau \, \hat{\boldsymbol \tau} + dz \, \hat{\mathbf z}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials normal area --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential normal area &lt;math&gt;d \mathbf S&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  dy \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf x} \\
+ dx \, dz &amp;\hat{\mathbf y} \\
+ dx \, dy &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \rho \, d\phi \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\rho} \\
+         d\rho \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi} \\
+ \rho \, d\rho \, d\phi &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  r^2 \sin\theta \, d\theta \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\mathbf r} \\
+ r   \sin\theta \, dr      \, d\phi   &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\theta} \\
+ r              \, dr      \, d\theta &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\phi}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\begin{align}
  \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\tau   \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\sigma} \\
+ \sqrt{\sigma^2 + \tau^2}       \, d\sigma \, dz    &amp;\hat{\boldsymbol\tau} \\
+ \left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) \, d\sigma \, d\tau &amp;\hat{\mathbf z}
\end{align}&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- Differentials volume --&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! style=&quot;background: white&quot; | Differential volume &lt;math&gt;dV&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;dx \, dy \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\rho \, d\rho \, d\phi \, dz&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;r^2 \sin\theta \, dr \, d\theta \, d\phi&lt;/math&gt;
| &lt;math&gt;\left(\sigma^2 + \tau^2\right) d\sigma \, d\tau \, dz&lt;/math&gt;

&lt;!-- nabla's on nabla's --&gt;
|-
| colspan=5 | &lt;strong&gt;Non-trivial calculation rules:&lt;/strong&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \cdot  \nabla f = \nabla^2 f \equiv \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{grad} f          \equiv \nabla \times \nabla f = \mathbf 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{div}  \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \cdot  (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = 0&lt;/math&gt;
#  &lt;math&gt;\operatorname{curl} \, \operatorname{curl} \mathbf{A} \equiv \nabla \times (\nabla \times \mathbf{A}) = \nabla (\nabla \cdot \mathbf{A}) - \nabla^2 \mathbf{A}&lt;/math&gt; ([[Triple_product#Vector_triple_product|Lagrange's formula]] for del)
#  &lt;math&gt;\Delta (f g) = f \Delta g + 2 \nabla f \cdot \nabla g + g \Delta f&lt;/math&gt;
|}
{{hidden end}}

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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'''Network+''' is a [[Wikipedia:CompTIA|CompTIA]] computer networking certification that includes computer network concepts, installation and configuration, media and topologies, management, and security.

This [[wv:LR|resource]] features a combination of Wikipedia readings, YouTube videos, and hands-on learning activities as a [[:Category:Study guides|study guide]] to prepare for [[Wikipedia:CompTIA|CompTIA]] Network+ Certification.
{{noprint | 
This entire Wikiversity course can be downloaded as a PDF by selecting Download Learning Guide in the sidebar (which will preserve [[:w:hyperlinks|hyperlinks]].)}}

== Preparation ==
Learners would be best served by first approaching [[Computer Support|computer support]] concepts.

==Objectives==
See [[Network+/Objectives|list of all objectives]]. For each domain:
{{stages}}
# [[Network+/Objectives/Networking Concepts|Networking Concepts]] {{stage|50%}}
# [[Network+/Objectives/Network Implementation|Network Implementation]] {{stage|50%}}
# [[Network+/Objectives/Network Operations|Network Operations]] {{stage|25%}}
# [[Network+/Objectives/Network Security|Network Security]] {{stage|50%}}
# [[Network+/Objectives/Network Troubleshooting|Network Troubleshooting]] {{stage|25%}}

Also see [[Network+/Acronyms|list of acronyms]] {{stage|25%}} and [[Network+/Technologies|technologies]] {{stage|25%}}.

==Test Details==
Exam description:
&lt;blockquote&gt;The CompTIA Network+ certification verifies that the successful candidate has the knowledge and skills required to:
* Establish network connectivity by deploying wired and wireless devices.
* Understand and maintain network documentation.
* Understand the purpose of network services.
* Understand basic datacenter, cloud and virtual networking concepts.
* Monitor network activity, identifying performance and availability issues.
* Implement network hardening techniques.
* Manage, configure, and troubleshoot network infrastructure.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Number of questions: Maximum of 90

Length of test: 90 minutes

Passing score: 720 (on 100-900 scale)

Recommended experience:
&lt;blockquote&gt;CompTIA A+ certification and a minimum of 9-12 months of hands-on experience working in a junior network administrator/network support technician job role.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

Exam code: N10-009

Languages: English, Japanese, German, Spanish, (Portuguese to follow)

==Guides==
These are compiled resources to help familiarize learners with Network+ concepts. Feel free to add relevant material (with caution for copy violations - Wikipedia may be freely copied with attribution).

* [[/Further reading|Further reading]]
* [[/Activities|Activities]]

===Old guides===
These were made for a previous version of the exam, and may contain outdated material. 

* [[/Old guides/Routing|Routing]]
* [[/Old guides/Ethernet|Ethernet]]
* [[/Old guides/Network media|Network media]]
* [[/Old guides/OSI Model|OSI Model]]
* [[/Old guides/IP Model|IP Model]]

== External Links ==
* [https://www.cybrary.it/course/comptia-network-plus/ Cybrary: CompTIA N10-009 Network+ Course]
* [https://www.professormesser.com/network-plus/n10-009/n10-009-video/n10-009-training-course/ Professor Messer’s CompTIA N10-009 Network+ Training Course]

== References ==
* [https://partners.comptia.org/docs/default-source/resources/comptia-network-n10-009-exam-objectives-(4-0) CompTIA: Network+ Certification Exam Objectives - Exam N10-009]
&lt;noinclude&gt;===Further reading===
* {{cite book|title=CompTIA Network+ Study Guide: Exam N10-009 |edition=6 |isbn= 1394235607 |author1=Todd Lammle |author2=Jon Buhagiar |date=May 7, 2024 |publisher=Sybex}}

* {{cite book |title=CompTIA Network+ N10-009 Exam Cram  |edition=8 |isbn=0135340837 |date= September 9, 2024 |publisher=Pearson IT Certification |author=Emmett Dulaney}}

== See Also ==
* [[Computer Skills]]
* [[IC3|Internet and Computing Core Certification (IC&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;)]]
* [[Exam 98-366: Networking Fundamentals]]
* [[Computer Networks]]
* [[Internet Protocol Analysis]]
* [[Network Administration]]
===CompTIA===
{{Wikibooks|Network Plus Certification}}
* [[IT Fundamentals]]
* [[A+ Certification]]
* [[Security+ Certification]]

{{Hide|{{Information technology|theme=14}}}}
[[Category:Computer Networks| ]]
{{Hide|{{Tertiary|theme=14}}}}
[[Category:Certifications]]
{{BookCat}}
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__TOC__

==Overview==
[[File:Schadenfreude.png|thumb|170px|''Figure 1''. An artificially generated image of facial expression consistent with schadenfreude: brief lip press → side-smirk → narrowed eyes]]

Schadenfreude is a complex emotion that we feel when others suffer a misfortune (see Figure 1). However, instead of feelings of sympathy, schadenfreude evokes feelings of joy and pleasure. Schadenfreude has been considered immoral and malicious, and is closely linked to envy, one of the seven biblical sins (Takahashi, et al., 2009). For these reasons, many have argued that schadenfreude is harmful to social relations (Heider, 1958). Other research has attempted to combat that idea, as they argue that schadenfreude is a healthy emotion, despite the fact that it is not always appropriate or polite to share it with others (Spurgin, 2015).

Understanding what schadenfreude is, where it comes form in terms of psychological theories, and why we encounter feelings of schadenfreude, will help to understand and improve on our emotional lives.

== Schadenfreude ==

=== What is schadenfreude? ===
Schadenfreude is a German word which translates to the pleasure which is derived from the misfortune of others (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, &amp; Doosje, 2003). Heider (1958) discussed how schadenfreude is a malicious emotion as it is an incongruous reaction to anothers'{{grammar}} misfortune. Heider (1958) is saying that instead of being sympathetic when another person is suffering, which could be considered the socially acceptable response, feelings of pleasure are seen as taboo and immoral (Leach, 2003). This feeling is typically seen as shameful or as a moral failing (Spurgin, 2015). Many people hide their feelings of schadenfreude, and many may not even realise that they are feeling pleasure at others{{grammar}} misfortune. This can stem from things such as gloating or joy at your basketball team winning a game. Both have emotions of schadenfreude behind them.

Schadenfreude has its roots in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]]. This theory, largely influenced by Festinger (1954), states that we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing our views with others, and that we want people in similar groups to like us, so will change our wants and beliefs to match theirs (Myers, 2014). Myers (2014) also describes social comparison as evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others. As schadenfreude is a social comparison, where you are comparing yourself against the misfortune of someone else, you are forming an opinion or judging your own abilities on the others{{grammar}} misfortune.

Schadenfreude is a complex cognitive emotion that has many different reasons as to why we feel it (Reeve, 2015). Schadenfreude can be derived from feelings of envy, instability in ones'{{grammar}} self-worth, personal gain, when it is believed that the misfortune is deserved, along with biological factors.

== External Activities ==

=== Video ===
To see an example of Pleasure derived from others misfortune follow this link to YouTube

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcRyTdFKjPU 14 awesome viral video fails in 30 seconds]

=== Poll ===
After watching this video please complete this short poll to see how others feel when it comes to Schadenfreude

[http://www.easypolls.net/poll.html?p=562c7466e4b09c75340b5249 Link to poll]

Why do some people find videos like this funny? They could be experiencing feelings of schadenfreude, as they are getting pleasure from the suffering of others. But why do we feel this way?

== Why do we feel pleasure in the suffering of others?  ==

=== The role of self-evaluation ===
When a person’s positive self-evaluation is threatened or harmed, they may have a strong motivation to protect or restore their self-evaluation (Van Dijk, 2013). One possible course of action to achieving this positive self-view can involve comparing one’s own situation to that of another person (Van Dijk, 2013). As a result, comparing another person’s misfortune may provide a sense of self worth or value to ones{{grammar}} own life. This means that people can use social comparisons and enjoy the misfortune of others as it provides a more positive self-evaluation.

[[File:Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala - Regreso al convento.jpg |thumb|250px|''Figure 2''. Monks taking pleasure in the misfortune of another monk, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala]]
Research conducted by van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Wesseling, &amp; van Koninbruggen (2011) supports the idea that schadenfreude can be intensified by a threat to our self evaluation. They hypothesise that another reason for people to feel schadenfreude is because it satisfies their need to view themselves positively (van Dijk, 2011) (see Figure 2). This is argued in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]] which suggests that events and experiences that satisfy our concerns elicit positive emotions, whereas threat or harm will produce negative emotions (van Dijk, 2011). A way that people can make themselves feel better, according to [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]], is to compare themselves to those who are less fortunate, also called 'downward social comparison' (van Dijk, 2011). Therefore, it is possible to argue that those who are suffering from self evaluation threat (and experiencing negative emotions), will use downward social comparison to help elicit positive emotions (Wills, 1981). The aim of Van Dijk's and his colleagues' (2011) research was to demonstrate that self-evaluation threat intensified schadenfreude in both threat-related and threat-unrelated domains. They were able to find that a threat to self-evaluation caused higher feelings of schadenfreude, and this was also possible to provoke in a threat-unrelated domain. This shows that self-evaluation can play a role towards feelings of schadenfreude.

=== Envy ===
[[File:Children marbles.jpg|thumb|225px|Figure 3. ''Envy shown in children with marbles'']]

Envy (see Figure 3) has contradicting results when it came to schadenfreude. Many argued that there was a link between schadenfreude and envy, while others argued against this. van Dijk et al. (2006) investigated these contradictory results, and found that there is a link between schadenfreude and envy, but only when the misfortune fell upon someone who had some basis of similarity (e.g., gender). There{{grammar}} results found that if participants learnt about a misfortune of the opposite gender, schadenfreude would not be experienced (van Dijk, et al., 2006). However, when the same gender was identified as suffering misfortune, schadenfreude was identified.

Smith, Powell, Combs, and Schurtz (2009) also show the correlation between envy and schadenfreude. They claim that envy is the polar opposite of a downward social comparison (Heider, 1958), however, when a misfortune occurs to someone who is envied, it transformed the comparison to a downwards one (Smith, et al., 2009). Conflicting reports on whether schadenfreude and envy are linked have been found, yet Smith et al., (2009), were able to replicate results where students who were enviable of another student felt greater schadenfreude when the person they envied suffered a misfortune, compared with those who were not in the envy group in the experiment. This provides empirical evidence that envy can lead to increased feelings of schadenfreude (Smith, et al., 2009). Smith et al., (2009) continue to remark that superiority to others does not always lead to envy, but when it does, this greatly increases the likelihood of schadenfreude.

=== In-Group Inferiority ===
An in-group refers to when an individual will recognise themselves as part of a group when they identify with them on some sort of level. For example, when someone identifies with a sporting group e.g. a football team, they begin to become part of the in-group. Another example is when people associate themselves with their university, an in-group forms.

In-group inferiority refers to how people can feel pleasure at the misfortune of others in an in-group situation. For example, when a football team wins, that group will feel a sense of joy at the misfortune of the other team. Smith et al. (2009) suggests that when people identify with a group, the group becomes part of the individual, and the individual becomes part of the group.

Leach et al. (2003) argue that schadenfreude is only evident when a third party or situation is the one that causes the misfortune, meaning that schadenfreude cannot occur if the pleasure is experienced when you are the cause of another persons misfortune. They suggest that schadenfreude should increase when an outer-group suffer misfortune in an area of high interest to the in-group members. They also delve into the idea that in-group inferiority will increase feelings of schadenfreude (Leach, et al., 2003; Leach and Spears, 2009). Leach et al. (2003) were successful in showing that when an individual felt more passionately about what formed the group (e.g. football) higher levels of schadenfreude were evoked when a third party suffered misfortune (e.g. lost a football match), and those who were less passionate, yet still were associated with the in-group had lesser feelings of schadenfreude. They were also able to demonstrate that schadenfreude was increased when feelings of in-group inferiority were experienced, however, this only affected those with lower interests (Leach, et al., 2003). Leach et al. (2003) also express that the threat to in-group inferiority and the increase in schadenfreude to those with higher interests was not seen, as those who had higher interests were already experiencing higher levels of schadenfreude.

=== Personal Gain (Competition) ===
Smith, et al. (2009) argue that the emotion of schadenfreude can be a result of a personal gain. They liken this to competition, where when you, or your team wins, you feel pleasure and this is ultimately in the suffering of the other team (Smith, et al., 2009). This idea of competition is seen in other aspects of life, and more often in day to day situations. It is arguably under-appreciated as to how often schadenfreude appears in a competitive everyday situation (Smith, et al., 2009). For example, if you are up for a new job, there is most likely going to be more than one person up for the position, and if you are successful in the process, you will most likely feel joy. This feeling of schadenfreude is one that is less ugly compared to other feelings derived from other places such as envy. A competitive nature is somewhat highly regarded (as seen with our tendency to highlight sports, and sports people), and seen to be quite natural (Smith, et al., 2009).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this idea of personal gain is also evident in politics. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, and Smith (2009), conducted an experiment in the United States where they assessed whether schadenfreude was felt with political associations. They tested this by primarily assessing students{{grammar}} political identification, then by asking them to read an article which made out something embarrassing (or unfortunate) about the party leaders for both their party and the opposing party (Combs, et al., 2009). They found that schadenfreude was present when participants were shown articles about the opposing parties, and that the level of schadenfreude found depended on how affiliated one was with their{{grammar}} political party (Combs, et al., 2009).

This also ties in with the idea of in-group identification, as these examples of schadenfreude are mostly group based successes or failures. They still hold the idea that when your group wins, you feel pleasure - at the misfortune of others.

These findings emphasize the fact that schadenfreude is much more common than we would like to admit, is found in everyday life, and it is often regarded as natural and praised (Smith, et al., 2009).

=== Deserved Misfortune ===
Another justification for schadenfreude is the sense of deserved misfortune. When we feel that the misfortune that one has suffered is deserved, a feeling of pleasure is derived. It is argued that the feeling of deserved misfortune, which creates the feeling of schadenfreude, is a form of karmic retribution and gives us a sense of equilibrium (Lerner, &amp; Miller, 1978).

van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, &amp; Nieweg (2005) showed the first empirical evidence on deserved misfortune and its link to schadenfreude. They showed evidence of schadenfreude increasing when it was perceived that the misfortune was more deserved (van Dijk, et al., 2005). They used a manipulation of responsibility to obtain differences in deserved misfortune, which led to the evidence that schadenfreude and a feeling of deserved misfortune are linked (van Dijk et al., 2005).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this is also linked with hypocrisy. They explain that when we feel someone has been a hypocrite, we feel pleasure in the form of schadenfreude, at their misfortune. This is because we believe that the misfortune they are suffering is deserved. Smith, et al., (2009) yielded results in an experiment to examine the links between schadenfreude, deserved misfortune, and hypocrisy. They asked participants to read an article that presented an interview with a fellow student, where the student was either part of a campus organization about increasing academic integrity (high hypocrisy) or a student who was part of a French club (low hypocrisy) (Smith,et al., 2009). Participants were then shown a second article which said that the fellow student (in either case) was caught for plagiarism (Smith, et al., 2009). The results showed that those who were in the high hypocrisy group showed higher feelings of schadenfreude and that the student deserved the misfortune in comparison to those who were in the low hypocrisy group (Smith, et al. 2009). Smith, et al. (2009) also found similar outcomes when they changed the first article to be the same for all participants, and the manipulation came in the second article, where the other student was either caught in an immoral action that either matched the initial action that they were fighting against, or something completely unrelated. The results showed that when the immoral action matched that of the initial action higher levels of deserved misfortune and schadenfreude were felt. Unfortunately, this exact study was never published on its own, which questions whether there were problems with integrity in the research.

Pietraszkiewicz (2013) discusses how schadenfreude and deserved misfortune are correlated to a just world belief. It was found that a threat to ones{{grammar}} just world belief increased ones pleasure at anothers' misfortune. Pietraszkiewicz (2013) argues that when failure is deserved, the greater the responsibility of the failure is, therefore, more schadenfreude is felt.

=== Biological components  ===
==== The role of Oxytocin ====
Research that was conducted by Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) investigated the role of oxytocin in envy and gloating, which are both related to schadenfreude. Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) discuss how oxytocin (a peptide hormone) has been shown to have implications in the social behaviour of humans and mammals. Many of the research into oxytocin looks at maternal behaviours such as contraction regulation in labour,  as well as parental behaviours like trusting collaborators. They suggest that previous research has shown that oxytocin release is related to pro-social behaviours (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Seeing as pro-social behaviours are increased by oxytocin, your negative social behaviours, like envy and gloating, would logically be reduced. However, there has been an indication that this is not the case (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Sharmay-Tsoory et al. (2009) conducted an experiment which looked at the increase of oxytocin levels and its effect on these negatively perceived behaviours, such as schadenfreude. They concluded that gloating and envy, or schadenfreude, showed significantly higher rates of these emotions when oxytocin was given (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). This research has provided evidence that oxytocin increases varying behaviours which are related to social behaviour, which in many roles are associated with parenting.

==== Neural Correlates ====
[[File:MRI anterior cingulate.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 4. ''MRI of anterior cingulate cortex'' ]]

[[File:Dopamine Pathways.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 5. ''Position of the Ventral Striatum'']]

Envy and schadenfreude are related emotions. Takahashi, et al. (2009) looked at the areas of the brain that were active when feelings of envy and schadenfreude were evoked. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers looked for activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (seen in image 2.) when envy was felt, as the anterior cingulate cortex is the area that is activated when our positive self-concept is being conflicted with external information, social pain, or cognitive conflicts (Takahashi, et al., 2009). When investigating the emotion of schadenfreude they were looking for activation in the ventral striatum, which is the central node of the rewards processing area (Takahashi, et al., 2009). The reward would be the joy that is derived in schadenfreude. Takahashi, et al. (2009) found that both areas which were targeted in their respective trials activated when the respective emotion was emitted. They found that when people had higher levels of schadenfreude, greater activation was seen in the ventral striatum. This was also found to be the case when investigating envy. Greater levels of envy showed higher activation in the dACC (Takahashi, et al., 2009).

== Quiz ==

&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{What is Schadenfeude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Freud's son
+ Pleasure derived from others misfortune
- Pleasure derived from others fortune
- Pain derived from others misfortune

{What Peptide Hormione plays a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Oxycontin
- glucocorticoids
- Prolactin
+ Oxytocin

{Which of the following does NOT play a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Envy
- Self-worth
+ Anhedonia
- Deserved misfortune

{Which area of the brain is stimulated when you feel the emotion of schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
+ Ventral Striatum
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Subgenual Cingulate
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion ==
Schadenfreude is a complex emotion which can have many levels (van Dijk, 2011). It has many underlying concepts which relate to Social Comparison Theory, especially when evaluating the role of self-evaluation and schadenfreude.

It is more commonly seen as a morally disturbed emotion, especially when feelings of envy, self-evaluation, and in-group inferiority are causes. However, it is seen quite commonly in everyday life, especially when it comes to situations or individuals with a competitive nature.

There are many layers that underlie why schadenfreude occurs. Emotions such as envy, feelings of deservingness, personal gain, in-group inferiority and self-evaluation can all play a role in schadenfreude and why we feel this emotion, and there can be more than one reason as to why we experience schadenfreude. Other biological reasons, such as the role of oxytocin, and activity in the ventral striatum also play a role in feelings of schadenfreude.

Schadenfreude is difficult to elicit in a clinical setting in an ethical way, which may be why conflicting results have been obtained for much of the research. Limitations in assessing schadenfreude may include social biases, as schadenfreude is an emotion that is generally considered immoral. This can lead to participants under-reporting their feelings of schadenfreude when being asked about it. A possible solution to this would be to conduct the schadenfreude eliciting part of the experiment under fMRI, as activity in the ventral striatum has been linked to schadenfreude, and it may be another way to see if someone is experiencing schadenfreude, without self-reporting. This may become more costly and less time effective, which would be a reason to stay clear of this research technique, however, it does become an option.

Due to the many aspects and layers of schadenfreude, van Dijk et al., (2011) suggest that future research into which determinants effect schadenfreude under what circumstances will aid in further understanding why we feel pleasure in others misfortune. There may possibly be other reasons as to why we feel schadenfreude, greater research into the biological aspects of schadenfreude may also enhance our understanding of this emotion.

Through investigating schadenfreude and the reasons why we might feel this emotion can aid to enrich our understanding and improve on out emotional lives, as when an experience of schadenfreude is likely to occur or is experienced, taking a step back and evaluating why we are feeling this emotion may lead to a greater emotional understanding and awareness.

==See also==
[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Deservingness and emotion#Schadenfreude|Deservingness and Emotion]] - Motivation and Emotion 2013

[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Envy|Envy]] - Motivation and Emotion 2011

[[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] - Wikipedia

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., &amp; Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, Schadenfreude, and in-group identification: the sometimes happy thing about poor economy and death. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4)'', 635-646. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

Heider, F. (1958). ''The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations''. New York: Wiley

Leach, C. W., &amp; Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second- and third- party out-groups. ''Emotion, 9(5)'', 659-665. doi: 10.1037/a0016815

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., &amp; Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84(5),'' 932-943. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932

Lerner, M. J., &amp; Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution processes: looking back and ahead. ''Psychological Bulletin, 85(8),'' 1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Louis, W. (2014). Group Influence. In Myer, D. G. (Eds.), ''Social Psychology'' (287). North Ride, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill

Pietraszkiewicz. A. (2013). Schdenfeude and just world belief. ''Australian Journal of Psychology, 65'', 188-194. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12020

Reeve, J. (2015). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G,. Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., &amp; Levkovitz, Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). ''Biological Psychiatry, 66(8)'', 864-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., &amp; Schurtz. D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4)'', 530-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Spurgin, E. (2015). An emotional-freedom defense of schadenfreude. ''Ethical Theory and Modern Practice, 18'', 767-784. doi: 10.1007/s10677-014-9550-8

Van Dijk, W. W. (2013). Why do we sometimes enjoy the misfortune of others? ''The Inquisitive Mind'' Retrieved from: http://www.in-mind.org/blog/post/why-do-we-sometimes-enjoy-the-misfortune-of-others

van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, O. S., Nieweg, M., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. ''Emotion, 6(1)'', 156-160. doi: 10.1037/1528-.3542.6.1.156

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Goslinga, S., &amp; Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and Schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion, 19(6),'' 933-939. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000066

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Wesseling, Y. M., &amp; van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: the impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion'', 25(2), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.487365

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. ''Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),'' 245-271.
}}

==External links==
[http://www.livescience.com/17398-schadenfreude-affirmation.html Schadenfreude Explained: Why We Secretly Smile When Others Fail]

[http://www.wsj.com/articles/schadenfreude-is-in-the-zeitgeist-but-is-there-an-opposite-term-1434129186 Schadenfreude Is in the Zeitgeist, but Is There an Opposite Term?]

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==Overview==
[[File:Schadenfreude.png|thumb|170px|''Figure 1''. An artificially generated image of a human facial expression consistent with schadenfreude: lip press → side-smirk → narrowed eyes]]

Schadenfreude is a complex emotion that we feel when others suffer a misfortune (see Figure 1). However, instead of feelings of sympathy, schadenfreude evokes feelings of joy and pleasure. Schadenfreude has been considered immoral and malicious, and is closely linked to envy, one of the seven biblical sins (Takahashi, et al., 2009). For these reasons, many have argued that schadenfreude is harmful to social relations (Heider, 1958). Other research has attempted to combat that idea, as they argue that schadenfreude is a healthy emotion, despite the fact that it is not always appropriate or polite to share it with others (Spurgin, 2015).

Understanding what schadenfreude is, where it comes form in terms of psychological theories, and why we encounter feelings of schadenfreude, will help to understand and improve on our emotional lives.

== Schadenfreude ==

=== What is schadenfreude? ===
Schadenfreude is a German word which translates to the pleasure which is derived from the misfortune of others (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, &amp; Doosje, 2003). Heider (1958) discussed how schadenfreude is a malicious emotion as it is an incongruous reaction to anothers'{{grammar}} misfortune. Heider (1958) is saying that instead of being sympathetic when another person is suffering, which could be considered the socially acceptable response, feelings of pleasure are seen as taboo and immoral (Leach, 2003). This feeling is typically seen as shameful or as a moral failing (Spurgin, 2015). Many people hide their feelings of schadenfreude, and many may not even realise that they are feeling pleasure at others{{grammar}} misfortune. This can stem from things such as gloating or joy at your basketball team winning a game. Both have emotions of schadenfreude behind them.

Schadenfreude has its roots in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]]. This theory, largely influenced by Festinger (1954), states that we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing our views with others, and that we want people in similar groups to like us, so will change our wants and beliefs to match theirs (Myers, 2014). Myers (2014) also describes social comparison as evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others. As schadenfreude is a social comparison, where you are comparing yourself against the misfortune of someone else, you are forming an opinion or judging your own abilities on the others{{grammar}} misfortune.

Schadenfreude is a complex cognitive emotion that has many different reasons as to why we feel it (Reeve, 2015). Schadenfreude can be derived from feelings of envy, instability in ones'{{grammar}} self-worth, personal gain, when it is believed that the misfortune is deserved, along with biological factors.

== External Activities ==

=== Video ===
To see an example of Pleasure derived from others misfortune follow this link to YouTube

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcRyTdFKjPU 14 awesome viral video fails in 30 seconds]

=== Poll ===
After watching this video please complete this short poll to see how others feel when it comes to Schadenfreude

[http://www.easypolls.net/poll.html?p=562c7466e4b09c75340b5249 Link to poll]

Why do some people find videos like this funny? They could be experiencing feelings of schadenfreude, as they are getting pleasure from the suffering of others. But why do we feel this way?

== Why do we feel pleasure in the suffering of others?  ==

=== The role of self-evaluation ===
When a person’s positive self-evaluation is threatened or harmed, they may have a strong motivation to protect or restore their self-evaluation (Van Dijk, 2013). One possible course of action to achieving this positive self-view can involve comparing one’s own situation to that of another person (Van Dijk, 2013). As a result, comparing another person’s misfortune may provide a sense of self worth or value to ones{{grammar}} own life. This means that people can use social comparisons and enjoy the misfortune of others as it provides a more positive self-evaluation.

[[File:Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala - Regreso al convento.jpg |thumb|250px|''Figure 2''. Monks taking pleasure in the misfortune of another monk, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala]]
Research conducted by van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Wesseling, &amp; van Koninbruggen (2011) supports the idea that schadenfreude can be intensified by a threat to our self evaluation. They hypothesise that another reason for people to feel schadenfreude is because it satisfies their need to view themselves positively (van Dijk, 2011) (see Figure 2). This is argued in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]] which suggests that events and experiences that satisfy our concerns elicit positive emotions, whereas threat or harm will produce negative emotions (van Dijk, 2011). A way that people can make themselves feel better, according to [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]], is to compare themselves to those who are less fortunate, also called 'downward social comparison' (van Dijk, 2011). Therefore, it is possible to argue that those who are suffering from self evaluation threat (and experiencing negative emotions), will use downward social comparison to help elicit positive emotions (Wills, 1981). The aim of Van Dijk's and his colleagues' (2011) research was to demonstrate that self-evaluation threat intensified schadenfreude in both threat-related and threat-unrelated domains. They were able to find that a threat to self-evaluation caused higher feelings of schadenfreude, and this was also possible to provoke in a threat-unrelated domain. This shows that self-evaluation can play a role towards feelings of schadenfreude.

=== Envy ===
[[File:Children marbles.jpg|thumb|225px|Figure 3. ''Envy shown in children with marbles'']]

Envy (see Figure 3) has contradicting results when it came to schadenfreude. Many argued that there was a link between schadenfreude and envy, while others argued against this. van Dijk et al. (2006) investigated these contradictory results, and found that there is a link between schadenfreude and envy, but only when the misfortune fell upon someone who had some basis of similarity (e.g., gender). There{{grammar}} results found that if participants learnt about a misfortune of the opposite gender, schadenfreude would not be experienced (van Dijk, et al., 2006). However, when the same gender was identified as suffering misfortune, schadenfreude was identified.

Smith, Powell, Combs, and Schurtz (2009) also show the correlation between envy and schadenfreude. They claim that envy is the polar opposite of a downward social comparison (Heider, 1958), however, when a misfortune occurs to someone who is envied, it transformed the comparison to a downwards one (Smith, et al., 2009). Conflicting reports on whether schadenfreude and envy are linked have been found, yet Smith et al., (2009), were able to replicate results where students who were enviable of another student felt greater schadenfreude when the person they envied suffered a misfortune, compared with those who were not in the envy group in the experiment. This provides empirical evidence that envy can lead to increased feelings of schadenfreude (Smith, et al., 2009). Smith et al., (2009) continue to remark that superiority to others does not always lead to envy, but when it does, this greatly increases the likelihood of schadenfreude.

=== In-Group Inferiority ===
An in-group refers to when an individual will recognise themselves as part of a group when they identify with them on some sort of level. For example, when someone identifies with a sporting group e.g. a football team, they begin to become part of the in-group. Another example is when people associate themselves with their university, an in-group forms.

In-group inferiority refers to how people can feel pleasure at the misfortune of others in an in-group situation. For example, when a football team wins, that group will feel a sense of joy at the misfortune of the other team. Smith et al. (2009) suggests that when people identify with a group, the group becomes part of the individual, and the individual becomes part of the group.

Leach et al. (2003) argue that schadenfreude is only evident when a third party or situation is the one that causes the misfortune, meaning that schadenfreude cannot occur if the pleasure is experienced when you are the cause of another persons misfortune. They suggest that schadenfreude should increase when an outer-group suffer misfortune in an area of high interest to the in-group members. They also delve into the idea that in-group inferiority will increase feelings of schadenfreude (Leach, et al., 2003; Leach and Spears, 2009). Leach et al. (2003) were successful in showing that when an individual felt more passionately about what formed the group (e.g. football) higher levels of schadenfreude were evoked when a third party suffered misfortune (e.g. lost a football match), and those who were less passionate, yet still were associated with the in-group had lesser feelings of schadenfreude. They were also able to demonstrate that schadenfreude was increased when feelings of in-group inferiority were experienced, however, this only affected those with lower interests (Leach, et al., 2003). Leach et al. (2003) also express that the threat to in-group inferiority and the increase in schadenfreude to those with higher interests was not seen, as those who had higher interests were already experiencing higher levels of schadenfreude.

=== Personal Gain (Competition) ===
Smith, et al. (2009) argue that the emotion of schadenfreude can be a result of a personal gain. They liken this to competition, where when you, or your team wins, you feel pleasure and this is ultimately in the suffering of the other team (Smith, et al., 2009). This idea of competition is seen in other aspects of life, and more often in day to day situations. It is arguably under-appreciated as to how often schadenfreude appears in a competitive everyday situation (Smith, et al., 2009). For example, if you are up for a new job, there is most likely going to be more than one person up for the position, and if you are successful in the process, you will most likely feel joy. This feeling of schadenfreude is one that is less ugly compared to other feelings derived from other places such as envy. A competitive nature is somewhat highly regarded (as seen with our tendency to highlight sports, and sports people), and seen to be quite natural (Smith, et al., 2009).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this idea of personal gain is also evident in politics. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, and Smith (2009), conducted an experiment in the United States where they assessed whether schadenfreude was felt with political associations. They tested this by primarily assessing students{{grammar}} political identification, then by asking them to read an article which made out something embarrassing (or unfortunate) about the party leaders for both their party and the opposing party (Combs, et al., 2009). They found that schadenfreude was present when participants were shown articles about the opposing parties, and that the level of schadenfreude found depended on how affiliated one was with their{{grammar}} political party (Combs, et al., 2009).

This also ties in with the idea of in-group identification, as these examples of schadenfreude are mostly group based successes or failures. They still hold the idea that when your group wins, you feel pleasure - at the misfortune of others.

These findings emphasize the fact that schadenfreude is much more common than we would like to admit, is found in everyday life, and it is often regarded as natural and praised (Smith, et al., 2009).

=== Deserved Misfortune ===
Another justification for schadenfreude is the sense of deserved misfortune. When we feel that the misfortune that one has suffered is deserved, a feeling of pleasure is derived. It is argued that the feeling of deserved misfortune, which creates the feeling of schadenfreude, is a form of karmic retribution and gives us a sense of equilibrium (Lerner, &amp; Miller, 1978).

van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, &amp; Nieweg (2005) showed the first empirical evidence on deserved misfortune and its link to schadenfreude. They showed evidence of schadenfreude increasing when it was perceived that the misfortune was more deserved (van Dijk, et al., 2005). They used a manipulation of responsibility to obtain differences in deserved misfortune, which led to the evidence that schadenfreude and a feeling of deserved misfortune are linked (van Dijk et al., 2005).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this is also linked with hypocrisy. They explain that when we feel someone has been a hypocrite, we feel pleasure in the form of schadenfreude, at their misfortune. This is because we believe that the misfortune they are suffering is deserved. Smith, et al., (2009) yielded results in an experiment to examine the links between schadenfreude, deserved misfortune, and hypocrisy. They asked participants to read an article that presented an interview with a fellow student, where the student was either part of a campus organization about increasing academic integrity (high hypocrisy) or a student who was part of a French club (low hypocrisy) (Smith,et al., 2009). Participants were then shown a second article which said that the fellow student (in either case) was caught for plagiarism (Smith, et al., 2009). The results showed that those who were in the high hypocrisy group showed higher feelings of schadenfreude and that the student deserved the misfortune in comparison to those who were in the low hypocrisy group (Smith, et al. 2009). Smith, et al. (2009) also found similar outcomes when they changed the first article to be the same for all participants, and the manipulation came in the second article, where the other student was either caught in an immoral action that either matched the initial action that they were fighting against, or something completely unrelated. The results showed that when the immoral action matched that of the initial action higher levels of deserved misfortune and schadenfreude were felt. Unfortunately, this exact study was never published on its own, which questions whether there were problems with integrity in the research.

Pietraszkiewicz (2013) discusses how schadenfreude and deserved misfortune are correlated to a just world belief. It was found that a threat to ones{{grammar}} just world belief increased ones pleasure at anothers' misfortune. Pietraszkiewicz (2013) argues that when failure is deserved, the greater the responsibility of the failure is, therefore, more schadenfreude is felt.

=== Biological components  ===
==== The role of Oxytocin ====
Research that was conducted by Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) investigated the role of oxytocin in envy and gloating, which are both related to schadenfreude. Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) discuss how oxytocin (a peptide hormone) has been shown to have implications in the social behaviour of humans and mammals. Many of the research into oxytocin looks at maternal behaviours such as contraction regulation in labour,  as well as parental behaviours like trusting collaborators. They suggest that previous research has shown that oxytocin release is related to pro-social behaviours (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Seeing as pro-social behaviours are increased by oxytocin, your negative social behaviours, like envy and gloating, would logically be reduced. However, there has been an indication that this is not the case (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Sharmay-Tsoory et al. (2009) conducted an experiment which looked at the increase of oxytocin levels and its effect on these negatively perceived behaviours, such as schadenfreude. They concluded that gloating and envy, or schadenfreude, showed significantly higher rates of these emotions when oxytocin was given (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). This research has provided evidence that oxytocin increases varying behaviours which are related to social behaviour, which in many roles are associated with parenting.

==== Neural Correlates ====
[[File:MRI anterior cingulate.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 4. ''MRI of anterior cingulate cortex'' ]]

[[File:Dopamine Pathways.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 5. ''Position of the Ventral Striatum'']]

Envy and schadenfreude are related emotions. Takahashi, et al. (2009) looked at the areas of the brain that were active when feelings of envy and schadenfreude were evoked. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers looked for activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (seen in image 2.) when envy was felt, as the anterior cingulate cortex is the area that is activated when our positive self-concept is being conflicted with external information, social pain, or cognitive conflicts (Takahashi, et al., 2009). When investigating the emotion of schadenfreude they were looking for activation in the ventral striatum, which is the central node of the rewards processing area (Takahashi, et al., 2009). The reward would be the joy that is derived in schadenfreude. Takahashi, et al. (2009) found that both areas which were targeted in their respective trials activated when the respective emotion was emitted. They found that when people had higher levels of schadenfreude, greater activation was seen in the ventral striatum. This was also found to be the case when investigating envy. Greater levels of envy showed higher activation in the dACC (Takahashi, et al., 2009).

== Quiz ==

&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{What is Schadenfeude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Freud's son
+ Pleasure derived from others misfortune
- Pleasure derived from others fortune
- Pain derived from others misfortune

{What Peptide Hormione plays a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Oxycontin
- glucocorticoids
- Prolactin
+ Oxytocin

{Which of the following does NOT play a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Envy
- Self-worth
+ Anhedonia
- Deserved misfortune

{Which area of the brain is stimulated when you feel the emotion of schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
+ Ventral Striatum
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Subgenual Cingulate
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion ==
Schadenfreude is a complex emotion which can have many levels (van Dijk, 2011). It has many underlying concepts which relate to Social Comparison Theory, especially when evaluating the role of self-evaluation and schadenfreude.

It is more commonly seen as a morally disturbed emotion, especially when feelings of envy, self-evaluation, and in-group inferiority are causes. However, it is seen quite commonly in everyday life, especially when it comes to situations or individuals with a competitive nature.

There are many layers that underlie why schadenfreude occurs. Emotions such as envy, feelings of deservingness, personal gain, in-group inferiority and self-evaluation can all play a role in schadenfreude and why we feel this emotion, and there can be more than one reason as to why we experience schadenfreude. Other biological reasons, such as the role of oxytocin, and activity in the ventral striatum also play a role in feelings of schadenfreude.

Schadenfreude is difficult to elicit in a clinical setting in an ethical way, which may be why conflicting results have been obtained for much of the research. Limitations in assessing schadenfreude may include social biases, as schadenfreude is an emotion that is generally considered immoral. This can lead to participants under-reporting their feelings of schadenfreude when being asked about it. A possible solution to this would be to conduct the schadenfreude eliciting part of the experiment under fMRI, as activity in the ventral striatum has been linked to schadenfreude, and it may be another way to see if someone is experiencing schadenfreude, without self-reporting. This may become more costly and less time effective, which would be a reason to stay clear of this research technique, however, it does become an option.

Due to the many aspects and layers of schadenfreude, van Dijk et al., (2011) suggest that future research into which determinants effect schadenfreude under what circumstances will aid in further understanding why we feel pleasure in others misfortune. There may possibly be other reasons as to why we feel schadenfreude, greater research into the biological aspects of schadenfreude may also enhance our understanding of this emotion.

Through investigating schadenfreude and the reasons why we might feel this emotion can aid to enrich our understanding and improve on out emotional lives, as when an experience of schadenfreude is likely to occur or is experienced, taking a step back and evaluating why we are feeling this emotion may lead to a greater emotional understanding and awareness.

==See also==
[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Deservingness and emotion#Schadenfreude|Deservingness and Emotion]] - Motivation and Emotion 2013

[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Envy|Envy]] - Motivation and Emotion 2011

[[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] - Wikipedia

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., &amp; Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, Schadenfreude, and in-group identification: the sometimes happy thing about poor economy and death. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4)'', 635-646. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

Heider, F. (1958). ''The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations''. New York: Wiley

Leach, C. W., &amp; Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second- and third- party out-groups. ''Emotion, 9(5)'', 659-665. doi: 10.1037/a0016815

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., &amp; Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84(5),'' 932-943. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932

Lerner, M. J., &amp; Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution processes: looking back and ahead. ''Psychological Bulletin, 85(8),'' 1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Louis, W. (2014). Group Influence. In Myer, D. G. (Eds.), ''Social Psychology'' (287). North Ride, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill

Pietraszkiewicz. A. (2013). Schdenfeude and just world belief. ''Australian Journal of Psychology, 65'', 188-194. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12020

Reeve, J. (2015). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G,. Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., &amp; Levkovitz, Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). ''Biological Psychiatry, 66(8)'', 864-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., &amp; Schurtz. D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4)'', 530-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Spurgin, E. (2015). An emotional-freedom defense of schadenfreude. ''Ethical Theory and Modern Practice, 18'', 767-784. doi: 10.1007/s10677-014-9550-8

Van Dijk, W. W. (2013). Why do we sometimes enjoy the misfortune of others? ''The Inquisitive Mind'' Retrieved from: http://www.in-mind.org/blog/post/why-do-we-sometimes-enjoy-the-misfortune-of-others

van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, O. S., Nieweg, M., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. ''Emotion, 6(1)'', 156-160. doi: 10.1037/1528-.3542.6.1.156

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Goslinga, S., &amp; Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and Schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion, 19(6),'' 933-939. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000066

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Wesseling, Y. M., &amp; van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: the impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion'', 25(2), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.487365

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. ''Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),'' 245-271.
}}

==External links==
[http://www.livescience.com/17398-schadenfreude-affirmation.html Schadenfreude Explained: Why We Secretly Smile When Others Fail]

[http://www.wsj.com/articles/schadenfreude-is-in-the-zeitgeist-but-is-there-an-opposite-term-1434129186 Schadenfreude Is in the Zeitgeist, but Is There an Opposite Term?]

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==Overview==
[[File:Schadenfreude.png|thumb|170px|''Figure 1''. An artificially generated image of a human facial expression consistent with schadenfreude: lip press → side-smirk → narrowed eyes]]

Schadenfreude is a complex emotion that we feel when others suffer a misfortune (see Figure 1). However, instead of feelings of sympathy, schadenfreude evokes feelings of joy and pleasure. Schadenfreude has been considered immoral and malicious, and is closely linked to envy, one of the seven biblical sins (Takahashi, et al., 2009). For these reasons, many have argued that schadenfreude is harmful to social relations (Heider, 1958). Other research has attempted to combat that idea, as they argue that schadenfreude is a healthy emotion, despite the fact that it is not always appropriate or polite to share it with others (Spurgin, 2015).

Understanding what schadenfreude is, where it comes form in terms of psychological theories, and why we encounter feelings of schadenfreude, will help to understand and improve on our emotional lives.

== Schadenfreude ==

=== What is schadenfreude? ===
Schadenfreude is a German word which translates to the pleasure which is derived from the misfortune of others (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, &amp; Doosje, 2003). Heider (1958) discussed how schadenfreude is a malicious emotion as it is an incongruous reaction to anothers'{{grammar}} misfortune. Heider (1958) is saying that instead of being sympathetic when another person is suffering, which could be considered the socially acceptable response, feelings of pleasure are seen as taboo and immoral (Leach, 2003). This feeling is typically seen as shameful or as a moral failing (Spurgin, 2015). Many people hide their feelings of schadenfreude, and many may not even realise that they are feeling pleasure at others{{grammar}} misfortune. This can stem from things such as gloating or joy at your basketball team winning a game. Both have emotions of schadenfreude behind them.

Schadenfreude has its roots in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]]. This theory, largely influenced by Festinger (1954), states that we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing our views with others, and that we want people in similar groups to like us, so will change our wants and beliefs to match theirs (Myers, 2014). Myers (2014) also describes social comparison as evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others. As schadenfreude is a social comparison, where you are comparing yourself against the misfortune of someone else, you are forming an opinion or judging your own abilities on the others{{grammar}} misfortune.

Schadenfreude is a complex cognitive emotion that has many different reasons as to why we feel it (Reeve, 2015). Schadenfreude can be derived from feelings of envy, instability in ones'{{grammar}} self-worth, personal gain, when it is believed that the misfortune is deserved, along with biological factors.

== Activities ==
; Video
To see an example of Pleasure derived from others misfortune follow this link to YouTube

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcRyTdFKjPU 14 awesome viral video fails in 30 seconds]

; Poll
After watching this video please complete this short poll to see how others feel when it comes to Schadenfreude

[http://www.easypolls.net/poll.html?p=562c7466e4b09c75340b5249 Link to poll]

Why do some people find videos like this funny? They could be experiencing feelings of schadenfreude, as they are getting pleasure from the suffering of others. But why do we feel this way?

== Why do we feel pleasure in the suffering of others?  ==

=== The role of self-evaluation ===
When a person’s positive self-evaluation is threatened or harmed, they may have a strong motivation to protect or restore their self-evaluation (Van Dijk, 2013). One possible course of action to achieving this positive self-view can involve comparing one’s own situation to that of another person (Van Dijk, 2013). As a result, comparing another person’s misfortune may provide a sense of self worth or value to ones{{grammar}} own life. This means that people can use social comparisons and enjoy the misfortune of others as it provides a more positive self-evaluation.

[[File:Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala - Regreso al convento.jpg |thumb|250px|''Figure 2''. Monks taking pleasure in the misfortune of another monk, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala]]
Research conducted by van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Wesseling, &amp; van Koninbruggen (2011) supports the idea that schadenfreude can be intensified by a threat to our self evaluation. They hypothesise that another reason for people to feel schadenfreude is because it satisfies their need to view themselves positively (van Dijk, 2011) (see Figure 2). This is argued in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]] which suggests that events and experiences that satisfy our concerns elicit positive emotions, whereas threat or harm will produce negative emotions (van Dijk, 2011). A way that people can make themselves feel better, according to [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]], is to compare themselves to those who are less fortunate, also called 'downward social comparison' (van Dijk, 2011). Therefore, it is possible to argue that those who are suffering from self evaluation threat (and experiencing negative emotions), will use downward social comparison to help elicit positive emotions (Wills, 1981). The aim of Van Dijk's and his colleagues' (2011) research was to demonstrate that self-evaluation threat intensified schadenfreude in both threat-related and threat-unrelated domains. They were able to find that a threat to self-evaluation caused higher feelings of schadenfreude, and this was also possible to provoke in a threat-unrelated domain. This shows that self-evaluation can play a role towards feelings of schadenfreude.

=== Envy ===
[[File:Children marbles.jpg|thumb|225px|Figure 3. ''Envy shown in children with marbles'']]

Envy (see Figure 3) has contradicting results when it came to schadenfreude. Many argued that there was a link between schadenfreude and envy, while others argued against this. van Dijk et al. (2006) investigated these contradictory results, and found that there is a link between schadenfreude and envy, but only when the misfortune fell upon someone who had some basis of similarity (e.g., gender). There{{grammar}} results found that if participants learnt about a misfortune of the opposite gender, schadenfreude would not be experienced (van Dijk, et al., 2006). However, when the same gender was identified as suffering misfortune, schadenfreude was identified.

Smith, Powell, Combs, and Schurtz (2009) also show the correlation between envy and schadenfreude. They claim that envy is the polar opposite of a downward social comparison (Heider, 1958), however, when a misfortune occurs to someone who is envied, it transformed the comparison to a downwards one (Smith, et al., 2009). Conflicting reports on whether schadenfreude and envy are linked have been found, yet Smith et al., (2009), were able to replicate results where students who were enviable of another student felt greater schadenfreude when the person they envied suffered a misfortune, compared with those who were not in the envy group in the experiment. This provides empirical evidence that envy can lead to increased feelings of schadenfreude (Smith, et al., 2009). Smith et al., (2009) continue to remark that superiority to others does not always lead to envy, but when it does, this greatly increases the likelihood of schadenfreude.

=== In-Group Inferiority ===
An in-group refers to when an individual will recognise themselves as part of a group when they identify with them on some sort of level. For example, when someone identifies with a sporting group e.g. a football team, they begin to become part of the in-group. Another example is when people associate themselves with their university, an in-group forms.

In-group inferiority refers to how people can feel pleasure at the misfortune of others in an in-group situation. For example, when a football team wins, that group will feel a sense of joy at the misfortune of the other team. Smith et al. (2009) suggests that when people identify with a group, the group becomes part of the individual, and the individual becomes part of the group.

Leach et al. (2003) argue that schadenfreude is only evident when a third party or situation is the one that causes the misfortune, meaning that schadenfreude cannot occur if the pleasure is experienced when you are the cause of another persons misfortune. They suggest that schadenfreude should increase when an outer-group suffer misfortune in an area of high interest to the in-group members. They also delve into the idea that in-group inferiority will increase feelings of schadenfreude (Leach, et al., 2003; Leach and Spears, 2009). Leach et al. (2003) were successful in showing that when an individual felt more passionately about what formed the group (e.g. football) higher levels of schadenfreude were evoked when a third party suffered misfortune (e.g. lost a football match), and those who were less passionate, yet still were associated with the in-group had lesser feelings of schadenfreude. They were also able to demonstrate that schadenfreude was increased when feelings of in-group inferiority were experienced, however, this only affected those with lower interests (Leach, et al., 2003). Leach et al. (2003) also express that the threat to in-group inferiority and the increase in schadenfreude to those with higher interests was not seen, as those who had higher interests were already experiencing higher levels of schadenfreude.

=== Personal Gain (Competition) ===
Smith, et al. (2009) argue that the emotion of schadenfreude can be a result of a personal gain. They liken this to competition, where when you, or your team wins, you feel pleasure and this is ultimately in the suffering of the other team (Smith, et al., 2009). This idea of competition is seen in other aspects of life, and more often in day to day situations. It is arguably under-appreciated as to how often schadenfreude appears in a competitive everyday situation (Smith, et al., 2009). For example, if you are up for a new job, there is most likely going to be more than one person up for the position, and if you are successful in the process, you will most likely feel joy. This feeling of schadenfreude is one that is less ugly compared to other feelings derived from other places such as envy. A competitive nature is somewhat highly regarded (as seen with our tendency to highlight sports, and sports people), and seen to be quite natural (Smith, et al., 2009).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this idea of personal gain is also evident in politics. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, and Smith (2009), conducted an experiment in the United States where they assessed whether schadenfreude was felt with political associations. They tested this by primarily assessing students{{grammar}} political identification, then by asking them to read an article which made out something embarrassing (or unfortunate) about the party leaders for both their party and the opposing party (Combs, et al., 2009). They found that schadenfreude was present when participants were shown articles about the opposing parties, and that the level of schadenfreude found depended on how affiliated one was with their{{grammar}} political party (Combs, et al., 2009).

This also ties in with the idea of in-group identification, as these examples of schadenfreude are mostly group based successes or failures. They still hold the idea that when your group wins, you feel pleasure - at the misfortune of others.

These findings emphasize the fact that schadenfreude is much more common than we would like to admit, is found in everyday life, and it is often regarded as natural and praised (Smith, et al., 2009).

=== Deserved Misfortune ===
Another justification for schadenfreude is the sense of deserved misfortune. When we feel that the misfortune that one has suffered is deserved, a feeling of pleasure is derived. It is argued that the feeling of deserved misfortune, which creates the feeling of schadenfreude, is a form of karmic retribution and gives us a sense of equilibrium (Lerner, &amp; Miller, 1978).

van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, &amp; Nieweg (2005) showed the first empirical evidence on deserved misfortune and its link to schadenfreude. They showed evidence of schadenfreude increasing when it was perceived that the misfortune was more deserved (van Dijk, et al., 2005). They used a manipulation of responsibility to obtain differences in deserved misfortune, which led to the evidence that schadenfreude and a feeling of deserved misfortune are linked (van Dijk et al., 2005).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this is also linked with hypocrisy. They explain that when we feel someone has been a hypocrite, we feel pleasure in the form of schadenfreude, at their misfortune. This is because we believe that the misfortune they are suffering is deserved. Smith, et al., (2009) yielded results in an experiment to examine the links between schadenfreude, deserved misfortune, and hypocrisy. They asked participants to read an article that presented an interview with a fellow student, where the student was either part of a campus organization about increasing academic integrity (high hypocrisy) or a student who was part of a French club (low hypocrisy) (Smith,et al., 2009). Participants were then shown a second article which said that the fellow student (in either case) was caught for plagiarism (Smith, et al., 2009). The results showed that those who were in the high hypocrisy group showed higher feelings of schadenfreude and that the student deserved the misfortune in comparison to those who were in the low hypocrisy group (Smith, et al. 2009). Smith, et al. (2009) also found similar outcomes when they changed the first article to be the same for all participants, and the manipulation came in the second article, where the other student was either caught in an immoral action that either matched the initial action that they were fighting against, or something completely unrelated. The results showed that when the immoral action matched that of the initial action higher levels of deserved misfortune and schadenfreude were felt. Unfortunately, this exact study was never published on its own, which questions whether there were problems with integrity in the research.

Pietraszkiewicz (2013) discusses how schadenfreude and deserved misfortune are correlated to a just world belief. It was found that a threat to ones{{grammar}} just world belief increased ones pleasure at anothers' misfortune. Pietraszkiewicz (2013) argues that when failure is deserved, the greater the responsibility of the failure is, therefore, more schadenfreude is felt.

=== Biological components  ===
==== The role of Oxytocin ====
Research that was conducted by Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) investigated the role of oxytocin in envy and gloating, which are both related to schadenfreude. Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) discuss how oxytocin (a peptide hormone) has been shown to have implications in the social behaviour of humans and mammals. Many of the research into oxytocin looks at maternal behaviours such as contraction regulation in labour,  as well as parental behaviours like trusting collaborators. They suggest that previous research has shown that oxytocin release is related to pro-social behaviours (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Seeing as pro-social behaviours are increased by oxytocin, your negative social behaviours, like envy and gloating, would logically be reduced. However, there has been an indication that this is not the case (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Sharmay-Tsoory et al. (2009) conducted an experiment which looked at the increase of oxytocin levels and its effect on these negatively perceived behaviours, such as schadenfreude. They concluded that gloating and envy, or schadenfreude, showed significantly higher rates of these emotions when oxytocin was given (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). This research has provided evidence that oxytocin increases varying behaviours which are related to social behaviour, which in many roles are associated with parenting.

==== Neural Correlates ====
[[File:MRI anterior cingulate.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 4. ''MRI of anterior cingulate cortex'' ]]

[[File:Dopamine Pathways.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 5. ''Position of the Ventral Striatum'']]

Envy and schadenfreude are related emotions. Takahashi, et al. (2009) looked at the areas of the brain that were active when feelings of envy and schadenfreude were evoked. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers looked for activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (seen in image 2.) when envy was felt, as the anterior cingulate cortex is the area that is activated when our positive self-concept is being conflicted with external information, social pain, or cognitive conflicts (Takahashi, et al., 2009). When investigating the emotion of schadenfreude they were looking for activation in the ventral striatum, which is the central node of the rewards processing area (Takahashi, et al., 2009). The reward would be the joy that is derived in schadenfreude. Takahashi, et al. (2009) found that both areas which were targeted in their respective trials activated when the respective emotion was emitted. They found that when people had higher levels of schadenfreude, greater activation was seen in the ventral striatum. This was also found to be the case when investigating envy. Greater levels of envy showed higher activation in the dACC (Takahashi, et al., 2009).

== Quiz ==

&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{What is Schadenfeude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Freud's son
+ Pleasure derived from others misfortune
- Pleasure derived from others fortune
- Pain derived from others misfortune

{What Peptide Hormione plays a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Oxycontin
- glucocorticoids
- Prolactin
+ Oxytocin

{Which of the following does NOT play a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Envy
- Self-worth
+ Anhedonia
- Deserved misfortune

{Which area of the brain is stimulated when you feel the emotion of schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
+ Ventral Striatum
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Subgenual Cingulate
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion ==
Schadenfreude is a complex emotion which can have many levels (van Dijk, 2011). It has many underlying concepts which relate to Social Comparison Theory, especially when evaluating the role of self-evaluation and schadenfreude.

It is more commonly seen as a morally disturbed emotion, especially when feelings of envy, self-evaluation, and in-group inferiority are causes. However, it is seen quite commonly in everyday life, especially when it comes to situations or individuals with a competitive nature.

There are many layers that underlie why schadenfreude occurs. Emotions such as envy, feelings of deservingness, personal gain, in-group inferiority and self-evaluation can all play a role in schadenfreude and why we feel this emotion, and there can be more than one reason as to why we experience schadenfreude. Other biological reasons, such as the role of oxytocin, and activity in the ventral striatum also play a role in feelings of schadenfreude.

Schadenfreude is difficult to elicit in a clinical setting in an ethical way, which may be why conflicting results have been obtained for much of the research. Limitations in assessing schadenfreude may include social biases, as schadenfreude is an emotion that is generally considered immoral. This can lead to participants under-reporting their feelings of schadenfreude when being asked about it. A possible solution to this would be to conduct the schadenfreude eliciting part of the experiment under fMRI, as activity in the ventral striatum has been linked to schadenfreude, and it may be another way to see if someone is experiencing schadenfreude, without self-reporting. This may become more costly and less time effective, which would be a reason to stay clear of this research technique, however, it does become an option.

Due to the many aspects and layers of schadenfreude, van Dijk et al., (2011) suggest that future research into which determinants effect schadenfreude under what circumstances will aid in further understanding why we feel pleasure in others misfortune. There may possibly be other reasons as to why we feel schadenfreude, greater research into the biological aspects of schadenfreude may also enhance our understanding of this emotion.

Through investigating schadenfreude and the reasons why we might feel this emotion can aid to enrich our understanding and improve on out emotional lives, as when an experience of schadenfreude is likely to occur or is experienced, taking a step back and evaluating why we are feeling this emotion may lead to a greater emotional understanding and awareness.

==See also==
[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Deservingness and emotion#Schadenfreude|Deservingness and Emotion]] - Motivation and Emotion 2013

[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Envy|Envy]] - Motivation and Emotion 2011

[[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] - Wikipedia

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., &amp; Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, Schadenfreude, and in-group identification: the sometimes happy thing about poor economy and death. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4)'', 635-646. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

Heider, F. (1958). ''The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations''. New York: Wiley

Leach, C. W., &amp; Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second- and third- party out-groups. ''Emotion, 9(5)'', 659-665. doi: 10.1037/a0016815

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., &amp; Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84(5),'' 932-943. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932

Lerner, M. J., &amp; Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution processes: looking back and ahead. ''Psychological Bulletin, 85(8),'' 1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Louis, W. (2014). Group Influence. In Myer, D. G. (Eds.), ''Social Psychology'' (287). North Ride, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill

Pietraszkiewicz. A. (2013). Schdenfeude and just world belief. ''Australian Journal of Psychology, 65'', 188-194. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12020

Reeve, J. (2015). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G,. Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., &amp; Levkovitz, Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). ''Biological Psychiatry, 66(8)'', 864-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., &amp; Schurtz. D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4)'', 530-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Spurgin, E. (2015). An emotional-freedom defense of schadenfreude. ''Ethical Theory and Modern Practice, 18'', 767-784. doi: 10.1007/s10677-014-9550-8

Van Dijk, W. W. (2013). Why do we sometimes enjoy the misfortune of others? ''The Inquisitive Mind'' Retrieved from: http://www.in-mind.org/blog/post/why-do-we-sometimes-enjoy-the-misfortune-of-others

van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, O. S., Nieweg, M., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. ''Emotion, 6(1)'', 156-160. doi: 10.1037/1528-.3542.6.1.156

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Goslinga, S., &amp; Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and Schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion, 19(6),'' 933-939. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000066

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Wesseling, Y. M., &amp; van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: the impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion'', 25(2), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.487365

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. ''Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),'' 245-271.
}}

==External links==
[http://www.livescience.com/17398-schadenfreude-affirmation.html Schadenfreude Explained: Why We Secretly Smile When Others Fail]

[http://www.wsj.com/articles/schadenfreude-is-in-the-zeitgeist-but-is-there-an-opposite-term-1434129186 Schadenfreude Is in the Zeitgeist, but Is There an Opposite Term?]

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==Overview==
[[File:Schadenfreude.png|thumb|170px|''Figure 1''. An artificially generated image of a human facial expression consistent with schadenfreude: lip press → side-smirk → narrowed eyes]]

Schadenfreude is a complex emotion that we feel when others suffer a misfortune (see Figure 1). However, instead of feelings of sympathy, schadenfreude evokes feelings of joy and pleasure. Schadenfreude has been considered immoral and malicious, and is closely linked to envy, one of the seven biblical sins (Takahashi, et al., 2009). For these reasons, many have argued that schadenfreude is harmful to social relations (Heider, 1958). Other research has attempted to combat that idea, as they argue that schadenfreude is a healthy emotion, despite the fact that it is not always appropriate or polite to share it with others (Spurgin, 2015).

Understanding what schadenfreude is, where it comes form in terms of psychological theories, and why we encounter feelings of schadenfreude, will help to understand and improve on our emotional lives.

== What is schadenfreude? ==
Schadenfreude is a German word which translates to the pleasure which is derived from the misfortune of others (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, &amp; Doosje, 2003). Heider (1958) discussed how schadenfreude is a malicious emotion as it is an incongruous reaction to anothers'{{grammar}} misfortune. Heider (1958) is saying that instead of being sympathetic when another person is suffering, which could be considered the socially acceptable response, feelings of pleasure are seen as taboo and immoral (Leach, 2003). This feeling is typically seen as shameful or as a moral failing (Spurgin, 2015). Many people hide their feelings of schadenfreude, and many may not even realise that they are feeling pleasure at others{{grammar}} misfortune. This can stem from things such as gloating or joy at your basketball team winning a game. Both have emotions of schadenfreude behind them.

Schadenfreude has its roots in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]]. This theory, largely influenced by Festinger (1954), states that we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing our views with others, and that we want people in similar groups to like us, so will change our wants and beliefs to match theirs (Myers, 2014). Myers (2014) also describes social comparison as evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others. As schadenfreude is a social comparison, where you are comparing yourself against the misfortune of someone else, you are forming an opinion or judging your own abilities on the others{{grammar}} misfortune.

Schadenfreude is a complex cognitive emotion that has many different reasons as to why we feel it (Reeve, 2015). Schadenfreude can be derived from feelings of envy, instability in ones'{{grammar}} self-worth, personal gain, when it is believed that the misfortune is deserved, along with biological factors.

== Activities ==
; Video
To see an example of Pleasure derived from others misfortune follow this link to YouTube

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcRyTdFKjPU 14 awesome viral video fails in 30 seconds]

; Poll
After watching this video please complete this short poll to see how others feel when it comes to Schadenfreude

[http://www.easypolls.net/poll.html?p=562c7466e4b09c75340b5249 Link to poll]

Why do some people find videos like this funny? They could be experiencing feelings of schadenfreude, as they are getting pleasure from the suffering of others. But why do we feel this way?

== Why do we feel pleasure in the suffering of others?  ==

=== The role of self-evaluation ===
When a person’s positive self-evaluation is threatened or harmed, they may have a strong motivation to protect or restore their self-evaluation (Van Dijk, 2013). One possible course of action to achieving this positive self-view can involve comparing one’s own situation to that of another person (Van Dijk, 2013). As a result, comparing another person’s misfortune may provide a sense of self worth or value to ones{{grammar}} own life. This means that people can use social comparisons and enjoy the misfortune of others as it provides a more positive self-evaluation.

[[File:Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala - Regreso al convento.jpg |thumb|250px|''Figure 2''. Monks taking pleasure in the misfortune of another monk, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala]]
Research conducted by van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Wesseling, &amp; van Koninbruggen (2011) supports the idea that schadenfreude can be intensified by a threat to our self evaluation. They hypothesise that another reason for people to feel schadenfreude is because it satisfies their need to view themselves positively (van Dijk, 2011) (see Figure 2). This is argued in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]] which suggests that events and experiences that satisfy our concerns elicit positive emotions, whereas threat or harm will produce negative emotions (van Dijk, 2011). A way that people can make themselves feel better, according to [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]], is to compare themselves to those who are less fortunate, also called 'downward social comparison' (van Dijk, 2011). Therefore, it is possible to argue that those who are suffering from self evaluation threat (and experiencing negative emotions), will use downward social comparison to help elicit positive emotions (Wills, 1981). The aim of Van Dijk's and his colleagues' (2011) research was to demonstrate that self-evaluation threat intensified schadenfreude in both threat-related and threat-unrelated domains. They were able to find that a threat to self-evaluation caused higher feelings of schadenfreude, and this was also possible to provoke in a threat-unrelated domain. This shows that self-evaluation can play a role towards feelings of schadenfreude.

=== Envy ===
[[File:Children marbles.jpg|thumb|225px|Figure 3. ''Envy shown in children with marbles'']]

Envy (see Figure 3) has contradicting results when it came to schadenfreude. Many argued that there was a link between schadenfreude and envy, while others argued against this. van Dijk et al. (2006) investigated these contradictory results, and found that there is a link between schadenfreude and envy, but only when the misfortune fell upon someone who had some basis of similarity (e.g., gender). There{{grammar}} results found that if participants learnt about a misfortune of the opposite gender, schadenfreude would not be experienced (van Dijk, et al., 2006). However, when the same gender was identified as suffering misfortune, schadenfreude was identified.

Smith, Powell, Combs, and Schurtz (2009) also show the correlation between envy and schadenfreude. They claim that envy is the polar opposite of a downward social comparison (Heider, 1958), however, when a misfortune occurs to someone who is envied, it transformed the comparison to a downwards one (Smith, et al., 2009). Conflicting reports on whether schadenfreude and envy are linked have been found, yet Smith et al., (2009), were able to replicate results where students who were enviable of another student felt greater schadenfreude when the person they envied suffered a misfortune, compared with those who were not in the envy group in the experiment. This provides empirical evidence that envy can lead to increased feelings of schadenfreude (Smith, et al., 2009). Smith et al., (2009) continue to remark that superiority to others does not always lead to envy, but when it does, this greatly increases the likelihood of schadenfreude.

=== In-Group Inferiority ===
An in-group refers to when an individual will recognise themselves as part of a group when they identify with them on some sort of level. For example, when someone identifies with a sporting group e.g. a football team, they begin to become part of the in-group. Another example is when people associate themselves with their university, an in-group forms.

In-group inferiority refers to how people can feel pleasure at the misfortune of others in an in-group situation. For example, when a football team wins, that group will feel a sense of joy at the misfortune of the other team. Smith et al. (2009) suggests that when people identify with a group, the group becomes part of the individual, and the individual becomes part of the group.

Leach et al. (2003) argue that schadenfreude is only evident when a third party or situation is the one that causes the misfortune, meaning that schadenfreude cannot occur if the pleasure is experienced when you are the cause of another persons misfortune. They suggest that schadenfreude should increase when an outer-group suffer misfortune in an area of high interest to the in-group members. They also delve into the idea that in-group inferiority will increase feelings of schadenfreude (Leach, et al., 2003; Leach and Spears, 2009). Leach et al. (2003) were successful in showing that when an individual felt more passionately about what formed the group (e.g. football) higher levels of schadenfreude were evoked when a third party suffered misfortune (e.g. lost a football match), and those who were less passionate, yet still were associated with the in-group had lesser feelings of schadenfreude. They were also able to demonstrate that schadenfreude was increased when feelings of in-group inferiority were experienced, however, this only affected those with lower interests (Leach, et al., 2003). Leach et al. (2003) also express that the threat to in-group inferiority and the increase in schadenfreude to those with higher interests was not seen, as those who had higher interests were already experiencing higher levels of schadenfreude.

=== Personal Gain (Competition) ===
Smith, et al. (2009) argue that the emotion of schadenfreude can be a result of a personal gain. They liken this to competition, where when you, or your team wins, you feel pleasure and this is ultimately in the suffering of the other team (Smith, et al., 2009). This idea of competition is seen in other aspects of life, and more often in day to day situations. It is arguably under-appreciated as to how often schadenfreude appears in a competitive everyday situation (Smith, et al., 2009). For example, if you are up for a new job, there is most likely going to be more than one person up for the position, and if you are successful in the process, you will most likely feel joy. This feeling of schadenfreude is one that is less ugly compared to other feelings derived from other places such as envy. A competitive nature is somewhat highly regarded (as seen with our tendency to highlight sports, and sports people), and seen to be quite natural (Smith, et al., 2009).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this idea of personal gain is also evident in politics. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, and Smith (2009), conducted an experiment in the United States where they assessed whether schadenfreude was felt with political associations. They tested this by primarily assessing students{{grammar}} political identification, then by asking them to read an article which made out something embarrassing (or unfortunate) about the party leaders for both their party and the opposing party (Combs, et al., 2009). They found that schadenfreude was present when participants were shown articles about the opposing parties, and that the level of schadenfreude found depended on how affiliated one was with their{{grammar}} political party (Combs, et al., 2009).

This also ties in with the idea of in-group identification, as these examples of schadenfreude are mostly group based successes or failures. They still hold the idea that when your group wins, you feel pleasure - at the misfortune of others.

These findings emphasize the fact that schadenfreude is much more common than we would like to admit, is found in everyday life, and it is often regarded as natural and praised (Smith, et al., 2009).

=== Deserved Misfortune ===
Another justification for schadenfreude is the sense of deserved misfortune. When we feel that the misfortune that one has suffered is deserved, a feeling of pleasure is derived. It is argued that the feeling of deserved misfortune, which creates the feeling of schadenfreude, is a form of karmic retribution and gives us a sense of equilibrium (Lerner, &amp; Miller, 1978).

van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, &amp; Nieweg (2005) showed the first empirical evidence on deserved misfortune and its link to schadenfreude. They showed evidence of schadenfreude increasing when it was perceived that the misfortune was more deserved (van Dijk, et al., 2005). They used a manipulation of responsibility to obtain differences in deserved misfortune, which led to the evidence that schadenfreude and a feeling of deserved misfortune are linked (van Dijk et al., 2005).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this is also linked with hypocrisy. They explain that when we feel someone has been a hypocrite, we feel pleasure in the form of schadenfreude, at their misfortune. This is because we believe that the misfortune they are suffering is deserved. Smith, et al., (2009) yielded results in an experiment to examine the links between schadenfreude, deserved misfortune, and hypocrisy. They asked participants to read an article that presented an interview with a fellow student, where the student was either part of a campus organization about increasing academic integrity (high hypocrisy) or a student who was part of a French club (low hypocrisy) (Smith,et al., 2009). Participants were then shown a second article which said that the fellow student (in either case) was caught for plagiarism (Smith, et al., 2009). The results showed that those who were in the high hypocrisy group showed higher feelings of schadenfreude and that the student deserved the misfortune in comparison to those who were in the low hypocrisy group (Smith, et al. 2009). Smith, et al. (2009) also found similar outcomes when they changed the first article to be the same for all participants, and the manipulation came in the second article, where the other student was either caught in an immoral action that either matched the initial action that they were fighting against, or something completely unrelated. The results showed that when the immoral action matched that of the initial action higher levels of deserved misfortune and schadenfreude were felt. Unfortunately, this exact study was never published on its own, which questions whether there were problems with integrity in the research.

Pietraszkiewicz (2013) discusses how schadenfreude and deserved misfortune are correlated to a just world belief. It was found that a threat to ones{{grammar}} just world belief increased ones pleasure at anothers' misfortune. Pietraszkiewicz (2013) argues that when failure is deserved, the greater the responsibility of the failure is, therefore, more schadenfreude is felt.

=== Biological components  ===
==== The role of Oxytocin ====
Research that was conducted by Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) investigated the role of oxytocin in envy and gloating, which are both related to schadenfreude. Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) discuss how oxytocin (a peptide hormone) has been shown to have implications in the social behaviour of humans and mammals. Many of the research into oxytocin looks at maternal behaviours such as contraction regulation in labour,  as well as parental behaviours like trusting collaborators. They suggest that previous research has shown that oxytocin release is related to pro-social behaviours (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Seeing as pro-social behaviours are increased by oxytocin, your negative social behaviours, like envy and gloating, would logically be reduced. However, there has been an indication that this is not the case (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Sharmay-Tsoory et al. (2009) conducted an experiment which looked at the increase of oxytocin levels and its effect on these negatively perceived behaviours, such as schadenfreude. They concluded that gloating and envy, or schadenfreude, showed significantly higher rates of these emotions when oxytocin was given (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). This research has provided evidence that oxytocin increases varying behaviours which are related to social behaviour, which in many roles are associated with parenting.

==== Neural Correlates ====
[[File:MRI anterior cingulate.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 4. ''MRI of anterior cingulate cortex'' ]]

[[File:Dopamine Pathways.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 5. ''Position of the Ventral Striatum'']]

Envy and schadenfreude are related emotions. Takahashi, et al. (2009) looked at the areas of the brain that were active when feelings of envy and schadenfreude were evoked. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers looked for activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (seen in image 2.) when envy was felt, as the anterior cingulate cortex is the area that is activated when our positive self-concept is being conflicted with external information, social pain, or cognitive conflicts (Takahashi, et al., 2009). When investigating the emotion of schadenfreude they were looking for activation in the ventral striatum, which is the central node of the rewards processing area (Takahashi, et al., 2009). The reward would be the joy that is derived in schadenfreude. Takahashi, et al. (2009) found that both areas which were targeted in their respective trials activated when the respective emotion was emitted. They found that when people had higher levels of schadenfreude, greater activation was seen in the ventral striatum. This was also found to be the case when investigating envy. Greater levels of envy showed higher activation in the dACC (Takahashi, et al., 2009).

== Quiz ==

&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{What is Schadenfeude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Freud's son
+ Pleasure derived from others misfortune
- Pleasure derived from others fortune
- Pain derived from others misfortune

{What Peptide Hormione plays a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Oxycontin
- glucocorticoids
- Prolactin
+ Oxytocin

{Which of the following does NOT play a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Envy
- Self-worth
+ Anhedonia
- Deserved misfortune

{Which area of the brain is stimulated when you feel the emotion of schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
+ Ventral Striatum
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Subgenual Cingulate
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion ==
Schadenfreude is a complex emotion which can have many levels (van Dijk, 2011). It has many underlying concepts which relate to Social Comparison Theory, especially when evaluating the role of self-evaluation and schadenfreude.

It is more commonly seen as a morally disturbed emotion, especially when feelings of envy, self-evaluation, and in-group inferiority are causes. However, it is seen quite commonly in everyday life, especially when it comes to situations or individuals with a competitive nature.

There are many layers that underlie why schadenfreude occurs. Emotions such as envy, feelings of deservingness, personal gain, in-group inferiority and self-evaluation can all play a role in schadenfreude and why we feel this emotion, and there can be more than one reason as to why we experience schadenfreude. Other biological reasons, such as the role of oxytocin, and activity in the ventral striatum also play a role in feelings of schadenfreude.

Schadenfreude is difficult to elicit in a clinical setting in an ethical way, which may be why conflicting results have been obtained for much of the research. Limitations in assessing schadenfreude may include social biases, as schadenfreude is an emotion that is generally considered immoral. This can lead to participants under-reporting their feelings of schadenfreude when being asked about it. A possible solution to this would be to conduct the schadenfreude eliciting part of the experiment under fMRI, as activity in the ventral striatum has been linked to schadenfreude, and it may be another way to see if someone is experiencing schadenfreude, without self-reporting. This may become more costly and less time effective, which would be a reason to stay clear of this research technique, however, it does become an option.

Due to the many aspects and layers of schadenfreude, van Dijk et al., (2011) suggest that future research into which determinants effect schadenfreude under what circumstances will aid in further understanding why we feel pleasure in others misfortune. There may possibly be other reasons as to why we feel schadenfreude, greater research into the biological aspects of schadenfreude may also enhance our understanding of this emotion.

Through investigating schadenfreude and the reasons why we might feel this emotion can aid to enrich our understanding and improve on out emotional lives, as when an experience of schadenfreude is likely to occur or is experienced, taking a step back and evaluating why we are feeling this emotion may lead to a greater emotional understanding and awareness.

==See also==
[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Deservingness and emotion#Schadenfreude|Deservingness and Emotion]] - Motivation and Emotion 2013

[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Envy|Envy]] - Motivation and Emotion 2011

[[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] - Wikipedia

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., &amp; Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, Schadenfreude, and in-group identification: the sometimes happy thing about poor economy and death. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4)'', 635-646. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

Heider, F. (1958). ''The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations''. New York: Wiley

Leach, C. W., &amp; Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second- and third- party out-groups. ''Emotion, 9(5)'', 659-665. doi: 10.1037/a0016815

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., &amp; Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84(5),'' 932-943. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932

Lerner, M. J., &amp; Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution processes: looking back and ahead. ''Psychological Bulletin, 85(8),'' 1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Louis, W. (2014). Group Influence. In Myer, D. G. (Eds.), ''Social Psychology'' (287). North Ride, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill

Pietraszkiewicz. A. (2013). Schdenfeude and just world belief. ''Australian Journal of Psychology, 65'', 188-194. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12020

Reeve, J. (2015). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G,. Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., &amp; Levkovitz, Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). ''Biological Psychiatry, 66(8)'', 864-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., &amp; Schurtz. D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4)'', 530-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Spurgin, E. (2015). An emotional-freedom defense of schadenfreude. ''Ethical Theory and Modern Practice, 18'', 767-784. doi: 10.1007/s10677-014-9550-8

Van Dijk, W. W. (2013). Why do we sometimes enjoy the misfortune of others? ''The Inquisitive Mind'' Retrieved from: http://www.in-mind.org/blog/post/why-do-we-sometimes-enjoy-the-misfortune-of-others

van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, O. S., Nieweg, M., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. ''Emotion, 6(1)'', 156-160. doi: 10.1037/1528-.3542.6.1.156

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Goslinga, S., &amp; Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and Schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion, 19(6),'' 933-939. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000066

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Wesseling, Y. M., &amp; van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: the impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion'', 25(2), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.487365

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. ''Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),'' 245-271.
}}

==External links==
[http://www.livescience.com/17398-schadenfreude-affirmation.html Schadenfreude Explained: Why We Secretly Smile When Others Fail]

[http://www.wsj.com/articles/schadenfreude-is-in-the-zeitgeist-but-is-there-an-opposite-term-1434129186 Schadenfreude Is in the Zeitgeist, but Is There an Opposite Term?]

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==Overview==
[[File:Schadenfreude.png|thumb|170px|''Figure 1''. An artificially generated image of a human facial expression consistent with schadenfreude: lip press → side-smirk → narrowed eyes]]

Schadenfreude is a complex emotion that we feel when others suffer a misfortune (see Figure 1). However, instead of feelings of sympathy, schadenfreude evokes feelings of joy and pleasure. Schadenfreude has been considered immoral and malicious, and is closely linked to envy, one of the seven biblical sins (Takahashi, et al., 2009). For these reasons, many have argued that schadenfreude is harmful to social relations (Heider, 1958). Other research has attempted to combat that idea, as they argue that schadenfreude is a healthy emotion, despite the fact that it is not always appropriate or polite to share it with others (Spurgin, 2015).

Understanding what schadenfreude is, where it comes form in terms of psychological theories, and why we encounter feelings of schadenfreude, will help to understand and improve on our emotional lives.

== What is schadenfreude? ==
Schadenfreude is a German word which translates to the pleasure which is derived from the misfortune of others (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, &amp; Doosje, 2003). Heider (1958) discussed how schadenfreude is a malicious emotion as it is an incongruous reaction to anothers'{{grammar}} misfortune. Heider (1958) is saying that instead of being sympathetic when another person is suffering, which could be considered the socially acceptable response, feelings of pleasure are seen as taboo and immoral (Leach, 2003). This feeling is typically seen as shameful or as a moral failing (Spurgin, 2015). Many people hide their feelings of schadenfreude, and many may not even realise that they are feeling pleasure at others{{grammar}} misfortune. This can stem from things such as gloating or joy at your basketball team winning a game. Both have emotions of schadenfreude behind them.

Schadenfreude has its roots in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]]. This theory, largely influenced by Festinger (1954), states that we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing our views with others, and that we want people in similar groups to like us, so will change our wants and beliefs to match theirs (Myers, 2014). Myers (2014) also describes social comparison as evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others. As schadenfreude is a social comparison, where you are comparing yourself against the misfortune of someone else, you are forming an opinion or judging your own abilities on the others{{grammar}} misfortune.

Schadenfreude is a complex cognitive emotion that has many different reasons as to why we feel it (Reeve, 2015). Schadenfreude can be derived from feelings of envy, instability in ones'{{grammar}} self-worth, personal gain, when it is believed that the misfortune is deserved, along with biological factors.

== Why do we feel pleasure in the suffering of others?  ==

=== The role of self-evaluation ===
When a person’s positive self-evaluation is threatened or harmed, they may have a strong motivation to protect or restore their self-evaluation (Van Dijk, 2013). One possible course of action to achieving this positive self-view can involve comparing one’s own situation to that of another person (Van Dijk, 2013). As a result, comparing another person’s misfortune may provide a sense of self worth or value to ones{{grammar}} own life. This means that people can use social comparisons and enjoy the misfortune of others as it provides a more positive self-evaluation.

[[File:Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala - Regreso al convento.jpg |thumb|250px|''Figure 2''. Monks taking pleasure in the misfortune of another monk, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala]]
Research conducted by van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Wesseling, &amp; van Koninbruggen (2011) supports the idea that schadenfreude can be intensified by a threat to our self evaluation. They hypothesise that another reason for people to feel schadenfreude is because it satisfies their need to view themselves positively (van Dijk, 2011) (see Figure 2). This is argued in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]] which suggests that events and experiences that satisfy our concerns elicit positive emotions, whereas threat or harm will produce negative emotions (van Dijk, 2011). A way that people can make themselves feel better, according to [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]], is to compare themselves to those who are less fortunate, also called 'downward social comparison' (van Dijk, 2011). Therefore, it is possible to argue that those who are suffering from self evaluation threat (and experiencing negative emotions), will use downward social comparison to help elicit positive emotions (Wills, 1981). The aim of Van Dijk's and his colleagues' (2011) research was to demonstrate that self-evaluation threat intensified schadenfreude in both threat-related and threat-unrelated domains. They were able to find that a threat to self-evaluation caused higher feelings of schadenfreude, and this was also possible to provoke in a threat-unrelated domain. This shows that self-evaluation can play a role towards feelings of schadenfreude.

=== Envy ===
[[File:Children marbles.jpg|thumb|225px|Figure 3. ''Envy shown in children with marbles'']]

Envy (see Figure 3) has contradicting results when it came to schadenfreude. Many argued that there was a link between schadenfreude and envy, while others argued against this. van Dijk et al. (2006) investigated these contradictory results, and found that there is a link between schadenfreude and envy, but only when the misfortune fell upon someone who had some basis of similarity (e.g., gender). There{{grammar}} results found that if participants learnt about a misfortune of the opposite gender, schadenfreude would not be experienced (van Dijk, et al., 2006). However, when the same gender was identified as suffering misfortune, schadenfreude was identified.

Smith, Powell, Combs, and Schurtz (2009) also show the correlation between envy and schadenfreude. They claim that envy is the polar opposite of a downward social comparison (Heider, 1958), however, when a misfortune occurs to someone who is envied, it transformed the comparison to a downwards one (Smith, et al., 2009). Conflicting reports on whether schadenfreude and envy are linked have been found, yet Smith et al., (2009), were able to replicate results where students who were enviable of another student felt greater schadenfreude when the person they envied suffered a misfortune, compared with those who were not in the envy group in the experiment. This provides empirical evidence that envy can lead to increased feelings of schadenfreude (Smith, et al., 2009). Smith et al., (2009) continue to remark that superiority to others does not always lead to envy, but when it does, this greatly increases the likelihood of schadenfreude.

=== In-Group Inferiority ===
An in-group refers to when an individual will recognise themselves as part of a group when they identify with them on some sort of level. For example, when someone identifies with a sporting group e.g. a football team, they begin to become part of the in-group. Another example is when people associate themselves with their university, an in-group forms.

In-group inferiority refers to how people can feel pleasure at the misfortune of others in an in-group situation. For example, when a football team wins, that group will feel a sense of joy at the misfortune of the other team. Smith et al. (2009) suggests that when people identify with a group, the group becomes part of the individual, and the individual becomes part of the group.

Leach et al. (2003) argue that schadenfreude is only evident when a third party or situation is the one that causes the misfortune, meaning that schadenfreude cannot occur if the pleasure is experienced when you are the cause of another persons misfortune. They suggest that schadenfreude should increase when an outer-group suffer misfortune in an area of high interest to the in-group members. They also delve into the idea that in-group inferiority will increase feelings of schadenfreude (Leach, et al., 2003; Leach and Spears, 2009). Leach et al. (2003) were successful in showing that when an individual felt more passionately about what formed the group (e.g. football) higher levels of schadenfreude were evoked when a third party suffered misfortune (e.g. lost a football match), and those who were less passionate, yet still were associated with the in-group had lesser feelings of schadenfreude. They were also able to demonstrate that schadenfreude was increased when feelings of in-group inferiority were experienced, however, this only affected those with lower interests (Leach, et al., 2003). Leach et al. (2003) also express that the threat to in-group inferiority and the increase in schadenfreude to those with higher interests was not seen, as those who had higher interests were already experiencing higher levels of schadenfreude.

=== Personal Gain (Competition) ===
Smith, et al. (2009) argue that the emotion of schadenfreude can be a result of a personal gain. They liken this to competition, where when you, or your team wins, you feel pleasure and this is ultimately in the suffering of the other team (Smith, et al., 2009). This idea of competition is seen in other aspects of life, and more often in day to day situations. It is arguably under-appreciated as to how often schadenfreude appears in a competitive everyday situation (Smith, et al., 2009). For example, if you are up for a new job, there is most likely going to be more than one person up for the position, and if you are successful in the process, you will most likely feel joy. This feeling of schadenfreude is one that is less ugly compared to other feelings derived from other places such as envy. A competitive nature is somewhat highly regarded (as seen with our tendency to highlight sports, and sports people), and seen to be quite natural (Smith, et al., 2009).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this idea of personal gain is also evident in politics. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, and Smith (2009), conducted an experiment in the United States where they assessed whether schadenfreude was felt with political associations. They tested this by primarily assessing students{{grammar}} political identification, then by asking them to read an article which made out something embarrassing (or unfortunate) about the party leaders for both their party and the opposing party (Combs, et al., 2009). They found that schadenfreude was present when participants were shown articles about the opposing parties, and that the level of schadenfreude found depended on how affiliated one was with their{{grammar}} political party (Combs, et al., 2009).

This also ties in with the idea of in-group identification, as these examples of schadenfreude are mostly group based successes or failures. They still hold the idea that when your group wins, you feel pleasure - at the misfortune of others.

These findings emphasize the fact that schadenfreude is much more common than we would like to admit, is found in everyday life, and it is often regarded as natural and praised (Smith, et al., 2009).

=== Deserved Misfortune ===
Another justification for schadenfreude is the sense of deserved misfortune. When we feel that the misfortune that one has suffered is deserved, a feeling of pleasure is derived. It is argued that the feeling of deserved misfortune, which creates the feeling of schadenfreude, is a form of karmic retribution and gives us a sense of equilibrium (Lerner, &amp; Miller, 1978).

van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, &amp; Nieweg (2005) showed the first empirical evidence on deserved misfortune and its link to schadenfreude. They showed evidence of schadenfreude increasing when it was perceived that the misfortune was more deserved (van Dijk, et al., 2005). They used a manipulation of responsibility to obtain differences in deserved misfortune, which led to the evidence that schadenfreude and a feeling of deserved misfortune are linked (van Dijk et al., 2005).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this is also linked with hypocrisy. They explain that when we feel someone has been a hypocrite, we feel pleasure in the form of schadenfreude, at their misfortune. This is because we believe that the misfortune they are suffering is deserved. Smith, et al., (2009) yielded results in an experiment to examine the links between schadenfreude, deserved misfortune, and hypocrisy. They asked participants to read an article that presented an interview with a fellow student, where the student was either part of a campus organization about increasing academic integrity (high hypocrisy) or a student who was part of a French club (low hypocrisy) (Smith,et al., 2009). Participants were then shown a second article which said that the fellow student (in either case) was caught for plagiarism (Smith, et al., 2009). The results showed that those who were in the high hypocrisy group showed higher feelings of schadenfreude and that the student deserved the misfortune in comparison to those who were in the low hypocrisy group (Smith, et al. 2009). Smith, et al. (2009) also found similar outcomes when they changed the first article to be the same for all participants, and the manipulation came in the second article, where the other student was either caught in an immoral action that either matched the initial action that they were fighting against, or something completely unrelated. The results showed that when the immoral action matched that of the initial action higher levels of deserved misfortune and schadenfreude were felt. Unfortunately, this exact study was never published on its own, which questions whether there were problems with integrity in the research.

Pietraszkiewicz (2013) discusses how schadenfreude and deserved misfortune are correlated to a just world belief. It was found that a threat to ones{{grammar}} just world belief increased ones pleasure at anothers' misfortune. Pietraszkiewicz (2013) argues that when failure is deserved, the greater the responsibility of the failure is, therefore, more schadenfreude is felt.

=== Biological components  ===
==== The role of Oxytocin ====
Research that was conducted by Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) investigated the role of oxytocin in envy and gloating, which are both related to schadenfreude. Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) discuss how oxytocin (a peptide hormone) has been shown to have implications in the social behaviour of humans and mammals. Many of the research into oxytocin looks at maternal behaviours such as contraction regulation in labour,  as well as parental behaviours like trusting collaborators. They suggest that previous research has shown that oxytocin release is related to pro-social behaviours (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Seeing as pro-social behaviours are increased by oxytocin, your negative social behaviours, like envy and gloating, would logically be reduced. However, there has been an indication that this is not the case (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Sharmay-Tsoory et al. (2009) conducted an experiment which looked at the increase of oxytocin levels and its effect on these negatively perceived behaviours, such as schadenfreude. They concluded that gloating and envy, or schadenfreude, showed significantly higher rates of these emotions when oxytocin was given (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). This research has provided evidence that oxytocin increases varying behaviours which are related to social behaviour, which in many roles are associated with parenting.

==== Neural Correlates ====
[[File:MRI anterior cingulate.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 4. ''MRI of anterior cingulate cortex'' ]]

[[File:Dopamine Pathways.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 5. ''Position of the Ventral Striatum'']]

Envy and schadenfreude are related emotions. Takahashi, et al. (2009) looked at the areas of the brain that were active when feelings of envy and schadenfreude were evoked. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers looked for activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (seen in image 2.) when envy was felt, as the anterior cingulate cortex is the area that is activated when our positive self-concept is being conflicted with external information, social pain, or cognitive conflicts (Takahashi, et al., 2009). When investigating the emotion of schadenfreude they were looking for activation in the ventral striatum, which is the central node of the rewards processing area (Takahashi, et al., 2009). The reward would be the joy that is derived in schadenfreude. Takahashi, et al. (2009) found that both areas which were targeted in their respective trials activated when the respective emotion was emitted. They found that when people had higher levels of schadenfreude, greater activation was seen in the ventral striatum. This was also found to be the case when investigating envy. Greater levels of envy showed higher activation in the dACC (Takahashi, et al., 2009).

== Activities ==
; Video
To see an example of Pleasure derived from others misfortune follow this link to YouTube

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcRyTdFKjPU 14 awesome viral video fails in 30 seconds]

; Poll
After watching this video please complete this short poll to see how others feel when it comes to Schadenfreude

[http://www.easypolls.net/poll.html?p=562c7466e4b09c75340b5249 Link to poll]

Why do some people find videos like this funny? They could be experiencing feelings of schadenfreude, as they are getting pleasure from the suffering of others. But why do we feel this way?

== Quiz ==

&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{What is Schadenfeude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Freud's son
+ Pleasure derived from others misfortune
- Pleasure derived from others fortune
- Pain derived from others misfortune

{What Peptide Hormione plays a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Oxycontin
- glucocorticoids
- Prolactin
+ Oxytocin

{Which of the following does NOT play a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Envy
- Self-worth
+ Anhedonia
- Deserved misfortune

{Which area of the brain is stimulated when you feel the emotion of schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
+ Ventral Striatum
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Subgenual Cingulate
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion ==
Schadenfreude is a complex emotion which can have many levels (van Dijk, 2011). It has many underlying concepts which relate to Social Comparison Theory, especially when evaluating the role of self-evaluation and schadenfreude.

It is more commonly seen as a morally disturbed emotion, especially when feelings of envy, self-evaluation, and in-group inferiority are causes. However, it is seen quite commonly in everyday life, especially when it comes to situations or individuals with a competitive nature.

There are many layers that underlie why schadenfreude occurs. Emotions such as envy, feelings of deservingness, personal gain, in-group inferiority and self-evaluation can all play a role in schadenfreude and why we feel this emotion, and there can be more than one reason as to why we experience schadenfreude. Other biological reasons, such as the role of oxytocin, and activity in the ventral striatum also play a role in feelings of schadenfreude.

Schadenfreude is difficult to elicit in a clinical setting in an ethical way, which may be why conflicting results have been obtained for much of the research. Limitations in assessing schadenfreude may include social biases, as schadenfreude is an emotion that is generally considered immoral. This can lead to participants under-reporting their feelings of schadenfreude when being asked about it. A possible solution to this would be to conduct the schadenfreude eliciting part of the experiment under fMRI, as activity in the ventral striatum has been linked to schadenfreude, and it may be another way to see if someone is experiencing schadenfreude, without self-reporting. This may become more costly and less time effective, which would be a reason to stay clear of this research technique, however, it does become an option.

Due to the many aspects and layers of schadenfreude, van Dijk et al., (2011) suggest that future research into which determinants effect schadenfreude under what circumstances will aid in further understanding why we feel pleasure in others misfortune. There may possibly be other reasons as to why we feel schadenfreude, greater research into the biological aspects of schadenfreude may also enhance our understanding of this emotion.

Through investigating schadenfreude and the reasons why we might feel this emotion can aid to enrich our understanding and improve on out emotional lives, as when an experience of schadenfreude is likely to occur or is experienced, taking a step back and evaluating why we are feeling this emotion may lead to a greater emotional understanding and awareness.

==See also==
[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Deservingness and emotion#Schadenfreude|Deservingness and Emotion]] - Motivation and Emotion 2013

[[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Envy|Envy]] - Motivation and Emotion 2011

[[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] - Wikipedia

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., &amp; Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, Schadenfreude, and in-group identification: the sometimes happy thing about poor economy and death. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4)'', 635-646. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

Heider, F. (1958). ''The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations''. New York: Wiley

Leach, C. W., &amp; Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second- and third- party out-groups. ''Emotion, 9(5)'', 659-665. doi: 10.1037/a0016815

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., &amp; Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84(5),'' 932-943. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932

Lerner, M. J., &amp; Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution processes: looking back and ahead. ''Psychological Bulletin, 85(8),'' 1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Louis, W. (2014). Group Influence. In Myer, D. G. (Eds.), ''Social Psychology'' (287). North Ride, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill

Pietraszkiewicz. A. (2013). Schdenfeude and just world belief. ''Australian Journal of Psychology, 65'', 188-194. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12020

Reeve, J. (2015). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G,. Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., &amp; Levkovitz, Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). ''Biological Psychiatry, 66(8)'', 864-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., &amp; Schurtz. D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4)'', 530-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Spurgin, E. (2015). An emotional-freedom defense of schadenfreude. ''Ethical Theory and Modern Practice, 18'', 767-784. doi: 10.1007/s10677-014-9550-8

Van Dijk, W. W. (2013). Why do we sometimes enjoy the misfortune of others? ''The Inquisitive Mind'' Retrieved from: http://www.in-mind.org/blog/post/why-do-we-sometimes-enjoy-the-misfortune-of-others

van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, O. S., Nieweg, M., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. ''Emotion, 6(1)'', 156-160. doi: 10.1037/1528-.3542.6.1.156

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Goslinga, S., &amp; Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and Schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion, 19(6),'' 933-939. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000066

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Wesseling, Y. M., &amp; van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: the impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion'', 25(2), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.487365

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. ''Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),'' 245-271.
}}

==External links==
[http://www.livescience.com/17398-schadenfreude-affirmation.html Schadenfreude Explained: Why We Secretly Smile When Others Fail]

[http://www.wsj.com/articles/schadenfreude-is-in-the-zeitgeist-but-is-there-an-opposite-term-1434129186 Schadenfreude Is in the Zeitgeist, but Is There an Opposite Term?]

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==Overview==
[[File:Schadenfreude.png|thumb|170px|''Figure 1''. An artificially generated image of a human facial expression consistent with schadenfreude: lip press → side-smirk → narrowed eyes]]

Schadenfreude is a complex emotion that we feel when others suffer a misfortune (see Figure 1). However, instead of feelings of sympathy, schadenfreude evokes feelings of joy and pleasure. Schadenfreude has been considered immoral and malicious, and is closely linked to envy, one of the seven biblical sins (Takahashi, et al., 2009). For these reasons, many have argued that schadenfreude is harmful to social relations (Heider, 1958). Other research has attempted to combat that idea, as they argue that schadenfreude is a healthy emotion, despite the fact that it is not always appropriate or polite to share it with others (Spurgin, 2015).

Understanding what schadenfreude is, where it comes form in terms of psychological theories, and why we encounter feelings of schadenfreude, will help to understand and improve on our emotional lives.

== What is schadenfreude? ==
Schadenfreude is a German word which translates to the pleasure which is derived from the misfortune of others (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, &amp; Doosje, 2003). Heider (1958) discussed how schadenfreude is a malicious emotion as it is an incongruous reaction to anothers'{{grammar}} misfortune. Heider (1958) is saying that instead of being sympathetic when another person is suffering, which could be considered the socially acceptable response, feelings of pleasure are seen as taboo and immoral (Leach, 2003). This feeling is typically seen as shameful or as a moral failing (Spurgin, 2015). Many people hide their feelings of schadenfreude, and many may not even realise that they are feeling pleasure at others{{grammar}} misfortune. This can stem from things such as gloating or joy at your basketball team winning a game. Both have emotions of schadenfreude behind them.

Schadenfreude has its roots in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]]. This theory, largely influenced by Festinger (1954), states that we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing our views with others, and that we want people in similar groups to like us, so will change our wants and beliefs to match theirs (Myers, 2014). Myers (2014) also describes social comparison as evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others. As schadenfreude is a social comparison, where you are comparing yourself against the misfortune of someone else, you are forming an opinion or judging your own abilities on the others{{grammar}} misfortune.

Schadenfreude is a complex cognitive emotion that has many different reasons as to why we feel it (Reeve, 2015). Schadenfreude can be derived from feelings of envy, instability in ones'{{grammar}} self-worth, personal gain, when it is believed that the misfortune is deserved, along with biological factors.

== Why do we feel pleasure in the suffering of others?  ==

=== The role of self-evaluation ===
When a person’s positive self-evaluation is threatened or harmed, they may have a strong motivation to protect or restore their self-evaluation (Van Dijk, 2013). One possible course of action to achieving this positive self-view can involve comparing one’s own situation to that of another person (Van Dijk, 2013). As a result, comparing another person’s misfortune may provide a sense of self worth or value to ones{{grammar}} own life. This means that people can use social comparisons and enjoy the misfortune of others as it provides a more positive self-evaluation.

[[File:Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala - Regreso al convento.jpg |thumb|250px|''Figure 2''. Monks taking pleasure in the misfortune of another monk, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala]]
Research conducted by van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Wesseling, &amp; van Koninbruggen (2011) supports the idea that schadenfreude can be intensified by a threat to our self evaluation. They hypothesise that another reason for people to feel schadenfreude is because it satisfies their need to view themselves positively (van Dijk, 2011) (see Figure 2). This is argued in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]] which suggests that events and experiences that satisfy our concerns elicit positive emotions, whereas threat or harm will produce negative emotions (van Dijk, 2011). A way that people can make themselves feel better, according to [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]], is to compare themselves to those who are less fortunate, also called 'downward social comparison' (van Dijk, 2011). Therefore, it is possible to argue that those who are suffering from self evaluation threat (and experiencing negative emotions), will use downward social comparison to help elicit positive emotions (Wills, 1981). The aim of Van Dijk's and his colleagues' (2011) research was to demonstrate that self-evaluation threat intensified schadenfreude in both threat-related and threat-unrelated domains. They were able to find that a threat to self-evaluation caused higher feelings of schadenfreude, and this was also possible to provoke in a threat-unrelated domain. This shows that self-evaluation can play a role towards feelings of schadenfreude.

=== Envy ===
[[File:Children marbles.jpg|thumb|225px|Figure 3. ''Envy shown in children with marbles'']]

Envy (see Figure 3) has contradicting results when it came to schadenfreude. Many argued that there was a link between schadenfreude and envy, while others argued against this. van Dijk et al. (2006) investigated these contradictory results, and found that there is a link between schadenfreude and envy, but only when the misfortune fell upon someone who had some basis of similarity (e.g., gender). There{{grammar}} results found that if participants learnt about a misfortune of the opposite gender, schadenfreude would not be experienced (van Dijk, et al., 2006). However, when the same gender was identified as suffering misfortune, schadenfreude was identified.

Smith, Powell, Combs, and Schurtz (2009) also show the correlation between envy and schadenfreude. They claim that envy is the polar opposite of a downward social comparison (Heider, 1958), however, when a misfortune occurs to someone who is envied, it transformed the comparison to a downwards one (Smith, et al., 2009). Conflicting reports on whether schadenfreude and envy are linked have been found, yet Smith et al., (2009), were able to replicate results where students who were enviable of another student felt greater schadenfreude when the person they envied suffered a misfortune, compared with those who were not in the envy group in the experiment. This provides empirical evidence that envy can lead to increased feelings of schadenfreude (Smith, et al., 2009). Smith et al., (2009) continue to remark that superiority to others does not always lead to envy, but when it does, this greatly increases the likelihood of schadenfreude.

=== In-Group Inferiority ===
An in-group refers to when an individual will recognise themselves as part of a group when they identify with them on some sort of level. For example, when someone identifies with a sporting group e.g. a football team, they begin to become part of the in-group. Another example is when people associate themselves with their university, an in-group forms.

In-group inferiority refers to how people can feel pleasure at the misfortune of others in an in-group situation. For example, when a football team wins, that group will feel a sense of joy at the misfortune of the other team. Smith et al. (2009) suggests that when people identify with a group, the group becomes part of the individual, and the individual becomes part of the group.

Leach et al. (2003) argue that schadenfreude is only evident when a third party or situation is the one that causes the misfortune, meaning that schadenfreude cannot occur if the pleasure is experienced when you are the cause of another persons misfortune. They suggest that schadenfreude should increase when an outer-group suffer misfortune in an area of high interest to the in-group members. They also delve into the idea that in-group inferiority will increase feelings of schadenfreude (Leach, et al., 2003; Leach and Spears, 2009). Leach et al. (2003) were successful in showing that when an individual felt more passionately about what formed the group (e.g. football) higher levels of schadenfreude were evoked when a third party suffered misfortune (e.g. lost a football match), and those who were less passionate, yet still were associated with the in-group had lesser feelings of schadenfreude. They were also able to demonstrate that schadenfreude was increased when feelings of in-group inferiority were experienced, however, this only affected those with lower interests (Leach, et al., 2003). Leach et al. (2003) also express that the threat to in-group inferiority and the increase in schadenfreude to those with higher interests was not seen, as those who had higher interests were already experiencing higher levels of schadenfreude.

=== Personal Gain (Competition) ===
Smith, et al. (2009) argue that the emotion of schadenfreude can be a result of a personal gain. They liken this to competition, where when you, or your team wins, you feel pleasure and this is ultimately in the suffering of the other team (Smith, et al., 2009). This idea of competition is seen in other aspects of life, and more often in day to day situations. It is arguably under-appreciated as to how often schadenfreude appears in a competitive everyday situation (Smith, et al., 2009). For example, if you are up for a new job, there is most likely going to be more than one person up for the position, and if you are successful in the process, you will most likely feel joy. This feeling of schadenfreude is one that is less ugly compared to other feelings derived from other places such as envy. A competitive nature is somewhat highly regarded (as seen with our tendency to highlight sports, and sports people), and seen to be quite natural (Smith, et al., 2009).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this idea of personal gain is also evident in politics. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, and Smith (2009), conducted an experiment in the United States where they assessed whether schadenfreude was felt with political associations. They tested this by primarily assessing students{{grammar}} political identification, then by asking them to read an article which made out something embarrassing (or unfortunate) about the party leaders for both their party and the opposing party (Combs, et al., 2009). They found that schadenfreude was present when participants were shown articles about the opposing parties, and that the level of schadenfreude found depended on how affiliated one was with their{{grammar}} political party (Combs, et al., 2009).

This also ties in with the idea of in-group identification, as these examples of schadenfreude are mostly group based successes or failures. They still hold the idea that when your group wins, you feel pleasure - at the misfortune of others.

These findings emphasize the fact that schadenfreude is much more common than we would like to admit, is found in everyday life, and it is often regarded as natural and praised (Smith, et al., 2009).

=== Deserved Misfortune ===
Another justification for schadenfreude is the sense of deserved misfortune. When we feel that the misfortune that one has suffered is deserved, a feeling of pleasure is derived. It is argued that the feeling of deserved misfortune, which creates the feeling of schadenfreude, is a form of karmic retribution and gives us a sense of equilibrium (Lerner, &amp; Miller, 1978).

van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, &amp; Nieweg (2005) showed the first empirical evidence on deserved misfortune and its link to schadenfreude. They showed evidence of schadenfreude increasing when it was perceived that the misfortune was more deserved (van Dijk, et al., 2005). They used a manipulation of responsibility to obtain differences in deserved misfortune, which led to the evidence that schadenfreude and a feeling of deserved misfortune are linked (van Dijk et al., 2005).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this is also linked with hypocrisy. They explain that when we feel someone has been a hypocrite, we feel pleasure in the form of schadenfreude, at their misfortune. This is because we believe that the misfortune they are suffering is deserved. Smith, et al., (2009) yielded results in an experiment to examine the links between schadenfreude, deserved misfortune, and hypocrisy. They asked participants to read an article that presented an interview with a fellow student, where the student was either part of a campus organization about increasing academic integrity (high hypocrisy) or a student who was part of a French club (low hypocrisy) (Smith,et al., 2009). Participants were then shown a second article which said that the fellow student (in either case) was caught for plagiarism (Smith, et al., 2009). The results showed that those who were in the high hypocrisy group showed higher feelings of schadenfreude and that the student deserved the misfortune in comparison to those who were in the low hypocrisy group (Smith, et al. 2009). Smith, et al. (2009) also found similar outcomes when they changed the first article to be the same for all participants, and the manipulation came in the second article, where the other student was either caught in an immoral action that either matched the initial action that they were fighting against, or something completely unrelated. The results showed that when the immoral action matched that of the initial action higher levels of deserved misfortune and schadenfreude were felt. Unfortunately, this exact study was never published on its own, which questions whether there were problems with integrity in the research.

Pietraszkiewicz (2013) discusses how schadenfreude and deserved misfortune are correlated to a just world belief. It was found that a threat to ones{{grammar}} just world belief increased ones pleasure at anothers' misfortune. Pietraszkiewicz (2013) argues that when failure is deserved, the greater the responsibility of the failure is, therefore, more schadenfreude is felt.

=== Biological components  ===
==== The role of Oxytocin ====
Research that was conducted by Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) investigated the role of oxytocin in envy and gloating, which are both related to schadenfreude. Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) discuss how oxytocin (a peptide hormone) has been shown to have implications in the social behaviour of humans and mammals. Many of the research into oxytocin looks at maternal behaviours such as contraction regulation in labour,  as well as parental behaviours like trusting collaborators. They suggest that previous research has shown that oxytocin release is related to pro-social behaviours (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Seeing as pro-social behaviours are increased by oxytocin, your negative social behaviours, like envy and gloating, would logically be reduced. However, there has been an indication that this is not the case (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Sharmay-Tsoory et al. (2009) conducted an experiment which looked at the increase of oxytocin levels and its effect on these negatively perceived behaviours, such as schadenfreude. They concluded that gloating and envy, or schadenfreude, showed significantly higher rates of these emotions when oxytocin was given (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). This research has provided evidence that oxytocin increases varying behaviours which are related to social behaviour, which in many roles are associated with parenting.

==== Neural Correlates ====
[[File:MRI anterior cingulate.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 4. ''MRI of anterior cingulate cortex'' ]]

[[File:Dopamine Pathways.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 5. ''Position of the Ventral Striatum'']]

Envy and schadenfreude are related emotions. Takahashi, et al. (2009) looked at the areas of the brain that were active when feelings of envy and schadenfreude were evoked. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers looked for activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (seen in image 2.) when envy was felt, as the anterior cingulate cortex is the area that is activated when our positive self-concept is being conflicted with external information, social pain, or cognitive conflicts (Takahashi, et al., 2009). When investigating the emotion of schadenfreude they were looking for activation in the ventral striatum, which is the central node of the rewards processing area (Takahashi, et al., 2009). The reward would be the joy that is derived in schadenfreude. Takahashi, et al. (2009) found that both areas which were targeted in their respective trials activated when the respective emotion was emitted. They found that when people had higher levels of schadenfreude, greater activation was seen in the ventral striatum. This was also found to be the case when investigating envy. Greater levels of envy showed higher activation in the dACC (Takahashi, et al., 2009).

== Activities ==
; Video
To see an example of Pleasure derived from others misfortune follow this link to YouTube

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcRyTdFKjPU 14 awesome viral video fails in 30 seconds]

; Poll
After watching this video please complete this short poll to see how others feel when it comes to Schadenfreude

[http://www.easypolls.net/poll.html?p=562c7466e4b09c75340b5249 Link to poll]

Why do some people find videos like this funny? They could be experiencing feelings of schadenfreude, as they are getting pleasure from the suffering of others. But why do we feel this way?

== Quiz ==

&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{What is Schadenfeude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Freud's son
+ Pleasure derived from others misfortune
- Pleasure derived from others fortune
- Pain derived from others misfortune

{What Peptide Hormione plays a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Oxycontin
- glucocorticoids
- Prolactin
+ Oxytocin

{Which of the following does NOT play a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Envy
- Self-worth
+ Anhedonia
- Deserved misfortune

{Which area of the brain is stimulated when you feel the emotion of schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
+ Ventral Striatum
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Subgenual Cingulate
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion ==
Schadenfreude is a complex emotion which can have many levels (van Dijk, 2011). It has many underlying concepts which relate to Social Comparison Theory, especially when evaluating the role of self-evaluation and schadenfreude.

It is more commonly seen as a morally disturbed emotion, especially when feelings of envy, self-evaluation, and in-group inferiority are causes. However, it is seen quite commonly in everyday life, especially when it comes to situations or individuals with a competitive nature.

There are many layers that underlie why schadenfreude occurs. Emotions such as envy, feelings of deservingness, personal gain, in-group inferiority and self-evaluation can all play a role in schadenfreude and why we feel this emotion, and there can be more than one reason as to why we experience schadenfreude. Other biological reasons, such as the role of oxytocin, and activity in the ventral striatum also play a role in feelings of schadenfreude.

Schadenfreude is difficult to elicit in a clinical setting in an ethical way, which may be why conflicting results have been obtained for much of the research. Limitations in assessing schadenfreude may include social biases, as schadenfreude is an emotion that is generally considered immoral. This can lead to participants under-reporting their feelings of schadenfreude when being asked about it. A possible solution to this would be to conduct the schadenfreude eliciting part of the experiment under fMRI, as activity in the ventral striatum has been linked to schadenfreude, and it may be another way to see if someone is experiencing schadenfreude, without self-reporting. This may become more costly and less time effective, which would be a reason to stay clear of this research technique, however, it does become an option.

Due to the many aspects and layers of schadenfreude, van Dijk et al., (2011) suggest that future research into which determinants effect schadenfreude under what circumstances will aid in further understanding why we feel pleasure in others misfortune. There may possibly be other reasons as to why we feel schadenfreude, greater research into the biological aspects of schadenfreude may also enhance our understanding of this emotion.

Through investigating schadenfreude and the reasons why we might feel this emotion can aid to enrich our understanding and improve on out emotional lives, as when an experience of schadenfreude is likely to occur or is experienced, taking a step back and evaluating why we are feeling this emotion may lead to a greater emotional understanding and awareness.

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Deservingness and emotion#Schadenfreude|Deservingness and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2013)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Envy|Envy]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] (Wikipedia)

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., &amp; Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, Schadenfreude, and in-group identification: the sometimes happy thing about poor economy and death. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4)'', 635-646. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

Heider, F. (1958). ''The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations''. New York: Wiley

Leach, C. W., &amp; Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second- and third- party out-groups. ''Emotion, 9(5)'', 659-665. doi: 10.1037/a0016815

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., &amp; Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84(5),'' 932-943. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932

Lerner, M. J., &amp; Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution processes: looking back and ahead. ''Psychological Bulletin, 85(8),'' 1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Louis, W. (2014). Group Influence. In Myer, D. G. (Eds.), ''Social Psychology'' (287). North Ride, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill

Pietraszkiewicz. A. (2013). Schdenfeude and just world belief. ''Australian Journal of Psychology, 65'', 188-194. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12020

Reeve, J. (2015). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G,. Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., &amp; Levkovitz, Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). ''Biological Psychiatry, 66(8)'', 864-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., &amp; Schurtz. D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4)'', 530-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Spurgin, E. (2015). An emotional-freedom defense of schadenfreude. ''Ethical Theory and Modern Practice, 18'', 767-784. doi: 10.1007/s10677-014-9550-8

Van Dijk, W. W. (2013). Why do we sometimes enjoy the misfortune of others? ''The Inquisitive Mind'' Retrieved from: http://www.in-mind.org/blog/post/why-do-we-sometimes-enjoy-the-misfortune-of-others

van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, O. S., Nieweg, M., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. ''Emotion, 6(1)'', 156-160. doi: 10.1037/1528-.3542.6.1.156

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Goslinga, S., &amp; Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and Schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion, 19(6),'' 933-939. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000066

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Wesseling, Y. M., &amp; van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: the impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion'', 25(2), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.487365

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. ''Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),'' 245-271.
}}

==External links==
[http://www.livescience.com/17398-schadenfreude-affirmation.html Schadenfreude Explained: Why We Secretly Smile When Others Fail]

[http://www.wsj.com/articles/schadenfreude-is-in-the-zeitgeist-but-is-there-an-opposite-term-1434129186 Schadenfreude Is in the Zeitgeist, but Is There an Opposite Term?]

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==Overview==
[[File:Schadenfreude.png|thumb|170px|''Figure 1''. An artificially generated image of a human facial expression consistent with schadenfreude: lip press → side-smirk → narrowed eyes]]

Schadenfreude is a complex emotion that we feel when others suffer a misfortune (see Figure 1). However, instead of feelings of sympathy, schadenfreude evokes feelings of joy and pleasure. Schadenfreude has been considered immoral and malicious, and is closely linked to envy, one of the seven biblical sins (Takahashi, et al., 2009). For these reasons, many have argued that schadenfreude is harmful to social relations (Heider, 1958). Other research has attempted to combat that idea, as they argue that schadenfreude is a healthy emotion, despite the fact that it is not always appropriate or polite to share it with others (Spurgin, 2015).

Understanding what schadenfreude is, where it comes form in terms of psychological theories, and why we encounter feelings of schadenfreude, will help to understand and improve on our emotional lives.

== What is schadenfreude? ==
Schadenfreude is a German word which translates to the pleasure which is derived from the misfortune of others (Leach, Spears, Branscombe, &amp; Doosje, 2003). Heider (1958) discussed how schadenfreude is a malicious emotion as it is an incongruous reaction to anothers'{{grammar}} misfortune. Heider (1958) is saying that instead of being sympathetic when another person is suffering, which could be considered the socially acceptable response, feelings of pleasure are seen as taboo and immoral (Leach, 2003). This feeling is typically seen as shameful or as a moral failing (Spurgin, 2015). Many people hide their feelings of schadenfreude, and many may not even realise that they are feeling pleasure at others{{grammar}} misfortune. This can stem from things such as gloating or joy at your basketball team winning a game. Both have emotions of schadenfreude behind them.

Schadenfreude has its roots in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]]. This theory, largely influenced by Festinger (1954), states that we evaluate our abilities and opinions by comparing our views with others, and that we want people in similar groups to like us, so will change our wants and beliefs to match theirs (Myers, 2014). Myers (2014) also describes social comparison as evaluating our abilities and opinions by comparing ourselves to others. As schadenfreude is a social comparison, where you are comparing yourself against the misfortune of someone else, you are forming an opinion or judging your own abilities on the others{{grammar}} misfortune.

Schadenfreude is a complex cognitive emotion that has many different reasons as to why we feel it (Reeve, 2015). Schadenfreude can be derived from feelings of envy, instability in ones'{{grammar}} self-worth, personal gain, when it is believed that the misfortune is deserved, along with biological factors.

== Why do we feel pleasure in the suffering of others?  ==

=== The role of self-evaluation ===
When a person’s positive self-evaluation is threatened or harmed, they may have a strong motivation to protect or restore their self-evaluation (Van Dijk, 2013). One possible course of action to achieving this positive self-view can involve comparing one’s own situation to that of another person (Van Dijk, 2013). As a result, comparing another person’s misfortune may provide a sense of self worth or value to ones{{grammar}} own life. This means that people can use social comparisons and enjoy the misfortune of others as it provides a more positive self-evaluation.

[[File:Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala - Regreso al convento.jpg |thumb|250px|''Figure 2''. Monks taking pleasure in the misfortune of another monk, by Eduardo Zamacois y Zabala]]
Research conducted by van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Wesseling, &amp; van Koninbruggen (2011) supports the idea that schadenfreude can be intensified by a threat to our self evaluation. They hypothesise that another reason for people to feel schadenfreude is because it satisfies their need to view themselves positively (van Dijk, 2011) (see Figure 2). This is argued in [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]] which suggests that events and experiences that satisfy our concerns elicit positive emotions, whereas threat or harm will produce negative emotions (van Dijk, 2011). A way that people can make themselves feel better, according to [[w:Social_comparison_theory|Social Comparison Theory]], is to compare themselves to those who are less fortunate, also called 'downward social comparison' (van Dijk, 2011). Therefore, it is possible to argue that those who are suffering from self evaluation threat (and experiencing negative emotions), will use downward social comparison to help elicit positive emotions (Wills, 1981). The aim of Van Dijk's and his colleagues' (2011) research was to demonstrate that self-evaluation threat intensified schadenfreude in both threat-related and threat-unrelated domains. They were able to find that a threat to self-evaluation caused higher feelings of schadenfreude, and this was also possible to provoke in a threat-unrelated domain. This shows that self-evaluation can play a role towards feelings of schadenfreude.

=== Envy ===
[[File:Children marbles.jpg|thumb|225px|Figure 3. ''Envy shown in children with marbles'']]

Envy (see Figure 3) has contradicting results when it came to schadenfreude. Many argued that there was a link between schadenfreude and envy, while others argued against this. van Dijk et al. (2006) investigated these contradictory results, and found that there is a link between schadenfreude and envy, but only when the misfortune fell upon someone who had some basis of similarity (e.g., gender). There{{grammar}} results found that if participants learnt about a misfortune of the opposite gender, schadenfreude would not be experienced (van Dijk, et al., 2006). However, when the same gender was identified as suffering misfortune, schadenfreude was identified.

Smith, Powell, Combs, and Schurtz (2009) also show the correlation between envy and schadenfreude. They claim that envy is the polar opposite of a downward social comparison (Heider, 1958), however, when a misfortune occurs to someone who is envied, it transformed the comparison to a downwards one (Smith, et al., 2009). Conflicting reports on whether schadenfreude and envy are linked have been found, yet Smith et al., (2009), were able to replicate results where students who were enviable of another student felt greater schadenfreude when the person they envied suffered a misfortune, compared with those who were not in the envy group in the experiment. This provides empirical evidence that envy can lead to increased feelings of schadenfreude (Smith, et al., 2009). Smith et al., (2009) continue to remark that superiority to others does not always lead to envy, but when it does, this greatly increases the likelihood of schadenfreude.

=== In-Group Inferiority ===
An in-group refers to when an individual will recognise themselves as part of a group when they identify with them on some sort of level. For example, when someone identifies with a sporting group e.g. a football team, they begin to become part of the in-group. Another example is when people associate themselves with their university, an in-group forms.

In-group inferiority refers to how people can feel pleasure at the misfortune of others in an in-group situation. For example, when a football team wins, that group will feel a sense of joy at the misfortune of the other team. Smith et al. (2009) suggests that when people identify with a group, the group becomes part of the individual, and the individual becomes part of the group.

Leach et al. (2003) argue that schadenfreude is only evident when a third party or situation is the one that causes the misfortune, meaning that schadenfreude cannot occur if the pleasure is experienced when you are the cause of another persons misfortune. They suggest that schadenfreude should increase when an outer-group suffer misfortune in an area of high interest to the in-group members. They also delve into the idea that in-group inferiority will increase feelings of schadenfreude (Leach, et al., 2003; Leach and Spears, 2009). Leach et al. (2003) were successful in showing that when an individual felt more passionately about what formed the group (e.g. football) higher levels of schadenfreude were evoked when a third party suffered misfortune (e.g. lost a football match), and those who were less passionate, yet still were associated with the in-group had lesser feelings of schadenfreude. They were also able to demonstrate that schadenfreude was increased when feelings of in-group inferiority were experienced, however, this only affected those with lower interests (Leach, et al., 2003). Leach et al. (2003) also express that the threat to in-group inferiority and the increase in schadenfreude to those with higher interests was not seen, as those who had higher interests were already experiencing higher levels of schadenfreude.

=== Personal Gain (Competition) ===
Smith, et al. (2009) argue that the emotion of schadenfreude can be a result of a personal gain. They liken this to competition, where when you, or your team wins, you feel pleasure and this is ultimately in the suffering of the other team (Smith, et al., 2009). This idea of competition is seen in other aspects of life, and more often in day to day situations. It is arguably under-appreciated as to how often schadenfreude appears in a competitive everyday situation (Smith, et al., 2009). For example, if you are up for a new job, there is most likely going to be more than one person up for the position, and if you are successful in the process, you will most likely feel joy. This feeling of schadenfreude is one that is less ugly compared to other feelings derived from other places such as envy. A competitive nature is somewhat highly regarded (as seen with our tendency to highlight sports, and sports people), and seen to be quite natural (Smith, et al., 2009).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this idea of personal gain is also evident in politics. Combs, Powell, Schurtz, and Smith (2009), conducted an experiment in the United States where they assessed whether schadenfreude was felt with political associations. They tested this by primarily assessing students{{grammar}} political identification, then by asking them to read an article which made out something embarrassing (or unfortunate) about the party leaders for both their party and the opposing party (Combs, et al., 2009). They found that schadenfreude was present when participants were shown articles about the opposing parties, and that the level of schadenfreude found depended on how affiliated one was with their{{grammar}} political party (Combs, et al., 2009).

This also ties in with the idea of in-group identification, as these examples of schadenfreude are mostly group based successes or failures. They still hold the idea that when your group wins, you feel pleasure - at the misfortune of others.

These findings emphasize the fact that schadenfreude is much more common than we would like to admit, is found in everyday life, and it is often regarded as natural and praised (Smith, et al., 2009).

=== Deserved Misfortune ===
Another justification for schadenfreude is the sense of deserved misfortune. When we feel that the misfortune that one has suffered is deserved, a feeling of pleasure is derived. It is argued that the feeling of deserved misfortune, which creates the feeling of schadenfreude, is a form of karmic retribution and gives us a sense of equilibrium (Lerner, &amp; Miller, 1978).

van Dijk, Ouwerkerk, Goslinga, &amp; Nieweg (2005) showed the first empirical evidence on deserved misfortune and its link to schadenfreude. They showed evidence of schadenfreude increasing when it was perceived that the misfortune was more deserved (van Dijk, et al., 2005). They used a manipulation of responsibility to obtain differences in deserved misfortune, which led to the evidence that schadenfreude and a feeling of deserved misfortune are linked (van Dijk et al., 2005).

Smith et al., (2009) discuss how this is also linked with hypocrisy. They explain that when we feel someone has been a hypocrite, we feel pleasure in the form of schadenfreude, at their misfortune. This is because we believe that the misfortune they are suffering is deserved. Smith, et al., (2009) yielded results in an experiment to examine the links between schadenfreude, deserved misfortune, and hypocrisy. They asked participants to read an article that presented an interview with a fellow student, where the student was either part of a campus organization about increasing academic integrity (high hypocrisy) or a student who was part of a French club (low hypocrisy) (Smith,et al., 2009). Participants were then shown a second article which said that the fellow student (in either case) was caught for plagiarism (Smith, et al., 2009). The results showed that those who were in the high hypocrisy group showed higher feelings of schadenfreude and that the student deserved the misfortune in comparison to those who were in the low hypocrisy group (Smith, et al. 2009). Smith, et al. (2009) also found similar outcomes when they changed the first article to be the same for all participants, and the manipulation came in the second article, where the other student was either caught in an immoral action that either matched the initial action that they were fighting against, or something completely unrelated. The results showed that when the immoral action matched that of the initial action higher levels of deserved misfortune and schadenfreude were felt. Unfortunately, this exact study was never published on its own, which questions whether there were problems with integrity in the research.

Pietraszkiewicz (2013) discusses how schadenfreude and deserved misfortune are correlated to a just world belief. It was found that a threat to ones{{grammar}} just world belief increased ones pleasure at anothers' misfortune. Pietraszkiewicz (2013) argues that when failure is deserved, the greater the responsibility of the failure is, therefore, more schadenfreude is felt.

=== Biological components  ===
==== The role of Oxytocin ====
Research that was conducted by Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) investigated the role of oxytocin in envy and gloating, which are both related to schadenfreude. Shamay-Tsoory, et al. (2009) discuss how oxytocin (a peptide hormone) has been shown to have implications in the social behaviour of humans and mammals. Many of the research into oxytocin looks at maternal behaviours such as contraction regulation in labour,  as well as parental behaviours like trusting collaborators. They suggest that previous research has shown that oxytocin release is related to pro-social behaviours (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Seeing as pro-social behaviours are increased by oxytocin, your negative social behaviours, like envy and gloating, would logically be reduced. However, there has been an indication that this is not the case (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). Sharmay-Tsoory et al. (2009) conducted an experiment which looked at the increase of oxytocin levels and its effect on these negatively perceived behaviours, such as schadenfreude. They concluded that gloating and envy, or schadenfreude, showed significantly higher rates of these emotions when oxytocin was given (Sharmay-Tsoory, et al., 2009). This research has provided evidence that oxytocin increases varying behaviours which are related to social behaviour, which in many roles are associated with parenting.

==== Neural Correlates ====
[[File:MRI anterior cingulate.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 4. ''MRI of anterior cingulate cortex'' ]]

[[File:Dopamine Pathways.png|alt=|thumb|Figure 5. ''Position of the Ventral Striatum'']]

Envy and schadenfreude are related emotions. Takahashi, et al. (2009) looked at the areas of the brain that were active when feelings of envy and schadenfreude were evoked. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) researchers looked for activity in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) (seen in image 2.) when envy was felt, as the anterior cingulate cortex is the area that is activated when our positive self-concept is being conflicted with external information, social pain, or cognitive conflicts (Takahashi, et al., 2009). When investigating the emotion of schadenfreude they were looking for activation in the ventral striatum, which is the central node of the rewards processing area (Takahashi, et al., 2009). The reward would be the joy that is derived in schadenfreude. Takahashi, et al. (2009) found that both areas which were targeted in their respective trials activated when the respective emotion was emitted. They found that when people had higher levels of schadenfreude, greater activation was seen in the ventral striatum. This was also found to be the case when investigating envy. Greater levels of envy showed higher activation in the dACC (Takahashi, et al., 2009).

== Activities ==
; Video
To see an example of Pleasure derived from others misfortune follow this link to YouTube

[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mcRyTdFKjPU 14 awesome viral video fails in 30 seconds]

; Poll
After watching this video please complete this short poll to see how others feel when it comes to Schadenfreude

[http://www.easypolls.net/poll.html?p=562c7466e4b09c75340b5249 Link to poll]

Why do some people find videos like this funny? They could be experiencing feelings of schadenfreude, as they are getting pleasure from the suffering of others. But why do we feel this way?

== Quiz ==

&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{What is Schadenfeude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Freud's son
+ Pleasure derived from others misfortune
- Pleasure derived from others fortune
- Pain derived from others misfortune

{What Peptide Hormione plays a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Oxycontin
- glucocorticoids
- Prolactin
+ Oxytocin

{Which of the following does NOT play a role in Schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- Envy
- Self-worth
+ Anhedonia
- Deserved misfortune

{Which area of the brain is stimulated when you feel the emotion of schadenfreude?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex
+ Ventral Striatum
- Prefrontal Cortex
- Subgenual Cingulate
&lt;/quiz&gt;

==Conclusion ==
Schadenfreude is a complex emotion which can have many levels (van Dijk, 2011). It has many underlying concepts which relate to Social Comparison Theory, especially when evaluating the role of self-evaluation and schadenfreude.

It is more commonly seen as a morally disturbed emotion, especially when feelings of envy, self-evaluation, and in-group inferiority are causes. However, it is seen quite commonly in everyday life, especially when it comes to situations or individuals with a competitive nature.

There are many layers that underlie why schadenfreude occurs. Emotions such as envy, feelings of deservingness, personal gain, in-group inferiority and self-evaluation can all play a role in schadenfreude and why we feel this emotion, and there can be more than one reason as to why we experience schadenfreude. Other biological reasons, such as the role of oxytocin, and activity in the ventral striatum also play a role in feelings of schadenfreude.

Schadenfreude is difficult to elicit in a clinical setting in an ethical way, which may be why conflicting results have been obtained for much of the research. Limitations in assessing schadenfreude may include social biases, as schadenfreude is an emotion that is generally considered immoral. This can lead to participants under-reporting their feelings of schadenfreude when being asked about it. A possible solution to this would be to conduct the schadenfreude eliciting part of the experiment under fMRI, as activity in the ventral striatum has been linked to schadenfreude, and it may be another way to see if someone is experiencing schadenfreude, without self-reporting. This may become more costly and less time effective, which would be a reason to stay clear of this research technique, however, it does become an option.

Due to the many aspects and layers of schadenfreude, van Dijk et al., (2011) suggest that future research into which determinants effect schadenfreude under what circumstances will aid in further understanding why we feel pleasure in others misfortune. There may possibly be other reasons as to why we feel schadenfreude, greater research into the biological aspects of schadenfreude may also enhance our understanding of this emotion.

Through investigating schadenfreude and the reasons why we might feel this emotion can aid to enrich our understanding and improve on out emotional lives, as when an experience of schadenfreude is likely to occur or is experienced, taking a step back and evaluating why we are feeling this emotion may lead to a greater emotional understanding and awareness.

==See also==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2013/Deservingness and emotion#Schadenfreude|Deservingness and emotion]] (Book chapter, 2013)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Envy|Envy]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[w:Schadenfreude|Schadenfreude]] (Wikipedia)

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Combs, D. J. Y., Powell, C. A. J., Schurtz, D. R., &amp; Smith, R. H. (2009). Politics, Schadenfreude, and in-group identification: the sometimes happy thing about poor economy and death. ''Journal of Experimental Psychology, 45(4)'', 635-646. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2009.02.009

Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human relations, 7(2), 117-140.

Heider, F. (1958). ''The Psychology of Interpersonal Relations''. New York: Wiley

Leach, C. W., &amp; Spears, R. (2009). Dejection at in-group defeat and schadenfreude toward second- and third- party out-groups. ''Emotion, 9(5)'', 659-665. doi: 10.1037/a0016815

Leach, C. W., Spears, R., Branscombe, N. R., &amp; Doosje, B. (2003). Malicious pleasure: schadenfreude at the suffering of another group. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', ''84(5),'' 932-943. doi: 10.1037/0022-3514.84.5.932

Lerner, M. J., &amp; Miller, D. T. (1978). Just world research and the attribution processes: looking back and ahead. ''Psychological Bulletin, 85(8),'' 1030-1051. doi: 10.1037/0033-2909.85.5.1030

Louis, W. (2014). Group Influence. In Myer, D. G. (Eds.), ''Social Psychology'' (287). North Ride, N.S.W.: McGraw-Hill

Pietraszkiewicz. A. (2013). Schdenfeude and just world belief. ''Australian Journal of Psychology, 65'', 188-194. doi: 10.1111/ajpy.12020

Reeve, J. (2015). ''Understanding motivation and emotion'' (6th ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.

Shamay-Tsoory, S. G,. Fischer, M., Dvash, J., Harari, H., Perach-Bloom, N., &amp; Levkovitz, Y. (2009). Intranasal administration of oxytocin increases envy and schadenfreude (gloating). ''Biological Psychiatry, 66(8)'', 864-870. doi: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.06.009

Smith, R. H., Powell, C. A. J., Combs, D. J. Y., &amp; Schurtz. D. R. (2009). Exploring the when and why of schadenfreude. ''Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 3(4)'', 530-546. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-9004.2009.00181.x

Spurgin, E. (2015). An emotional-freedom defense of schadenfreude. ''Ethical Theory and Modern Practice, 18'', 767-784. doi: 10.1007/s10677-014-9550-8

Van Dijk, W. W. (2013). Why do we sometimes enjoy the misfortune of others? ''The Inquisitive Mind'' Retrieved from: http://www.in-mind.org/blog/post/why-do-we-sometimes-enjoy-the-misfortune-of-others

van Dijk, W. W., Goslinga, O. S., Nieweg, M., &amp; Gallucci, M. (2006). When people fall from grace: reconsidering the role of envy in schadenfreude. ''Emotion, 6(1)'', 156-160. doi: 10.1037/1528-.3542.6.1.156

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Goslinga, S., &amp; Nieweg, M. (2005). Deservingness and Schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion, 19(6),'' 933-939. doi: 10.1080/02699930541000066

van Dijk, W. W., Ouwerkerk, J., Wesseling, Y. M., &amp; van Koningsbruggen, G. M. (2011). Towards understanding pleasure at the misfortunes of others: the impact of self-evaluation threat on schadenfreude. ''Cognition and Emotion'', 25(2), 360-368. doi: 10.1080/02699931.2010.487365

Wills, T. A. (1981). Downward comparison principles in social psychology. ''Psychological Bulletin, 90(2),'' 245-271.
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.livescience.com/17398-schadenfreude-affirmation.html Schadenfreude Explained: Why We Secretly Smile When Others Fail] (livescience.com)
* [http://www.wsj.com/articles/schadenfreude-is-in-the-zeitgeist-but-is-there-an-opposite-term-1434129186 Schadenfreude Is in the Zeitgeist, but Is There an Opposite Term?] (Wall Street Journal)

[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Schadenfreude]]</text>
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      <comment>Now approved policy per [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Curators to become a policy]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="7344" sha1="rmw7dp1vzk47fh27velmk1xe1ikwekx" xml:space="preserve">{{Policy|WV:CUR}}
A Wikiversity '''curator''' is a user who has rights to manage content on Wikiversity, including [[#Deletion of pages|delete]], [[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback]], [[Wikiversity:Import|import]] from other wikis, and [[#Edit and move protection of pages|protect]] pages.

== How does one become a curator? ==
{{shortcut|WV:CUR/HOW}}
Any [[Wikiversity:Who are Wikiversity participants?|Wikiversity participant]] willing to do a lot of [[#What can curators do?|dull and boring work]] for the community can become a curator. If you have a good editing record, then you are likely to be trusted and granted the privileges and responsibilities of curatorship. If you are still interested in being a curator, here is the process:

{| style=&quot;border-collapse: collapse&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;4&quot;
 | style=&quot;padding: 10px; text-align: center&quot; | I
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&lt;div id=&quot;Request&quot;&gt;
;Request
&lt;/div&gt;
You must request or be nominated for curatorship at [[Wikiversity:Candidates for Curatorship]]. State your reasons for seeking this position and in what areas you are or would like to be active. You may also refer to your contributions and indicate whether you have similar responsibilities at other projects.
 |-
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&lt;div id=&quot;Mentorship&quot;&gt;
;Mentorship
&lt;/div&gt;
[[Wikiversity:List of custodian mentors|Custodian mentors]] are expected to guide and advise you on the appropriate use of curator privileges in accordance with established policy and community consensus. If any experienced custodian agrees to mentor you and you agree to their mentorship, then you will be approved as a curator. If you have any questions or concerns, you should contact your mentor(s) for guidance and advice. If you or your mentor terminate the mentorship agreement, you will have 48 hours to find a new mentor. Otherwise, your mentor may remove curator privileges after 48 hours without any further notice or community discussion.
|}

== What can curators do? ==
{{shortcut|WV:CUR/WHAT}}
=== Deletion of pages ===
{{see also|Wikiversity:Deletions}}
[[File:Delete and Protect buttons.png|200px|right]] {{shortcut|WV:CUR/D}}
Curators can delete pages including images, categories, templates, and so on. Deletion is subject to [[Wikiversity:Policies|policy]]. Deletion requests may be submitted by any user at [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]].

Deleting a page does not actually remove it from the database. It is merely invisible to non-custodians and can be restored at request, which may be submitted at [[Wikiversity:Requests for Deletion]]. Page deletions and restorations can be monitored by viewing the [[Special:Log/delete|deletion log]]. Curators may delete pages, but they do not have undelete rights.

Before deleting a page, you are encouraged to read: [[Wikiversity:Welcome templates]].

=== Edit and move protection of pages ===
{{See also|Wikiversity:Page protection}}
Curators can [[Wikiversity:Page protection|protect pages]] to prevent editing. There are two types of page protection: semi-protection, which prevents anonymous and new users from editing, and full protection, which prevents all non-custodians and non-curators from editing. A page can also be protected to prevent moving. Page protection can be lifted by any custodian or curator upon request at [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]. Page protections and unprotections can be monitored by viewing the [[Special:Log/protect|protection log]].

=== Rollback ===
{{see also|Wikiversity:Rollback}}
[[Image:Rollback button.png|thumb|300px|Rollback button]]
Curators have a ''[[Wikiversity:Rollback|rollback tool]]'' to revert the last change or group of changes made to a page by the same user. There is no option to provide an edit summary when using this tool. Instead, a summary such as &quot;{{int:Revertpage}}&quot; will be used automatically. This tool is primarily used to respond to obvious vandalism. For other edit reversions, the rollback button should not be used and a good edit summary should be provided.

=== Import ===
{{see also|Wikiversity:Import}}
Curators have access to the [[Special:Import|import tool]], to bring materials from Wikipedia, Wikibooks, Beta Wikiversity, Wikiquote, and Wikisource.

== What can't curators do? ==
Curators can't block users or change user rights. These actions require [[Wikiversity:Custodianship|Custodianship]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucratship]] respectively.

== How are curators expected to act? ==
{{shortcut|WV:CUR/E}}
Curators are supposed to follow the same principles as every other user, including [[Wikiversity:Civility|being civil]], [[Wikiversity:Assume Good Faith|assuming good faith]], and understanding [[Wikiversity:What is Wikiversity?|what Wikiversity is]]. They are expected to act professionally, and to respect policy and [[Wikiversity:Consensus|community consensus]].

==Problems with curators==
{{shortcut|WV:CUR/P}}
If you have a question about an action (page deletion, page protection, violation of Wikiversity policy or some other action that does serious damage to the project) by a Wikiversity curator, the first thing to do is leave a message on that curator's user discussion page. Curators should always be able to explain how their actions support the Wikiversity project. If you did not get a satisfactory answer after a discussion with the curator, follow up with their mentor. Actions of a curator are ultimately the responsibility of their mentor(s). Any custodian may remove a curator's rights, but first try to resolve all curator problems by discussion. Post a request at [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]] if discussion does not successfully resolve the issue.

== Notes ==
{{shortcut|WV:CUR/N}}
* Curatorship is a responsibility, not a right. While everyone is encouraged to apply for curatorship, the position is not suited for everyone. Please also note that in all instances not listed above, curators have no more power or weight than other users. &quot;Curatorship is not a big deal.&quot;
* Curators should set their &quot;user preferences&quot; so as to provide for email contacts from other Wikiversity participants. If you do not use email, then you must make yourself easily available by some other means such as [[Wikiversity:Chat|IRC chat]].
* The maximum time period of inactivity &lt;u&gt;without community review&lt;/u&gt; for curators is two years (consistent with the [[:meta:Category:Global policies|global policy]] described at [[meta:Admin activity review|Admin activity review]] which applies for [[Wikiversity:Custodianship#Notes|Custodians]] and [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]]). The curator should be notified on their talk page and, if there is no response after one month, a custodian will remove the rights.

== Useful reads for curators ==
===Wikiversity===
* [[Wikiversity:No shrines for vandals]]
* [[Wikiversity:Policies]]
* [[How to be a Wikimedia sysop/Wikiversity]]

===MediaWiki/Wikimedia===
* [[How to be a Wikimedia sysop]]
* [[b:MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook|MediaWiki Administrator's Handbook]]

==See also==
* [[Special:ListUsers/curator|List of current Wikiversity curators]]
* [[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Custodianship]]
* [[Wikiversity:Support staff|Wikiversity:Staff]]


[[Category:Wikiversity administration]]
[[Category:Wikiversity custodianship]]
[[Category:Wikiversity user roles]]</text>
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    <title>Christianity/Ordo Salutis</title>
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{{lesson}}

The '''''[[Wikipedia:Ordo Salutis|Ordo Salutis]]''''' (aka 'Order of Salvation') is a theological organisation of the 'Doctrines of Grace'. It is an organisation that is particularly emphasised within the Reformed theological tradition. This subject provides an overview of the doctrines of Grace and how they related to each other, [[Christian Soteriology|Soteriology]] (the doctrine of salvation), and [[Christian Hamartiology|Hamartiology]] (the doctrine of sin).
==Study==
Work through the topics at your own pace using the table below to guide your learning. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
! Concept
! Scriptural Reading
! Historical Reading
|-
| ''concept''
| ''Which Scriptural verse most accurately represent the doctrine?''
| ''Which historical reading best summarises the doctrine?''
|-
|}
Consider the order of the doctrines, their biblical shape and the various alternatives. What would be the best way to communicate how they unfold logically and experientially?

==Outline and Readings==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
! Topic
! Concept
! Primary Prooftext
! Secondary Reading
! Hamartiological Question
|-
| 1.
| History
| Genesis 3:15
| [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/131''Pilgrim's Progress'']
|-
| 2.
| The Accomplished and Applied paradigm
| Romans 8:29-30
| 'Order of Application' John Murray, ''Redemption Accomplished and Applied'' pages 79-87
|-
| 3.
| Predestination
| Romans 8:30
|
| Is there a plan to rescue you from the destiny of sin? 
|-
| 4.
| Election
| 2 Thessalonians 2:13
|
| Does God choose people to be saved from the destruction of sin?
|-
| 5.
| Regeneration
| John 3:3
|
| How can a dead man have faith in the living God?
|-
| 6.
| Effectual Calling
| 1 Peter 2:9
| [[Wikisource:The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster#Chapter 10|WCF Chapter 10]]
| Can sinners respond to the gospel?
|-
| 7.
| Union with Christ
| 2 Corinthians 5:17
| [https://reformed.org/documents/wlc_w_proofs/index.html Westminister Larger Catechism Q56]
| How does faith save us from sin?
|-
| 8.
| Justification
| Zechariah 3:1-10
| [[Wikisource:The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster#Chapter 11|WCF Chapter 11]]
| If sin makes us bad, how can we become good?
|-
| 9.
| Adoption
| John 1:12
| [https://reformed.org/documents/wsc/index.html?_top=https://reformed.org/documents/WSC.html Westminister Shorter Catechism Q34]
| What are the consequences of being rescued from sin?
|-
| 10.
| Sanctification
| John 15:1-4
| [[Wikisource:The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster#Chapter_13|WCF Chapter 13]]
| Are is the destruction of sin undone?
|-
| 11.
| Mortification
| Romans 8:12-13
| [https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/Page_515.html ''Institutes of Religion'' 2.3.8]
| What do we do with residual sin?
|-
| 12.
| Vivification
| Philippians 1:21
| [https://www.ccel.org/ccel/calvin/institutes/Page_515.html ''Institutes of Religion'' 2.3.8]
| Is Jesus better than sin?
|-
| 13.
| Persevering
| 1 Thessalonians 5:23
| [[Wikisource:The Confession of Faith of the Assembly of Divines at Westminster#Chapter 17|WCF Chapter 17]]
| How do I know I am saved from sin?
|-
| 14.
| Glorification
| 1 Corinthians 15:15-53
| [https://reformed.org/documents/wlc_w_proofs/index.html Westminister Larger Catechism Q87]
| If sin is no longer my final destination, what is my final destination?
|-
| 15.
| Alternative Orderings
| 
| [[Wikipedia:Ordo Salutis|Compare Reformed, Lutheran and Roman Catholic orders]]
|-
| 16.
| Diagraming
| Romans 8:1-17
| [https://www.challies.com/visual-theology/visual-theology-the-order-of-salvation/ Tim Challies: Visual Theology Series 'Ordo Salutis']
|-
|}

==History==
[[File:Pilgrim's Progress map small.JPG|thumb|Map from ''[[Wikipedia:Pilgrim's Progress|Pilgrim's Progress]]'' by John Bunyan]]
During the [[Wikipedia:Reformation|Reformation]] there was a renewed interest in the 'Doctrines of Grace' especially Justificaiton. As Protestant scholarship matured, other Soteriological doctrines received attention, and the 'Doctrines of Grace' began to coalesce. For example the [[Wikipedia:Westminister Confession of Faith|Westminster Confession of Faith]], published in 1647 included explanations of Effectual Calling, Justification, Sanctification and Perservance. Then the Puritan author [[Wikipedia:John Bunyan|John Bunyan]] published in 1678 the Christian allegory ''[[Pilgrim's Progress]]'' which popularised the concept that salvation was a journey. Later the [[Latin]] term ''Ordo Salutis'' was coined in the 1700s by Lutheran theologians to &quot;designate the consecutive steps in the work of the Holy Spirit in the appropriation of salvation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |lastSeeberg |first=R |author-link= |editor-last=Jackson |editor-first=Samuekl |encyclopedia=New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge |title=Order of Salvation |trans-title= |url= |access-date=9 July 2018 |language=en |edition= |date=1953 |year= |publisher=Baker Book House |series= |volume=3 |location=Grand Rapids |pages=252-253 |archive-url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/encyc08/Page_253.html |archive-date= |quote= |ref=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The modern Reformed conception of the 'Order of Salvation' was established in 1955 with the publication of ''Redemption Accomplished and Applied'' by [[Wikipedia:John Murray (theologian)|John Murray]].

==The Accomplished and Applied paradigm==
The various Doctrines of Grace receive varying amounts of Scriptural 'airtime' and theological attention. Furthermore, sometimes Biblical Theology will focus on the work of God and at other times focus on the human response. In order to present the Doctrines of Grace coherently it's necessary to think about them both logically and experientially. Additionally, the doctrines of Grace move towards, flow from and are centred around the Atonement of Jesus. The death and resurrection of Jesus are the central events of Christianity and therefore there should be a clear connection between the Atonement and the Doctrines of Grace. John Murray's accomplished and applied paradigm does that.&lt;ref name=contents&gt;{{cite book |last=Murray |first=John |date=1955 |title=Redemption Accomplished and Applied |url= |location=Grand Rapids |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |page=7 |isbn=9780802811431 |author-link= }}&lt;/ref&gt; It will be useful to keep this paradigm in mind as you think about each of the doctrines of Grace individually and then plot their logical and experiential order.  
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; border=&quot;0&quot;
|-
! Accomplished
! Applied 
|-
| Atonement
| Doctrines of Grace
|-
|}
===Applied===
The Doctrines of Grace are the application to us of Jesus' Atonement. The Ordo Salutis is focused on the logical and Scriptural sequence of the Doctrines of Grace and John Murray explains why we need a particular Order of Salvation:
&lt;div style=&quot;background: #FFFCFA;{{Text default color}}; width: 50%;&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 3em; padding-right:3em; text-align: justify; border-left: thin solid #999999; border-right: thin solid #999999; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 1em;&quot;&gt;When we think of the application of redemption we must not think of it as one simple and indivisible act. It comprises of a series of acts and processes. To mention some, we have calling, regeneration, justification, adoption, sanctification, glorification. These are all distinct, and not one of these can be definied in terms of the other. Each has its own distinct meaning, function and purpose in the action and grace of God.  ... There are good and conclusive reasons for thinking of the various actions of the applications of redemption, some of which have been mentioned, take place in a certain order, and that order has been established by divine appointment, wisdom and grace.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Murray |first=John |date=1955 |title=Redemption Accomplished and Applied |url= |location=Grand Rapids |publisher=William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company |pages=79-80 |isbn=9780802811431 |author-link= }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
While there is a logical order of ''consideration'' there is also a logical order of ''application''. The logical order of consideration is simply the sequence at which each doctrine should be considered. Murray suggests the following logical sequence of consideration.&lt;ref name=contents&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; (This is technically what is meant by the Ordo Salutis.) 
#Effectual Calling
#Regeneration
#Justification
#Adoption
#Sanctification
#Persverance
#Union with Christ
#Glorificaiton
However, as Murry noted above, the Order of Salvation is &quot;a series of acts and processes.&quot; This is the logical order of ''application''. Some of the doctrines describe discrete and distinct events while other doctrines describe on-going 'through-themes'. The Diagraming section is an attempt to capture this more dynamic ordering of the Ordo Salutis. (The order of application shouldn't be confused with an individual's personal ''experience'' of the Doctrines of Grace, but they will be related.)

==Doctrines of Grace==
===Predestination===
Instead of obeying God and eating from the tree life, Adam chose to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil and become like God. This act invited destruction into the world because Adam and Eve became like God knowing good and evil. They replaced God with themselves.  This action changed history and as a result, Adam and the human race were condemned to destruction. Predestination is the doctrine of a changed destiny. It signals the start of God's plan to rescue a chosen (Doctrine of Election) people. It could be illustrated with a rocket trajectory or red thread because it signals that despite the horror of sin, God has a plan of salvation.

===Election===
When Adam sinned against God, he choose sin instead of God (Phil). So God gave him and the human-race over (Rom) to destruction. However, the Doctrine of Election describes God's unwarranted mercy in choosing some to save. God's reasoning for choosing some and not all to save, is a mystery. (Rom . 9) This pattern of choosing, begins with Abraham and is demonstrated through the history of Israel. During the ministry of Jesus, a new covenant is made and gentiles are added as equal participants.

===Regeneration===
[[File:Regrowth after forest fire.jpg|thumb|left|Regrowth after forest fire]]
Regeneration is the progressive work of the Holy Spirit in a person's life, prompting them to respond to the gospel, helping them repent of sin and seek Jesus. This reflects the Spirit's part in the Humiliation of Christ when the Holy Spirit falls upon Jesus during baptism and sends him into the wilderness to be tempted by Satan. Just the Holy Spirit sends Jesus into the desert, the Holy Spirit sends the sinner towards God and works behind the scenes to enable to the application of the other Doctrines of Grace.

===Effectual Calling===
Effectual Calling is the doctrine of invitation. God does not create automatons but responds to beings who were created with the power to choose, a power highlighted by Adam and Eve's fateful choice in the Garden of Eden. This is where the discussion of human responsibility takes place. God extends an invitation through the proclamation of the gospel and people choose to respond.

===Union with Christ===
[[File:Christ with beard.jpg|thumb|left|4th century mural of Christ]]
Belonging to God is a major theme of Scripture. The nation of Israel lives around the temple, in proximity to God's presence and is called to live a distinctive life. However, since Adam, the world has belonged to the &quot;Prince of this world&quot;, the Satanic Strongman, aka the ancient serpent. A frequent phrase in the New Testament is &quot;in-Christ&quot; signalling the type of relationship that faith in Jesus creates. Union with Christ is the vehicle through which many of the doctrines of grace take place. Righteousness is imputed to believers because they belong to Christ, their regeneration helps them improve their experience of belonging to Christ through Mortification and Vivification.

===Justification===
At the centre of the doctrines of Grace is a believer's changed moral status. Adam was expelled from the garden and through his rejection of God became to morally repugnant to enter God's presence. Everyone else is also cloaked in this unrighteousness, until Jesus. The Doctrine of Justification describes how the condemnation of sin is removed from a believer and placed on Jesus and then the believer is given Jesus' righteous status.

===Adoption===
The doctrine that describes a Christian's new status in relation to God.

===Sanctification===
The doctrine of Sanctification is a broad concept, that describes both the holy state of a believer, their progressive change over time and is over-arching category for both the doctrines of mortification and vivification.

===Mortification===
The doctrine that describes the activity of putting sin to death.

===Vivification===
Seeking the 'Beatific Vision', new knowledge about God and things that strength your faith in Jesus.

===Persevering===
The doctrine that describes how a believer continues to trust Jesus from their first response to the moment of death.

===Glorification===
The Doctrine of Glorification is the final triumphant completion of salvation.

==Alternative Orderings==

==Diagraming==

==Related Topics==
:'''Atonement''':
:'''Expiation''':
:'''Imputation''':
:'''Propitiation''':
:'''Monogenism''':
:'''Repentance''':
:'''Redemption''':
:'''Synergism''':

==Notes==

== See Also ==
* [[Wikipedia: Ordo salutis]]

==Bibliography==

==References==

[[Category:Theology]][[Category:Reformed Theology]]
{{NOINDEX/DRAFT}}</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Network+/Architecture/Services/Reverse Proxy</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>252752</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807982</id>
      <parentid>2693493</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T07:22:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Juandev</username>
        <id>2651</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>- delete (see [[Talk:Network+#Pages proposed in December 2024 not deleted]]); + [[:Category:Network+ pages proposed for deletion in December 2024]]</comment>
      <origin>2807982</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="321" sha1="3v2qgziwizb5r1haf0bwo5p4kpucoxi" xml:space="preserve">[[w:Reverse proxy]] is a type of [[proxy server]] that retrieves resources on behalf of a client from one or more servers.


=== Activities ===
# [[/Review list of available proxy servers/]]


== See also ==
* [[Proxy Server]]


[[Category:Networking]]
[[Category:Network+ pages proposed for deletion in December 2024]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikiversity:Interface administrators</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807995</id>
      <parentid>2807543</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:10:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* What can interface administrators do? */ Tidy table display</comment>
      <origin>2807995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5066" sha1="1gaw2e4vqqzigkkunzjwgtsuhwk5zjo" xml:space="preserve">{{policy|WV:IA}}
[[File:Wikiversity Interface administrator.svg|right|130px|link=]]
A Wikiversity '''interface administrator''' is a trusted user who has the technical ability to edit the [[w:Wikipedia:User scripts|JavaScript]] and [[w:Help:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] of all users.

== What can interface administrators do? ==
Interface administrators may use their rights as described below:&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators may '''never''' [[:w:WP:WHEEL|wheel war]] or [[:w:WP:Edit warring|edit war]] using their rights, even if they are editing according to policy. Doing so is grounds for immediate removal of access. Instead, open a discussion.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Interface administrator rights
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Right
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Description
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Can be used for
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editusercss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' CSS files
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit user scripts that are used by others, if the owner is inactive and unresponsive&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators are ''not'' permitted to edit a user's pages against the wishes of the user in question&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JavaScript files
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitecss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide CSS
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit sitewide gadgets, following consensus&lt;ref group=n&gt;Or, in lower-stakes cases, no objections&lt;/ref&gt; regarding the edits
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JavaScript
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JSON files
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
*These rights are already granted to custodians, and may be used in line with custodian guidelines
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JSON
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit the user interface&lt;ref group=n&gt;Specifically, this grants the ability to edit normal pages in the &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt; namespace.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt;
| Enable two-factor authentication
| 
*All interface administrators are required to enable two-factor authentication&lt;ref group=n&gt;Custodians also have the &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt; right, and should activate two-factor authentication ''before'' requesting interface administrator rights.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{{reflist|group=n}}

== Access ==
;How does one become an interface administrator?
[[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]] have the technical ability to grant interface administrator access, but should do so only in the manner described here.

* For now, Wikiversity does not have a need for permanent or long term interface administrators. Accordingly, interface administratorship '''may only be granted temporarily''' by bureaucrats (between 14 and 120 days without discussion, at the discretion of that bureaucrat and perceived need)
* To provide a second set of eyes, bureaucrats '''may not grant themselves interface adminship''' - it must be granted by a different bureaucrat
** Exception: If no other bureaucrats are available within a reasonable amount of time, and other uninvolved [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] agree that the request is reasonable, a bureaucrat may grant themselves the rights
* Interface adminship should not be granted to non-support staff (non-custodian, non-curator) without prior discussion
* Users seeking interface adminship must enable two-factor authentication.

;Losing access
Bureaucrats have the technical ability to remove interface administrator access. They should do so in the manner described here, but in an emergency are empowered to act with discretion.

* A bureaucrat may, without prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if it is being used to edit against the community's wishes, or otherwise being used improperly. The bureaucrat must then open a discussion.
* A bureaucrat may, after prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if there is consensus among support staff that it should be revoked.
* A bureaucrat may, at the request of any interface administrator, revoke their interface adminship
* Interface administrators may revoke their own interface adminship

;Discussions
* Requests for interface adminship, and discussions regarding revoking such rights, should be made publicly in well-watched areas, such as at [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians]] or [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]
* If a bureaucrat removes interface administrator rights without discussion in an emergency, they must promptly initiate a discussion for the community to review their actions
** The bureaucrat must leave a note with the user in question, alerting them to the removal of access and the discussion
** The bureaucrat must explain ''why'' they have removed access
** While a discussion is open, another bureaucrat may not restore the rights

== See also ==
* [[:meta:Interface administrators]]
* [[:meta:Help:Two-factor authentication]]
* [[Special:ListGroupRights]]

{{Official policies}}
[[Category:Wikiversity administration]]
[[Category:Wikiversity user roles]]</text>
      <sha1>1gaw2e4vqqzigkkunzjwgtsuhwk5zjo</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807996</id>
      <parentid>2807995</parentid>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Access */ + sub-headings</comment>
      <origin>2807996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5081" sha1="2qx0xeqfb5yt2u2zlksmydcb6ll9rz4" xml:space="preserve">{{policy|WV:IA}}
[[File:Wikiversity Interface administrator.svg|right|130px|link=]]
A Wikiversity '''interface administrator''' is a trusted user who has the technical ability to edit the [[w:Wikipedia:User scripts|JavaScript]] and [[w:Help:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] of all users.

== What can interface administrators do? ==
Interface administrators may use their rights as described below:&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators may '''never''' [[:w:WP:WHEEL|wheel war]] or [[:w:WP:Edit warring|edit war]] using their rights, even if they are editing according to policy. Doing so is grounds for immediate removal of access. Instead, open a discussion.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Interface administrator rights
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Right
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Description
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Can be used for
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editusercss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' CSS files
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit user scripts that are used by others, if the owner is inactive and unresponsive&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators are ''not'' permitted to edit a user's pages against the wishes of the user in question&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JavaScript files
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitecss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide CSS
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit sitewide gadgets, following consensus&lt;ref group=n&gt;Or, in lower-stakes cases, no objections&lt;/ref&gt; regarding the edits
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JavaScript
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JSON files
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
*These rights are already granted to custodians, and may be used in line with custodian guidelines
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JSON
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit the user interface&lt;ref group=n&gt;Specifically, this grants the ability to edit normal pages in the &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt; namespace.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt;
| Enable two-factor authentication
| 
*All interface administrators are required to enable two-factor authentication&lt;ref group=n&gt;Custodians also have the &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt; right, and should activate two-factor authentication ''before'' requesting interface administrator rights.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{{reflist|group=n}}

== Access ==
===How does one become an interface administrator?===
[[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]] have the technical ability to grant interface administrator access, but should do so only in the manner described here.

* For now, Wikiversity does not have a need for permanent or long term interface administrators. Accordingly, interface administratorship '''may only be granted temporarily''' by bureaucrats (between 14 and 120 days without discussion, at the discretion of that bureaucrat and perceived need)
* To provide a second set of eyes, bureaucrats '''may not grant themselves interface adminship''' - it must be granted by a different bureaucrat
** Exception: If no other bureaucrats are available within a reasonable amount of time, and other uninvolved [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] agree that the request is reasonable, a bureaucrat may grant themselves the rights
* Interface adminship should not be granted to non-support staff (non-custodian, non-curator) without prior discussion
* Users seeking interface adminship must enable two-factor authentication.

===Losing access===
Bureaucrats have the technical ability to remove interface administrator access. They should do so in the manner described here, but in an emergency are empowered to act with discretion.

* A bureaucrat may, without prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if it is being used to edit against the community's wishes, or otherwise being used improperly. The bureaucrat must then open a discussion.
* A bureaucrat may, after prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if there is consensus among support staff that it should be revoked.
* A bureaucrat may, at the request of any interface administrator, revoke their interface adminship
* Interface administrators may revoke their own interface adminship

===Discussions===
* Requests for interface adminship, and discussions regarding revoking such rights, should be made publicly in well-watched areas, such as at [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians]] or [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]
* If a bureaucrat removes interface administrator rights without discussion in an emergency, they must promptly initiate a discussion for the community to review their actions
** The bureaucrat must leave a note with the user in question, alerting them to the removal of access and the discussion
** The bureaucrat must explain ''why'' they have removed access
** While a discussion is open, another bureaucrat may not restore the rights

== See also ==
* [[:meta:Interface administrators]]
* [[:meta:Help:Two-factor authentication]]
* [[Special:ListGroupRights]]

{{Official policies}}
[[Category:Wikiversity administration]]
[[Category:Wikiversity user roles]]</text>
      <sha1>2qx0xeqfb5yt2u2zlksmydcb6ll9rz4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2807997</id>
      <parentid>2807996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T10:15:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
        <id>10242</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Access */ without discussion -&gt; based on discussion</comment>
      <origin>2807997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5082" sha1="hxva2jt3j7ycph7e1v42lr2qifgf3p1" xml:space="preserve">{{policy|WV:IA}}
[[File:Wikiversity Interface administrator.svg|right|130px|link=]]
A Wikiversity '''interface administrator''' is a trusted user who has the technical ability to edit the [[w:Wikipedia:User scripts|JavaScript]] and [[w:Help:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] of all users.

== What can interface administrators do? ==
Interface administrators may use their rights as described below:&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators may '''never''' [[:w:WP:WHEEL|wheel war]] or [[:w:WP:Edit warring|edit war]] using their rights, even if they are editing according to policy. Doing so is grounds for immediate removal of access. Instead, open a discussion.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Interface administrator rights
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Right
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Description
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Can be used for
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editusercss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' CSS files
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit user scripts that are used by others, if the owner is inactive and unresponsive&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators are ''not'' permitted to edit a user's pages against the wishes of the user in question&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JavaScript files
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitecss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide CSS
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit sitewide gadgets, following consensus&lt;ref group=n&gt;Or, in lower-stakes cases, no objections&lt;/ref&gt; regarding the edits
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JavaScript
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JSON files
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
*These rights are already granted to custodians, and may be used in line with custodian guidelines
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JSON
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit the user interface&lt;ref group=n&gt;Specifically, this grants the ability to edit normal pages in the &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt; namespace.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt;
| Enable two-factor authentication
| 
*All interface administrators are required to enable two-factor authentication&lt;ref group=n&gt;Custodians also have the &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt; right, and should activate two-factor authentication ''before'' requesting interface administrator rights.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{{reflist|group=n}}

== Access ==
===How does one become an interface administrator?===
[[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]] have the technical ability to grant interface administrator access, but should do so only in the manner described here.

* For now, Wikiversity does not have a need for permanent or long term interface administrators. Accordingly, interface administratorship '''may only be granted temporarily''' by bureaucrats (between 14 and 120 days based on discussion, at the discretion of that bureaucrat and perceived need)
* To provide a second set of eyes, bureaucrats '''may not grant themselves interface adminship''' - it must be granted by a different bureaucrat
** Exception: If no other bureaucrats are available within a reasonable amount of time, and other uninvolved [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] agree that the request is reasonable, a bureaucrat may grant themselves the rights
* Interface adminship should not be granted to non-support staff (non-custodian, non-curator) without prior discussion
* Users seeking interface adminship must enable two-factor authentication.

===Losing access===
Bureaucrats have the technical ability to remove interface administrator access. They should do so in the manner described here, but in an emergency are empowered to act with discretion.

* A bureaucrat may, without prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if it is being used to edit against the community's wishes, or otherwise being used improperly. The bureaucrat must then open a discussion.
* A bureaucrat may, after prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if there is consensus among support staff that it should be revoked.
* A bureaucrat may, at the request of any interface administrator, revoke their interface adminship
* Interface administrators may revoke their own interface adminship

===Discussions===
* Requests for interface adminship, and discussions regarding revoking such rights, should be made publicly in well-watched areas, such as at [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians]] or [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]
* If a bureaucrat removes interface administrator rights without discussion in an emergency, they must promptly initiate a discussion for the community to review their actions
** The bureaucrat must leave a note with the user in question, alerting them to the removal of access and the discussion
** The bureaucrat must explain ''why'' they have removed access
** While a discussion is open, another bureaucrat may not restore the rights

== See also ==
* [[:meta:Interface administrators]]
* [[:meta:Help:Two-factor authentication]]
* [[Special:ListGroupRights]]

{{Official policies}}
[[Category:Wikiversity administration]]
[[Category:Wikiversity user roles]]</text>
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      <id>2807998</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Jtneill</username>
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      <comment>/* Access */ Remove: &quot;To provide a second set of eyes&quot; (unnecessary)</comment>
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      <text bytes="5049" sha1="0qfqo97ff4sq6ekr2lzr6ajb1c9gqy3" xml:space="preserve">{{policy|WV:IA}}
[[File:Wikiversity Interface administrator.svg|right|130px|link=]]
A Wikiversity '''interface administrator''' is a trusted user who has the technical ability to edit the [[w:Wikipedia:User scripts|JavaScript]] and [[w:Help:Cascading Style Sheets|CSS]] of all users.

== What can interface administrators do? ==
Interface administrators may use their rights as described below:&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators may '''never''' [[:w:WP:WHEEL|wheel war]] or [[:w:WP:Edit warring|edit war]] using their rights, even if they are editing according to policy. Doing so is grounds for immediate removal of access. Instead, open a discussion.&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Interface administrator rights
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Right
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Description
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Can be used for
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editusercss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' CSS files
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit user scripts that are used by others, if the owner is inactive and unresponsive&lt;ref group=n&gt;Interface administrators are ''not'' permitted to edit a user's pages against the wishes of the user in question&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JavaScript files
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitecss&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide CSS
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |
*To perform uncontroversial maintenance
*To edit sitewide gadgets, following consensus&lt;ref group=n&gt;Or, in lower-stakes cases, no objections&lt;/ref&gt; regarding the edits
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejs&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JavaScript
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;edituserjson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit other users' JSON files
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | 
*These rights are already granted to custodians, and may be used in line with custodian guidelines
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editsitejson&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit sitewide JSON
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;editinterface&lt;/code&gt;
| Edit the user interface&lt;ref group=n&gt;Specifically, this grants the ability to edit normal pages in the &lt;code&gt;MediaWiki:&lt;/code&gt; namespace.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|scope=&quot;row&quot;| &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt;
| Enable two-factor authentication
| 
*All interface administrators are required to enable two-factor authentication&lt;ref group=n&gt;Custodians also have the &lt;code&gt;oathauth-enable&lt;/code&gt; right, and should activate two-factor authentication ''before'' requesting interface administrator rights.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{{reflist|group=n}}

== Access ==
===How does one become an interface administrator?===
[[Wikiversity:Bureaucratship|Bureaucrats]] have the technical ability to grant interface administrator access, but should do so only in the manner described here.

* For now, Wikiversity does not have a need for permanent or long term interface administrators. Accordingly, interface administratorship '''may only be granted temporarily''' by bureaucrats (between 14 and 120 days based on discussion, at the discretion of that bureaucrat and perceived need)
* Bureaucrats '''may not grant themselves interface adminship''' - it must be granted by a different bureaucrat
** Exception: If no other bureaucrats are available within a reasonable amount of time, and other uninvolved [[Wikiversity:Support staff|support staff]] agree that the request is reasonable, a bureaucrat may grant themselves the rights
* Interface adminship should not be granted to non-support staff (non-custodian, non-curator) without prior discussion
* Users seeking interface adminship must enable two-factor authentication.

===Losing access===
Bureaucrats have the technical ability to remove interface administrator access. They should do so in the manner described here, but in an emergency are empowered to act with discretion.

* A bureaucrat may, without prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if it is being used to edit against the community's wishes, or otherwise being used improperly. The bureaucrat must then open a discussion.
* A bureaucrat may, after prior discussion, revoke interface adminship if there is consensus among support staff that it should be revoked.
* A bureaucrat may, at the request of any interface administrator, revoke their interface adminship
* Interface administrators may revoke their own interface adminship

===Discussions===
* Requests for interface adminship, and discussions regarding revoking such rights, should be made publicly in well-watched areas, such as at [[Wikiversity:Notices for custodians]] or [[Wikiversity:Request custodian action]]
* If a bureaucrat removes interface administrator rights without discussion in an emergency, they must promptly initiate a discussion for the community to review their actions
** The bureaucrat must leave a note with the user in question, alerting them to the removal of access and the discussion
** The bureaucrat must explain ''why'' they have removed access
** While a discussion is open, another bureaucrat may not restore the rights

== See also ==
* [[:meta:Interface administrators]]
* [[:meta:Help:Two-factor authentication]]
* [[Special:ListGroupRights]]

{{Official policies}}
[[Category:Wikiversity administration]]
[[Category:Wikiversity user roles]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Social Victorians/People/Sarah Spencer-Churchill Wilson</title>
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      <id>2807943</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Scogdill</username>
        <id>1331941</id>
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      <origin>2807943</origin>
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      <text bytes="17749" sha1="qwne34adw8l4gk2rtx287pfifwvzhky" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
== Organizations ==

=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
*&quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|aristocratic lady journalist]]&quot;
*Lady Sarah Wilson, journalist for the ''Daily Mail''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=Sarah Wilson (war correspondent)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Wilson_(war_correspondent)&amp;oldid=966295858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gordon Wilson ===
*Gordon Wilson, Royal Horse Guards
*Gordon Wilson, Robert Baden-Powell's aide de camp at Mafeking

=== Wilfred Wilson ===

* 5th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry

== Timeline ==
'''1861''', Sir Samuel Wilson and Jeanne Campbell married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Sir Samuel Wilson.&quot; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ|title=Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|date=1895|publisher=Jack|language=en}} 1047, Col. 1a.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 November 21''', Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill and Gordon Chesney Wilson married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106326|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892 June 11''', Adeline Constance Wilson and Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did Mr. Wilfred Wilson, Mr. Clarence Wilson, and Mr. Herbert Wilson.
[[File:Madame de Pompadour.jpg|alt=Old painting of a woman in a very ornate dress with an open book|thumb|Madame de Pompadour, 1756, ]]

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
[[File:Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a dog|Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Lady Sarah Wilson went as Madame de Pompadour.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} 

John Thomson's portrait (left) of &quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Wilson (née Spencer-Churchill) as Madame de Pompadour&quot; in costume is photogravure #157 in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs#The Album of Photographs|album]] presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158520/Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; 

If Lady Sarah Wilson's dress is indeed blue, then this portrait is an excellent example of how difficult it can be to guess the colors of things in black-and-white photographs. 

François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (above right) shows Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour at about 35 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Sarah Wilson was nearly 32 years old at the time of the ball. Politically active, Madame de Pompadour was Louis XV's official chief mistress until 1751 and lady in waiting to the Queen, Polish Marie Leszczyńska.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (The color of her dress in this image may not be true to the painting; another copy shows it looking bluer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour#/media/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;) 
[[File:François Boucher - Portrait of Marquise de Pompadour - WGA02909.jpg|thumb|Madame de Pompadour, 1759, with Friendship's consolation of Love behind her]]
Another Boucher portrait of Madame de Pompadour (right), painted in 1759 when she was 38,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; shows her in a very similar dress, though pink and yellow rather than blue or blue-green. 

An image of Lady Sarah Wilson in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom middle of the page, the numeral 17 below the line drawing, seated, facing slightly to her right, the drawing is similar to her costume in her photograph, bows and ruffles emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} 

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
Two descriptions of Lady Sarah Wilson's costume exist, the first from ''The Gentlewoman'' and the other from ''The Queen''.
* &quot;(Mme. de Pompadour), blue and magenta, silk, lace, and pink roses; bunch of wild hyacinths, yellow daisies, and pink roses on left shoulder.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2b}}
* The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says,&lt;blockquote&gt;Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. …   No. 17. L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;ARAH&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILSON&lt;/small&gt;, Madame de Pompadour (copied from the '''picture of “La Pompadour” of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild'''). — Rich / blue satin, with ruchings of satin and white blonde lace, with wreath of roses; Alençon lace ruffles; headdress, small wreath of roses, with high aigrette.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2–3c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]

==== Commentary on Lady Sarah's Costume ====

* In some ways, the portrait of Lady Sarah from the album looks more like a painting than a photograph, although the album (and the National Portrait Gallery, London) give credit to photographer John Thomson.
* Lady Sarah is holding her skirt in her left hand, making the layers of the skirt too confusing to analyze.
* voluminous skirt

=== Captain Gordon Wilson ===
According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Captain Gordon Wilson was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with Sir Samuel Scott.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&amp;oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Lafayette's portrait of &quot;Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680&quot; in costume is photogravure #158 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&amp;oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ====
*He wore a &quot;Costume of his own regiment at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold crimson sash, and embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}
*&quot;Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 2b}}
*&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

=== Wilfred Wilson ===
Wilfred Wilson was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdresses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} No photograph of him in costume can be found at this time.

=== Clarence Wilson ===
Mr. Clarence Wilson, likely Chesney Clarence Wilson?, was dressed as Buffone in the Venetians procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* &quot;Mr. Clarence Wilson (jester), in satin, with gold thread embroidery.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Herbert Wilson ===
Mr. Herbert Wilson was dressed as Antonio Priali&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (misspelled as Briali&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}) in the Venetians procession.

* &quot;Mr. Herbert Wilson (Venetian noble), vieux rose brocaded velvet.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Wilsons Who Attended by Family ===

==== Lady Sarah and Captain Gordon Wilson Family ====

* Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson
* Mr. Wilfred Wilson
* Mr. Clarence Wilson
* Mr. Herbert Wilson

==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley and Mary Wilson Family]] ====

* Arthur and Mary Wilson
* Clive Wilson
* Tottie (Susannah West) Wilson Menzies and Jack Graham Menzies
* [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]
* Mr. and Mrs. Charles Henry Wilson
* Enid Wilson

==== Unknown Family ====

* Mr. T.W. Wilson

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: she, English&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;; he, Australian
*Samuel Wilson, born in Ireland, his wife and many of children born in Australia&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-15|title=Samuel Wilson (Portsmouth MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilson_(Portsmouth_MP)&amp;oldid=945720739|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Residences ===

==== Sir Samuel Wilson ====

* After returning from Australia
* 9 Grosvenor Square, London (March 1895 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, Bucks (1881– September 1893?)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Family ==
=== Gordon Chesney Wilson's Family ===

* Sir Samuel Wilson (7&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; or 17&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; February 1832 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* Jeanne Campbell, Lady Wilson (8 May 1841 – 8 February 1925)&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
*# '''Gordon Chesney Wilson''' (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)
*# Mary Wilson (c. 1870 –&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''199''; Page: ''49''.&lt;/ref&gt; )
*# '''Wilfred Wilson''' (3 March 1872 – February 1901&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Man and Matters.&quot; ''Globe'' 26 February 1901 Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19010226/030/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# '''Clarence Chesney Wilson''' (2 March 1873 – )
*# Bertie (Herbert Hayden) Wilson (4 February 1875 – )
*# Adeline Constance Wilson Lloyd (c. 1867&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''198''; Page: ''48''.&lt;/ref&gt;– 24 October 1933&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# Maud Margaret Wilson (1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891''; Class: ''RG12''; Piece: ''68''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''38''; GSU roll: ''6095178''.&lt;/ref&gt;– ) [Maud, Countess Huntington?&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;]
*# Florence Mabel Wilson ()
*# Herbert H. Wilson (1878&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;–) [see Bertie, above]


*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] Wilson (4 July 1865 – 22 October 1929)
*Gordon Chesney Wilson (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lt.-Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106327|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Randolph Gordon Wilson (1893–1956)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Relations ===

* Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill's brothers were [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lord Randolph Churchill]] and Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] (9 November 1892 – 30 June 1934).

== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Wilson
*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]]
*Captain Gordon Wilson, M.V.O.
*Lady Sarah Wilson
*The family of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]]

== Questions and Notes ==
#Lady Sarah Wilson is the 11th child and 6th daughter of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough]] and Frances Anne Emily Vane Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duchess of Marlborough]].
#Lady Sarah Wilson is one of the &quot;aristocratic lady journalists&quot; and was at Mafeking with her husband, Capt. Gordon Wilson.
#Gordon Chesney Wilson died in at the first battle of Ypres, 6ths November 1914.
#For the Samuel Wilson family, any Miss Wilson after 1892 has to have been Florence Mabel Wilson.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]], Wilfred Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts; the Hon. Algernon Bourke is not difficult to identify at all; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#There is a problem with Herbert Hayden Wilson and Herbert H. Wilson's birth dates.
#Captain Gordon Wilson is #96 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]] the[[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House; Lady Sarah Wilson is #392; Wilfred Wilson is #232; Mr. Clarence Wilson is #300; Mr. Herbert Wilson is #307.

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
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        <id>1331941</id>
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      <text bytes="18054" sha1="83d2gh5d2bof8c5rw8bnyhkv7fkqoxp" xml:space="preserve">== Overview ==
== Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies ==
== Organizations ==

=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
*&quot;[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|aristocratic lady journalist]]&quot;
*Lady Sarah Wilson, journalist for the ''Daily Mail''&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=Sarah Wilson (war correspondent)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sarah_Wilson_(war_correspondent)&amp;oldid=966295858|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gordon Wilson ===
*Gordon Wilson, Royal Horse Guards
*Gordon Wilson, Robert Baden-Powell's aide de camp at Mafeking

=== Wilfred Wilson ===

* 5th Battalion Imperial Yeomanry

== Timeline ==
'''1861''', Sir Samuel Wilson and Jeanne Campbell married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&quot;Sir Samuel Wilson.&quot; {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KDw6AQAAMAAJ|title=Armorial Families: A Complete Peerage, Baronetage, and Knightage, and a Directory of Some Gentlemen of Coat-armour, and Being the First Attempt to Show which Arms in Use at the Moment are Borne by Legal Authority|last=Fox-Davies|first=Arthur Charles|date=1895|publisher=Jack|language=en}} 1047, Col. 1a.&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1891 November 21''', Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill and Gordon Chesney Wilson married.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106326|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''1892 June 11''', Adeline Constance Wilson and Right Hon. the Earl of Huntingdon married.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

'''1897 July 2, Friday''', Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did Mr. Wilfred Wilson, Mr. Clarence Wilson, and Mr. Herbert Wilson.
[[File:Madame de Pompadour.jpg|alt=Old painting of a woman in a very ornate dress with an open book|thumb|Madame de Pompadour, 1756, ]]

== Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball ==
=== Lady Sarah Wilson ===
[[File:Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a dog|Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]
At the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]], Lady Sarah Wilson went as Madame de Pompadour.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses.&quot; London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7c}} 

John Thomson's portrait (left) of &quot;Lady Sarah Isabella Augusta Wilson (née Spencer-Churchill) as Madame de Pompadour&quot; in costume is photogravure #157 in the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball/Photographs#The Album of Photographs|album]] presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;&quot;Devonshire House Fancy Dress Ball (1897): photogravures by Walker &amp; Boutall after various photographers.&quot; 1899. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait-list.php?set=515.&lt;/ref&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lady Sarah Wilson as Madame de Pompadour.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158520/Lady-Sarah-Isabella-Augusta-Wilson-ne-Spencer-Churchill-as-Madame-de-Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; 

If Lady Sarah Wilson's dress is indeed blue, then this portrait is an excellent example of how difficult it can be to guess the colors of things in black-and-white photographs. 

François Boucher's portrait of Madame de Pompadour (above right) shows Jeanne Antoinette Poisson, Madame de Pompadour at about 35 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour.&lt;/ref&gt; Lady Sarah Wilson was nearly 32 years old at the time of the ball. Politically active, Madame de Pompadour was Louis XV's official chief mistress until 1751 and lady in waiting to the Queen, Polish Marie Leszczyńska.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; (The color of her dress in this image may not be true to the painting; another copy shows it looking bluer.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-13|title=Madame de Pompadour|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_Pompadour&amp;oldid=1189755757|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madame_de_Pompadour#/media/File:Madame_de_Pompadour.jpg&lt;/ref&gt;) 
[[File:François Boucher - Portrait of Marquise de Pompadour - WGA02909.jpg|thumb|Madame de Pompadour, 1759, with Friendship's consolation of Love behind her]]
Another Boucher portrait of Madame de Pompadour (right), painted in 1759 when she was 38,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; shows her in a very similar dress, though pink and yellow rather than blue or blue-green. 

Another image of Lady Sarah Wilson in costume appeared in the ''Queen'' (bottom middle of the page, the numeral 17 below the line drawing, seated, facing slightly to her right, the line drawing shows a dress similar to her costume in her photograph, bows and ruffles emphasized; the drawing apparently signed by “Rook”).&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;“Dresses Worn at the Duchess of Devonshire’s Fancy Ball on July 2.” The ''Queen'', The Lady’s Newspaper 10 July 1897, Saturday: 52 [of 98 BNA; p. 78 on printed page], full page [3 of 3 cols.]. ''British Newspaper Archive''  https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002627/18970710/174/0052.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Col. 2b–c}} 

==== Newspaper Accounts ====
Two descriptions of Lady Sarah Wilson's costume exist, the first from ''The Gentlewoman'' and the other from ''The Queen''.
* &quot;(Mme. de Pompadour), blue and magenta, silk, lace, and pink roses; bunch of wild hyacinths, yellow daisies, and pink roses on left shoulder.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 40, Col. 2b}}
* The description accompanying the line drawing in the ''Queen'' says the original was '''owned by Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild''',&lt;blockquote&gt;Made by Mrs Mason, 4, New Burlington Street, W. …   No. 17. L&lt;small&gt;ADY&lt;/small&gt; S&lt;small&gt;ARAH&lt;/small&gt; W&lt;small&gt;ILSON&lt;/small&gt;, Madame de Pompadour (copied from the picture of “La Pompadour” of Baron Ferdinand de Rothschild). — Rich / blue satin, with ruchings of satin and white blonde lace, with wreath of roses; Alençon lace ruffles; headdress, small wreath of roses, with high aigrette.&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;{{rp|Col. 2–3c}}&lt;/blockquote&gt;
[[File:Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a standing man richly dressed in an historical costume|Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]]

==== Commentary on Lady Sarah's Costume ====

* In some ways, the portrait of Lady Sarah from the album looks more like a painting than a photograph, although the album (and the National Portrait Gallery, London) give credit to photographer John Thomson. Perhaps it was retouched to make it look less photographic.
* Lady Sarah is holding her skirt in her left hand oddly, making the layers of the skirt too confusing to analyze.
* The dresses in the Boucher portraits are very similar to each other and may be the original for Lady Sarah's dress, which was blue according to the newspapers.
* voluminous skirt

=== Captain Gordon Wilson ===
According to the typographical visualization of the quadrilles and processions in the ''Morning Post'', Captain Gordon Wilson was one of the Mousquetaires et Militaires de l'Epoque in the Louis XV and Louis XVI Quadrille, along with Sir Samuel Scott.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|7, Col. 6b}} The newspapers, however, say he was in costume as a member of the Royal Horse Guard of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough (1650–1722&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-03|title=John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough&amp;oldid=1188192102|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Churchill,_1st_Duke_of_Marlborough.&lt;/ref&gt;).

Lafayette's portrait of &quot;Gordon Chesney Wilson as a Captain in the Blues, 1680&quot; in costume is photogravure #158 in the album presented to the Duchess of Devonshire and now in the National Portrait Gallery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; The printing on the portrait says, &quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues temp 1680.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson as a Captain in the Blues.&quot; ''Diamond Jubilee Fancy Dress Ball''. National Portrait Gallery https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw158521/Gordon-Chesney-Wilson-as-a-Captain-in-the-Blues-1680.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Blues were the Royal Regiment of Horse Guards, part of the Household Cavalry: the coat was blue, with red facings, collar and plumes.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2021-11-11|title=Royal Horse Guards|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal_Horse_Guards&amp;oldid=1054735721|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horse_Guards.&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Newspaper Descriptions of His Costume ====
*He wore a &quot;Costume of his own regiment at the time of the Duke of Marlborough, blue with red facings, embroidered gold crimson sash, and embroidered baldric, large velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}
*&quot;Sir Samuel Scott and Captain Gordon Wilson [wore] uniforms of the R.H.G. in the great Duke of Marlborough's time.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;“Girls’ Gossip.” ''Truth'' 8 July 1897, Thursday: 41 [of 70], Col. 1b – 42, Col. 2c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0002961/18970708/089/0041.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|42, Col. 2b}}
*&quot;Captain Gordon Wilson and Sir Samuel Scott (costume of their own regiments at the time of the Duke of Marlborough), blue with red facings; velvet hat and plumes.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}}

=== Wilfred Wilson ===
Wilfred Wilson was among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;Ball at Devonshire House.&quot; The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Gentlewoman'' says, &quot;Messrs [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]] and Wilfred Wilson were attendants on [&lt;nowiki/&gt;[[Social Victorians/People/Keppel|George Keppel]]'s] King Solomon,&quot; wearing &quot;green silk tunics elaborately embroidered in gold and studs, with cloaks embroidered and lined with white; jewelled headdresses, swords.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 3a}} No photograph of him in costume can be found at this time.

=== Clarence Wilson ===
Mr. Clarence Wilson, likely Chesney Clarence Wilson?, was dressed as Buffone in the Venetians procession.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

* &quot;Mr. Clarence Wilson (jester), in satin, with gold thread embroidery.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032. Print p. 50, Col. 3a.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Herbert Wilson ===
Mr. Herbert Wilson was dressed as Antonio Priali&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt; (misspelled as Briali&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;“Ball at Devonshire House.” Evening ''Mail'' 05 July 1897 Monday: 8 [of 8], Col. 1a–4c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003187/18970705/070/0008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}}) in the Venetians procession.

* &quot;Mr. Herbert Wilson (Venetian noble), vieux rose brocaded velvet.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;{{rp|p. 34, Col. 1b}}

=== Wilsons Who Attended by Family ===

==== Lady Sarah and Captain Gordon Wilson Family ====

* Lady Sarah Wilson and Captain Gordon Wilson
* Mr. Wilfred Wilson
* Mr. Clarence Wilson
* Mr. Herbert Wilson

==== [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley and Mary Wilson Family]] ====

* Arthur and Mary Wilson
* Clive Wilson
* Tottie (Susannah West) Wilson Menzies and Jack Graham Menzies
* [[Social Victorians/People/Muriel Wilson|Muriel Wilson]]
* Mr. and Mrs. Charles Henry Wilson
* Enid Wilson

==== Unknown Family ====

* Mr. T.W. Wilson

== Demographics ==
*Nationality: she, English&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;; he, Australian
*Samuel Wilson, born in Ireland, his wife and many of children born in Australia&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-03-15|title=Samuel Wilson (Portsmouth MP)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Wilson_(Portsmouth_MP)&amp;oldid=945720739|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Residences ===

==== Sir Samuel Wilson ====

* After returning from Australia
* 9 Grosvenor Square, London (March 1895 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;
* Hughenden Manor, High Wycombe, Bucks (1881– September 1893?)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Family ==
=== Gordon Chesney Wilson's Family ===

* Sir Samuel Wilson (7&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; or 17&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Ancestry.com. ''UK and Ireland, Find a Grave® Index, 1300s-Current'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; February 1832 – 11 June 1895)&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
* Jeanne Campbell, Lady Wilson (8 May 1841 – 8 February 1925)&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;
*# '''Gordon Chesney Wilson''' (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)
*# Mary Wilson (c. 1870 –&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''199''; Page: ''49''.&lt;/ref&gt; )
*# '''Wilfred Wilson''' (3 March 1872 – February 1901&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Man and Matters.&quot; ''Globe'' 26 February 1901 Tuesday: 3 [of 10], Col. 1c [of 5]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001652/19010226/030/0003.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# '''Clarence Chesney Wilson''' (2 March 1873 – )
*# Bertie (Herbert Hayden) Wilson (4 February 1875 – )
*# Adeline Constance Wilson Lloyd (c. 1867&lt;ref&gt;''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1901''. Kew, Surrey, England: The National Archives, 1901. Class: ''RG13''; Piece: ''82''; Folio: ''198''; Page: ''48''.&lt;/ref&gt;– 24 October 1933&lt;ref&gt;Principal Probate Registry; London, England; ''Calendar of the Grants of Probate and Letters of Administration made in the Probate Registries of the High Court of Justice in England''. Ancestry.com. ''England &amp; Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995'' [database on-line]. Lehi, UT, USA: Ancestry.com Operations, Inc., 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;)
*# Maud Margaret Wilson (1870&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;The National Archives of the UK (TNA); Kew, Surrey, England; ''Census Returns of England and Wales, 1891''; Class: ''RG12''; Piece: ''68''; Folio: ''21''; Page: ''38''; GSU roll: ''6095178''.&lt;/ref&gt;– ) [Maud, Countess Huntington?&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;]
*# Florence Mabel Wilson ()
*# Herbert H. Wilson (1878&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;–) [see Bertie, above]


*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]] Wilson (4 July 1865 – 22 October 1929)
*Gordon Chesney Wilson (1 August 1865 – 6 November 1914)&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Lt.-Col. Gordon Chesney Wilson.&quot; {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10633.htm#i106327|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
#Randolph Gordon Wilson (1893–1956)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

=== Relations ===

* Sarah Isabella Augusta Spencer-Churchill's brothers were [[Social Victorians/People/Churchill|Lord Randolph Churchill]] and Sunny (Charles Richard John) Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough|9th Duke of Marlborough]] (9 November 1892 – 30 June 1934).

== Also Known As ==
*Family name: Wilson
*Sarah Isabella Augusta [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Spencer-Churchill]]
*Captain Gordon Wilson, M.V.O.
*Lady Sarah Wilson
*The family of [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Stanley Wilson|Arthur Stanley Wilson]]

== Questions and Notes ==
#Lady Sarah Wilson is the 11th child and 6th daughter of John Winston Spencer-Churchill, 7th [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duke of Marlborough]] and Frances Anne Emily Vane Spencer-Churchill, [[Social Victorians/People/Marlborough | Duchess of Marlborough]].
#Lady Sarah Wilson is one of the &quot;aristocratic lady journalists&quot; and was at Mafeking with her husband, Capt. Gordon Wilson.
#Gordon Chesney Wilson died in at the first battle of Ypres, 6ths November 1914.
#For the Samuel Wilson family, any Miss Wilson after 1892 has to have been Florence Mabel Wilson.
#Three somewhat difficult-to-identify men were among the Suite of Men in the &quot;Oriental&quot; procession: [[Social Victorians/People/Halifax|Gordon Wood]], [[Social Victorians/People/Portman|Arthur B. Portman]], Wilfred Wilson, and [[Social Victorians/People/Bourke|Hon. Algernon Bourke]]. The identification of Gordon Wood and Wilfred Wilson is high because of contemporary newspaper accounts; the Hon. Algernon Bourke is not difficult to identify at all; Arthur Portman appears in a number of similar newspaper accounts, but none of them mentions his family of origin.
#There is a problem with Herbert Hayden Wilson and Herbert H. Wilson's birth dates.
#Captain Gordon Wilson is #96 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who attended]] the[[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House; Lady Sarah Wilson is #392; Wilfred Wilson is #232; Mr. Clarence Wilson is #300; Mr. Herbert Wilson is #307.

== Footnotes ==
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    <title>Maritime Health Research and Education-NET</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-09T08:46:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>9184</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:ChatGPT_Image_24_abr_2026,_02_17_02_p.m.png|ChatGPT_Image_24_abr_2026,_02_17_02_p.m.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Wdwd|Wdwd]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/File:ChatGPT Image 24 abr 2026, 02 17 02 p.</comment>
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      <text bytes="4117" sha1="i9a5yei5y2974k89a4w2428ftdh9hn0" xml:space="preserve">[[File:ChatGPT Image 24 abr 2026, 08 16 04 a.m.png|thumb|]]
= '''' The John Snow Research Institute -2026'''' =
Billions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight. All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(not blood sugar).The 16-weeks '''intervention studies''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer, and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity.[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|400px|right|The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars.]]
[[File:John Snow.jpg|thumb| right|John Snow in the early nineteenth century]]


1. '&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''Prevalence studies''''

1.1 The-International-Maritime-Health-Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/z3cq5ciiev06y8v9duw7u/A-International-Maritime-Health-Database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=pt0kdesvmagcxaa2wez3tmza3 &lt;/ref&gt;

1.2 Nursing Students Health Database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk &lt;/ref&gt;

1.3. Medical student's Health Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n &lt;/ref&gt;

1.4. School childrens Health database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 &lt;/ref&gt;

2. '''Intervention studies''' Englsh 
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx &lt;/ref&gt; Danish
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv &lt;/ref&gt; Spanish &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv &lt;/ref&gt;

- General research protocol draft
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s &lt;/ref&gt;

- Health Promoting Schools &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh &lt;/ref&gt; 

- John Snow Institute bylaws &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/lccr7jtnga1u0x75117zn/John-Snow-revision-2-March-11.doc?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=lz2gi7mslcoay5dzygg8h6n6r &lt;/ref&gt;

'''Publications and pptx''' 2016-2026 &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/The_International_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_and_Hypertension_Research_Group#The_John_Snow_Institute &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf &lt;/ref&gt;

'''Prediabetes-Remission Research Network:'''
&lt;small&gt;Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali (SDU); MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Dr. Maite, Vacamonte, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Antonio Roberto Abaya MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; MBA Christian Acheampong, Turkey; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark,&lt;/small&gt;

==References==
[[Category:Prediabetes ]]
&lt;references /&gt;Education 1: Research Methodology &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i9a5yei5y2974k89a4w2428ftdh9hn0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>2808025</id>
      <parentid>2807993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T11:56:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Saltrabook</username>
        <id>1417466</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* ' The John Snow Research Institute -2026' */</comment>
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= '''' The John Snow Research Institute -2026'''' =
Billions are at increased risk of developing metabolic syndromes with prediabetes, diabetes type 2, high blood pressure and overweight. All can lower their risks by staying physical active and eating well. For early identification of the risks we propose to register weight and height (Body Mass Index) and the fasting blood sugar in the '''Prevalence studies''' at the schools for seafarers, nurses, medical students and the kids schools.(not blood sugar).The 16-weeks '''intervention studies''' include learnings by short video sequences and self-monitoring of blood sugar with glucometer, and self-evaluation of diet and physical activity.[[File:Lifestyle Medicine Pillars.png|300px|right|The focus of Lifestyle Medicine is on these 6 pillars.]]
[[File:John Snow.jpg|thumb| right|John Snow in the early nineteenth century]]


1. '&lt;nowiki/&gt;'''Prevalence studies''''

1.1 The-International-Maritime-Health-Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/z3cq5ciiev06y8v9duw7u/A-International-Maritime-Health-Database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=pt0kdesvmagcxaa2wez3tmza3 &lt;/ref&gt;

1.2 Nursing Students Health Database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/tcznmmd2y3nona5e3h1ro/The-Nursing-students-health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=onbjh4o8ko1lzdvgyi8nlrotk &lt;/ref&gt;

1.3. Medical student's Health Database &lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/f16h9b60u4gxgt56un2jf/The-Medical-students-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=xyfqen5trdc5lniaovipl548n &lt;/ref&gt;

1.4. School childrens Health database &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/u6u50c8bxwhte9t2t6ck8/The-School-children-s-Health-database.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=zlyz5wn673wf7owettq3nx3h5 &lt;/ref&gt;

2. '''Intervention studies''' Englsh 
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/oi6cx6tlwwvoko3ed37tn/Invitation-to-the-course-English.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=7kzg91tqfgjskxf5aji8khicx &lt;/ref&gt; Danish
&lt;ref&gt;https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/2qahc3q9hmf4skbvk77ab/Invitation-to-the-course-in-Danish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=x63w8oqvarz284zg2btq2johv &lt;/ref&gt; Spanish &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/bn71inqeeth4o4mc1fjth/Invitation-to-the-course-Spanish.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=popmr1fnodh1v951v9l7k9ezv &lt;/ref&gt;

- General research protocol draft
&lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/gau25oy5y1s57046icjt2/Research-protocol-draft.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=wat63e25ritmujwcpss8s4v0s &lt;/ref&gt;

- Health Promoting Schools &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/0rm7honrezbjwrcy3h3yk/Health-promoting-schools.docx?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=673jyzcmwbfw7k9ui9nmtp0zh &lt;/ref&gt; 

- John Snow Institute bylaws &lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/lccr7jtnga1u0x75117zn/John-Snow-revision-2-March-11.doc?cloud_editor=word&amp;dl=0&amp;rlkey=lz2gi7mslcoay5dzygg8h6n6r &lt;/ref&gt;

'''Publications and pptx''' 2016-2026 &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/The_International_Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus_and_Hypertension_Research_Group#The_John_Snow_Institute &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; https://www.dropbox.com/scl/fi/mw7ft423lkkpjoxywd2bf &lt;/ref&gt;

'''Prediabetes-Remission Research Network:'''
&lt;small&gt;Prof. Ing. MSc. Nailet Delgado; Dr. Olaf Jensen, MD, MPH, PhD, o147248@gmail.com; MSc.Ph.D. Bishal Gyawali (SDU); MSc.PhD Vivi Just-Nørregaard; Dr. Johan Hviid Andersen MD, PhD. Prof Århus University; Prof. MSc. Agnes Flores, UMECIT, Panama; Dr. Maite, Vacamonte, Panama; Bruno Nørdam, Randers; Dr. Maite Duque, Venezuela; Dr. Indira Santos Panama; Med.Stud. Ashley Lezcano, Panama; Dr. Antonio Roberto Abaya MD Filippines; Dr. Jen Mendoza, MD, Filippines; Dr. Andra Ergle MD, Latvia; Prof. MSc. Ingrid Morató, Tarragona/Cadiz, Spain; MBA Christian Acheampong, Turkey; Dr. Alejandro Martinez, MPH, Costa Rica; Dr. Med. Sci Finn Gyntelberg; NFA.and Bispebj. Hosp. Denmark,&lt;/small&gt;

==References==
[[Category:Prediabetes ]]
&lt;references /&gt;Education 1: Research Methodology &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Maritime_Health_Research_and_Education-NET/EDUCATION/Education_module_links&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7u5t1cuf5n1n6047fvasieiuh7l6srt</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Curriculum Planning/Training Strategies</title>
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    <id>269491</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807938</id>
      <parentid>2342592</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:01:57Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
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      <text bytes="13740" sha1="98f5uu4uhr9nbbpzs9x2typwxrnd03f" xml:space="preserve">= Looking at the Content: =
[[File:Looking at the Content sub-topics.png|thumb]]

=== Training Strategies ===
Strategies should be chosen according to whether the specific learning objective is related primarily to the development of knowledge, skills, or attitudes (see chart below). Activities should also align with the characteristics and learning preferences of the learner audience, training schedule, experience of the trainer, etc. etc.

Examples of training strategies include:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;background-color:#dbe5f1;{{Text default color}};border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
|| Type of activity
| align=center| Best for Knowledge (K), Skills (S), or Attitudes (A)
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
! style=&quot;border-top:0.5pt solid #000000;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | General approach: Direct Instruction
|-
| style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Lecture or presentation
| align=center style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, S
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Demonstrations
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | S
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Videos
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, S
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | General approach: Interactive Instruction
|-
| style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Discussions, conferencing, interviews
| align=center style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, A
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Role Plays 
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | A, S
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Problem Solving 
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | S
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Brainstorming
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, A
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Tutorial Groups 
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, S, A
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Question-and-answer sessions
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | General approach: Independent Study
|-
| style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Essays, Journals, Reports 
| align=center style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, S
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Computer Assisted Instruction 
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, S
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Homework
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, S, A
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Research Projects
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | K, S
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | General approach: Experiential Learning
|-
| style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Conducting Experiments 
| align=center style=&quot;border-top:none;border-bottom:0.5pt solid #000000;border-left:0.5pt solid #000000;border-right:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | S
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Field Trips, Field Observations 
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | S, A
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Simulations and games
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | S, A
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Practicums, internships
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | S, A
|-
| style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | Hands-on practice
| align=center style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot; | S, A
|-
|}

The best training sessions will incorporate a variety of training strategies. A good rule of thumb is to vary the training strategy every 15 – 20 minutes. For example, a one-hour training session about how to use a new piece of equipment may start with a short lecture to explain the functioning of the equipment and essential safety considerations, followed by a demonstration of how to work with the equipment, followed by a question-and-answer period (to check for comprehension), followed by hands-on, guided practice for each learner with the equipment.

In addition, the following questions should be considered when selecting strategies: 

1. ''Strategies familiar to this audience'' 

* What kinds of training strategies will the learners be expecting? A traditional school classroom experience? A PowerPoint presentation? An all-day field school?  
* Determine the strategies most employed during the community’s most recent training experience. On the whole, was the experience positive or negative? 


2. ''Factors affecting strategy''

&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;Many factors affect the &lt;/span&gt;choice&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; of strategy for a learning session. Because strategies must be aligned with the learning objectives, your training content must be considered carefully before deciding upon any set strategies. The following two factors may also be considered:&lt;/span&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left:0.4925in;margin-right:0in;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;''Learning preferences''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;: it is generally recognized that different people prefer to learn in different ways. Some learners have a strong preference for one or two learning modalities while others may use a wide variety depending on the situation. The following categorization of seven learning preferences covers most types of learning:&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- 
!  Learning Preference
! This learner prefers…
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Visual (spatial)
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Using pictures, images, and spatial understanding
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Aural (auditory-musical)
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Using sound and music
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Verbal (linguistic)
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Using words, both in speech and writing
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Logical (mathematical)
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Using logic, reasoning and systems approaches
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Physical (kinesthetic)
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Engaging the body in learning, including hands and sense of touch
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Social (interpersonal)
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Learning in groups or with other people
|- style=&quot;border:0.5pt solid #000000;padding-top:0in;padding-bottom:0in;padding-left:0.0785in;padding-right:0.075in;&quot;
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Solitary (intrapersonal
| style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot; | Studying alone, using self-study approaches
|-
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;color:#000000;margin-left:0.4925in;margin-right:0in;&quot;&gt;It’s important to remember that unless trainers are encouraged otherwise, they will usually select strategies that teach to their own preferred learning modality.&lt;/div&gt;

[[wikipedia:Edgar_Dale|Dale’s Cone of Experience]]&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;:&lt;/span&gt;''&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; &lt;/span&gt;''suggests&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; a visual representation of how different learning strategies can be categorized as more abstract (near the top of the pyramid) or more concrete (near the bottom of the pyramid). The implication is that more concrete learning strategies result in better recall of the learning experience. In general, the more senses are involved in a learning experience, the better that experience will be learned and remembered.&lt;/span&gt;
[[File:Modified diagram of Dale's cone of experience.png|thumb|408x408px|Adapted from [http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Edgar_Dale%27s_cone_of_learning.gif Dale's Cone of Experience]]]
'''Learners generally remember…'''
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-left:0.4925in;margin-right:0in;&quot;&gt;A very small amount of what they '''read ''or'' hear'''


A small amount of what they '''see'''


More of what they '''see ''and'' hear'''


Much of what they '''say and write'''


Most of what they '''do'''
&lt;/div&gt;


3. ''Preferred strategies of the trainer(s):'' Experienced trainers usually have one or two strategies that they prefer and consequently use far more than others. Although they may teach very proficiently with these select strategies, they may become reluctant to try other strategies even when their preferred strategies are not appropriate to the learner audience or the instructional material.

&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt;When planning learning strategies, &lt;/span&gt;curriculum&lt;span style=&quot;color:#000000;&quot;&gt; developers should find out which strategies the trainer prefers and work with the trainer to determine which learning activities would fit those strategies best. Trainers should, however, be familiar with at least half a dozen strategies so that learning activities can be varied and kept interesting.&lt;/span&gt;


4. ''Recommended activities for the content'': In many ways, the type of content and learning objectives must influence the type of activities chosen. Following a careful consideration of the content and learning objectives, the learner audience and environment, and the strategies available, the curriculum developer can select a short list of at least a half-dozen strategies which are likely to work best.

&lt;-- [[Curriculum Planning/Trainer Profile|Previous page]]  /  [[Curriculum Planning/Content and Curriculum|Next page]] --&gt;

{{CourseCat}}</text>
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      <text bytes="7845" sha1="9610g3k011eor44rkxg2emeyn5z31nx" xml:space="preserve">In [[CSS]], there are several ways of creating a grid layout: Using &lt;code&gt;display:grid&lt;/code&gt; on the parent element, using &lt;code&gt;display:inline-block&lt;/code&gt;, using &lt;code&gt;float:left&lt;/code&gt;, using &lt;code&gt;column-width&lt;/code&gt;, and using an old-fashioned table. Some of these examples have links to archived pages where said method has been implemented.

== display:grid ==
This method is supported in browsers since early 2017. It automatically applies widths to child elements within a container, meaning a width does not need to be specified for the child elements.

&lt;ul style=&quot;display:grid; width:50px; list-style:none; grid-template-columns: auto auto;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;1&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;2&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;3&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;4&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;5&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;6&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

Style sheet:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=css&gt;
ul {
 display: grid;
 width: 50px;
 list-style: none;
 grid-template-columns: auto auto; /* two columns */
}
li { background-color: #cfc; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== display:inline-block ==
The display:inline-block method is supported in browsers since the late 2000s. As an example, YouTube uses this method on its shelf layout on channel pages since around 2013, when it deprecated support for Internet Explorer 7, which does not support this method.&lt;ref&gt;Example: http://web.archive.org/web/20130501161017/http://www.youtube.com/user/PewDiePie/videos&lt;/ref&gt;

It works by specifying a width for the child elements. For example, for five elements per row, specify &lt;code&gt;width:20%&lt;/code&gt;. For a constant width and a variable count of elments per row, specify a width in a constant unit such as &lt;code&gt;width:200px&lt;/code&gt;.

Make sure to make the container element slightly wider than the child elements to leave a small margin room which prevents the last element in the row from being pushed in the row below. In this example, the list container is 50 pixels wide, and the grid boxes within are 20 pixels wide:

&lt;ul style=&quot;width:50px; list-style:none;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;display:inline-block; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;1&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;display:inline-block; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;2&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;display:inline-block; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;3&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;display:inline-block; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;4&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;display:inline-block; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;5&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;display:inline-block; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;6&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

Style sheet:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=css&gt;
ul { width:50px; list-style:none; }
li { display:inline-block; width:20px; background-color:#cfc; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Alternatively, the blocks can be made slightly narrower than the desired width of the fraction:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=css&gt;
ul { width:40px; list-style:none; }
li { display:inline-block; width:18px; background-color:#cfc; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Float ==
The float element was used by YouTube on its channel pages until early 2013 to maintain support for Internet Explorer 7.&lt;ref&gt;Example: http://web.archive.org/web/20130401012143/http://www.youtube.com/user/BibisBeautyPalace/videos&lt;/ref&gt; However, since floating is not intended for creating grid layouts, additional CSS parameters may be necessary to justify the content.&lt;ref&gt;[https://dzone.com/articles/css-grid-solution-to-the-problems-of-float-and-fle-1 CSS Grid Solution to the Problems of Float and Flexbox], by  Arnau Silvestre from Web Dev Zone&lt;/ref&gt;  For example, below the following grid, an additional &quot;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;div&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&quot; tag with &quot;&lt;code&gt;clear:both&lt;/code&gt;&quot; had to be added to prevent the next element from being right next to the list instead of below.

&lt;ul style=&quot;width:50px; list-style:none;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;float:left; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;1&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;float:left; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;2&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;float:left; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;3&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;float:left; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;4&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;float:left; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;5&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;float:left; width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;6&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float:none; clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

Style sheet:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=css&gt;
ul { width:50px; list-style:none; }
li { float:left; width:20px; background-color:#cfc; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Table ==
A table can be used to create a grid layout since the early days of graphical web browsers, but the number of elements per row can not adapt to screen width, and each row of items needs to be put inside a separate &quot;&lt;code&gt;&amp;lt;tr&amp;gt;&lt;/code&gt;&quot; tag manually, which takes more effort.

Example use: &lt;ref&gt;http://web.archive.org/web/20070601061506/http://spielaffe.de/&lt;/ref&gt;

Legacy HTML:

&lt;table width=&quot;50&quot; cellpadding=1&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;td width=20 style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td width=20 style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;td width=20 style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td width=20 style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;td width=20 style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td width=20 style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

With CSS:

&lt;table style=&quot;width:50px; border-spacing:1px;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;td style=&quot;width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;1&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td style=&quot;width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;2&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;td style=&quot;width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;3&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td style=&quot;width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;4&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
	&lt;tr&gt;
		&lt;td style=&quot;width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;5&lt;/td&gt;
		&lt;td style=&quot;width:20px; background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;6&lt;/td&gt;
	&lt;/tr&gt;
&lt;/table&gt;

Style sheet:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=css&gt;
table { width:50px; border-spacing:1px; }
td { width:20px; background-color:#cfc; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== column-width ==
The &lt;code&gt;column-width&lt;/code&gt; property is popular for creating &quot;waterfall&quot; layouts with constant widths but variable heights per item. On Firefox and Chrome, it was implemented in the late 2000s with the respective &lt;code&gt;-moz-&lt;/code&gt; and &lt;code&gt;-webkit-&lt;/code&gt; [[:Wikipedia: Vendor prefix|vendor prefixes]]. The non-prefixed property &lt;code&gt;column-width&lt;/code&gt; was first implemented in 2012 in Internet Explorer 10, then on Chrome 50 in 2015 and Firefox 50 in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;[https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/column-width column-width - CSS: Cascading Style Sheets – Mozilla Developer Network]&lt;/ref&gt;

Distinctly, the items are located in a vertical instead of a horizontal order.

&lt;ul style=&quot;column-width:20px; width:60px; list-style:none;&quot;&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;1&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;2&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;3&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;4&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;5&lt;/li&gt;
	&lt;li style=&quot;background-color:#cfc;{{Text default color}};&quot;&gt;6&lt;/li&gt;
&lt;/ul&gt;

Style sheet:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=css&gt;
ul { column-width:20px; width:60px; list-style:none; }
li { background-color:#cfc; }
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;


== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:CSS]]</text>
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        <id>791434</id>
      </contributor>
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The following data is cached, and was last updated 2026-05-07T06:30:21Z. A maximum of {{PLURAL:5000|one result is|5000 results are}} available in the cache.
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      <text bytes="29827" sha1="94xiyw5cad48jud04v7fxxz673vgb9z" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Disappointment:&lt;br&gt;What is disappointment, what causes it, and how can it be managed?}}
{{MECR3|1=https://youtu.be/BVUPkwnCYao}}
__TOC__

==Overview==
[[File:Disappointment facial expression.jpg|right|200px|thumb|'''Figure 1'''. An AI-generated depiction of a human facial expression consistent with disappointment: downcast gaze, neutral to slightly lowered lip corners, and subtle brow contraction.]]&lt;blockquote&gt;Have you ever worked hard toward a goal and yet failed to achieve it?

Have you ever been let down by someone? 

Have you ever made plans that fell apart at the last minute?

Have you ever felt that your effort was not recognised or rewarded?&lt;/blockquote&gt;If yes, you likely experienced '''disappointment''' (see Figure 1).

Disappointment is one of the most common and frequently experienced negative [[wikipedia:Emotion|emotions]] (Van Dijk &amp; Zeelenberg, 2002). Such emotions help us in our everyday lives (Izard, 2010); they motivate us to cope, communicate, and [[wiktionary:adapt|adapt]] to the world around us (Izard, 2010). Although there is no official definition for the word &quot;emotion&quot; (Mulligan &amp; Scherer, 2012), emotions also involve feelings, bodily arousal, purpose, and expression (Izard, 2010). This chapter describes the psychology of disappointment, explores the causes of disappointment, and discusses what can be done to manage disappointment.      

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=13}}
'''Focus questions'''
* What is disappointment?
* What causes disappointment? 
* How can disappointment be managed?
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==What is disappointment?==
[[File:Centreville High School (Virginia) 1998 · DD-SP-99-04111.JPEG|thumb|'''Figure 2'''. A [[w:American football|American football]] player comforts a disappointed teammate after a loss.]]

Disappointment is an emotion that occurs when someone compares an actual outcome to the perceived better outcome that did not occur, or when one's expectations are not met (Zeelenberg et al., 1998a, b). In the context of disappointment, outcomes could be anything, for example, a friend forgetting to do the task you asked them to do, receiving a lower mark on an assignment than you expected, or listening to the new album of your favourite artist and discovering that you don't like any of the songs. Disappointment is all about expectations, and reflecting on what ''could'' have happened (Zeleenberg et al., 1998a, b) (see Figure 2).  

Disappointment is a decision-making emotion and has historically been researched using forced choice tasks, where participants are forced to choose between two options, or asking participants to recall moments when they have experienced disappointment (Zeleenberg et al., 1998a; see [[The Regret and Disappointment Scale|the regret and disappointment scale]] for a way to measure disappointment). Researchers generally use choice tasks when researching how disappointment works and various aspects of disappointment, and recall tasks are generally used to define or gain insight on everyday disappointment. One downside to researching disappointment in this way is that disappointment has been shown to increase in forced choice tasks (Matarazzo et al., 2021). However, Matarazzo et al. (2021) found that the thinking, action tendencies, and feelings of disappointment in forced choice tasks are possibly due to the nature of forced choice tasks.    

[[File:Wayuu woman with sad face in the market buying.jpg|right|200px|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. The facial expression of [[wikipedia:Sadness|sadness]] may be misunderstood as disappointment. Disappointment arises from unmet expectations, whereas sadness is a response to loss.]]

Like [[wikipedia:Envy|envy]] or [[wikipedia:Empathy|empathy]], disappointment is a cognitively complex emotion (Ramachandran &amp; Jalal, 2017). Disappointment typically involves feeling powerless, a tendency to remove oneself from the situation, and a desire to do nothing (van Dijk et al., 1999). In some cases, disappointment can look like [[wikipedia:Depression_(mood)|depression]], [[wikipedia:Sadness|sadness]] (see Figure 3), [[wikipedia:Embarrassment|embarrassment]], or [[wikipedia:Extraversion_and_introversion|introversion]]; as the disappointed individual may withdraw from social situations, feel as if they have experienced a loss, try to avoid similar situations, or not want to participate in general. Disappointment can be paralysing, especially experiencing a string of disappointing events back-to-back, however, people are less likely to hold on to their disappointment and are more likely to move on from the experience in a relatively short amount of time (Zeleenberg et al., 1998a, b). See Table 1 for examples of emotions similar to disappointment.

Table 1

''Emotions Similar to Disappointment''

{| border=1 cellpadding=5 cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; background:transparent style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;width:10%;&quot; | '''Emotion'''
| style=&quot;width:90%;&quot; | '''Definition''' 
|-
|[[w:Regret|Regret]]
|A cognitively complex negative emotion that occurs when you know that the outcome that occurred could have been better if you made a different choice (Zeelenberg et al., 1998a). &quot;Regret stems from bad decisions&quot; (Zeelenberg et al., 1998a, p.222). 
|-
|[[w:Anger|Anger]]
|A simple negative emotion that occurs when you cannot achieve your goals and you blame someone or something else for it (Lelieveld et al., 2011). Anger can be the result of disappointment (van Dijk et al.,1999).
|-
|[[wiktionary:disillusionment|Disillusionment]]
|A complex negative emotion that occurs when you realise that what you believe or know is false (Maher et al., 2020). Disappointment is a key feature of disillusionment.
|}

{{Robelbox|theme={{{theme|2}}}|title=Spotlight: The history of disappointment}}

The history of disappointment research begins with regret. Many researchers, including David Bell, [[wikipedia:Graham_Loomes|Graham Loomes]], and [[wikipedia:Robert_Sugden_(economist)|Robert Sugden]], were exploring decision making under uncertainty and the emotions that accompany these decisions. After simultaneously publishing their regret theories in 1982, Bell (1985), and Loomes and Sugden (1986) developed their theories of disappointment. A key assumption these theories make is that decision makers anticipate emotions and take them into account when making a decision (Zeleenberg et al., 1998b, 2000).

According to Bell (1985), disappointment &quot;is a psychological reaction to an outcome that does not match up with expectations&quot; (p. 1). Bell (1985) believed that perceived disappointment changes the desirability of the outcome and influences how people will act. According to Loomes and Sugden (1986), &quot;when considering any uncertain prospect, an individual forms some ''prior expectation'' ... if that consequence falls short of the prior expectation... the individual... experiences some degree of disappointment&quot; (p.271). Loomes and Sugden (1986) have acknowledged that they share the same basic intuition about disappointment as Bell (1985).  

{{Robelbox/close}}

=== Types of disappointment ===
There are two widely recognised types of disappointment. These are outcome-related disappointment [ORD] and person-related disappointment [PRD] (van Dijk &amp; Zeelenberg, 2002). ORD occurs when the expected pleasurable outcome does not occur (van Dijk &amp; Zeelenberg, 2002). This type of disappointment is often researched using forced choice tasks. People who experience ORD may feel [[wiktionary:hopeless|hopeless]] or empty, want a second chance, or try harder to change the outcome next time (van Dijk &amp; Zeelenberg, 2002). PRD occurs when you attribute the undesirable outcome to another person (van Dijk &amp; Zeelenberg, 2002). This type of disappointment is not often focused upon, however, it is probably the most commonly experienced type. People who experience PRD may feel abandoned or distanced from the other person, disapprove of them, and ignore or avoid them (van Dijk &amp; Zeelenberg, 2002). One important consideration is that van Dijk and Zeelenberg (2002) assume that PRD is cause by another person, however, one can be disappointed in themselves. While there has not been research into dimensions of PRD, it would be useful to refine the idea of PRD or research self-disappointment and determine if it should be included in PRD or if it should be considered self-related disappointment. 

=== Test yourself ===
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{Mary's boss received a complaint from a customer about Mary. Mary was made aware of the complaint and then fired. Mary is likely to experience:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ PRD
- ORD

{Alex is trying to get a snack from a vending machine. Alex put their money into the vending machine and typed in the code for lemonade. The vending machine did not give Alex lemonade, and took their money. Alex is likely to experience:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- PRD
+ ORD
&lt;/quiz&gt;

== What causes disappointment? ==
[[File:Insula structure.png|alt=Structure of the three sections of the insula|thumb|300px|'''Figure 4.''' Brain image highlighting the posterior, mid, and anterior insula.]]

Disappointment is caused by thoughts and [[wikipedia:Cognition|mental processes]] that originate in the [[wikipedia:Cerebral_cortex|cerebral cortex]]. Multiple brain regions have been shown to be active during disappointment or to contribute to the process of disappointment, namely the [[wikipedia:Insular_cortex|insula]] (see Figure 4), and various regions of the [[wikipedia:Prefrontal_cortex|prefrontal cortex]] (see Figure 5) (Chua et al., 2009; Kalat, 2019; Mohr et al., 2010). Due to the complexity of disappointment, some brain regions work together to produce disappointment.

=== Insula ===
The insula is the brain region responsible for knowing what actions are caused by the self and what actions are not, as well as learning and processing risk and uncertainty (Farrer &amp; Frith, 2002). The [[wikipedia:Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior|anterior]] insula monitors, evaluates, and consciously represents emotions and feelings that arise from bodily states monitored by the [[wikipedia:Anatomical_terms_of_location#Anterior_and_posterior\|posterior]] insula, including risk (Craig, 2009). When individuals experience disappointment their anterior insula becomes active (Chua et al., 2009; Mohr et al., 2010); it is also active in the presence of potential loss (Mohr et al., 2010). This could be because individuals can predict that they will feel disappointed if loss was to occur.

=== Prefrontal cortex ===
[[File:Prefrontal cortex (left) animation.gif|alt=Rotating skull containing left Prefrontal cortex. The prefrontal cortex is highlighted |thumb|''Figure 5.'' Brain image highlighting the prefrontal cortex (PFC).]]

The prefrontal cortex [PFC] is a large section of the brain that is involved various processes, including decision making, working memory, emotional reactions, and movement (Kalat, 2019). It has been shown that the anterior regions of the PFC are responsible for decision making, evaluating which course will provide the best outcome, and determining the probability of achieving a good outcome (Kalat, 2019). This is why [[wikipedia:Lateralization_of_brain_function|hemispherical differences]], the [[wikipedia:Ventromedial_prefrontal_cortex|ventromedial PFC]] (see Figure 6), [[wikipedia:Orbitofrontal_cortex|orbitofrontal cortex]] (see Figure 5), and [[wikipedia:Dorsomedial_prefrontal_cortex|dorsomedial PFC]] (see Figure 6) are considered to be contributing factors to the experience of disappointment (Chua et al., 2009; Davidson, 2004; Kalat, 2019).

==== Hemispherical differences ====
The right PFC is sensitive to punishment and controls impulsive behaviour, and the left is associated with coping, resilience, and psychological wellbeing (Davidson, 2004). When an individual experiences damage to their right PFC, cues that would normally signal danger are no longer received and the individual acts impulsively (Davidson, 2004). Therefore, when an individual encounters a risky or potentially disappointing situation, the right PFC activates and sends a &quot;no-go&quot; message to avoid the situation and perceived disappointment.   

==== Ventromedial prefrontal cortex ====
[[File:Cortical midline structures.png|thumb|'''Figure 6.''' Brain image highlighting various cortical regions, including the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC),  and the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC).]]

The ventromedial PFC [VMPFC] learns what choices are beneficial and what choices are not, adjusting decision making accordingly (Kalat, 2019). The VMPFC also monitors confidence in one's decisions (Kalat, 2019). As the VMPFC is connected to the insula, it is able to attach emotions to choices and other stimuli that is being considered (Craig, 2009). For example, if you feel confident that you have made the right decision and will achieve a good outcome, you will feel more disappointed than you would have felt if you were less confident that you will achieve a good outcome.  

Damage to the VMPFC has been shown to cause impairments in the ability to make considered decisions. Individuals with VMPFC damage tend to make impulsive decisions based on probability, rather than making considered decisions based on reality (Kalat, 2019). This can lead to constant or [[wiktionary:chronic|chronic]] disappointment as the VMPFC cannot adjust decision making based on previous experience. Below is an example of how the VMPFC works.

{{Robelbox|theme=6|title= Case study|width=1000px}}&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You are playing [[w:Uno|Uno]]. You have 5 cards to play, and so do your four opponents. You only have number cards, and based off of the cards that have already been played, your opponents must have at least one draw 4 card. You strategically match the number that was last played so that you change the colour of the deck; this makes it more likely that a draw 4 card will be played after your turn, and not used on you. If the draw 4 card is used on you, you will feel more disappointed as your strategy did not work. If the draw 4 card is not used on you, you will feel good about your strategy and continue to use it in the future. 
&lt;/div&gt; 
{{Robelbox-close}}

==== Orbitofrontal cortex ====
[[File:MRI of orbitofrontal cortex.jpg|alt=Orbitofrontal cortex highlighted on brain MRI|thumb|'''Figure 7.''' Approximate location of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) on an MRI.]]

The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) (see Figure 7) responds to information from the VMPFC. It is the part of the brain that changes and updates expected outcomes of our actions based on current circumstances (Kalat, 2019). The OFC actively differentiates between 'disappointing' (not good) and 'not disappointing' (good) options or outcomes, and chooses the option that is most likely to lead to a 'not disappointing' outcome (O'Doherty, 2004). Damage or inactivity of the OFC is associated with impulsive and otherwise poor decision making, leading to disappointing outcomes (Kalat, 2019). Below is an example of how the OFC decides what to do.

{{Robelbox|theme=6|title= Case study|width=1000px}}&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You decide to go to 54 Benjamin for breakfast. When you arrive, you remember that the last time you went there you didn't like the drink you ordered. You also remember that when you were there your friend ordered a drink that you liked the look of, and your friend said it was quite good. This time you order what your friend had last time and you are not disappointed.
&lt;/div&gt; 
{{Robelbox-close}}

==== Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex ====
The dorsomedial PFC [DMPFC] plays a role in both cognition and emotion (Eickhoff et al., 2016). The DMPFC is responsible for anticipating rewards, monitoring performance, selecting actions, and signalling errors and [[wiktionary:adverse|adverse]] outcomes (Taren et al., 2011); and is activated when individuals experience disappointment (Chua et al., 2009). The DMPFC regulates responses to unpredictable negative [[w:Stimulus (psychology)|stimuli]] and regulates [[wiktionary:reappraisal|reappraisal]] and [[wikipedia:Distraction|distraction]] (Helion et al., 2019). Once an emotion is identified, the DMPFC shapes the intensity of the emotion based on the individual's goals (Helion, Krueger, &amp; Ochsner, 2019). The more invested or important the outcome is, and the more adverse the opposite outcome is, the more disappointment is experienced. Below is an example of how the DMPFC works. 
      
{{Robelbox|theme=6|title= Case study}}&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
Your assignment is finally graded and you receive a lower grade than you expected. You feel disappointed in yourself for achieving a lower grade than usual. However, your disappointment starts to disappear when you think about how important the class is to you. You know that it is important to do well, but this particular class is a major, not a core class, so you know that as long as you pass the class you are doing well.   
&lt;/div&gt; 
{{Robelbox-close}}

=== Test yourself ===
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{Which brain region monitors who causes what action?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ Insula
- OFC

{Which brain region modifies emotion intensity?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- PFC
+ DMPFC

{Damage to which brain region causes people to confidently make poor decisions?
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- OFC
+ VMPFC

&lt;/quiz&gt;

==How can disappointment be managed?==
After learning about the mental processes that contribute to disappointment, it may feel as if disappointment is inevitable. After all, if you were to take a minute to think of the last time you felt disappointed, you would probably be able to think of an event that occurred in the last month. Because disappointment is so unpleasant, researchers have found different ways to manage disappointment. The main three strategies to manage disappointment are lowering expectations, living up to expectations, and avoiding risk-taking (van Dijk et al., 2003; Zeleenberg et al., 1998a, 2000). But should disappointment be managed?

=== Lowering expectations ===
When an unfavourable outcome occurs, so does disappointment. One way to combat disappointment is to lower expectations (van Dijk et al., 2003). In general, people tend to lower their expectations when feedback or the outcome is anticipated in the near future. For example, as a patient gets closer to their surgery, their expectations of a positive outcome could reduce until the patient no longer wants surgery (van Dijk et al., 2003). de Meza and Dawson (2021) have found that people with mistaken expectations or unrealistic expectations (i.e., unrealistic optimism) experience lower levels of [[wikipedia:Well-being|well-being]]. In the long-run, realists (people who have a realistic world view) have significantly higher wellbeing than both [[wikipedia:Pessimism|pessimists]] and [[wikipedia:Optimism|optimists]] (de Meza &amp; Dawson, 2021). Overall, lowering expectations leads to a lower chance of experiencing disappointment, however, it is important to keep in mind that this can lower your overall wellbeing if you gain a pessimistic outlook (de Meza &amp; Dawson, 2021; van Dijk et al., 2003).

=== Living up to expectations ===
Disappointment, like many other emotions, can be anticipated. If disappointment is anticipated, people attempt to avoid it by living up to expectations (Zeleenberg et al., 2000). In this instance, disappointment is a motivator, either to decrease the likelihood of disappointment, or to increase the likelihood of a desired outcome (Zeleenberg et al., 2000). To live up to expectations, the amount of effort that an individual puts in must be able to increase the likelihood of a good outcome. Therefore, this method is only useful when an individual's effort is able to decrease the probability of disappointment and is only appropriate when effort or something controlled by the individual can lead to obtaining the desired outcome (van Dijk et al., 2003). For example, extra study and preparation can result in a better chance at passing a test which would decrease disappointment, but extra time studying a dice will not result in a better chance at predicting which number it will land on.    

=== Avoid risk-taking ===
A more proactive approach to managing disappointment is avoiding it. Choosing safe alternatives that lead to known outcomes do not risk disappointment (Zeleenberg et al., 1998a, b, 2000). This approach could be called [[wikipedia:Risk_aversion|risk aversion]] (Zeleenberg et al., 1998b, 2000). Below is an example of how risk-taking can be avoided, however, disappointment is not always avoidable. This begs the question, should disappointment be managed or avoided?
     
{{Robelbox|theme=6|title= Case study}}&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt;
You are picking ice cream at a new restaurant and you have three options, vanilla, chocolate, and strawberry. You like all three options, however, you find that some chocolate ice creams are disgusting, and you only like specific strawberry ice creams. Vanilla is not your favourite flavour but you find it edible even if you do not completely like it. You pick the vanilla ice cream.  
&lt;/div&gt; 
{{Robelbox-close}}

===  Should disappointment be managed? ===
Disappointment helps us improve our circumstances, improve ourselves, and alerts us to our own expectations and from this we readjust our expectations or adapt to avoid similar disappointing experiences in the future. For example, if someone continually disappoints us we then decide to distance ourselves from that person, or if we are disappointed in the feedback we receive we then work to achieve an acceptable standard, and if we travel with a specific company and their service is disappointing the next time we travel we will most likely try a different company. If disappointment is interpreted as a message that needs to be heard and acted upon, then disappointment occurs less and is perceived as less detrimental (Grainger, 1991).

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}}
'''Questions to consider:'''

* What do you think about disappointment?
* Is disappointment good or bad? Why?
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==Conclusion==
Disappointment is a cognitively complex emotion that occurs when your expectations are not met (Zeleenberg et al., 1998a). Whether you experience ORD or PRD, the insula, VMPFC, OFC, and DMPFC work together to choose the most beneficial choice, determine how likely the beneficial option is, and signal when adverse outcomes occur (Craig, 2009; Kalat, 2019; Taren et al., 2011). Sometimes disappointment is unexpected, however, when it is anticipated, techniques such as lowering expectations, living up to expectations, and avoiding risk-taking are effective in reducing disappointment (van Dijk et al., 2003; Zeleenberg et al., 1998a, 2000). Although disappointment is a negative emotion, it helps us to adapt, avoid negative outcomes, and improve ourselves (Grainger, 1991). Overall, successfully managing expectations is a difficult task, but when done well, reduces disappointment.   

== See also ==
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2011/Anger|Anger]] (Book chapter, 2011)
* [[wikipedia:Disappointment|Disappointment]] (Wikipedia)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2016/Regret|Regret]] (Book chapter, 2016)
* [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2022/Resentment|Resentment]] (Book chapter, 2022)

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Bell, D. E. (1985). Disappointment in decision making under uncertainty. ''Operations Research, 33''(1), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1287/opre.33.1.1 

Chua, H. F., Gonzalez, R., Taylor, S. F., Welsh, R. C., &amp; Liberzon, I. (2009). Decision-related loss: Regret and disappointment. ''NeuroImage, 47''(4), 2031–2040. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.06.006 

Craig, A. D. (2009). How do you feel - now? The anterior insula and human awareness. ''Nature Reviews: Neuroscience, 10''(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrn2555

Davidson, R. J. (2004). What does the prefrontal cortex “do” in affect: Perspectives on frontal EEG asymmetry research. ''Biological Psychology, 67''(1), 219–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsycho.2004.03.008 

de Meza, D., &amp; Dawson, C. (2021). Neither an optimist nor a pessimist be: Mistaken expectations lower well-being. ''Personality &amp; Social Psychology Bulletin'', ''47''(4), 540–550. https://doi.org/10.1177/0146167220934577

Eickhoff, S. B., Laird, A. R., Fox, P. T., Bzdok, D., &amp; Hensel, L. (2016). Functional segregation of the human dorsomedial prefrontal cortex. ''Cerebral Cortex, 26''(1), 304-321. https://doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhu250

Farrer, C., &amp; Frith, C. D. (2002). Experiencing oneself vs another person as being the cause of an action: The neural correlates of the experience of agency. ''NeuroImage, 15''(3), 596–603. https://doi.org/10.1006/nimg.2001.1009 

Grainger, R. D. (1991). Dealing with feelings: The disguise of disappointment. ''The American Journal of Nursing, 91''(11), Article 10. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3426784 

Helion, C., Krueger, S. M., &amp; Ochsner, K. N. (2019). Emotion regulation across the lifespan. In D’Esposito, M., &amp; Grafman, J. H. (Eds.), ''Handbook of clinical neurology'' (pp.257-280). Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-804281-6.00014-8.

Izard, C. E. (2010). The many meanings/aspects of emotion: Definitions, functions, activation, and regulation. ''Emotion Review, 2''(4), 363–370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073910374661

Kalat, J. W. (2019). ''Biological psychology'' (13th ed.). Cengage

Lelieveld, G. J., Van Dijk, E., Van Beest, I., Steinel, W., &amp; Van Kleef, G. A. (2011). Disappointed in you, angry about your offer: Distinct negative emotions induce concessions via different mechanisms. ''Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 47''(3), 635–641. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2010.12.015 

Loomes, G., &amp; Sugden, R. (1986). Disappointment and dynamic consistency in choice under uncertainty. ''The Review of Economic Studies, 53''(2), 271–282. https://doi.org/10.2307/2297651 

Maher, P. J., Igou, E. R., &amp; van Tilburg, W. A. P. (2020). Disillusionment: A prototype analysis. ''Cognition and Emotion, 34''(5), 947–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2019.1705764

Matarazzo, O., Abbamonte, L., Greco, C., Pizzini, B., &amp; Nigro, G. (2021). Regret and other emotions related to decision-making: Antecedents, appraisals, and phenomenological aspects. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 12'', Article 783248. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.783248 

Mohr, P. N. C., Biele, G., &amp; Heekeren, H. R. (2010). Neural processing of risk. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 30''(19), 6613–6619. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0003-10.2010

Mulligan, K., &amp; Scherer, K. R. (2012). Toward a working definition of emotion. ''Emotion Review, 4''(4), 345–357. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073912445818 

O’Doherty, J. P. (2004). Reward representations and reward-related learning in the human brain: Insights from neuroimaging. ''Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 14''(6), 769–776. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conb.2004.10.016 

Ramachandran, V.S., &amp; Jalal, B. (2017). The evolutionary psychology of envy and jealousy. ''Frontiers in Psychology, 8'', Article 1619. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01619 

Taren, A. A., Venkatraman, V., &amp; Huettel, S. A. (2011). A parallel functional topography between medial and lateral prefrontal cortex: Evidence and implications for cognitive control. ''The Journal of Neuroscience, 31''(13), 5026–5031. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5762-10.2011 

van Dijk, W. W., &amp; Zeelenberg, M. (2002). What do we talk about when we talk about disappointment? Distinguishing outcome-related disappointment from person-related disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 16''(6), 787–807. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699930143000563

van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., &amp; van der Pligt, J. (1999). Not having what you want versus having what you do not want: The impact of type of negative outcome on the experience of disappointment and related emotions. ''Cognition and Emotion, 13''(2), 129–148. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999399379302 

van Dijk, W. W., Zeelenberg, M., &amp; van der Pligt, J. (2003). Blessed are those who expect nothing: Lowering expectations as a way of avoiding disappointment. ''Journal of Economic Psychology, 24''(4), 505–516. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-4870(02)00211-8

Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., &amp; van der Pligt, J. (1998a). The experience of regret and disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 12''(2), 221–230. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999398379727

Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., Manstead, A. S. R., &amp; van der Pligt, J. (2000). On bad decisions and disconfirmed expectancies: The psychology of regret and disappointment. ''Cognition and Emotion, 14''(4), 521–541. https://doi.org/10.1080/026999300402781 

Zeelenberg, M., van Dijk, W. W., van der Pligt, J., Manstead, A. S. R., van Empelen, P., &amp; Reinderman, D. (1998b). Emotional reactions to the outcomes of decisions: The role of counterfactual thought in the experience of regret and disappointment. ''Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 75''(2), 117–141. https://doi.org/10.1006/obhd.1998.2784
}}

==External links==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAMbkJk6gnE Feeling all the feels: Crash course psychology #25] (YouTube)
* [https://mensline.org.au/how-to-deal-with-anger/how-to-deal-with-disappointment/ How to deal with disappointment] (MensLine.org)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8KgUFMN7aJQ The value of disappointment] (TEDxPCC)
* [https://www.ted.com/talks/dan_gilbert_why_we_make_bad_decisions Why we make bad decisions] (TED.com)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0gks6ceq4eQ You aren't at the mercy of your emotions -- your brain creates them | Lisa Feldman Barrett] (YouTube)  

[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]
[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}/Top]]
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__TOC__

&lt;noinclude&gt;==In a nutshell==&lt;/noinclude&gt;
Generative artificial intelligence (genAI) use is permitted for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Major project|major project]], but not for the [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Exam|exam]]. Acknowledge use of genAI in the [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|
edit summary]], with a link to the conversation or tool used and prompt details. Fact-check genAI content and only cite peer-reviewed sources which you have consulted. Human-rewrite genAI content to enhance quality.&lt;includeonly&gt; [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Using generative AI|More detail ...]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;

==Summary==

[[File:Deeply engrossed in puzzle.png|thumb|220x220px|'''Figure 1'''. &lt;!-- An image of an elderly woman deeply engrossed in her daily crossword puzzle. --&gt;This image was generated by [[Motivation and emotion|Motivation and Emotion]] student [[User:JorjaFive|JorjaFive]] using [[w:Midjourney|Midjourney]] and uploaded to [[commons:|Wikimedia Commons]] for use in the [[Motivation and emotion/Book/2023/Flourishing in the elderly|flourishing in the elderly]] chapter.]]

GenAI tools can help brainstorm, explain concepts, develop a structure, synthesise ideas, and improve the quality of written expression. GenAI tools can aid but should not replace independent reading and thinking about primary sources.

Acknowledge genAI use in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|Wikiversity edit summaries]]. Follow the principle that &quot;''more acknowledgment is better than less''&quot;. Academia is based on transparency. However, acknowledgement is not required for low-level tasks such as improving spelling and grammar.

You are responsible for content you submit. Be aware of limitations of genAI tools such as inaccuracies, biases, and incomplete content. Fact-check all claims and only cite peer-reviewed citations which you consulted.

The best results are obtained from genAI tools through carefully crafted prompting based of primary sources. 

If you are unsure, post to [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|discussions]], so we can all learn together.

==Detailed guidelines==
;Use ethically, with caution
Learning to use genAI tools (e.g., [[w:ChatGPT|ChatGPT]], [[w:Claude (language model)|Claude]],
[[w:Gemini (chatbot)|Gemini]]. and [[w:Microsoft Copilot|Microsoft Copilot]]) responsibly and ethically is an emerging skill. GenAI tools can be used to enhance academic work, but should be used judiciously and as a supplementary tool, rather than as a replacement for independent thinking and academic inquiry.

;How to acknowledge
[[File:Wikipedia Edit Summary dialog in VisualEditor.png|thumb|450px|'''Figure 2'''. If contributing genAI content, include the tool and prompt details in the edit summary, with a link to the conversation]]

[[File:Edit summary for genAI content.png|thumb|450px|'''Figure 3'''. Example page history which demonstrates best practice edit summaries for contributing and revising genAI content]]

GenAI tools may be used to assist in preparation of the major project ([[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Topic|topic development]] and [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter|book chapter]]). Use of such tools must be clearly acknowledged in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|Wikiversity edit summaries]] (e.g., see Figure 2), otherwise it is a violation of academic integrity.

Best practice is to include a publicly accessible link to the chatbot conversation (e.g., [https://help.openai.com/en/articles/7925741-chatgpt-shared-links-faq ChatGPT shared links FAQ]). If a link can't be shared, then provide details about the tool and prompt in [[Wikiversity:FAQ/Editing/Edit summary|edit summary]], (e.g., &quot;ChatGPT May 24 Version. Prompt detail or summary&quot;) (see Figure 3). The chatbot conversation should ''not'' be included as a citation and listed in the references because it is not a reliable, primary, peer-reviewed source.

These practices help to ensure that the use of genAI is clear. Transparency is key to good practice in academia. If in doubt, err on the side of too much acknowledgement rather than not enough. However, there is no need to acknowledge genAI use for low-level tasks such as fixing grammar and spelling.

;Limitations
Be aware of the limitations of genAI tools. Content they generate may be inaccurate, biased, incomplete, or otherwise problematic. Minimal effort prompts yield low quality results. Refine prompts to get better outcomes. You are entirely responsible for the accuracy and quality of any content you submit.

;Fact-check and cite
Always fact check. Regardless of whether genAI has been used, all claims need to be supported by verified peer-reviewed citations which you have consulted. Low-energy or unreflective reuse of text generated by genAI large language models without further investigation and reviewing of primary, peer-reviewed academic literature is likely to lead to a poor quality result. GenAI tools work best for topics which you already understand. Guide and craft genAI responses based on your reading of peer-reviewed theory and research.

;Going forth
Despite these warnings, you are encouraged to explore use of genAI tools to help develop higher quality work. Recommended uses of genAI tools include:
* brainstorming
* explaining key concepts
* developing a structure
* synthesising complex ideas
* rephrasing to improve [[Motivation and emotion/Assessment/Chapter/Readability|analysing readability]] and the quality of written expression
* checking spelling and grammar
* image generation (e.g., see Figure 1)
* scenario generation
* critical feedback and suggestions for improvement

If you are unsure about how to use genAI effectively or how to acknowledge its use appropriately, create or contribute to a conversation by posting to [[Motivation and emotion/About/Discussion|discussions]], so we can all learn together.

==Examples==
* [https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Motivation_and_emotion/Book/2025/Affiliation_motivation_across_cultures&amp;action=history Affiliation and motivation] (Book chapter, 2025)

==Learn about genAI==
* [https://canberra.libguides.com/genai GenAI for students] (University of Canberra Library)
* [https://techcrunch.com/2024/06/01/what-is-ai-how-does-ai-work/ WTF is AI?] provides a useful introduction and non-technical overview about how genAI works, what it is capable of, limitations, and issues

==See also==
* [[b:Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence|Wikibooks:Artificial Intelligence]] (policy)
* [[w:Wikipedia:Large language models|Wikipedia:Large language models]] (information page)
* [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] (policy)

[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Assessment]]
[[Category:Generative artificial intelligence]]
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|Source= 10.15347/WJM/2023.004
|Date= 31/07/2023
|Author= Vitalii Moskalov, Olena Koshova, Sabina Ali, Nataliia Filimonova, Irina Tishchenko  
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== Licensing ==
{{cc-by-4.0}}

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|-
 | {{Original research}}
 | [https://physwiki.eeyabo.net/index.php/Main_Page &lt;small&gt;Development &lt;br/&gt;Area&lt;/small&gt;]
|}

[[Bully_Metric|Bully Metric Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[[Bully_Metric_Timestamps|Bully Metric Timestamps Main Page]]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Java_Bully.html Current Bully Timestamp (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;
[https://unitfreak.github.io/Bully-Row-Timestamps/Earth_Gravity_Calculator.html Earth Gravity Calculator (GitHub)]&lt;br /&gt;

== Why do we need Bully timestamps? ==

All the timestamps in '''Figure 1''' refer to one single, simultaneous moment in time. The left frame illustrates the fragmentation of Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) through time zones. For instance, on June 21, 1998, a UTC time of 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra, Ghana, was simultaneously 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. These time zone offsets are not based on science, but on '''political mandates''' that have resulted in [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_UTC_offsets 38 distinct UTC offsets], including confusing half- and quarter-hour increments. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-right: 0; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
|+ Figure 1: UTC Time Zones vs. Bully Timestamps.
|-
! Selected UTC Time Zones !! [https://gssc.esa.int/navipedia/index.php/Transformations_between_Time_Systems Decontextualized timestamps]
|-
| rowspan = 3 |
[[File:Timezone-boundary-builder_release_2023d.png|thumb|upright=1.0|
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 pm (JST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  7:59:29 pm (CST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  2:59:29 pm (EEST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 12:59:29 pm (IST)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at 11:59:29 am (GMT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  8:59:29 am (BRT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  4:59:29 am (PDT)&lt;/br&gt;
June 21, 1998 at  1:59:29 am (HST)&lt;/br&gt;
]]
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:32.184 (TT)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 12:00:00 (TAI)&lt;br/&gt;
06/21/1998 11:59:42 (GPS)
]]
|-
! Bully Timestamp
|-
||
[[File:WorldMap-Blank-Noborders.svg|thumb|8209 2800 0000 (+ 0.000 sec)]]
|}

==== Legacy Decontextualized Timestamps ====

The decontextualized timestamps (TAI, TT, GPS) in the upper-right frame of '''Figure 1''' attempt to solve the UTC geographic fragmentation problem, yet they remain &quot;cluttered&quot; by Gregorian formatting. Applying a Gregorian date—which is built to track the Sun—to an atomic standard is a '''category error'''. Seeing three different timestamps share the same date while differing by several &quot;leap&quot; seconds is intellectually disorienting because the date has been stripped of its astronomical meaning. In these technical contexts, the Gregorian format is an artificial mask applied for convenience, hiding the true linear nature of time.

For scientific and technical applications, TAI and TT are often expressed via '''Modified Julian Date (MJD)'''—a continuous count of SI days since a fixed epoch. While MJD avoids Gregorian irregularities, it remains &quot;tethered&quot; to the 86,400-second day, a unit that is astronomically meaningless when decontextualized. Similarly, '''GPS time''' relies on a week-based count (since January 6, 1980), forcing a technical system to conform to an arbitrary seven-day cycle. Both systems are cumbersome &quot;hybrids&quot; that attempt to measure linear time using units designed for Earth’s rotation.

==== Decontextualized Bully Timestamps ====

The '''Bully Timestamp''', shown in the lower-right frame of '''Figure 1''', breaks the Gregorian formatting tether. It is a single, unique identifier that applies simultaneously to all locations on Earth because it is never adjusted for geography or orbital drift. For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} was realized at the exact moment the UTC based clock read 11:59:29 a.m. in Accra and 8:59:29 p.m. in Tokyo. By discarding the baggage of weeks, days, and hours, the Bully timestamp emerges as the least ambiguous format for representing universal, decontextualized time.

Click on the below links for a comparison of current time in six time standards (local, UTC, GPS, Loran, and TAI), all displayed using traditional Gregorian format:

[http://www.leapsecond.com/m/gps.htm LeapSecond.com]

[https://www.ipses.com/eng/in-depth-analysis/standard-of-time-definition ipses.com]

[http://www.csgnetwork.com/multitimedisp.html csgnetwork.com]

== Contextualized vs. Decontextualized Time ==

Local clocks and calendars reflect '''contextualized time''', which uses region-specific offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) to align with physical reality. This time is &quot;contextual&quot; because it provides an intuitive sense of conditions at some specific geographic location; for instance, a traveler arriving in London at 4:00 a.m. can instinctively expect darkness and quiet streets. To maintain this alignment with Earth's natural cycles, UTC requires periodic &quot;leaps&quot; (seconds and years). In '''Figure 2''', the light blue line represents Earth's irregular rotation ('''UT1'''), while the dark blue line shows '''UTC''', which is manually adjusted to track UT1.

In contrast, standards such as International Atomic Time ('''TAI'''), Terrestrial Time ('''TT'''), and '''GPS time''' are '''decontextualized'''. They are independent of Earth's rotation, meaning they do not correspond to &quot;true time&quot; at any specific geographical location. Represented by the black lines in '''Figure 2''', these standards track a continuous, uniform interval measured by atomic clocks. This uninterrupted linearity is vital for scientific and technical systems, where the discontinuities introduced by leap seconds could lead to critical errors or system failures.

[[File:Bully Timestamps in relation to modern time keeping.png|frame|center|text-bottom|Figure 2: Modern Time Keeping]]

The various decontextualized standards currently in use are effectively &quot;frozen&quot; in the astronomical conditions present at the time of their deployment. Because long-term changes in Earth's motion are unpredictable, each system launched with a different initial offset. For example, when GPS was launched in 1980, the '''Delta T''' adjustment (TT-UTC) exceeded 51 seconds. In contrast, the 1972 LORAN-C upgrade began with an adjustment closer to 42 seconds. This historical discrepancy results in a permanent nine-second offset between GPS and LORAN-C. Similarly, LORAN-C remains offset from TAI (deployed in 1958) by exactly ten seconds.

The Bully timestamp system, shown on the far-right axis of '''Figure 2''', follows the same uniform, decontextualized logic as TAI and TT but avoids this &quot;legacy offset&quot; confusion. Unlike existing standards, Bully timestamps are not linked to others by a constant, arbitrary time offset. This independence ensures they are uniquely recognizable and impossible to misinterpret.

[[Bully_Metric_Timestamp_units|Examples of contextualized vs decontextualized time]]

== The Bully Timestamp System ==

The Bully Timestamp System is an original research project designed to:

# '''Augment''' existing timekeeping by providing an option that does not require &quot;leap&quot; seconds, &quot;leap&quot; years, or time zones.
# '''Standardize''' a fundamentally binary temporal structure that is natively compatible with computer architecture.
# '''Establish''' a universal scale—incorporating [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks]], Great Years, and Galactic Years—capable of uniquely identifying any moment from the Big Bang into the far future.
# '''Promote''' intuitive understanding and education through a built-in [[Bully Mnemonic|mnemonic device]].

The '''Bully Timestamp System''' provides a streamlined method for expressing decontextualized time by precisely measuring elapsed intervals via atomic clocks. A unique, 12-digit hexadecimal Bully timestamp is realized every 3,055 SI seconds (TAI). For example, Bully timestamp {{mono|8209 2800 0000}} occurred simultaneously with 12:00:00 TAI on June 21, 1998.

Unlike traditional standards, Bully timestamps are entirely independent of planetary motion, removing the need for &quot;leaps&quot; or regional offsets. By discarding traditional unit names—such as &quot;year,&quot; &quot;month,&quot; or &quot;hour&quot;—the system eliminates any possible confusion with contextualized solar time. While it utilizes SI seconds as its fundamental building block, it does so strictly as a unit of duration rather than a fraction of an Earth day. This ensures the Bully system remains a consistent, unambiguous, and mathematically &quot;clean&quot; alternative to historical timekeeping.

== Time span covered by Bully timestamps ==

With 12 hexadecimal digits, the system has a massive address space for time. Given that a new timestamp is realized every 3,055 SI seconds, the total capacity of the system is:

:&lt;math&gt;16^{12} \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 27.25 \text{ billion Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Because the universe is estimated to be approximately 13.8 billion years old, the Bully Timestamp System provides enough unique identifiers to span the entire history of the universe—from the Big Bang into the far-distant future.

== The Foundations of Bully Metric ==

The Bully Timestamp System is derived from the orbital periods of major Solar System bodies. Specifically, the duration of Earth's '''sidereal year''' (~31,558,150 seconds) is roughly equal to &lt;math&gt;10,330 \times 3,055&lt;/math&gt; SI seconds. This foundational constant—3,055 seconds—serves as the building block for the larger [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|Great Weeks and Great Years]].

The name &quot;Bully&quot; is a dual-reference to the massive astronomical objects that define our local spacetime. In an archaic sense, &quot;bully&quot; means '''&quot;beautiful&quot; or &quot;excellent,&quot;''' describing the celestial harmony of the cosmos. In the modern sense, it refers to the '''dominance and gravitational influence''' of &quot;bullies&quot; like [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagittarius_A* Sagittarius A*], the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun Sun], and giant planets like Jupiter and Saturn. These massive bodies dictate the motion of everything around them, serving as the physical anchors for the Bully Metric system.

* [[Bully_Metric_Foundations|The Foundations of Bully Metric]]
* [[Bully_Metric_Astronomical_Coordinates|Bully Metric Coordinate System]]

== The Metonic Cycle and Bully Timestamps ==

The '''Metonic cycle''' is a period of approximately 19 solar years, after which the moon's phases recur on the same days of the year. This historical cycle has a remarkably simple relationship with the Bully Timestamp System: the Metonic cycle completes in almost exactly the time it takes for the last four hexadecimal digits of a Bully timestamp to cycle three times.

In the Bully system, the last four digits represent an interval of &lt;math&gt;16^{4}&lt;/math&gt; units. Since each unit is 3,055 seconds, one full cycle of the last four digits equals:
:&lt;math&gt;65,536 \times 3,055 \text{ seconds} \approx 6.34 \text{ Julian years}&lt;/math&gt;

Three such cycles equal approximately '''19.03 Julian years''', aligning closely with the '''19.00 solar years''' of the traditional Metonic cycle. This relationship allows the Bully system to track complex lunar-solar patterns using simple hexadecimal increments.

=== Metonic Alignment Example ===

The following table demonstrates the Metonic relationship. Every 19 years, the December Equinox and a New Moon occur at nearly the same position within the Bully hexadecimal cycle (the last four digits). 


{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:100%; max-width:800px; border: 1px solid #a2a9b1; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;

|+ style=&quot;font-size: 1.2em; font-weight: bold; margin-bottom: 10px;&quot; | Table 1: Metonic Alignment (19-Year Intervals)
|- style=&quot;background-color: #eaecf0;{{Text default color}}; font-weight: bold;&quot;
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Year
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Bully Timestamp &lt;br/&gt; December Equinox (New Moon)
! style=&quot;padding: 10px;&quot; | Delta

|-
| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 1995
| {{mono|8209 27FF 9B3A (9B33)}}
| style=&quot;color: #d33; font-weight: bold;&quot; | −7
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #ffffff;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2014
| {{mono|8209 2802 99E1 (99E4)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +3
|-

| style=&quot;font-weight: bold; background-color: #f8f9fa;{{Text default color}};&quot; | 2033
| {{mono|8209 2805 9888 (988E)}}
| style=&quot;color: #00af89; font-weight: bold;&quot; | +6
|}

As shown, despite a 38-year span, the &quot;drift&quot; between the solar equinox and the lunar phase is only a few Bully units. This precision demonstrates how the system’s 12-digit structure naturally captures ancient astronomical cycles.

* [[Bully_Metric_Metonic_cycle|The Metonic Cycle in Bully Metric]]

== The Bully Mnemonic ==

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Sidereal \, Year} = {31,558,150 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; {1 \, Tropical \, Year} = {31,556,926 \, Seconds} &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt; 1 \, Great \, Year \approx 25,824 \, Sidereal \, Years \approx 25,825 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;

&lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;{1 \, Galactic \, Year} \approx 8264 \, Great \, Year \approx 213,417,800 \, Tropical \, Years &lt;/math&gt;


The '''Bully Mnemonic''' is a technique for remembering the exact number of seconds that occur in Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidereal_year sidereal year] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_year tropical year], a good approximation of the Earth's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Year Great Year], and a rough approximation of the Solar System's [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galactic_year galactic year]. Click on the following link to learn more about the Bully Mnemonic and the role it plays in the mathematical foundation of Bully timestamps.

[[Bully Mnemonic |The Bully Mnemonic]]

[[Bully Mnemonic Extension |The Bully Mnemonic Extension]]

= Realized vs. Estimated Bully timestamps =

Each Bully timestamp is realized exactly 3055 seconds TAI after the previous one.  However, since atomic clocks did not exist prior to the 1950's, any assignment of Bully timestamps prior to 1958 should be viewed as an estimate of how elapsed time might have transpired on Earth in the past, rather than an actual realization of Bully time. Bully time should only be considered &quot;realized&quot; when time is measured with an accuracy of &lt;math&gt;{10}^{-10}&lt;/math&gt;.

== Realized Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_Realized_Timestamps|Realized Bully Timestamps]]

== Estimated Bully Time ==

== Future Bully Time ==

[[Bully_Metric_CMB_Stabilized_Timestamps| CMB Stabilized Bully Timestamps]]</text>
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      <text bytes="27088" sha1="99tm505fvcrs8z9m1umciq4lhr0nf23" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Stockholm syndrome and emotion:&lt;br&gt;What are the emotional aspects of Stockholm syndrome?}}
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==Overview ==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:EA Poe basement Philly.JPG|thumb|240px|'''Figure 1'''. How would you feel towards a captor?]]

; Imagine this ...

You have been kidnapped (see Figure 1). You feel lost and afraid for your life. You are thrown down the stairs to the basement of a horrible man's house. As you awake in an unfamiliar environment, day after day, you feel suffocated by the man's presence. Time feels as though it is standing still, and your movements feel automatic and out-of-body. As the days pass, you grow increasingly hungry, humiliated, and isolated from the real world. The man strips you of your regular thought patterns and defense mechanisms, as he manipulates you through love and hate. You don't feel like yourself anymore, and you don't recognise your own reflection. As you begin to further dissociate, you can't remember how you got into this position, nor can you recognize {{ic|Use Australian spelling}} the evil-ness of the man. You begin to feel emotionally attached to this figure, as he seems to be the only one who appreciates you at all. Finally, as the day comes for you to escape, you don't feel as though you need to anymore. You have developed a relationship with the man you can't bear to break. 

This scenario is similar to what is felt by some kidnapping victims. Due to the psychological principles of instinct theory, attachment theory and the common emotional timeline, Stockholm syndrome has occurred to you. A response so deeply rooted in our instincts and genetics, you are just one of many that have survived.

{{RoundBoxBottom}}

Human [[motivation]] and [[emotion]] has been studied in many different ways over time to better understand {{missing}} way we act, think and feel (Schater, 2009). Having a better understanding of the driving forces behind your own behaviours, and the behaviours of others leads to many positive outcomes, including improved [[wikipedia:Emotional_self-regulation|emotional regulation]], better [[wikipedia:Self-awareness|self-awareness]], and stronger [[wikipedia:Relationship|relationships]] with others (Schater, 2009). [[Instinct]] theory argues that motivation for all behaviour stems from humans having an innate drive to survive (Plutchik, 2001). It argues that all behaviours occur to satisfy fundamental survival needs such as hunger, thirst, and rest (Plutchik, 2001). Emotion is an adaptive response which has evolved to help humans respond quickly to environmental challenges and changes (Plutchik, 2001). Emotion guides our behaviour and keeps us out of dangerous situations (Plutchnik{{sp}}, 2001). For example, [[wikipedia:Fear|fear]] is often viewed as a negative emotion, of which {{g}} is unproductive and only holds individuals back from success and self-actualisation (Plutchik, 2001). However, fear is a crucial emotion which triggers a person's instinctual [[wikipedia:Fight-or-flight_response|fight or flight response]], often saving them from potential harm (Plutchik 2001).   

A humans {{g}} need to belong is often underestimated and overlooked as one of the major survival instincts which drives behavior (Baumeister, 1995). The need to belong is a survival instinct deeply rooted in human evolution, as feeling accepted and supported by others increases an individuals{{g}} chances of survival (Baumeister, 1995). The human brain often considers social rejection and isolation as equally as threatening as starvation or thirst, and understanding this is crucial to understanding the motives behind your own behaviors (Baumeister, 1995).  

[[Kidnapping]] and [[wikipedia:Hostage|hostage-taking]] involves the unlawful detention of a person, and victims of kidnapping/hostage taking experience heightened survival instincts (Alexander, 2009). This chapter explains the psychological science behind [[wikipedia:Stockholm_syndrome|Stockholm Syndrome]] and emotion.

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
'''Focus questions''' 
*How do emotional theories and concepts explain Stockholm syndrome? 
*What is the common emotional timeline experienced by someone enduring Stockholm syndrome? 
*What are some real-world applications of Stockholm syndrome research?  
*Are there any contemporary approaches to the topic which critique or challenge the points raised?
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

== Stockholm syndrome and emotion ==
Stockholm syndrome is a complex psychological response to being kidnapped or held captive (Harnischmacher, 1987). It involves the victim developing positive feelings like [[wikipedia:Empathy|empathy]] and [[wikipedia:Loyalty|loyalty]] toward their captor (Harnischmacher, 1987). It is most common in cases of hostage-taking, however, has also been observed in extreme cases of domestic violence (Ahmad et al., 2018). Ahmad et al. (2018) addressed the fact that Stockholm syndrome and partner violence is extremely under-investigated by conducting a meta-analysis. They aimed to determine the role of Stockholm syndrome between intimate partner violence and psychological distress (Ahmad et al., 2018). Intimate partner violence resulted in victims rationalizing abuse due to distorted cognitions, a trait of Stockholm syndrome (Ahmad et al., 2018). This research shows that Stockholm syndrome can occur to victims of high control in forms other than captor and captee (Ahmad et al., 2018). Studying and understanding the emotional aspects of Stockholm syndrome is crucial, as it explains to 'everyday' individuals how trauma and survival instincts can distort human relationships (Harnischmacher, 1987).   

=== Origins ===
In the year 1973 a dramatic four-day [[wikipedia:Bank_robbery|bank robbery]] took place in Stockholm, [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and there were four hostages taken (Logan, 2018). After five days captive, the victims presented as being supportive of their captors, and as though they were in alliance after the ordeal (Logan, 2018). After this event, Nils Bejerot coined the term &quot;Stockholm syndrome&quot;, and defined it as the psychological tendency for a hostage to identify with their captor (Logan, 2018).

=== Instinct theory ===
Instinct theory is a concept which argues all behaviour occurs as a result of a humans{{g}} innate drive to survive (Bandhu et al., 2024). According to instinct theory, humans are born with instincts which automatically assist in ensuring our survival (Bandhu et al., 2024). Common human instincts are seeking food when hungry, the fight or flight response in danger, and a tendency to seek social belonging (Bandhu et al., 2024). Instinct theory often assists in explaining the motives behind bizarre and surprising behaviors across species (Harlow et al., 1965). [[wikipedia:Harry_Harlow|Harry Harlow's]] (1965) monkey experiment is a classic example which proves how all species are born with an innate need to belong and feel cared for (Harlow et al., 1965). In this example, monkeys were given a choice between two surrogate 'mothers', one made of wire which provided milk, and one made of soft cloth, which was comforting but provided no milk (Harlow et al., 1965). When Harlow observed that {{missing}} majority of the monkey's preferred the soft clothed mother, over the feeding mother, {{g}} it strengthened the argument that psychological needs are equally as important to survival than physiological needs (Harlow et al., 1965). 

Survival instincts are significantly heightened in events which are considered disaster events (Alexander, 2018). Alexander (2018) explains that a kidnapping or hostage-taking scenarios can be considered as a 'disaster' event, and are far more complex to navigate as humans, then minor inconveniences or problems. He exclaims &quot;Disasters have the potential to overwhelm the normal coping methods of individuals&quot; (Alexander, 2018, p.12). Instinct theory and disaster events explain the motives behind the emotions present for someone who is experiencing Stockholm syndrome, or has experienced it in the past. 

=== Attachment theory ===
[[File:Scared Child at Nighttime.jpg |thumb|Figure 2. Facial expression of a girl experiencing fear.]]

[[wikipedia:Attachment_theory|Attachment theory]] explains how humans form strong emotional bonds with their caregivers in the early years of development (Granqvist, 2021). The theory argues that the strength of the relationship a child has with its primary caregiver plays a crucial role in the child's ability to form future relationships (Granqvist, 2021). Bowlby and Ainsworth (1969) first researched attachment styles, and the four constructs of secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganised are still accepted as accurate today{{f}}.  

Attachment theory plays a significant role to the emotional development of Stockholm syndrome, as similar to instinct theory, {{g}} it explains why humans get attached to their captor in hostage situations (Granqvist, 2021). Being held in a hostage situation evokes a similar emotional response to what is experience through early childhood, the sensitive period where attachment tendencies develop (Teodora, 2025). When in a state of immense fear and vulnerability, a person's primary instinct is to seek safety by attaching themselves to the closest individual to them. In the case of kidnapping or hostage-taking, this often equals the kidnapper themselves (Teodora, 2025). Emotion plays a central role in attachment theory, as feelings of fear (see Figure 2), and dependency can lead the brain to associate the kidnapper with safety and protection, despite the abuse and trauma which they portray (Teodora, 2025). Instinct theory and attachment theory are two explanations of the complex emotional processes which occur when being held captive.

=== Environmental conditions ===
There are specific environmental conditions which foster the emotions which cause Stockholm syndrome (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Three which are specifically prominent are malnutrition, physical discomfort, and humiliation (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Malnutrition and constant hunger places the bodies{{g}} [[wikipedia:Nervous_system|nervous system]] under significant stress, as it elicits survival instincts (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). This then leads to distorted cognitive processing and the individual turning to other behaviors to ensure their survival (Teodora, 2025). Physical discomfort fosters Stockholm syndrome, as it signals danger to the body, and elicits the fight or flight response (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). On top of this, it causes a significant lack of rest (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Rest is what the body needs to survive, therefore a lack of rest places the bodies{{g}} nervous system into a hyperactive state which distorts cognitive processing (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009).  

Finally, feeling the emotion of humiliation causes the brain to consider it as a psychological attack on the dignity of the 'self' (Namnyak, 2008). Over a prolonged period of time, humiliation strips a person of their sense of self, instills shame and diminishes confidence, all factors which cause one's mental defenses to be weakened (Namnyak, 2008). Humiliation caused by the captor, leads to the captee viewing them as the only figure of which {{g}} to seek social validation (Namnyak, 2008). This process is what then leads to the development of Stockholm syndrome (Namnyak, 2008).   

== Emotional concepts timeline ==
Stockholm syndrome occurs due to a complex interaction between emotions, instincts, and the victims{{g}} environment. After scoping the literature on Stockholm syndrome, it was found there is a common timeline of emotions which are experienced by victims. Therefore, it is widely accepted that the concepts described in Table 1, are essential to the development of Stockholm syndrome.{{f}}

'''Table 1.'''

''Key emotional concepts which researchers consider essential to the development of Stockholm syndrome.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Emotional concept
|'''Definition / example'''  
|-
|Frozen fright
|Frozen fright occurs due to an intense fear response, described as a &quot;paralysis of the normal emotional reactivity of the body&quot; (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009, p.18). This emotional experience is most likely to occur if the kidnapping process was extremely traumatic (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). The bodies response to the trauma is delayed, as the subconscious mind is trying to keep the body and conscious mind safe. (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009)
|-
|Denial 
|[[wikipedia:Denial|Denial]] also occurs due to intense fear and anger (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Victims often subconsciously deny that the kidnapping event even occurred, as a coping mechanism for the abuse and trauma (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009).
|-
|Disassociation
|[[wikipedia:Dissociation|Disassociation]] is another coping mechanism of extreme abuse and trauma, as it involves the victim completely and subconsciously disassociating from their own body (Shim et al., 2024). When threats become too intense for the bodies automatic coping mechanisms, the next step is for the mind to disassociate from its own sense of self (Shim et al., 2024). 
|-
|Psychological infantilism
|Psychological infantilism is a regressed behavior which involves the victim subconsciously returning to a child-like state, where they are excessively clingy and dependent to their captor (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). As another way of coping with extreme stress, this emotional state forces the victim to become completely complient to the captor, similar to a parent-child relationship (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009).  
|-
|Emotional bond 
|An [[wikipedia:Human_bonding|emotional bond]] between captor and captee is formed as a result of the above emotional experiences felt by the victim (Logan, 2018). However, the bond is formed as a result of trauma (Logan, 2018). Trauma bonding occurs due to the complex cycle of abuse and fear, paired with dependency and intermittent kindness (Logan, 2018).
|}

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}
;Quiz
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{Malnutrition, humiliation, and physical discomfort are all environmental factors which foster the development of Stockholm syndrome:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ True
- False

{Instinct theory argues that all humans have an innate drive to survive and that all behavior is observed to reflect this drive:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- True
+ False
&lt;/quiz&gt;

{{RoundBoxBottom}}

== Applications ==
Everyday individuals can apply the principles related to Stockholm syndrome and emotion to their own motivational and emotional lives, even if they have never experienced kidnapping or hostage taking first-hand. Instinct theory is the first psychological concept which can be applied, because understanding and acknowledging the motives behind one's emotions in stressful situations, they are better able to cognitively process their surroundings (Bandhu et al., 2024). On top of this, instinct theory highlights how it is crucial to trust your instincts, as doing this will keep you from danger (Bandhu et al., 2024). Understanding attachment theory is also crucial, as it explains the impact of early relationships in your life, on your ability to form relationships in the future (Fearon &amp; Roisman, 2017). As the theory poses several attachment styles, this provides explanations as to how and why you manage your emotions as you do (Fearon &amp; Roisman, 2017).

=== Learned helplessness ===
[[wikipedia:Learned_helplessness|Learned helplessness]] is a psychological state in which the individual feels as though they have no control over the situation they are in, or what happens to them (Hammock et al., 2012). It is a common result for victims who withstand extended periods of captivity (Hammock et al, 2012). Learned helplessness is a practical application {{awkward}} to the theories of Stockholm syndrome, as it is an alternate reaction to being held captive, with no real positive outcomes (Hammock et al., 2012). It is considered a survival mechanism, as accepting and surrendering to one's circumstances decreases the bodies{{g}} response to the threat, and the fight or flight response is weakened (Hammock et al., 2012). Learned helplessness is not only observed in hostage taking situations, but also in the workplace, toxic romantic relationships, and educational settings (Hammock et al., 2012). Understanding the behavioral traits of someone experiencing learned helplessness in the real-world is crucial as you can step-in and help their situation (Hammock et al., 2012).  

=== The adult brain vs the child's brain ===
Research into the neuropsychological mechanisms of Stockholm syndrome and emotion, {{g}} has led to a better understanding of the differences between how the adult brain responds to stress versus the child's brain. Due to ethical concerns when children are involved, follow-up studies on specific cases are limited (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Therefore, the double case study analysis below compares and contrasts two examples of more high-profile Stockholm syndrome cases: [[wikipedia:Natascha_Kampusch|Natascha Kampusch]] and [[wikipedia:Brian_Keenan_(writer)|Brian Keenan]].       

{{Robelbox|width=30|theme={{{theme|4}}}|title=Double case study analysis}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt; 

[[File:Driveway_leading_to_Gedgrave_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_229302.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Driveway leading to a house.]]

&quot;At that precise moment a young, pale, frightened women, her skin ghostly white after years of being kept away from natural light, her eyes squinting and watery from the sunshine that she was so unnused to, made a run from the driveway (see Figure 3) of No.60 Heinestrasse.&quot;  (Hall and Leidig, 2006, foreword) Natascha Kampusch was ten years old when she was kidnapped on her way to school. She was held captive in the cellar of &quot;a predator of the sort that hollywood{{sp}} scriptwriters and imaginative novelists invent to represent evil incarnate&quot; (Hall and Leidig, 2006, forword). After 8 years, she escaped. She denies the development of Stockholm syndrome, however many of her symptoms reveal that aspects of it did develop (Hall and Leidig, 2006). Natascha Kampusch's story highlights the complex ways in which a child's brain responds to trauma (Hall and Leidig, 2006). As she adapted to her new environment extremely quickly, this shows that neuroplasticity, and adaption is strongest in childhood (Hall and Leidig, 2006). Adults are more likely to resist as their neural pathways and preferences are already formed (Hall and Leidig, 2006). 

Brian Keenan was abducted and held at gunpoint by Islamic militants (Keenan, 1990). Over the next 1,574 days, Keenan was &quot;stripped of every human freedom, every choice, every element of identity&quot; (Keenan, 1990, forword). However, where Keenan's story differs from Natascha's is that he was not alone in captivity (Keenan, 1990). Keenan forged a special emotional bond with fellow hostage John Mccarthy describing him as &quot;more than a friend. [John] was my sanity&quot; (Keenan, 1990, forward). Keenans{{g}} strong emotional bond with fellow hostage John could be an explanation as to why neither of them developed Stockholm syndrome (Keenan, 1990).  

The key insight these case studies provide, {{g}} is they explain the emotional differences between a child and an adult. For a child as young as 10, their identity is still forming, therefore being held captive becomes a part of their personal development (Hall and Leidig, 2006). However, for someone in their 30's{{g}}, they already have a strong sense of self and a pre-existing identity (Keenan, 1990). Therefore, they are more resistant to the indoctrination process of being held captive (Keenan, 1990). Natascha Kampusch's story highlights how children are more likely to emotionally suppress and de-associate from the trauma (Hall and Leidig, 2006), however Brian Keenans{{g}} displays how developed brains possess greater self-awareness to process fear and anger (Keenan, 1990).     
&lt;/div&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}

== Critiques ==
Many studies argue that [[wikipedia:Post-traumatic_stress_disorder|post traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) is a more common response to being held-hostage, than Stockholm syndrome. For example, Favaro and colleagues (2000) investigated the effects of being kidnapped for ransom. After analysing the health status of kidnapping victims, results showed that PTSD was significantly more common than Stockholm syndrome. With this in mind, future research should aim to analyse what differentiates someone from developing PTSD instead of Stockholm syndrome 

Secondly, Bailey &amp; colleagues (2023) argue that there is scarce empirical research supporting the assertion that a 'positive bond' is formed as a result to the trauma of being kidnapped. They argue that the term 'appeasement' should be used instead of Stockholm syndrome, to describe how survivors are emotionally attached to their captors (Bailey et al., 2023). They propose this in the hopes it will &quot;provide a science-based explanation for their stories of survival&quot; (Bailey et al., 2023, p.3) 

== Conclusion ==
Stockholm syndrome is a complex and subconscious coping strategy which is observed in victims of kidnapping and hostage-taking situations (Harnischmacher, 1987). It involves victims experiencing positive emotions toward their capture (Harnischmacher, 1987). Stockholm syndrome can be explained by instinct theory, which argues that humans have an innate drive to survive and all behavior is a reflection of this drive (Bandhu et al., 2024). It is also partially explained by attachment theory in that all humans have an innate need to belong and therefore cling to any &quot;caregiving&quot; figure in their environment (Granqvist, 2021). The emotional concepts of Stockholm syndrome often occur in sequence, and reflect the instincts felt by the individual (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). These concepts include frozen fright, denial, disassociation, psychological infantilism, and emotional bonding.

The research into Stockholm syndrome and emotion has many applications in real-world settings. Firstly, individuals are better able to cognitively process their surroundings, coping mechanisms, and understand the motives behind their relationships (Bandhu et al., 2024). Secondly, Stockholm syndrome has led to developments in the field of learned helplessness, and finally, it has explained many differences between the child's brain and the adult brain (Hammock et al., 2012).

It is important to keep in mind, many researchers disagree about Stockholm syndrome as a concept, with one arguing PTSD is a more common response, and another advocating to change the term used all together (Bailey et al., 2023). Regular individuals can and should strive to understand the psychological theories rooted in Stockholm syndrome and emotion, to improve their own motivational and emotional lives.

== See also ==
* [[wikipedia:Attachment_theory|Attachment theories]] (Wikipedia)
* [[wikipedia:Traumatic_bonding|Trauma bonding]]  (Wikipedia)

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Ahmad, A., Aziz, M., Anjum, G., &amp; Mir, F. V. (2018). Intimate partner violence and psychological distress: Mediating role of Stockholm syndrome. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 33(2), 541-557.

Alexander, D. A. (2005). Early mental health intervention after disasters. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.11.1.12

Alexander, D. A., &amp; Klein, S. (2009). Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2008.080347  

Bailey, R., Dugard, J., Smith, S. F., &amp; Porges, S. W. (2023). Appeasement: replacing Stockholm syndrome as a definition of a survival strategy. European journal of psychotraumatology, 14(1), 2161038. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2161038

Bandhu, D., Mohan, M. M., Nittala, N. A. P., Jadhav, P., Bhadauria, A., &amp; Saxena, K. K. (2024). Theories of motivation: A comprehensive analysis of human behavior drivers. Acta Psychologica, 244, 104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177

Baumeister, R. F., &amp; Leary, M. R. (2017). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Interpersonal development, p.57-89. 

Bowlby, J., Ainsworth, M., &amp; Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759-775.

Favaro, A., Degortes, D., Colombo, G., &amp; Santonastaso, P. (2000). The effects of trauma among kidnap victims in Sardinia, Italy. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 975-980. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799001877 

Fearon, R. P., &amp; Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment theory: progress and future directions. Current opinion in psychology, 15, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.002 

Granqvist, P., &amp; Duschinsky, R. (2021). Attachment theory and research. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.51

Hall, A., &amp; Leidig, M. (2015). Girl in the Cellar-The Natascha Kampusch Story. Hachette UK. 

Hammack, S. E., Cooper, M. A., &amp; Lezak, K. R. (2012). Overlapping neurobiology of learned helplessness and conditioned defeat: Implications for PTSD and mood disorders. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.024

Harlow, H. F., Dodsworth, R. O., &amp; Harlow, M. K. (1965). Total social isolation in monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 54(1), 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.54.1.90

Harnischmacher, R., &amp; Müther, J. (1987). The Stockholm syndrome. On the psychological reaction of hostages and hostage-takers. Archiv fur Kriminologie, 180(1-2), 1-12.

Inić, T. (2025). Stockholm syndrome: A dimension of trauma. Sanamed, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.5937/sanamed0-57254

Keenan, B. (1993). An evil cradling. Random House.

Logan, M. H. (2018). Stockholm syndrome: Held hostage by the one you love. Violence and gender, 5(2), 67-69. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0076

Namnyak, M., Tufton, N., Szekely, R., Toal, M., Worboys, S., &amp; Sampson, E. L. (2008). ‘Stockholm syndrome’: psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x

Plutchik, R. (2001). The nature of emotions: Human emotions have Y evolutionary roots, a fact that may explain their complexity and provide tools for clinical practice. American scientist, 89(4), 344-350. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27857503

Shim, S., Kim, D., &amp; Kim, E. (2024). Dissociation as a mediator of interpersonal trauma and depression: adulthood versus childhood interpersonal traumas3. BMC psychiatry, 24(1), 764.   https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06095-2

}}

== External links ==
* [https://glossary.psywellpath.com/treatment-options-stockholm-syndrome Effective treatment options for Stockholm syndrome] (psywellpath.com)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-6VkeBv3G0 What is Stockholm syndrome?] (YouTube)

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      <text bytes="26889" sha1="4tfe8270uz2f932i5a9vw8it2ltju58" xml:space="preserve">{{title|Stockholm syndrome and emotion:&lt;br&gt;What are the emotional aspects of Stockholm syndrome?}}
__TOC__

==Overview ==
{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
[[File:EA Poe basement Philly.JPG|thumb|240px|'''Figure 1'''. How would you feel towards a captor?]]

; Imagine this ...

You have been kidnapped (see Figure 1).

You feel lost and afraid for your life. You are taken down the stairs to the basement of a man's house. Initially, your system is overwhelmed by a &quot;fight-or-flight&quot; response, but as days turn into weeks of isolation and you become accustomed to the unfamiliar environment, a terrifying shift occurs. Being totally dependent on your captor for basic survival needs like food and water, you experience a profound surge of gratitude when the captor provides a &quot;small kindness&quot;—such as a warm blanket or a brief conversation. You begin to feel emotionally attached to this figure, as he seems to be the only one who appreciates you at all. You begin to rationalise his actions, eventually identifying with his perspective to ensure your safety. Finally, as the day comes for you to escape, you don't feel as though you need to anymore. You have developed a relationship with the man you can't bear to break.

This scenario is similar to what is felt by some kidnapping victims. Due to the psychological principles of instinct theory, attachment theory and the common emotional timeline, Stockholm syndrome has occurred, a response deeply rooted in our instincts and genetics.

{{RoundBoxBottom}}

Human [[motivation]] and [[emotion]] has been studied in many different ways over time to better understand {{missing}} way we act, think and feel (Schater, 2009). Having a better understanding of the driving forces behind your own behaviours, and the behaviours of others leads to many positive outcomes, including improved [[wikipedia:Emotional_self-regulation|emotional regulation]], better [[wikipedia:Self-awareness|self-awareness]], and stronger [[wikipedia:Relationship|relationships]] with others (Schater, 2009). [[Instinct]] theory argues that motivation for all behaviour stems from humans having an innate drive to survive (Plutchik, 2001). It argues that all behaviours occur to satisfy fundamental survival needs such as hunger, thirst, and rest (Plutchik, 2001). Emotion is an adaptive response which has evolved to help humans respond quickly to environmental challenges and changes (Plutchik, 2001). Emotion guides our behaviour and keeps us out of dangerous situations (Plutchnik{{sp}}, 2001). For example, [[wikipedia:Fear|fear]] is often viewed as a negative emotion, of which {{g}} is unproductive and only holds individuals back from success and self-actualisation (Plutchik, 2001). However, fear is a crucial emotion which triggers a person's instinctual [[wikipedia:Fight-or-flight_response|fight or flight response]], often saving them from potential harm (Plutchik 2001).   

A humans {{g}} need to belong is often underestimated and overlooked as one of the major survival instincts which drives behavior (Baumeister, 1995). The need to belong is a survival instinct deeply rooted in human evolution, as feeling accepted and supported by others increases an individuals{{g}} chances of survival (Baumeister, 1995). The human brain often considers social rejection and isolation as equally as threatening as starvation or thirst, and understanding this is crucial to understanding the motives behind your own behaviors (Baumeister, 1995).  

[[Kidnapping]] and [[wikipedia:Hostage|hostage-taking]] involves the unlawful detention of a person, and victims of kidnapping/hostage taking experience heightened survival instincts (Alexander, 2009). This chapter explains the psychological science behind [[wikipedia:Stockholm_syndrome|Stockholm Syndrome]] and emotion.

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}}
'''Focus questions''' 
*How do emotional theories and concepts explain Stockholm syndrome? 
*What is the common emotional timeline experienced by someone enduring Stockholm syndrome? 
*What are some real-world applications of Stockholm syndrome research?  
*Are there any contemporary approaches to the topic which critique or challenge the points raised?
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

== Stockholm syndrome and emotion ==
Stockholm syndrome is a complex psychological response to being kidnapped or held captive (Harnischmacher, 1987). It involves the victim developing positive feelings like [[wikipedia:Empathy|empathy]] and [[wikipedia:Loyalty|loyalty]] toward their captor (Harnischmacher, 1987). It is most common in cases of hostage-taking, however, has also been observed in extreme cases of domestic violence (Ahmad et al., 2018). Ahmad et al. (2018) addressed the fact that Stockholm syndrome and partner violence is extremely under-investigated by conducting a meta-analysis. They aimed to determine the role of Stockholm syndrome between intimate partner violence and psychological distress (Ahmad et al., 2018). Intimate partner violence resulted in victims rationalizing abuse due to distorted cognitions, a trait of Stockholm syndrome (Ahmad et al., 2018). This research shows that Stockholm syndrome can occur to victims of high control in forms other than captor and captee (Ahmad et al., 2018). Studying and understanding the emotional aspects of Stockholm syndrome is crucial, as it explains to 'everyday' individuals how trauma and survival instincts can distort human relationships (Harnischmacher, 1987).   

=== Origins ===
In the year 1973 a dramatic four-day [[wikipedia:Bank_robbery|bank robbery]] took place in Stockholm, [[wikipedia:Sweden|Sweden]], and there were four hostages taken (Logan, 2018). After five days captive, the victims presented as being supportive of their captors, and as though they were in alliance after the ordeal (Logan, 2018). After this event, Nils Bejerot coined the term &quot;Stockholm syndrome&quot;, and defined it as the psychological tendency for a hostage to identify with their captor (Logan, 2018).

=== Instinct theory ===
Instinct theory is a concept which argues all behaviour occurs as a result of a humans{{g}} innate drive to survive (Bandhu et al., 2024). According to instinct theory, humans are born with instincts which automatically assist in ensuring our survival (Bandhu et al., 2024). Common human instincts are seeking food when hungry, the fight or flight response in danger, and a tendency to seek social belonging (Bandhu et al., 2024). Instinct theory often assists in explaining the motives behind bizarre and surprising behaviors across species (Harlow et al., 1965). [[wikipedia:Harry_Harlow|Harry Harlow's]] (1965) monkey experiment is a classic example which proves how all species are born with an innate need to belong and feel cared for (Harlow et al., 1965). In this example, monkeys were given a choice between two surrogate 'mothers', one made of wire which provided milk, and one made of soft cloth, which was comforting but provided no milk (Harlow et al., 1965). When Harlow observed that {{missing}} majority of the monkey's preferred the soft clothed mother, over the feeding mother, {{g}} it strengthened the argument that psychological needs are equally as important to survival than physiological needs (Harlow et al., 1965). 

Survival instincts are significantly heightened in events which are considered disaster events (Alexander, 2018). Alexander (2018) explains that a kidnapping or hostage-taking scenarios can be considered as a 'disaster' event, and are far more complex to navigate as humans, then minor inconveniences or problems. He exclaims &quot;Disasters have the potential to overwhelm the normal coping methods of individuals&quot; (Alexander, 2018, p.12). Instinct theory and disaster events explain the motives behind the emotions present for someone who is experiencing Stockholm syndrome, or has experienced it in the past. 

=== Attachment theory ===
[[File:Scared Child at Nighttime.jpg |thumb|Figure 2. Facial expression of a girl experiencing fear.]]

[[wikipedia:Attachment_theory|Attachment theory]] explains how humans form strong emotional bonds with their caregivers in the early years of development (Granqvist, 2021). The theory argues that the strength of the relationship a child has with its primary caregiver plays a crucial role in the child's ability to form future relationships (Granqvist, 2021). Bowlby and Ainsworth (1969) first researched attachment styles, and the four constructs of secure, anxious, avoidant, and disorganised are still accepted as accurate today{{f}}.  

Attachment theory plays a significant role to the emotional development of Stockholm syndrome, as similar to instinct theory, {{g}} it explains why humans get attached to their captor in hostage situations (Granqvist, 2021). Being held in a hostage situation evokes a similar emotional response to what is experience through early childhood, the sensitive period where attachment tendencies develop (Teodora, 2025). When in a state of immense fear and vulnerability, a person's primary instinct is to seek safety by attaching themselves to the closest individual to them. In the case of kidnapping or hostage-taking, this often equals the kidnapper themselves (Teodora, 2025). Emotion plays a central role in attachment theory, as feelings of fear (see Figure 2), and dependency can lead the brain to associate the kidnapper with safety and protection, despite the abuse and trauma which they portray (Teodora, 2025). Instinct theory and attachment theory are two explanations of the complex emotional processes which occur when being held captive.

=== Environmental conditions ===
There are specific environmental conditions which foster the emotions which cause Stockholm syndrome (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Three which are specifically prominent are malnutrition, physical discomfort, and humiliation (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Malnutrition and constant hunger places the bodies{{g}} [[wikipedia:Nervous_system|nervous system]] under significant stress, as it elicits survival instincts (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). This then leads to distorted cognitive processing and the individual turning to other behaviors to ensure their survival (Teodora, 2025). Physical discomfort fosters Stockholm syndrome, as it signals danger to the body, and elicits the fight or flight response (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). On top of this, it causes a significant lack of rest (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Rest is what the body needs to survive, therefore a lack of rest places the bodies{{g}} nervous system into a hyperactive state which distorts cognitive processing (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009).  

Finally, feeling the emotion of humiliation causes the brain to consider it as a psychological attack on the dignity of the 'self' (Namnyak, 2008). Over a prolonged period of time, humiliation strips a person of their sense of self, instills shame and diminishes confidence, all factors which cause one's mental defenses to be weakened (Namnyak, 2008). Humiliation caused by the captor, leads to the captee viewing them as the only figure of which {{g}} to seek social validation (Namnyak, 2008). This process is what then leads to the development of Stockholm syndrome (Namnyak, 2008).   

== Emotional concepts timeline ==
Stockholm syndrome occurs due to a complex interaction between emotions, instincts, and the victims{{g}} environment. After scoping the literature on Stockholm syndrome, it was found there is a common timeline of emotions which are experienced by victims. Therefore, it is widely accepted that the concepts described in Table 1, are essential to the development of Stockholm syndrome.{{f}}

'''Table 1.'''

''Key emotional concepts which researchers consider essential to the development of Stockholm syndrome.''
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Emotional concept
|'''Definition / example'''  
|-
|Frozen fright
|Frozen fright occurs due to an intense fear response, described as a &quot;paralysis of the normal emotional reactivity of the body&quot; (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009, p.18). This emotional experience is most likely to occur if the kidnapping process was extremely traumatic (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). The bodies response to the trauma is delayed, as the subconscious mind is trying to keep the body and conscious mind safe. (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009)
|-
|Denial 
|[[wikipedia:Denial|Denial]] also occurs due to intense fear and anger (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Victims often subconsciously deny that the kidnapping event even occurred, as a coping mechanism for the abuse and trauma (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009).
|-
|Disassociation
|[[wikipedia:Dissociation|Disassociation]] is another coping mechanism of extreme abuse and trauma, as it involves the victim completely and subconsciously disassociating from their own body (Shim et al., 2024). When threats become too intense for the bodies automatic coping mechanisms, the next step is for the mind to disassociate from its own sense of self (Shim et al., 2024). 
|-
|Psychological infantilism
|Psychological infantilism is a regressed behavior which involves the victim subconsciously returning to a child-like state, where they are excessively clingy and dependent to their captor (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). As another way of coping with extreme stress, this emotional state forces the victim to become completely complient to the captor, similar to a parent-child relationship (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009).  
|-
|Emotional bond 
|An [[wikipedia:Human_bonding|emotional bond]] between captor and captee is formed as a result of the above emotional experiences felt by the victim (Logan, 2018). However, the bond is formed as a result of trauma (Logan, 2018). Trauma bonding occurs due to the complex cycle of abuse and fear, paired with dependency and intermittent kindness (Logan, 2018).
|}

{{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}}
;Quiz
&lt;quiz display=&quot;simple&quot;&gt;
{Malnutrition, humiliation, and physical discomfort are all environmental factors which foster the development of Stockholm syndrome:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
+ True
- False

{Instinct theory argues that all humans have an innate drive to survive and that all behavior is observed to reflect this drive:
|type=&quot;()&quot;}
- True
+ False
&lt;/quiz&gt;

{{RoundBoxBottom}}

== Applications ==
Everyday individuals can apply the principles related to Stockholm syndrome and emotion to their own motivational and emotional lives, even if they have never experienced kidnapping or hostage taking first-hand. Instinct theory is the first psychological concept which can be applied, because understanding and acknowledging the motives behind one's emotions in stressful situations, they are better able to cognitively process their surroundings (Bandhu et al., 2024). On top of this, instinct theory highlights how it is crucial to trust your instincts, as doing this will keep you from danger (Bandhu et al., 2024). Understanding attachment theory is also crucial, as it explains the impact of early relationships in your life, on your ability to form relationships in the future (Fearon &amp; Roisman, 2017). As the theory poses several attachment styles, this provides explanations as to how and why you manage your emotions as you do (Fearon &amp; Roisman, 2017).

=== Learned helplessness ===
[[wikipedia:Learned_helplessness|Learned helplessness]] is a psychological state in which the individual feels as though they have no control over the situation they are in, or what happens to them (Hammock et al., 2012). It is a common result for victims who withstand extended periods of captivity (Hammock et al, 2012). Learned helplessness is a practical application {{awkward}} to the theories of Stockholm syndrome, as it is an alternate reaction to being held captive, with no real positive outcomes (Hammock et al., 2012). It is considered a survival mechanism, as accepting and surrendering to one's circumstances decreases the bodies{{g}} response to the threat, and the fight or flight response is weakened (Hammock et al., 2012). Learned helplessness is not only observed in hostage taking situations, but also in the workplace, toxic romantic relationships, and educational settings (Hammock et al., 2012). Understanding the behavioral traits of someone experiencing learned helplessness in the real-world is crucial as you can step-in and help their situation (Hammock et al., 2012).  

=== The adult brain vs the child's brain ===
Research into the neuropsychological mechanisms of Stockholm syndrome and emotion, {{g}} has led to a better understanding of the differences between how the adult brain responds to stress versus the child's brain. Due to ethical concerns when children are involved, follow-up studies on specific cases are limited (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). Therefore, the double case study analysis below compares and contrasts two examples of more high-profile Stockholm syndrome cases: [[wikipedia:Natascha_Kampusch|Natascha Kampusch]] and [[wikipedia:Brian_Keenan_(writer)|Brian Keenan]].       

{{Robelbox|width=30|theme={{{theme|4}}}|title=Double case study analysis}}
&lt;div style=&quot;{{Robelbox/pad}}&quot;&gt; 

[[File:Driveway_leading_to_Gedgrave_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_229302.jpg|thumb|'''Figure 3'''. Driveway leading to a house.]]

&quot;At that precise moment a young, pale, frightened women, her skin ghostly white after years of being kept away from natural light, her eyes squinting and watery from the sunshine that she was so unnused to, made a run from the driveway (see Figure 3) of No.60 Heinestrasse.&quot;  (Hall and Leidig, 2006, foreword) Natascha Kampusch was ten years old when she was kidnapped on her way to school. She was held captive in the cellar of &quot;a predator of the sort that hollywood{{sp}} scriptwriters and imaginative novelists invent to represent evil incarnate&quot; (Hall and Leidig, 2006, forword). After 8 years, she escaped. She denies the development of Stockholm syndrome, however many of her symptoms reveal that aspects of it did develop (Hall and Leidig, 2006). Natascha Kampusch's story highlights the complex ways in which a child's brain responds to trauma (Hall and Leidig, 2006). As she adapted to her new environment extremely quickly, this shows that neuroplasticity, and adaption is strongest in childhood (Hall and Leidig, 2006). Adults are more likely to resist as their neural pathways and preferences are already formed (Hall and Leidig, 2006). 

Brian Keenan was abducted and held at gunpoint by Islamic militants (Keenan, 1990). Over the next 1,574 days, Keenan was &quot;stripped of every human freedom, every choice, every element of identity&quot; (Keenan, 1990, forword). However, where Keenan's story differs from Natascha's is that he was not alone in captivity (Keenan, 1990). Keenan forged a special emotional bond with fellow hostage John Mccarthy describing him as &quot;more than a friend. [John] was my sanity&quot; (Keenan, 1990, forward). Keenans{{g}} strong emotional bond with fellow hostage John could be an explanation as to why neither of them developed Stockholm syndrome (Keenan, 1990).  

The key insight these case studies provide, {{g}} is they explain the emotional differences between a child and an adult. For a child as young as 10, their identity is still forming, therefore being held captive becomes a part of their personal development (Hall and Leidig, 2006). However, for someone in their 30's{{g}}, they already have a strong sense of self and a pre-existing identity (Keenan, 1990). Therefore, they are more resistant to the indoctrination process of being held captive (Keenan, 1990). Natascha Kampusch's story highlights how children are more likely to emotionally suppress and de-associate from the trauma (Hall and Leidig, 2006), however Brian Keenans{{g}} displays how developed brains possess greater self-awareness to process fear and anger (Keenan, 1990).     
&lt;/div&gt;
{{Robelbox/close}}

== Critiques ==
Many studies argue that [[wikipedia:Post-traumatic_stress_disorder|post traumatic stress disorder]] (PTSD) is a more common response to being held-hostage, than Stockholm syndrome. For example, Favaro and colleagues (2000) investigated the effects of being kidnapped for ransom. After analysing the health status of kidnapping victims, results showed that PTSD was significantly more common than Stockholm syndrome. With this in mind, future research should aim to analyse what differentiates someone from developing PTSD instead of Stockholm syndrome 

Secondly, Bailey &amp; colleagues (2023) argue that there is scarce empirical research supporting the assertion that a 'positive bond' is formed as a result to the trauma of being kidnapped. They argue that the term 'appeasement' should be used instead of Stockholm syndrome, to describe how survivors are emotionally attached to their captors (Bailey et al., 2023). They propose this in the hopes it will &quot;provide a science-based explanation for their stories of survival&quot; (Bailey et al., 2023, p.3) 

== Conclusion ==
Stockholm syndrome is a complex and subconscious coping strategy which is observed in victims of kidnapping and hostage-taking situations (Harnischmacher, 1987). It involves victims experiencing positive emotions toward their capture (Harnischmacher, 1987). Stockholm syndrome can be explained by instinct theory, which argues that humans have an innate drive to survive and all behavior is a reflection of this drive (Bandhu et al., 2024). It is also partially explained by attachment theory in that all humans have an innate need to belong and therefore cling to any &quot;caregiving&quot; figure in their environment (Granqvist, 2021). The emotional concepts of Stockholm syndrome often occur in sequence, and reflect the instincts felt by the individual (Alexander &amp; Klein, 2009). These concepts include frozen fright, denial, disassociation, psychological infantilism, and emotional bonding.

The research into Stockholm syndrome and emotion has many applications in real-world settings. Firstly, individuals are better able to cognitively process their surroundings, coping mechanisms, and understand the motives behind their relationships (Bandhu et al., 2024). Secondly, Stockholm syndrome has led to developments in the field of learned helplessness, and finally, it has explained many differences between the child's brain and the adult brain (Hammock et al., 2012).

It is important to keep in mind, many researchers disagree about Stockholm syndrome as a concept, with one arguing PTSD is a more common response, and another advocating to change the term used all together (Bailey et al., 2023). Regular individuals can and should strive to understand the psychological theories rooted in Stockholm syndrome and emotion, to improve their own motivational and emotional lives.

== See also ==
* [[wikipedia:Attachment_theory|Attachment theories]] (Wikipedia)
* [[wikipedia:Traumatic_bonding|Trauma bonding]]  (Wikipedia)

==References==
{{Hanging indent|1=

Ahmad, A., Aziz, M., Anjum, G., &amp; Mir, F. V. (2018). Intimate partner violence and psychological distress: Mediating role of Stockholm syndrome. Pakistan Journal of Psychological Research, 33(2), 541-557.

Alexander, D. A. (2005). Early mental health intervention after disasters. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 11(1), 12-18. https://doi.org/10.1192/apt.11.1.12

Alexander, D. A., &amp; Klein, S. (2009). Kidnapping and hostage-taking: a review of effects, coping and resilience. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 102(1), 16–21. https://doi.org/10.1258/jrsm.2008.080347  

Bailey, R., Dugard, J., Smith, S. F., &amp; Porges, S. W. (2023). Appeasement: replacing Stockholm syndrome as a definition of a survival strategy. European journal of psychotraumatology, 14(1), 2161038. https://doi.org/10.1080/20008066.2022.2161038

Bandhu, D., Mohan, M. M., Nittala, N. A. P., Jadhav, P., Bhadauria, A., &amp; Saxena, K. K. (2024). Theories of motivation: A comprehensive analysis of human behavior drivers. Acta Psychologica, 244, 104177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104177

Baumeister, R. F., &amp; Leary, M. R. (2017). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Interpersonal development, p.57-89. 

Bowlby, J., Ainsworth, M., &amp; Bretherton, I. (1992). The origins of attachment theory. Developmental Psychology, 28(5), 759-775.

Favaro, A., Degortes, D., Colombo, G., &amp; Santonastaso, P. (2000). The effects of trauma among kidnap victims in Sardinia, Italy. Psychological Medicine, 30(4), 975-980. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291799001877 

Fearon, R. P., &amp; Roisman, G. I. (2017). Attachment theory: progress and future directions. Current opinion in psychology, 15, 131-136. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2017.03.002 

Granqvist, P., &amp; Duschinsky, R. (2021). Attachment theory and research. In Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190236557.013.51

Hall, A., &amp; Leidig, M. (2015). Girl in the Cellar-The Natascha Kampusch Story. Hachette UK. 

Hammack, S. E., Cooper, M. A., &amp; Lezak, K. R. (2012). Overlapping neurobiology of learned helplessness and conditioned defeat: Implications for PTSD and mood disorders. Neuropharmacology, 62(2), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.02.024

Harlow, H. F., Dodsworth, R. O., &amp; Harlow, M. K. (1965). Total social isolation in monkeys. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 54(1), 90-97. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.54.1.90

Harnischmacher, R., &amp; Müther, J. (1987). The Stockholm syndrome. On the psychological reaction of hostages and hostage-takers. Archiv fur Kriminologie, 180(1-2), 1-12.

Inić, T. (2025). Stockholm syndrome: A dimension of trauma. Sanamed, 20(1). https://doi.org/10.5937/sanamed0-57254

Keenan, B. (1993). An evil cradling. Random House.

Logan, M. H. (2018). Stockholm syndrome: Held hostage by the one you love. Violence and gender, 5(2), 67-69. https://doi.org/10.1089/vio.2017.0076

Namnyak, M., Tufton, N., Szekely, R., Toal, M., Worboys, S., &amp; Sampson, E. L. (2008). ‘Stockholm syndrome’: psychiatric diagnosis or urban myth?. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 117(1), 4-11. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.2007.01112.x

Plutchik, R. (2001). The nature of emotions: Human emotions have Y evolutionary roots, a fact that may explain their complexity and provide tools for clinical practice. American scientist, 89(4), 344-350. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27857503

Shim, S., Kim, D., &amp; Kim, E. (2024). Dissociation as a mediator of interpersonal trauma and depression: adulthood versus childhood interpersonal traumas3. BMC psychiatry, 24(1), 764.   https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-024-06095-2

}}

== External links ==
* [https://glossary.psywellpath.com/treatment-options-stockholm-syndrome Effective treatment options for Stockholm syndrome] (psywellpath.com)
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F-6VkeBv3G0 What is Stockholm syndrome?] (YouTube)

[[Category:{{#titleparts:{{PAGENAME}}|3}}]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Cognitive]]
[[Category:Motivation and emotion/Book/Social psychology]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4217" sha1="2r6mqnzd5ejmd3970vlj9q6hjqs5rcm" xml:space="preserve">A platform for the sharing of ideas related to rangelands and soils, with the emphasis on grasslands and savannas of southern Africa.

==The value of surprises and unexpected results in science==
We likely learn more from unexpected findings than from those that merely confirm our expectations. Surprising and puzzling results can jolt us awake, prompt deeper thinking, offer timely warnings (like discovering kale might not really be food), challenge us to unravel the mystery, and, most importantly, open up new pathways — vast, unexplored vistas of knowledge waiting to be discovered and understood.

==Socio-Ecological Disturbance Regimes==
Gordijn, P. J., &amp; O’Connor, T. G. (2023). The “eco-story” of a mountain range: the development of Socio-Ecological Disturbance Regimes in the northern Drakensberg and consequences for grassland-plant diversity. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 78(1-2), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2023.2175076 

Grant, C. C., &amp; Scholes, M. C. (2006). The importance of nutrient hot-spots in the conservation and management of large wild mammalian herbivores in semi-arid savannas. Biological Conservation, 130(3), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.004

Hoekstra, J. M., Boucher, T. M., Ricketts, T. H., &amp; Roberts, C. (2005). Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecology letters, 8(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00686.x

Scholes, R. J. (1990). The influence of soil fertility on the ecology of southern African dry savannas. Journal of Biogeography, 415-419. https://doi.org/10.2307/2845371

Scholes, R. J., &amp; Walker, B. H. (1993). An African savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, Studies in Applied Ecology and Resource Management. ISBN 0 521 41971 9

Skowno, A. L., Jewitt, D., &amp; Slingsby, J. A. (2021). Rates and patterns of habitat loss across South Africa's vegetation biomes. South African journal of science, 117(1-2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/8182

Zurlini, G., Riitters, K., Zaccarelli, N., Petrosillo, I., Jones, K. B., &amp; Rossi, L. (2006). Disturbance patterns in a socio-ecological system at multiple scales. Ecological Complexity, 3(2), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2005.11.002

==Nutrient dilution==
Habermann, E., Dias de Oliveira, E. A., Contin, D. R., Costa, J. V. C. P., Costa, K. A. D. P., &amp; Martinez, C. A. (2022). Warming offsets the benefits of elevated CO2 in water relations while amplifies elevated CO2-induced reduction in forage nutritional value in the C4 grass ''Megathyrsus maximus''. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1033953. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1033953

Kaspari, M. and Welti, E.A., 2024. Nutrient dilution and the future of herbivore populations. Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.05.001

Meredith, D., 1943. Towards a national pastoral policy. South African Journal of Science, 40(11), pp.37-56. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_8447

Morris, C.D., Kirkman, K.P. and Zacharias, P.J., 2022. Will the grass be greener on the other side of climate change?. South African Journal of Science, 118(11-12), pp.1-4. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2022/13844 

Roberts, B.R. 1971 The role of the animal in soil fertility. Fertiliser Society of South Africa Journal 2, 17-22. https://www.fertasa.co.za/publications/archives/1971-1980/

Welti, E. A., Roeder, K. A., De Beurs, K. M., Joern, A., &amp; Kaspari, M. (2020). Nutrient dilution and climate cycles underlie declines in a dominant insect herbivore. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(13), 7271-7275. https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1920012117

==Links==

[[User:Alandmanson/Soil fertility and grasslands|Soil fertility and grasslands]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/Soils and C cycle|Soils and C cycle]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/Soils of KwaZulu-Natal|Soils of KwaZulu-Natal]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/soil|soil]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/soil microbiology|soil microbiology]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/soil organic matter|soil organic matter]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/Bracken fern and soil fertility|Bracken fern and soil fertility]]&lt;br&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4361" sha1="qckn31r2g37wzsbt793ruetumfmxsuh" xml:space="preserve">A platform for the sharing of ideas related to rangelands and soils, with the emphasis on grasslands and savannas of southern Africa.

==The value of surprises and unexpected results in science==
We likely learn more from unexpected findings than from those that merely confirm our expectations. Surprising and puzzling results can jolt us awake, prompt deeper thinking, offer timely warnings (like discovering kale might not really be food), challenge us to unravel the mystery, and, most importantly, open up new pathways — vast, unexplored vistas of knowledge waiting to be discovered and understood.

==Socio-Ecological Disturbance Regimes==
Gordijn, P. J., &amp; O’Connor, T. G. (2023). The “eco-story” of a mountain range: the development of Socio-Ecological Disturbance Regimes in the northern Drakensberg and consequences for grassland-plant diversity. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa, 78(1-2), 17-28. https://doi.org/10.1080/0035919X.2023.2175076 

Grant, C. C., &amp; Scholes, M. C. (2006). The importance of nutrient hot-spots in the conservation and management of large wild mammalian herbivores in semi-arid savannas. Biological Conservation, 130(3), 426-437. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.01.004

Hoekstra, J. M., Boucher, T. M., Ricketts, T. H., &amp; Roberts, C. (2005). Confronting a biome crisis: global disparities of habitat loss and protection. Ecology letters, 8(1), 23-29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2004.00686.x

Scholes, R. J. (1990). The influence of soil fertility on the ecology of southern African dry savannas. Journal of Biogeography, 415-419. https://doi.org/10.2307/2845371

Scholes, R. J., &amp; Walker, B. H. (1993). An African savanna: synthesis of the Nylsvley study. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge UK, Studies in Applied Ecology and Resource Management. ISBN 0 521 41971 9

Skowno, A. L., Jewitt, D., &amp; Slingsby, J. A. (2021). Rates and patterns of habitat loss across South Africa's vegetation biomes. South African journal of science, 117(1-2), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2021/8182

Zurlini, G., Riitters, K., Zaccarelli, N., Petrosillo, I., Jones, K. B., &amp; Rossi, L. (2006). Disturbance patterns in a socio-ecological system at multiple scales. Ecological Complexity, 3(2), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecocom.2005.11.002

==Nutrient dilution==
Habermann, E., Dias de Oliveira, E. A., Contin, D. R., Costa, J. V. C. P., Costa, K. A. D. P., &amp; Martinez, C. A. (2022). Warming offsets the benefits of elevated CO2 in water relations while amplifies elevated CO2-induced reduction in forage nutritional value in the C4 grass ''Megathyrsus maximus''. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1033953. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1033953

Kaspari, M. and Welti, E.A., 2024. Nutrient dilution and the future of herbivore populations. Trends in Ecology &amp; Evolution. [https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2024.05.001 DOI] [https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0169-5347%2824%2900112-5 PDF]

Meredith, D., 1943. Towards a national pastoral policy. South African Journal of Science, 40(11), pp.37-56. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_8447

Morris, C.D., Kirkman, K.P. and Zacharias, P.J., 2022. Will the grass be greener on the other side of climate change?. South African Journal of Science, 118(11-12), pp.1-4. https://doi.org/10.17159/sajs.2022/13844 

Roberts, B.R. 1971 The role of the animal in soil fertility. Fertiliser Society of South Africa Journal 2, 17-22. https://www.fertasa.co.za/publications/archives/1971-1980/

Welti, E. A., Roeder, K. A., De Beurs, K. M., Joern, A., &amp; Kaspari, M. (2020). Nutrient dilution and climate cycles underlie declines in a dominant insect herbivore. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 117(13), 7271-7275. [https://www.pnas.org/doi/full/10.1073/pnas.1920012117 DOI] [https://www.pnas.org/doi/epdf/10.1073/pnas.1920012117 PDF]

==Links==

[[User:Alandmanson/Soil fertility and grasslands|Soil fertility and grasslands]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/Soils and C cycle|Soils and C cycle]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/Soils of KwaZulu-Natal|Soils of KwaZulu-Natal]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/soil|soil]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/soil microbiology|soil microbiology]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/soil organic matter|soil organic matter]]&lt;br&gt;

[[User:Alandmanson/Bracken fern and soil fertility|Bracken fern and soil fertility]]&lt;br&gt;</text>
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{{CountryHeader|File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany}}

{{HTitle|General Information}} 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany. Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romani, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian and other Balkan languages, as well as Russian. 

{{HTitle|History of Audiology}}
The development of Audiology in Germany as a scientific discipline started in the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. An important milestone was the publication by the German physicist and physician [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz] entitled &quot;On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music&quot; in 1863. After World War II, Audiology was defined as a sub-discipline of Otorhinolaryngologists. In 1949 the working group ADA („Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Audiologen“) was founded at the first conference of ENT physicians and expanded in 1973 by including Otology and Neurotology („[https://adano.hno.org Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutschsprachiger Audiologen und Neurootologen]“). The first chairman was [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Meyer_zum_Gottesberge Prof. Dr. Alf Meyer zum Gottesberge]. ADANO still exists as a working group of the German Society for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery ([https://hno.org Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V.]). In 1979, the subgroup AG-ERA („[http://ag-era.bplaced.net/wordpress/ Arbeitsgruppe Elektrische Reaktionsaudiometrie]“, working group electric response audiometry) was founded by Prof. Dr. Günter Stange in Hannover. At annual meetings of the AG-ERA the latest developments in objective audiometry are discussed.

In 1996, the German Society of Audiology ([https://dga-ev.com DGA, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie]) was founded in Münster as an independent interdisciplinary scientific association of experts who deal with hearing, hearing disorders, and their diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation, and prevention. As a scientific society, the DGA promotes professional exchange, the further development of audiological standards, and networking among its members from medicine, natural sciences, engineering, education, psychology, and related disciplines. Today, the DGA has more than 600 society members. A detailed description of the development of Audiology in Germany is given in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kießling|first=Jürgen|date=2021-08-01|title=Die Entwicklung der Audiologie - von Helmholtz bis heute|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388920300933|journal=Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik|series=Special Issue: Audiology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=238–253|doi=10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.08.003|issn=0939-3889}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss}}
Epidemiological data on the prevalence of hearing disorders in Germany are sparse. A 2019 systematic review examinedstudies on prevalence or incidence of hearing impairment among German adults. The prevalences ascertained showed a broad range of between 16% and 25% and varied according to age, study setting, definition of hearing loss and method of data capture. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Löhler|first=Jan|last2=Walther|first2=Leif Erik|last3=Hansen|first3=Fynn|last4=Kapp|first4=Philipp|last5=Meerpohl|first5=Jörg|last6=Wollenberg|first6=Barbara|last7=Schönweiler|first7=Rainer|last8=Schmucker|first8=Christine|date=2019-04|title=The prevalence of hearing loss and use of hearing aids among adults in Germany: a systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30737583|journal=European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|volume=276|issue=4|pages=945–956|doi=10.1007/s00405-019-05312-z|issn=1434-4726|pmc=6426811|pmid=30737583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2023 study investigated the prevalence of hearing disorders and the actual provision with hearing aids in the city of Mainz and the neighboring Mainz‒Bingen district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Döge|first=Julia|last2=Hackenberg|first2=Berit|last3=O Brien|first3=Karoline|last4=Bohnert|first4=Andrea|last5=Rader|first5=Tobias|last6=Beutel|first6=Manfred E.|last7=Münzel|first7=Thomas|last8=Pfeiffer|first8=Norbert|last9=Nagler|first9=Markus|date=2023-02-17|title=The Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Provision With Hearing Aids in the Gutenberg Health Study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36519221|journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International|volume=120|issue=Forthcoming|pages=99–106|doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0385|issn=1866-0452|pmc=10132285|pmid=36519221}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prevalence of hearing loss (regardless of severity) -in at least one ear was 40.6% in this study population. The hearing loss was mild in 22.5% of the participants, moderate in 8.3%. Some 2.8% had severe hearing loss. In this group, the women had better hearing than the men (by a mean 4.3 dB). The prevalence of hearing disorders rose with increasing age. Only 7.7% of the participants already had hearing aids for both ears. A 2021  study conducted in the same region of German reported  the prevalence of 28.2% of hearing impairment of different degrees of severity. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hackenberg|first=Berit|last2=Döge|first2=Julia|last3=Lackner|first3=Karl J.|last4=Beutel|first4=Manfred E.|last5=Münzel|first5=Thomas|last6=Pfeiffer|first6=Norbert|last7=Nagler|first7=Markus|last8=Schmidtmann|first8=Irene|last9=Wild|first9=Philipp S.|date=2022-09|title=Hearing Loss and Its Burden of Disease in a Large German Cohort-Hearing Loss in Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904723|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=132|issue=9|pages=1843–1849|doi=10.1002/lary.29980|issn=1531-4995|pmid=34904723}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2024 a self-report study on the prevalence and co-prevalence of the audiovestibular symptoms hearing loss, tinnitus and dizziness in the Pomerania region of Germany reported a weighted prevalence of 14.2% for hearing loss, 9.7% for tinnitus, and 13.5% for dizziness in the population of 8134 study participants. Prevalence increased with age and differed among the sexes. Twenty eight of the study participants reported more than one symptom at once.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ihler|first=Friedrich|last2=Brzoska|first2=Tina|last3=Altindal|first3=Reyhan|last4=Dziemba|first4=Oliver|last5=Völzke|first5=Henry|last6=Busch|first6=Chia-Jung|last7=Ittermann|first7=Till|date=2024-07-31|title=Prevalence and risk factors of self-reported hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness in a population-based sample from rural northeastern Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39085387|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17739|doi=10.1038/s41598-024-68577-3|issn=2045-2322|pmc=11291685|pmid=39085387}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A population-based two-staged ‘screening’ and ‘follow-up’ newborn hearing screening program in North-Rhine, Germany and a hospital-based screening at a University Hospital was conducted for the 2007–2016 period. The 10-year coverage rate for these newborns was 98.7%, the referral rate after a failed two-step screening was 3.4%, and the lost-to-follow-up rate was 1% but no information on final diagnosis was provided.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thangavelu|first=Kruthika|last2=Martakis|first2=Kyriakos|last3=Feldmann|first3=Silke|last4=Roth|first4=Bernhard|last5=Herkenrath|first5=Peter|last6=Lang-Roth|first6=Ruth|date=2023-10-23|title=Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program: 10-Year Outcome and Follow-Up from a Screening Center in Germany|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2409-515X/9/4/61|journal=International Journal of Neonatal Screening|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=61|doi=10.3390/ijns9040061|issn=2409-515X|pmc=10594500|pmid=37873852}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Information About Audiology}}

=== Bachelor and Master courses in Audiology (audiologists) ===
Though the job title „Audiologist“ is not an officially protected professional title, it is usually used for people with an academic education on bachelor (B.Sc.) or master level (M.Sc.). There are three universities in Germany offering a bachelor program and two universities offering master courses. In total, around 20 astudents finish their academic courses per year. In addition, a significant number of audiologists have primary education in physics, engineering and other related disciplines with appropriate individual training.

=== Audiometrists ===
Hearing healthcare is primarily part of ENT doctors in cabinets. Audiometry is usually done by specialized nurses or audiometrists. Audiometrists have usually an education as medical technologist („Medizinischer Technologe, MTF“)Most of audiometry is done 
Hearing Aid acousticians
{{HTitle|Scope of Practice and Licensing}}

{{HTitle|Professional and Regulatory Bodies}}

=== Services offered by Otolaryngologists ===
ENT doctors perform physical examination and all necessary audiometric test for diagnosis of hearing loss. In particular, they perform subjective and objective tests in order to determine the cause and extent of hearing loss. Associated disorders such as Tinnitus, Hyperacusis nad vestibular disorders are als diagnosed by ENT specialists. When no causative treatment of hearing loss is available Hearing Aids (HAs) are prescribed. The regulatory basis for hearing aid prescription is the Guideline for assistive devices (&quot;[https://www.g-ba.de/downloads/62-492-3815/HilfsM-RL_2025-02-20_iK-2025-05-16.pdf Hilfsmittelrichtlinie]&quot;). Roughly, specific audiometric criteria for puretone tresholds and speech recognition have to be fulfilled in order to justify HA prescription. A comprehensive description of the process is given in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoppe|first=Ulrich|last2=Hesse|first2=Gerhard|date=2017-12-18|title=Hearing aids: indications, technology, adaptation, and quality control|url=https://www.egms.de/static/en/journals/cto/2017-16/cto000147.shtml|journal=GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|language=engl|volume=16|pages=Doc08|doi=10.3205/cto000147|issn=1865-1011}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Services offered by Hearing Aid Acousticians ===
Hearing Aid Acousticians (HAA) are non-academic craftsmen. based on the prescription they select appropriate hearing aids and perform the HA fitting.Powers and duties are regulated by the &quot;[https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/h_rakmstrv/BJNR020700022.html Hörakustikermeisterverordnung]&quot;. As demanded by §30 in the Hilfsmittelrichtlinie the success of an HA provision is confirmed by an ENT doctor at the end of the trial period. Standard health insurance covers costs for hearing aids up to about 800 € per HA including otoplastic and fitting.{{HTitle|Ongoing audiology research}}Audiology research is done in clinics, in technical and psychological departments as well in biological departments at universities.  Scienitifc exchange is mainly organized by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie ([https://dga-ev.com/ DGA]) at annual conferences. The DGA comprises five working groups (&quot;Fachausschüsse&quot;) focusing on 

* Audiometry and Quality Assurance
* Hearing Aid Technology and Hearing Aid provision
* Pediatric Audiology
* Cochlear Implant Provision
* Neurotology and Vestibular System

Official publication organ of the DGA is the open access journal  [https://www.egms.de/dynamic/de/journals/zaud/index.htm Zeitschrift für Audiologie].

{{HTitle|Challenges, Opportunities and Notes}}Germany pioneered social health insurance in 1883 based on the social legislation of Otto von Bismarck. Today Germany's health system is strong and hearing healthcare is mainly covered by social insurance. Newborn hearings screening was established in 2009 and is completely covered by social insurance. Additionally, hearing diagnostics and therapy (including hearing aids and cochlear implants) are usually paid in total or partly by the statutory health insurance. However, several challenges remain. For example, the adoption rate of hearing aids is only 47% of those with self-declared hearing loss&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=file:///C:/Users/hoppeuh/Downloads/EuroTrak_GERMANY_2025-1.pdf|title=Euro Track Germany 2025|access-date=May, 5th 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and about 5.1% of the total population. {{HTitle|Audiology Charities}}The largest foundation for hearing research is the [https://kind-hoerstiftung.de/ KIND Hörstiftung]. According to its statutes, the KIND Hörstiftung aims to reduce the impact of hearing impairment and to foster full participation in social life of hearing impaired people. The foundation's instruments are funding of hearing research projects. Furthermore, it organize a biennial interdisciplinary colloquium and awards a Foundation Prize for outstanding scieitfic work in the fiedl of Audiology. Decisions regarding the allocation of funds are made by the Scientific Board and the Foundation Council.

There are several self-help groups for Tinnitus ([https://www.tinnitus-liga.de/ Deutsche TinitusLiga, DTL]), hearing loss ([https://schwerhoerigen-netz.de/ Deutscher Schwerhörigenbund, DSB]) , and Cochlear Implants ([https://dcig.de/ Deutsche Cochlea Implantat Gesellschaft, DCIG]).  {{HTitle|References}}
{{reflist}}


{{:Global Audiology/Authors-1|Ulrich Hoppe | https://de.linkedin.com/in/ulrich-hoppe-3397238b }}

[[Category:Audiology]]
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{{HTitle|General Information}} 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany. Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romani, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian and other Balkan languages, as well as Russian. 

{{HTitle|History of Audiology}}
The development of Audiology in Germany as a scientific discipline started in the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. An important milestone was the publication by the German physicist and physician [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz] entitled &quot;On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music&quot; in 1863. After World War II, Audiology was defined as a sub-discipline of Otorhinolaryngologists. In 1949 the working group ADA („Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Audiologen“) was founded at the first conference of ENT physicians and expanded in 1973 by including Otology and Neurotology („[https://adano.hno.org Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutschsprachiger Audiologen und Neurootologen]“). The first chairman was [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Meyer_zum_Gottesberge Prof. Dr. Alf Meyer zum Gottesberge]. ADANO still exists as a working group of the German Society for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery ([https://hno.org Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V.]). In 1979, the subgroup AG-ERA („[http://ag-era.bplaced.net/wordpress/ Arbeitsgruppe Elektrische Reaktionsaudiometrie]“, working group electric response audiometry) was founded by Prof. Dr. Günter Stange in Hannover. At annual meetings of the AG-ERA the latest developments in objective audiometry are discussed.

In 1996, the German Society of Audiology ([https://dga-ev.com DGA, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie]) was founded in Münster as an independent interdisciplinary scientific association of experts who deal with hearing, hearing disorders, and their diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation, and prevention. As a scientific society, the DGA promotes professional exchange, the further development of audiological standards, and networking among its members from medicine, natural sciences, engineering, education, psychology, and related disciplines. Today, the DGA has more than 600 society members. A detailed description of the development of Audiology in Germany is given in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kießling|first=Jürgen|date=2021-08-01|title=Die Entwicklung der Audiologie - von Helmholtz bis heute|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388920300933|journal=Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik|series=Special Issue: Audiology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=238–253|doi=10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.08.003|issn=0939-3889}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss}}
Epidemiological data on the prevalence of hearing disorders in Germany are sparse. In 2017, a study conducted in two regions in Germany found hearing impairment in approximately 16% of adults when applying the WHO criterion&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=von Gablenz|first=Petra|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Eckehardt|last3=Holube|first3=Inga|title=Prevalence of hearing loss in Northern and Southern Germany|journal=HNO|volume=65|pages=S130-S135|doi=DOI 10.1007/s00106-016-0318-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  A 2019 systematic review examinedstudies on prevalence or incidence of hearing impairment among German adults. The prevalences ascertained showed a broad range of between 16% and 25% and varied according to age, study setting, definition of hearing loss and method of data capture. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Löhler|first=Jan|last2=Walther|first2=Leif Erik|last3=Hansen|first3=Fynn|last4=Kapp|first4=Philipp|last5=Meerpohl|first5=Jörg|last6=Wollenberg|first6=Barbara|last7=Schönweiler|first7=Rainer|last8=Schmucker|first8=Christine|date=2019-04|title=The prevalence of hearing loss and use of hearing aids among adults in Germany: a systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30737583|journal=European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|volume=276|issue=4|pages=945–956|doi=10.1007/s00405-019-05312-z|issn=1434-4726|pmc=6426811|pmid=30737583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2023 study investigated the prevalence of hearing disorders and the actual provision with hearing aids in the city of Mainz and the neighboring Mainz‒Bingen district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Döge|first=Julia|last2=Hackenberg|first2=Berit|last3=O Brien|first3=Karoline|last4=Bohnert|first4=Andrea|last5=Rader|first5=Tobias|last6=Beutel|first6=Manfred E.|last7=Münzel|first7=Thomas|last8=Pfeiffer|first8=Norbert|last9=Nagler|first9=Markus|date=2023-02-17|title=The Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Provision With Hearing Aids in the Gutenberg Health Study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36519221|journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International|volume=120|issue=Forthcoming|pages=99–106|doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0385|issn=1866-0452|pmc=10132285|pmid=36519221}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prevalence of hearing loss (regardless of severity) -in at least one ear was 40.6% in this study population. The hearing loss was mild in 22.5% of the participants, moderate in 8.3%. Some 2.8% had severe hearing loss. In this group, the women had better hearing than the men (by a mean 4.3 dB). The prevalence of hearing disorders rose with increasing age. Only 7.7% of the participants already had hearing aids for both ears. A 2021  study conducted in the same region of German reported  the prevalence of 28.2% of hearing impairment of different degrees of severity. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hackenberg|first=Berit|last2=Döge|first2=Julia|last3=Lackner|first3=Karl J.|last4=Beutel|first4=Manfred E.|last5=Münzel|first5=Thomas|last6=Pfeiffer|first6=Norbert|last7=Nagler|first7=Markus|last8=Schmidtmann|first8=Irene|last9=Wild|first9=Philipp S.|date=2022-09|title=Hearing Loss and Its Burden of Disease in a Large German Cohort-Hearing Loss in Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904723|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=132|issue=9|pages=1843–1849|doi=10.1002/lary.29980|issn=1531-4995|pmid=34904723}}&lt;/ref&gt; These large numbers for prevalence are discussed vigorously and may be due to insufficient consideration of age distribution.

In 2024 a self-report study on the prevalence and co-prevalence of the audiovestibular symptoms hearing loss, tinnitus and dizziness in the Pomerania region of Germany reported a weighted prevalence of 14.2% for hearing loss, 9.7% for tinnitus, and 13.5% for dizziness in the population of 8134 study participants. Prevalence increased with age and differed among the sexes. Twenty eight of the study participants reported more than one symptom at once.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ihler|first=Friedrich|last2=Brzoska|first2=Tina|last3=Altindal|first3=Reyhan|last4=Dziemba|first4=Oliver|last5=Völzke|first5=Henry|last6=Busch|first6=Chia-Jung|last7=Ittermann|first7=Till|date=2024-07-31|title=Prevalence and risk factors of self-reported hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness in a population-based sample from rural northeastern Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39085387|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17739|doi=10.1038/s41598-024-68577-3|issn=2045-2322|pmc=11291685|pmid=39085387}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A population-based two-staged ‘screening’ and ‘follow-up’ newborn hearing screening program in North-Rhine, Germany and a hospital-based screening at a University Hospital was conducted for the 2007–2016 period. The 10-year coverage rate for these newborns was 98.7%, the referral rate after a failed two-step screening was 3.4%, and the lost-to-follow-up rate was 1% but no information on final diagnosis was provided.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thangavelu|first=Kruthika|last2=Martakis|first2=Kyriakos|last3=Feldmann|first3=Silke|last4=Roth|first4=Bernhard|last5=Herkenrath|first5=Peter|last6=Lang-Roth|first6=Ruth|date=2023-10-23|title=Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program: 10-Year Outcome and Follow-Up from a Screening Center in Germany|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2409-515X/9/4/61|journal=International Journal of Neonatal Screening|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=61|doi=10.3390/ijns9040061|issn=2409-515X|pmc=10594500|pmid=37873852}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Information About Audiology}}

=== Bachelor and Master courses in Audiology (audiologists) ===
Though the job title „Audiologist“ is not an officially protected professional title, it is usually used for people with an academic education on bachelor (B.Sc.) or master level (M.Sc.). There are three universities in Germany offering a bachelor program and two universities offering master courses. In total, around 20 astudents finish their academic courses per year. In addition, a significant number of audiologists have primary education in physics, engineering and other related disciplines with appropriate individual training.

=== Audiometrists ===
Hearing healthcare is primarily part of ENT doctors in cabinets. Audiometry is usually done by specialized nurses or audiometrists. Audiometrists have usually an education as medical technologist („Medizinischer Technologe, MTF“)Most of audiometry is done 
Hearing Aid acousticians
{{HTitle|Scope of Practice and Licensing}}

{{HTitle|Professional and Regulatory Bodies}}

=== Services offered by Otolaryngologists ===
ENT doctors perform physical examination and all necessary audiometric test for diagnosis of hearing loss. In particular, they perform subjective and objective tests in order to determine the cause and extent of hearing loss. Associated disorders such as Tinnitus, Hyperacusis nad vestibular disorders are als diagnosed by ENT specialists. When no causative treatment of hearing loss is available Hearing Aids (HAs) are prescribed. The regulatory basis for hearing aid prescription is the Guideline for assistive devices (&quot;[https://www.g-ba.de/downloads/62-492-3815/HilfsM-RL_2025-02-20_iK-2025-05-16.pdf Hilfsmittelrichtlinie]&quot;). Roughly, specific audiometric criteria for puretone tresholds and speech recognition have to be fulfilled in order to justify HA prescription. A comprehensive description of the process is given in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoppe|first=Ulrich|last2=Hesse|first2=Gerhard|date=2017-12-18|title=Hearing aids: indications, technology, adaptation, and quality control|url=https://www.egms.de/static/en/journals/cto/2017-16/cto000147.shtml|journal=GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|language=engl|volume=16|pages=Doc08|doi=10.3205/cto000147|issn=1865-1011}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Services offered by Hearing Aid Acousticians ===
Hearing Aid Acousticians (HAA) are non-academic craftsmen. based on the prescription they select appropriate hearing aids and perform the HA fitting.Powers and duties are regulated by the &quot;[https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/h_rakmstrv/BJNR020700022.html Hörakustikermeisterverordnung]&quot;. As demanded by §30 in the Hilfsmittelrichtlinie the success of an HA provision is confirmed by an ENT doctor at the end of the trial period. Standard health insurance covers costs for hearing aids up to about 800 € per HA including otoplastic and fitting.{{HTitle|Ongoing audiology research}}Audiology research is done in clinics, in technical and psychological departments as well in biological departments at universities.  Scienitifc exchange is mainly organized by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie ([https://dga-ev.com/ DGA]) at annual conferences. The DGA comprises five working groups (&quot;Fachausschüsse&quot;) focusing on 

* Audiometry and Quality Assurance
* Hearing Aid Technology and Hearing Aid provision
* Pediatric Audiology
* Cochlear Implant Provision
* Neurotology and Vestibular System

Official publication organ of the DGA is the open access journal  [https://www.egms.de/dynamic/de/journals/zaud/index.htm Zeitschrift für Audiologie].

{{HTitle|Challenges, Opportunities and Notes}}Germany pioneered social health insurance in 1883 based on the social legislation of Otto von Bismarck. Today Germany's health system is strong and hearing healthcare is mainly covered by social insurance. Newborn hearings screening was established in 2009 and is completely covered by social insurance. Additionally, hearing diagnostics and therapy (including hearing aids and cochlear implants) are usually paid in total or partly by the statutory health insurance. However, several challenges remain. For example, the adoption rate of hearing aids is only 47% of those with self-declared hearing loss&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=file:///C:/Users/hoppeuh/Downloads/EuroTrak_GERMANY_2025-1.pdf|title=Euro Track Germany 2025|access-date=May, 5th 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and about 5.1% of the total population. {{HTitle|Audiology Charities}}The largest foundation for hearing research is the [https://kind-hoerstiftung.de/ KIND Hörstiftung]. According to its statutes, the KIND Hörstiftung aims to reduce the impact of hearing impairment and to foster full participation in social life of hearing impaired people. The foundation's instruments are funding of hearing research projects. Furthermore, it organize a biennial interdisciplinary colloquium and awards a Foundation Prize for outstanding scieitfic work in the fiedl of Audiology. Decisions regarding the allocation of funds are made by the Scientific Board and the Foundation Council.

There are several self-help groups for Tinnitus ([https://www.tinnitus-liga.de/ Deutsche TinitusLiga, DTL]), hearing loss ([https://schwerhoerigen-netz.de/ Deutscher Schwerhörigenbund, DSB]) , and Cochlear Implants ([https://dcig.de/ Deutsche Cochlea Implantat Gesellschaft, DCIG]).  {{HTitle|References}}
{{reflist}}


{{:Global Audiology/Authors-1|Ulrich Hoppe | https://de.linkedin.com/in/ulrich-hoppe-3397238b }}

[[Category:Audiology]]
[[Category:Germany]]</text>
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{{:Global Audiology/Europe/Header}}
{{CountryHeader|File:Germany (orthographic projection).svg|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany}}

{{HTitle|General Information}} 
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany Germany], officially the Federal Republic of Germany, is a country in Central Europe. It lies between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea to the north and the Alps to the south. German is the official and predominantly spoken language in Germany. Recognised native minority languages in Germany are Danish, Low German, Low Rhenish, Sorbian, Romani, North Frisian and Saterland Frisian; they are officially protected by the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. The most used immigrant languages are Turkish, Arabic, Kurdish, Polish, Italian, Greek, Spanish, Serbo-Croatian, Bulgarian and other Balkan languages, as well as Russian. 

{{HTitle|History of Audiology}}
The development of Audiology in Germany as a scientific discipline started in the 19&lt;sup&gt;th&lt;/sup&gt; century. An important milestone was the publication by the German physicist and physician [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz Hermann von Helmholtz] entitled &quot;On the sensations of tone as a physiological basis for the theory of music&quot; in 1863. After World War II, Audiology was defined as a sub-discipline of Otorhinolaryngologists. In 1949 the working group ADA („Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutscher Audiologen“) was founded at the first conference of ENT physicians and expanded in 1973 by including Otology and Neurotology („[https://adano.hno.org Arbeitsgemeinschaft Deutschsprachiger Audiologen und Neurootologen]“). The first chairman was [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_Meyer_zum_Gottesberge Prof. Dr. Alf Meyer zum Gottesberge]. ADANO still exists as a working group of the German Society for Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery ([https://hno.org Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hals-Nasen-Ohrenheilkunde, Kopf- und Hals-Chirurgie e.V.]). In 1979, the subgroup AG-ERA („[http://ag-era.bplaced.net/wordpress/ Arbeitsgruppe Elektrische Reaktionsaudiometrie]“, working group electric response audiometry) was founded by Prof. Dr. Günter Stange in Hannover. At annual meetings of the AG-ERA the latest developments in objective audiometry are discussed.

In 1996, the German Society of Audiology ([https://dga-ev.com DGA, Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie]) was founded in Münster as an independent interdisciplinary scientific association of experts who deal with hearing, hearing disorders, and their diagnosis, therapy, rehabilitation, and prevention. As a scientific society, the DGA promotes professional exchange, the further development of audiological standards, and networking among its members from medicine, natural sciences, engineering, education, psychology, and related disciplines. Today, the DGA has more than 600 society members. A detailed description of the development of Audiology in Germany is given in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kießling|first=Jürgen|date=2021-08-01|title=Die Entwicklung der Audiologie - von Helmholtz bis heute|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0939388920300933|journal=Zeitschrift für Medizinische Physik|series=Special Issue: Audiology|volume=31|issue=3|pages=238–253|doi=10.1016/j.zemedi.2020.08.003|issn=0939-3889}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss}}
Epidemiological data on the prevalence of hearing disorders in Germany are sparse. In 2017, a study conducted in two regions in Germany found hearing impairment in approximately 16% of adults when applying the WHO criterion&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=von Gablenz|first=Petra|last2=Hoffmann|first2=Eckehardt|last3=Holube|first3=Inga|title=Prevalence of hearing loss in Northern and Southern Germany|journal=HNO|volume=65|pages=S130-S135|doi=DOI 10.1007/s00106-016-0318-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  A 2019 systematic review examinedstudies on prevalence or incidence of hearing impairment among German adults. The prevalences ascertained showed a broad range of between 16% and 25% and varied according to age, study setting, definition of hearing loss and method of data capture. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Löhler|first=Jan|last2=Walther|first2=Leif Erik|last3=Hansen|first3=Fynn|last4=Kapp|first4=Philipp|last5=Meerpohl|first5=Jörg|last6=Wollenberg|first6=Barbara|last7=Schönweiler|first7=Rainer|last8=Schmucker|first8=Christine|date=2019-04|title=The prevalence of hearing loss and use of hearing aids among adults in Germany: a systematic review|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30737583|journal=European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology: official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS): affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|volume=276|issue=4|pages=945–956|doi=10.1007/s00405-019-05312-z|issn=1434-4726|pmc=6426811|pmid=30737583}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2023 study investigated the prevalence of hearing disorders and the actual provision with hearing aids in the city of Mainz and the neighboring Mainz‒Bingen district.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Döge|first=Julia|last2=Hackenberg|first2=Berit|last3=O Brien|first3=Karoline|last4=Bohnert|first4=Andrea|last5=Rader|first5=Tobias|last6=Beutel|first6=Manfred E.|last7=Münzel|first7=Thomas|last8=Pfeiffer|first8=Norbert|last9=Nagler|first9=Markus|date=2023-02-17|title=The Prevalence of Hearing Loss and Provision With Hearing Aids in the Gutenberg Health Study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36519221|journal=Deutsches Arzteblatt International|volume=120|issue=Forthcoming|pages=99–106|doi=10.3238/arztebl.m2022.0385|issn=1866-0452|pmc=10132285|pmid=36519221}}&lt;/ref&gt; The prevalence of hearing loss (regardless of severity) -in at least one ear was 40.6% in this study population. The hearing loss was mild in 22.5% of the participants, moderate in 8.3%. Some 2.8% had severe hearing loss. In this group, the women had better hearing than the men (by a mean 4.3 dB). The prevalence of hearing disorders rose with increasing age. Only 7.7% of the participants already had hearing aids for both ears. A 2021  study conducted in the same region of German reported  the prevalence of 28.2% of hearing impairment of different degrees of severity. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hackenberg|first=Berit|last2=Döge|first2=Julia|last3=Lackner|first3=Karl J.|last4=Beutel|first4=Manfred E.|last5=Münzel|first5=Thomas|last6=Pfeiffer|first6=Norbert|last7=Nagler|first7=Markus|last8=Schmidtmann|first8=Irene|last9=Wild|first9=Philipp S.|date=2022-09|title=Hearing Loss and Its Burden of Disease in a Large German Cohort-Hearing Loss in Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34904723|journal=The Laryngoscope|volume=132|issue=9|pages=1843–1849|doi=10.1002/lary.29980|issn=1531-4995|pmid=34904723}}&lt;/ref&gt; These large numbers for prevalence are discussed vigorously and may be due to insufficient consideration of age distribution.

In 2024 a self-report study on the prevalence and co-prevalence of the audiovestibular symptoms hearing loss, tinnitus and dizziness in the Pomerania region of Germany reported a weighted prevalence of 14.2% for hearing loss, 9.7% for tinnitus, and 13.5% for dizziness in the population of 8134 study participants. Prevalence increased with age and differed among the sexes. Twenty eight of the study participants reported more than one symptom at once.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ihler|first=Friedrich|last2=Brzoska|first2=Tina|last3=Altindal|first3=Reyhan|last4=Dziemba|first4=Oliver|last5=Völzke|first5=Henry|last6=Busch|first6=Chia-Jung|last7=Ittermann|first7=Till|date=2024-07-31|title=Prevalence and risk factors of self-reported hearing loss, tinnitus, and dizziness in a population-based sample from rural northeastern Germany|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39085387|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=14|issue=1|pages=17739|doi=10.1038/s41598-024-68577-3|issn=2045-2322|pmc=11291685|pmid=39085387}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A population-based two-staged ‘screening’ and ‘follow-up’ newborn hearing screening program in North-Rhine, Germany and a hospital-based screening at a University Hospital was conducted for the 2007–2016 period. The 10-year coverage rate for these newborns was 98.7%, the referral rate after a failed two-step screening was 3.4%, and the lost-to-follow-up rate was 1% but no information on final diagnosis was provided.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Thangavelu|first=Kruthika|last2=Martakis|first2=Kyriakos|last3=Feldmann|first3=Silke|last4=Roth|first4=Bernhard|last5=Herkenrath|first5=Peter|last6=Lang-Roth|first6=Ruth|date=2023-10-23|title=Universal Newborn Hearing Screening Program: 10-Year Outcome and Follow-Up from a Screening Center in Germany|url=https://www.mdpi.com/2409-515X/9/4/61|journal=International Journal of Neonatal Screening|language=en|volume=9|issue=4|pages=61|doi=10.3390/ijns9040061|issn=2409-515X|pmc=10594500|pmid=37873852}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

{{HTitle|Information About Audiology}}

=== Bachelor and Master courses in Audiology (audiologists) ===
Though the job title „Audiologist“ is not an officially protected professional title, it is usually used for people with an academic education on bachelor (B.Sc.) or master level (M.Sc.). There are three universities in Germany offering a bachelor program and two universities offering master courses. In total, around 20 astudents finish their academic courses per year. In addition, a significant number of audiologists have primary education in physics, engineering and other related disciplines with appropriate individual training.

=== Audiometrists ===
Hearing healthcare is primarily part of ENT doctors in cabinets. Audiometry is usually done by specialized nurses or audiometrists. Audiometrists have usually an education as medical technologist („Medizinischer Technologe, MTF“)Most of audiometry is done 
Hearing Aid acousticians
{{HTitle|Scope of Practice and Licensing}}

{{HTitle|Professional and Regulatory Bodies}}

=== Services offered by Otolaryngologists ===
ENT doctors perform physical examination and all necessary audiometric test for diagnosis of hearing loss. In particular, they perform subjective and objective tests in order to determine the cause and extent of hearing loss. Associated disorders such as Tinnitus, Hyperacusis nad vestibular disorders are als diagnosed by ENT specialists. When no causative treatment of hearing loss is available Hearing Aids (HAs) are prescribed. The regulatory basis for hearing aid prescription is the Guideline for assistive devices (&quot;[https://www.g-ba.de/downloads/62-492-3815/HilfsM-RL_2025-02-20_iK-2025-05-16.pdf Hilfsmittelrichtlinie]&quot;). Roughly, specific audiometric criteria for puretone tresholds and speech recognition have to be fulfilled in order to justify HA prescription. A comprehensive description of the process is given in&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hoppe|first=Ulrich|last2=Hesse|first2=Gerhard|date=2017-12-18|title=Hearing aids: indications, technology, adaptation, and quality control|url=https://www.egms.de/static/en/journals/cto/2017-16/cto000147.shtml|journal=GMS Current Topics in Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery|language=engl|volume=16|pages=Doc08|doi=10.3205/cto000147|issn=1865-1011}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== Services offered by Hearing Aid Acousticians ===
Hearing Aid Acousticians (HAA) are non-academic craftsmen. based on the prescription they select appropriate hearing aids and perform the HA fitting.Powers and duties are regulated by the &quot;[https://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/h_rakmstrv/BJNR020700022.html Hörakustikermeisterverordnung]&quot;. As demanded by §30 in the Hilfsmittelrichtlinie the success of an HA provision is confirmed by an ENT doctor at the end of the trial period. Standard health insurance covers costs for hearing aids up to about 800 € per HA including otoplastic and fitting.

=== Services offered by Pedagogical Audiologists ===
Pedagogical Audiologists (or: Educational Audiologists) have an academic qualification in special needs education and practical experience in teaching children who are deaf or hard of hearing. They should be qualified in a training programme in accordance with the [http://www.b-d-h.de/images/pdf/Paedagogische_Audiologie_Neuauflage_Broschuere_2020_05_11.pdf BDH and BUDIKO standards (&quot;Grundsatzpapier Pädagogische Audiologie&quot;) (2020).] Pedagogical audiologists carry out hearing and speech audiometry; they analyse test results and assess hearing, speech and communication behaviour to provide advice for parents and caretakers in (pre-)school environments. {{HTitle|Ongoing audiology research}}Audiology research is done in clinics, in technical and psychological departments as well in biological departments at universities.  Scienitifc exchange is mainly organized by the Deutsche Gesellschaft für Audiologie ([https://dga-ev.com/ DGA]) at annual conferences. The DGA comprises five working groups (&quot;Fachausschüsse&quot;) focusing on 

* Audiometry and Quality Assurance
* Hearing Aid Technology and Hearing Aid provision
* Pediatric Audiology
* Cochlear Implant Provision
* Neurotology and Vestibular System

Official publication organ of the DGA is the open access journal  [https://www.egms.de/dynamic/de/journals/zaud/index.htm Zeitschrift für Audiologie].

{{HTitle|Challenges, Opportunities and Notes}}Germany pioneered social health insurance in 1883 based on the social legislation of Otto von Bismarck. Today Germany's health system is strong and hearing healthcare is mainly covered by social insurance. Newborn hearings screening was established in 2009 and is completely covered by social insurance. Additionally, hearing diagnostics and therapy (including hearing aids and cochlear implants) are usually paid in total or partly by the statutory health insurance. However, several challenges remain. For example, the adoption rate of hearing aids is only 47% of those with self-declared hearing loss&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=file:///C:/Users/hoppeuh/Downloads/EuroTrak_GERMANY_2025-1.pdf|title=Euro Track Germany 2025|access-date=May, 5th 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; and about 5.1% of the total population. {{HTitle|Audiology Charities}}The largest foundation for hearing research is the [https://kind-hoerstiftung.de/ KIND Hörstiftung]. According to its statutes, the KIND Hörstiftung aims to reduce the impact of hearing impairment and to foster full participation in social life of hearing impaired people. The foundation's instruments are funding of hearing research projects. Furthermore, it organize a biennial interdisciplinary colloquium and awards a Foundation Prize for outstanding scieitfic work in the fiedl of Audiology. Decisions regarding the allocation of funds are made by the Scientific Board and the Foundation Council.

There are several self-help groups for Tinnitus ([https://www.tinnitus-liga.de/ Deutsche TinitusLiga, DTL]), hearing loss ([https://schwerhoerigen-netz.de/ Deutscher Schwerhörigenbund, DSB]) , and Cochlear Implants ([https://dcig.de/ Deutsche Cochlea Implantat Gesellschaft, DCIG]).  {{HTitle|References}}
{{reflist}}


{{:Global Audiology/Authors-1|Ulrich Hoppe | https://de.linkedin.com/in/ulrich-hoppe-3397238b }}

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[[File:Sorbus torminalis Trunk and canopy.jpg|thumb|310px|The intracanopy of a Wild Service Tree, i.e. &lt;small&gt;''Torminalis glaberrima'' (Gand.) Sennikov &amp; Kurtto, ''Memoranda Soc. Fauna Fl. Fenn.'' 93: 32 (2017).&lt;/small&gt;]]&lt;br /&gt;
 
Most of my wiki contributions are made to [[:species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] where I'm an administrator, bureaucrat and interface admin,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist (verify)]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; to the Swedish Wikimedia Chapter [[WMSE:|Wikimedia Sverige]] (WMSE) where I'm an administrator,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://se.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Användare&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and as administrator and interface administrator at the Swedish version of [[wikivoyage:sv:Huvudsida|Wikivoyage]].&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://sv.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

So far (May 8, 2026), I've made just over 392,000 edits to 153 of the Wikimedia sister projects&amp;nbsp;– the majority of them to Wikispecies and Wikidata. My global account information for all of Wikimedia can be found [[meta:Special:CentralAuth/Tommy Kronkvist|here]].

Swedish is my mother tongue&amp;nbsp;– even though I was born in Finland&amp;nbsp;– but I feel comfortable speaking and writing English and to some extent in German as well. Odd as it may seem, unfortunately I can't speak any Finnish even though I went to school there for a few years prior to moving to Sweden (see [[w:Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish-speaking population of Finland]] in Wikipedia). I've lived all over Sweden but nowadays reside in Uppsala, the fourth biggest city and former capital of Sweden.

I'm only the fourth generation named &quot;Kronkvist&quot;. My family name consists of two parts: ''kron'' – a short form of the Swedish word ''krona'' meaning 'crown', as in coronation crown or tree crown – and ''kvist'', meaning 'bough' or 'twig'. Hence the name ''Kronkvist'' refers to a twig in the canopy of a forest. I'm the fourth generation of Kronkvist's. Prior to that our family name was ''Mattus'': an oeconym meaning &quot;Matthew's Farm&quot;, dating back to at least 1637.
{{Clear}}
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Most of my wiki contributions are made to [[:species:Main Page|Wikispecies]] where I'm an administrator, bureaucrat and interface admin,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;[https://species.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist (verify)]&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; to the Swedish Wikimedia Chapter [[WMSE:|Wikimedia Sverige]] (WMSE) where I'm an administrator,&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://se.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Användare&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and as administrator and interface administrator at the Swedish version of [[wikivoyage:sv:Huvudsida|Wikivoyage]].&lt;small&gt;&lt;sup&gt;(&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://sv.wikivoyage.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&amp;limit=1&amp;username=Tommy_Kronkvist verify]&lt;/span&gt;)&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/small&gt;

So far (May 9, 2026), I've made just over 392,100 edits to 153 of the Wikimedia sister projects&amp;nbsp;– the majority of them to Wikispecies and Wikidata. My global account information for all of Wikimedia can be found [[meta:Special:CentralAuth/Tommy Kronkvist|here]].

Swedish is my mother tongue&amp;nbsp;– even though I was born in Finland&amp;nbsp;– but I feel comfortable speaking and writing English and to some extent in German as well. Odd as it may seem, unfortunately I can't speak any Finnish even though I went to school there for a few years prior to moving to Sweden (see [[w:Swedish-speaking population of Finland|Swedish-speaking population of Finland]] in Wikipedia). I've lived all over Sweden but nowadays reside in Uppsala, the fourth biggest city and former capital of Sweden.

I'm only the fourth generation named &quot;Kronkvist&quot;. My family name consists of two parts: ''kron'' – a short form of the Swedish word ''krona'' meaning 'crown', as in coronation crown or tree crown – and ''kvist'', meaning 'bough' or 'twig'. Hence the name ''Kronkvist'' refers to a twig in the canopy of a forest. I'm the fourth generation of Kronkvist's. Prior to that our family name was ''Mattus'': an oeconym meaning &quot;Matthew's Farm&quot;, dating back to at least 1637.
{{Clear}}
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{{CountryHeader|File:QAT orthographic.svg|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar}}

{{HTitle|General Information}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar Qatar], officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. Arabic is the official language, with Qatari Arabic being the local dialect. English is widely used in business and education. Other languages such as Hindi, Urdu, Nepali, and Tagalog are common among its diverse expatriate communities. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language Qatari Sign Language] is the language of the native Qatari deaf community.

{{HTitle|History of Audiology}}Audiology services in Qatar began in the early 2000s. Much of the progress was spearheaded by Dr Khalid Abdul Hadi, who established the Audiology and Balance Unit and laid the foundation for comprehensive hearing care. Under his leadership, [https://www.hamad.qa/EN/Pages/default.aspx Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)] introduced advanced diagnostic and rehabilitative services, and launched Universal Newborn Hearing Screening in 2006, which became a national health policy, screening over 75,000 newborns for early detection of hearing loss by the year 2012 (Hadi et al., 2013). Dr Abdul Hadi also served as the National Lead for the Council of Persons with Disabilities, advocating for inclusive health policies and accessibility initiatives. His efforts positioned Qatar as a regional leader in hearing health and cochlear implant services, which began in 2004.
Private sector contributions have also complemented public initiatives. Centers such as the [https://www.qish.info/ Qatar Institute for Speech and Hearing (QISH)] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahli_Hospital,_Hebron Al Ahli Hospital] are some of the earliest institutions in Qatar and have expanded from basic audiology and speech therapy to multidisciplinary rehabilitation services, including audiology, vestibular assessment, and auditory-verbal therapy.
{{HTitle|Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss}}Little is known about the actual epidemiology of hearing loss in Qatar, as comprehensive population-based studies are lacking. Existing data suggests a prevalence of approximately 5.2% in individuals born to parents of consanguineous marriages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bener|first=Abdulbari|last2=Eihakeem|first2=Amr A. M.|last3=Abdulhadi|first3=Khaled|date=2005-03|title=Is there any association between consanguinity and hearing loss|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15733591|journal=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology|volume=69|issue=3|pages=327–333|doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.10.004|issn=0165-5876|pmid=15733591}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Girotto|first=Giorgia|last2=Mezzavilla|first2=Massimo|last3=Abdulhadi|first3=Khalid|last4=Vuckovic|first4=Dragana|last5=Vozzi|first5=Diego|last6=Khalifa Alkowari|first6=Moza|last7=Gasparini|first7=Paolo|last8=Badii|first8=Ramin|date=2014|title=Consanguinity and hereditary hearing loss in Qatar|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060281|journal=Human Heredity|volume=77|issue=1-4|pages=175–182|doi=10.1159/000360475|issn=1423-0062|pmid=25060281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Genetic factors play a significant role due to high rates of consanguinity among the native population, which increases the risk of hereditary hearing loss (HHL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alkowari|first=Moza K.|last2=Vozzi|first2=Diego|last3=Bhagat|first3=Shruti|last4=Krishnamoorthy|first4=Navaneethakrishnan|last5=Morgan|first5=Anna|last6=Hayder|first6=Yousra|last7=Logendra|first7=Barathy|last8=Najjar|first8=Nehal|last9=Gandin|first9=Ilaria|date=2017-08|title=Targeted sequencing identifies novel variants involved in autosomal recessive hereditary hearing loss in Qatari families|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28501645|journal=Mutation Research|volume=800-802|pages=29–36|doi=10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.05.001|issn=1873-135X|pmid=28501645}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alkhidir|first=Shaza|last2=El-Akouri|first2=Karen|last3=Al-Dewik|first3=Nader|last4=Khodjet-El-Khil|first4=Houssein|last5=Okashah|first5=Sarah|last6=Islam|first6=Nazmul|last7=Ben-Omran|first7=Tawfeg|last8=Al-Shafai|first8=Mashael|date=2024-02-20|title=The genetic basis and the diagnostic yield of genetic testing related to nonsyndromic hearing loss in Qatar|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38378725|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=14|issue=1|pages=4202|doi=10.1038/s41598-024-52784-z|issn=2045-2322|pmc=10879212|pmid=38378725}}&lt;/ref&gt; These findings highlight the need for robust epidemiological research and targeted genetic counseling to inform national strategies for prevention and early intervention of hearing loss.

{{HTitle|Information About Audiology}}In both public and private sectors, audiologists in Qatar offer a comprehensive range of audiological services supported by advanced technology and skilled professionals. These services include:

•	Immittance Testing (tympanometry and acoustic reflexes)

•	Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) for cochlear function assessment

•	Pure Tone Audiometry (air and bone conduction)

•	Speech Audiometry for speech perception and discrimination

•	Hearing Aid Fitting and Verification, including real-ear and test box measurements

•	Cochlear Implant Candidacy Assessment and post-implant programming (only offered at HMC Audiology &amp; Balance Unit)

•	Auditory Evoked Potentials such as ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response), MLR (Middle Latency Response), and ALR (Auditory Late Response)

•	Vestibular Testing, including VEMP (Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials) and VNG (Video nystagmography)

{{HTitle|Scope of Practice and Licensing}}
Audiology Technologists: Autonomous practice including prevention, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of auditory and vestibular disorders; newborn screening; hearing aid and cochlear implant management; vestibular rehabilitation; advocacy; and research.

Audiology Technicians: Perform delegated tasks under supervision, such as otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, and otoacoustic emissions testing. Both roles require licensure and continuing professional development [https://dhp.moph.gov.qa/en/Pages/HowToRegisterToPracticeInQatar.aspx Ministry of Public Health, Qatar].

'''Professionals providing hearing care services'''

Hearing care in Qatar is delivered by a multidisciplinary team comprising:
Audiovestibular Physicians: Medical specialists in auditory and vestibular disorders.
* Audiology Technologists ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiology]): Licensed professionals providing diagnostic and rehabilitative services.
* Audiology Technicians: Support staff performing delegated tasks under supervision.
* Otolaryngologists, Otologists, and Otoneurologists: Physicians managing surgical interventions and complex vestibular disorders.
* Speech-Language Pathologists: Provide auditory-verbal therapy for children with hearing loss.

Services offered by Otolaryngologists, Otologists and Otoneurologists
These specialists provide:

•	Surgical management of middle and inner ear disorders (myringotomy, tympanoplasty, ossiculoplasty, mastoidectomy, middle ear exploration, intratympanic steroid/antibiotic injections, tumour resections, eustachian tube dilation.

•	Implantation devices: Cochlear implant surgeries (HMC only), Osseo integrated implants (Sidra Medicine only), BAHA and postoperative care.

•	Diagnosis and treatment of vestibular disorders, including vestibular rehabilitation.

According to the registered practitioners list from the Ministry of Public Health (January, 2026), the following numbers are currently registered:
* Audiology Technologists:     50
* Audiology Technicians:       45
* Audio-vestibular physicians:  8
* Otolaryngologists:         245
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'''Role of primary health care providers and community health workers in hearing care'''

Audiologists employed at [https://www.phcc.gov.qa/health-centers Primary Healthcare Centres] (PHCC) facilitate early detection through screening programs and referrals to secondary and tertiary centres. As Doha and the Greater Doha areas are predominantly urban areas and have the highest population concentration, there are more than 31 PHCCs located across Qatar, with additional private health facilities providing both primary and secondary audiology services. The larger PHCCs, or Health Centres, typically have rotating Otolaryngology services to manage basic ENT conditions and will refer to higher levels of care when needed. 

Adults and adolescents are typically referred to the Audiology and Balance unit at the HMC Ambulatory Care Centre (Main medical hub- urban), Al Wakra Hospital (south-urban), Al Khor Hospital (north-rural), Aisha bint Hamad Al Attiyah Hospital (north peri-urban), or Cuban Hospital (east-rural). All these facilities are located across the country, allowing equitable access to care in both urban and rural areas.

For paediatric and specialised cases, referrals are usually directed to Sidra Medicine, a non-profit for public benefit hospital, part of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Foundation Qatar Foundation]. This referral network provides accessibility to free or highly subsidised specialist services even at a primary level for individuals of all ages.
Laws related to hearing care services
All healthcare professions, regardless of profession, are regulated by the Department of Healthcare Professions (DHP) under the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Qatar) Ministry of Public Health] (MOPH). Licensing, competency validation, and adherence to ethical and legal standards are mandatory for all practitioners. National health insurance ensures free access for Qatari citizens and subsidized care for expatriates ([https://hamad.qa/EN/Patient-Information/How-To-Get-A-Health-Card/Pages/default.aspx Hamad Medical Corporation, 2025]).

'''Education and Professional Practice'''

Education of professionals working in hearing care services Qatar currently lacks a dedicated audiology degree program. Most, if not all audiologists are recruited internationally, resulting in varied competencies. A three-tiered workforce structure exists:

* Audio-vestibular Physicians- Medical practitioners specialized in audiological and vestibular disorders
* Audiology Technologists – Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in audiology or related fields [https://dhp.moph.gov.qa/en/Pages/HowToRegisterToPracticeInQatar.aspx Ministry of Public Health, Qatar] (2020).
* Audiology Technicians –Trained through a one-year diploma program.
* Qatar University introduced a Bachelor’s Speech-Language Pathology program in 2023, signaling potential future expansion into audiology education ([https://www.qu.edu.qa/en-us/Colleges/chs/physical-therapy/Pages/speech-and-language-pathology.aspx Qatar University, 2025]).

{{HTitle|Professional and Regulatory Bodies}}The Department of Healthcare Professions (DHP) regulates audiology practice, licensing, and competency standards. Professionals must meet educational and experiential criteria, pass qualifying examinations, and adhere to ethical and legal frameworks.{{HTitle|Ongoing audiology research}}Research in audiology within Qatar has primarily focused on consanguinity, genetics, and hereditary hearing loss, reflecting the high prevalence of genetic disorders in the population. Numerous studies have identified novel gene mutations associated with hearing impairment,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Khalifa Alkowari|first=M.|last2=Girotto|first2=G.|last3=Abdulhadi|first3=K.|last4=Dipresa|first4=S.|last5=Siam|first5=R.|last6=Najjar|first6=N.|last7=Badii|first7=R.|last8=Gasparini|first8=P.|date=2012-03|title=GJB2 and GJB6 genes and the A1555G mitochondrial mutation are only minor causes of nonsyndromic hearing loss in the Qatari population|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22103400|journal=International Journal of Audiology|volume=51|issue=3|pages=181–185|doi=10.3109/14992027.2011.625983|issn=1708-8186|pmid=22103400}}&lt;/ref&gt; and new findings continue to emerge annually, highlighting Qatar’s contribution to global genetic research.
In addition to genetic studies, newborn hearing screening has also been a research theme. Three key studies have evaluated newborn hearing screening programs over time: one from the public sector, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Abdul Hadi|first=K.|last2=Salahaldin|first2=A.|last3=Al Qahtani|first3=A.|last4=Al Musleh|first4=Z.|last5=Al Sulaitin|first5=M.|last6=Bener|first6=A.|last7=Chandra|first7=P.|last8=Alawi|first8=F.|date=2012|title=Universal neonatal hearing screening: Six years of experience in Qatar|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25003040|journal=Qatar Medical Journal|volume=2012|issue=2|pages=42–50|doi=10.5339/qmj.2012.2.12|issn=0253-8253|pmc=3991045|pmid=25003040}}&lt;/ref&gt; another from the private sector,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Elsanadiky|first=HanaaH|last2=Afifi|first2=PrettyO|date=2017|title=Universal neonatal hearing screening program in private hospital, Qatar|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/tmj.tmj_24_17|journal=Tanta Medical Journal|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=175|doi=10.4103/tmj.tmj_24_17|issn=1110-1415}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a recent study from a semi-government hospital highlighting continuous progress in early detection and intervention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Andreas|first=Jarreth Noël|last2=Amde|first2=Woldekidan Kifle|last3=Roomaney|first3=Rifqah Abeeda|date=2025-12-15|title=Risk factors associated with hearing loss in neonates: A retrospective cross-sectional study from Qatar|url=https://www.qscience.com/content/journals/10.5339/qmj.2025.99|journal=Qatar Medical Journal|language=en|volume=2025|issue=4|doi=10.5339/qmj.2025.99|issn=0253-8253}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Other research areas include investigations into clinical associations with hearing loss, notably:

* COVID-19 and auditory complications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chandran|first=Reni K|last2=Abdulhadi|first2=Khalid|last3=Al-Shaikhly|first3=Sarah|last4=Arangodan|first4=Mohammed Ameen|last5=Ramadan|first5=Nadeen Mousa Issa|last6=Aldeeb|first6=Shahed Jehad Ahmad|last7=Sathian|first7=Brijesh|date=2024-12-24|title=Hearing Loss in COVID-19 Patients: An Audiological Profile of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients in Qatar|url=https://www.cureus.com/articles/321104-hearing-loss-in-covid-19-patients-an-audiological-profile-of-symptomatic-and-asymptomatic-covid-19-patients-in-qatar|journal=Cureus|language=en|doi=10.7759/cureus.76326|issn=2168-8184|pmc=11756780|pmid=39850173}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ototoxicity related to pharmacological treatments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al Musleh|first=Zainab|last2=Al Suliteen|first2=Maha|last3=Hadi|first3=Khalid|last4=El Abbadi|first4=Maysoun|last5=Omar|first5=Waleed|last6=Ali|first6=Awatif|last7=Al Amin|first7=Amna|last8=Alsufi|first8=Muna|last9=Alnajar|first9=Nehal|date=2016|title=Early detection of changes to hearing status attributed to treatment regimen with ototoxicity in the state of Qatar|url=http://www.aaj.eg.net/text.asp?2016/3/1/9/191236|journal=Advanced Arab Academy of Audio-Vestibulogy Journal|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=9|doi=10.4103/2314-8667.191236|issn=2314-8667}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Presbycusis, balance and age-related hearing decline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Omer|first=Walid E.|last2=Abdulhadi|first2=Khalid|last3=Shahbal|first3=Saad|last4=Neudert|first4=Marcus|last5=Siepmann|first5=Timo|date=2024-12-19|title=Vestibular Hypofunction in Patients with Presbycusis: A Cross-Sectional Study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39768690|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=13|issue=24|pages=7767|doi=10.3390/jcm13247767|issn=2077-0383|pmc=11727745|pmid=39768690}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clinician-led research by audiologists are however lacking and greatly needed.

{{HTitle|Challenges, Opportunities and Notes}}Healthcare in Qatar is well-funded and all residents have good access regardless of social standing. Due to the large number of expatriate workers, especially considering the country of origin, there may be differences in standardization of practice, particularly where protocols and guidelines relating to audiology and hearing care is affected. The Department of Healthcare Professions (DHP) regulates all healthcare professions in Qatar, however, Qatar may benefit from a local Audiological society which may help assist governmental organizations in making decisions regarding the profession. It could also assist in networking for case discussions, specialized continuous professional development, and putting a name to the face when referring across institutions.

Clinician-led research appears to be lacking. This will aid in understanding potential challenges and opportunities for growth on a grassroots level. Many audiologists working in Qatar have postgraduate training (e.g. Masters),  which includes have research experience. Further championing in this regard will help position the Audiology profession well in the country.

Lastly, the establishment of an Audiology programme at one of the local universities will further aid in ensuring the profession continues to thrive, is backed by research, and ensures that the next generation has an opportunity to pursue Audiology as a profession. The recruitment and onboarding of audiologists from abroad can be costly to employers, thus with the establishment of a local audiology programme, this ensures that local organizations have a steady supply of healthcare professionals, which will not only be cost-effective to the local economy, but also assist exporting countries in reducing brain-drain and transfer of skills abroad.


{{HTitle|Audiology Charities}}There are no specific audiological charities in Qatar, however, several charitable organizations play a vital role in supporting individuals who cannot afford audiological services or assistive devices. The four main charities include:

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Charity Qatar Charity]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Red_Crescent_Society Qatar Red Crescent Society]
* Qatar Society for the Rehabilitation of Special Needs
* Qatar Cancer Society

These organizations are typically funded through a combination of government allocations, private benefactors, and Zakat contributions. When patients face financial barriers to accessing hearing care or associated treatments, they often approach these charities for assistance. Support is frequently coordinated through hospital social workers, who facilitate applications and liaise with charitable bodies to ensure timely provision of services and devices.

{{HTitle|References}}
{{reflist}}

{{Global Audiology Authors
|name1=Jarreth N. Andreas
|role1=Author
|researchgate1=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jarreth-Andreas
|name2=Nausheen Dawood
|role2=Contributor
|orcid2=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-2398/
}}

[[Category:Audiology]]
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{{CountryHeader|File:QAT orthographic.svg|https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar}}

{{HTitle|General Information}}
[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar Qatar], officially the State of Qatar, is a country in West Asia. It occupies the Qatar Peninsula on the northeastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East; it shares its sole land border with Saudi Arabia to the south, with the rest of its territory surrounded by the Persian Gulf. The Gulf of Bahrain, an inlet of the Persian Gulf, separates Qatar from nearby Bahrain. Arabic is the official language, with Qatari Arabic being the local dialect. English is widely used in business and education. Other languages such as Hindi, Urdu, Nepali, and Tagalog are common among its diverse expatriate communities. [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_Unified_Sign_Language Qatari Sign Language] is the language of the native Qatari deaf community.

{{HTitle|History of Audiology}}Audiology services in Qatar began in the early 2000s. Much of the progress was spearheaded by Dr Khalid Abdul Hadi, who established the Audiology and Balance Unit and laid the foundation for comprehensive hearing care. Under his leadership, [https://www.hamad.qa/EN/Pages/default.aspx Hamad Medical Corporation (HMC)] introduced advanced diagnostic and rehabilitative services, and launched Universal Newborn Hearing Screening in 2006, which became a national health policy, screening over 75,000 newborns for early detection of hearing loss by the year 2012 (Hadi et al., 2013). Dr Abdul Hadi also served as the National Lead for the Council of Persons with Disabilities, advocating for inclusive health policies and accessibility initiatives. His efforts positioned Qatar as a regional leader in hearing health and cochlear implant services, which began in 2004.
Private sector contributions have also complemented public initiatives. Centers such as the [https://www.qish.info/ Qatar Institute for Speech and Hearing (QISH)] and [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Ahli_Hospital,_Hebron Al Ahli Hospital] are some of the earliest institutions in Qatar and have expanded from basic audiology and speech therapy to multidisciplinary rehabilitation services, including audiology, vestibular assessment, and auditory-verbal therapy.
{{HTitle|Incidence and Prevalence of Hearing Loss}}Little is known about the actual epidemiology of hearing loss in Qatar, as comprehensive population-based studies are lacking. Existing data suggests a prevalence of approximately 5.2% in individuals born to parents of consanguineous marriages.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bener|first=Abdulbari|last2=Eihakeem|first2=Amr A. M.|last3=Abdulhadi|first3=Khaled|date=2005-03|title=Is there any association between consanguinity and hearing loss|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15733591|journal=International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology|volume=69|issue=3|pages=327–333|doi=10.1016/j.ijporl.2004.10.004|issn=0165-5876|pmid=15733591}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Girotto|first=Giorgia|last2=Mezzavilla|first2=Massimo|last3=Abdulhadi|first3=Khalid|last4=Vuckovic|first4=Dragana|last5=Vozzi|first5=Diego|last6=Khalifa Alkowari|first6=Moza|last7=Gasparini|first7=Paolo|last8=Badii|first8=Ramin|date=2014|title=Consanguinity and hereditary hearing loss in Qatar|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25060281|journal=Human Heredity|volume=77|issue=1-4|pages=175–182|doi=10.1159/000360475|issn=1423-0062|pmid=25060281}}&lt;/ref&gt; Genetic factors play a significant role due to high rates of consanguinity among the native population, which increases the risk of hereditary hearing loss (HHL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alkowari|first=Moza K.|last2=Vozzi|first2=Diego|last3=Bhagat|first3=Shruti|last4=Krishnamoorthy|first4=Navaneethakrishnan|last5=Morgan|first5=Anna|last6=Hayder|first6=Yousra|last7=Logendra|first7=Barathy|last8=Najjar|first8=Nehal|last9=Gandin|first9=Ilaria|date=2017-08|title=Targeted sequencing identifies novel variants involved in autosomal recessive hereditary hearing loss in Qatari families|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28501645|journal=Mutation Research|volume=800-802|pages=29–36|doi=10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2017.05.001|issn=1873-135X|pmid=28501645}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Alkhidir|first=Shaza|last2=El-Akouri|first2=Karen|last3=Al-Dewik|first3=Nader|last4=Khodjet-El-Khil|first4=Houssein|last5=Okashah|first5=Sarah|last6=Islam|first6=Nazmul|last7=Ben-Omran|first7=Tawfeg|last8=Al-Shafai|first8=Mashael|date=2024-02-20|title=The genetic basis and the diagnostic yield of genetic testing related to nonsyndromic hearing loss in Qatar|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38378725|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=14|issue=1|pages=4202|doi=10.1038/s41598-024-52784-z|issn=2045-2322|pmc=10879212|pmid=38378725}}&lt;/ref&gt; These findings highlight the need for robust epidemiological research and targeted genetic counseling to inform national strategies for prevention and early intervention of hearing loss.

{{HTitle|Information About Audiology}}In both public and private sectors, audiologists in Qatar offer a comprehensive range of audiological services supported by advanced technology and skilled professionals. These services include:

•	Immittance Testing (tympanometry and acoustic reflexes)

•	Otoacoustic Emissions (OAE) for cochlear function assessment

•	Pure Tone Audiometry (air and bone conduction)

•	Speech Audiometry for speech perception and discrimination

•	Hearing Aid Fitting and Verification, including real-ear and test box measurements

•	Cochlear Implant Candidacy Assessment and post-implant programming (only offered at HMC Audiology &amp; Balance Unit)

•	Auditory Evoked Potentials such as ABR (Auditory Brainstem Response), MLR (Middle Latency Response), and ALR (Auditory Late Response)

•	Vestibular Testing, including VEMP (Vestibular Evoked Myogenic Potentials) and VNG (Video nystagmography)

{{HTitle|Scope of Practice and Licensing}}
Audiology Technologists: Autonomous practice including prevention, diagnosis, and rehabilitation of auditory and vestibular disorders; newborn screening; hearing aid and cochlear implant management; vestibular rehabilitation; advocacy; and research.

Audiology Technicians: Perform delegated tasks under supervision, such as otoscopy, pure-tone audiometry, tympanometry, and otoacoustic emissions testing. Both roles require licensure and continuing professional development [https://dhp.moph.gov.qa/en/Pages/HowToRegisterToPracticeInQatar.aspx Ministry of Public Health, Qatar].

'''Professionals providing hearing care services'''

Hearing care in Qatar is delivered by a multidisciplinary team comprising:
Audiovestibular Physicians: Medical specialists in auditory and vestibular disorders.
* Audiology Technologists ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiology]): Licensed professionals providing diagnostic and rehabilitative services.
* Audiology Technicians: Support staff performing delegated tasks under supervision.
* Otolaryngologists, Otologists, and Otoneurologists: Physicians managing surgical interventions and complex vestibular disorders.
* Speech-Language Pathologists: Provide auditory-verbal therapy for children with hearing loss.

Services offered by Otolaryngologists, Otologists and Otoneurologists
These specialists provide:

•	Surgical management of middle and inner ear disorders (myringotomy, tympanoplasty, ossiculoplasty, mastoidectomy, middle ear exploration, intratympanic steroid/antibiotic injections, tumour resections, eustachian tube dilation.

•	Implantation devices: Cochlear implant surgeries (HMC only), Osseo integrated implants (Sidra Medicine only), BAHA and postoperative care.

•	Diagnosis and treatment of vestibular disorders, including vestibular rehabilitation.

According to the registered practitioners list from the Ministry of Public Health (January, 2026), the following numbers are currently registered:
* Audiology Technologists:     50
* Audiology Technicians:       45
* Audio-vestibular physicians:  8
* Otolaryngologists:         245
 

'''Role of primary health care providers and community health workers in hearing care'''

Audiologists employed at [https://www.phcc.gov.qa/health-centers Primary Healthcare Centres] (PHCC) facilitate early detection through screening programs and referrals to secondary and tertiary centres. As Doha and the Greater Doha areas are predominantly urban areas and have the highest population concentration, there are more than 31 PHCCs located across Qatar, with additional private health facilities providing both primary and secondary audiology services. The larger PHCCs, or Health Centres, typically have rotating Otolaryngology services to manage basic ENT conditions and will refer to higher levels of care when needed. 

Adults and adolescents are typically referred to the Audiology and Balance unit at the HMC Ambulatory Care Centre (Main medical hub- urban), Al Wakra Hospital (south-urban), Al Khor Hospital (north-rural), Aisha bint Hamad Al Attiyah Hospital (north peri-urban), or Cuban Hospital (east-rural). All these facilities are located across the country, allowing equitable access to care in both urban and rural areas.

For paediatric and specialised cases, referrals are usually directed to Sidra Medicine, a non-profit for public benefit hospital, part of [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Foundation Qatar Foundation]. This referral network provides accessibility to free or highly subsidised specialist services even at a primary level for individuals of all ages.
Laws related to hearing care services
All healthcare professions, regardless of profession, are regulated by the Department of Healthcare Professions (DHP) under the [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Health_(Qatar) Ministry of Public Health] (MOPH). Licensing, competency validation, and adherence to ethical and legal standards are mandatory for all practitioners. National health insurance ensures free access for Qatari citizens and subsidized care for expatriates ([https://hamad.qa/EN/Patient-Information/How-To-Get-A-Health-Card/Pages/default.aspx Hamad Medical Corporation, 2025]).

'''Education and Professional Practice'''

Education of professionals working in hearing care services Qatar currently lacks a dedicated audiology degree program. Most, if not all audiologists are recruited internationally, resulting in varied competencies. A three-tiered workforce structure exists:

* Audio-vestibular Physicians- Medical practitioners specialized in audiological and vestibular disorders
* Audiology Technologists – Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in audiology or related fields [https://dhp.moph.gov.qa/en/Pages/HowToRegisterToPracticeInQatar.aspx Ministry of Public Health, Qatar] (2020).
* Audiology Technicians –Trained through a one-year diploma program.
* Qatar University introduced a Bachelor’s Speech-Language Pathology program in 2023, signaling potential future expansion into audiology education ([https://www.qu.edu.qa/en-us/Colleges/chs/physical-therapy/Pages/speech-and-language-pathology.aspx Qatar University, 2025]).

{{HTitle|Professional and Regulatory Bodies}}The Department of Healthcare Professions (DHP) regulates audiology practice, licensing, and competency standards. Professionals must meet educational and experiential criteria, pass qualifying examinations, and adhere to ethical and legal frameworks.{{HTitle|Ongoing audiology research}}Research in audiology within Qatar has primarily focused on consanguinity, genetics, and hereditary hearing loss, reflecting the high prevalence of genetic disorders in the population. Numerous studies have identified novel gene mutations associated with hearing impairment,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Khalifa Alkowari|first=M.|last2=Girotto|first2=G.|last3=Abdulhadi|first3=K.|last4=Dipresa|first4=S.|last5=Siam|first5=R.|last6=Najjar|first6=N.|last7=Badii|first7=R.|last8=Gasparini|first8=P.|date=2012-03|title=GJB2 and GJB6 genes and the A1555G mitochondrial mutation are only minor causes of nonsyndromic hearing loss in the Qatari population|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22103400|journal=International Journal of Audiology|volume=51|issue=3|pages=181–185|doi=10.3109/14992027.2011.625983|issn=1708-8186|pmid=22103400}}&lt;/ref&gt; and new findings continue to emerge annually, highlighting Qatar’s contribution to global genetic research.
In addition to genetic studies, newborn hearing screening has also been a research theme. Three key studies have evaluated newborn hearing screening programs over time: one from the public sector, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Abdul Hadi|first=K.|last2=Salahaldin|first2=A.|last3=Al Qahtani|first3=A.|last4=Al Musleh|first4=Z.|last5=Al Sulaitin|first5=M.|last6=Bener|first6=A.|last7=Chandra|first7=P.|last8=Alawi|first8=F.|date=2012|title=Universal neonatal hearing screening: Six years of experience in Qatar|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25003040|journal=Qatar Medical Journal|volume=2012|issue=2|pages=42–50|doi=10.5339/qmj.2012.2.12|issn=0253-8253|pmc=3991045|pmid=25003040}}&lt;/ref&gt; another from the private sector,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Elsanadiky|first=HanaaH|last2=Afifi|first2=PrettyO|date=2017|title=Universal neonatal hearing screening program in private hospital, Qatar|url=https://journals.lww.com/10.4103/tmj.tmj_24_17|journal=Tanta Medical Journal|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=175|doi=10.4103/tmj.tmj_24_17|issn=1110-1415}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a recent study from a semi-government hospital highlighting continuous progress in early detection and intervention.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Andreas|first=Jarreth Noël|last2=Amde|first2=Woldekidan Kifle|last3=Roomaney|first3=Rifqah Abeeda|date=2025-12-15|title=Risk factors associated with hearing loss in neonates: A retrospective cross-sectional study from Qatar|url=https://www.qscience.com/content/journals/10.5339/qmj.2025.99|journal=Qatar Medical Journal|language=en|volume=2025|issue=4|doi=10.5339/qmj.2025.99|issn=0253-8253}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Other research areas include investigations into clinical associations with hearing loss, notably:

* COVID-19 and auditory complications.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chandran|first=Reni K|last2=Abdulhadi|first2=Khalid|last3=Al-Shaikhly|first3=Sarah|last4=Arangodan|first4=Mohammed Ameen|last5=Ramadan|first5=Nadeen Mousa Issa|last6=Aldeeb|first6=Shahed Jehad Ahmad|last7=Sathian|first7=Brijesh|date=2024-12-24|title=Hearing Loss in COVID-19 Patients: An Audiological Profile of Symptomatic and Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients in Qatar|url=https://www.cureus.com/articles/321104-hearing-loss-in-covid-19-patients-an-audiological-profile-of-symptomatic-and-asymptomatic-covid-19-patients-in-qatar|journal=Cureus|language=en|doi=10.7759/cureus.76326|issn=2168-8184|pmc=11756780|pmid=39850173}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ototoxicity related to pharmacological treatments.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Al Musleh|first=Zainab|last2=Al Suliteen|first2=Maha|last3=Hadi|first3=Khalid|last4=El Abbadi|first4=Maysoun|last5=Omar|first5=Waleed|last6=Ali|first6=Awatif|last7=Al Amin|first7=Amna|last8=Alsufi|first8=Muna|last9=Alnajar|first9=Nehal|date=2016|title=Early detection of changes to hearing status attributed to treatment regimen with ototoxicity in the state of Qatar|url=http://www.aaj.eg.net/text.asp?2016/3/1/9/191236|journal=Advanced Arab Academy of Audio-Vestibulogy Journal|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=9|doi=10.4103/2314-8667.191236|issn=2314-8667}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Presbycusis, balance and age-related hearing decline.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Omer|first=Walid E.|last2=Abdulhadi|first2=Khalid|last3=Shahbal|first3=Saad|last4=Neudert|first4=Marcus|last5=Siepmann|first5=Timo|date=2024-12-19|title=Vestibular Hypofunction in Patients with Presbycusis: A Cross-Sectional Study|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39768690|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=13|issue=24|pages=7767|doi=10.3390/jcm13247767|issn=2077-0383|pmc=11727745|pmid=39768690}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clinician-led research by audiologists are however lacking and greatly needed.

{{HTitle|Challenges, Opportunities and Notes}}Healthcare in Qatar is well-funded and all residents have good access regardless of social standing. Due to the large number of expatriate workers, especially considering the country of origin, there may be differences in standardization of practice, particularly where protocols and guidelines relating to audiology and hearing care is affected. The Department of Healthcare Professions (DHP) regulates all healthcare professions in Qatar, however, Qatar may benefit from a local Audiological society which may help assist governmental organizations in making decisions regarding the profession. It could also assist in networking for case discussions, specialized continuous professional development, and putting a name to the face when referring across institutions.

Clinician-led research appears to be lacking. This will aid in understanding potential challenges and opportunities for growth on a grassroots level. Many audiologists working in Qatar have postgraduate training (e.g. Masters),  which includes have research experience. Further championing in this regard will help position the Audiology profession well in the country.

Lastly, the establishment of an Audiology programme at one of the local universities will further aid in ensuring the profession continues to thrive, is backed by research, and ensures that the next generation has an opportunity to pursue Audiology as a profession. The recruitment and onboarding of audiologists from abroad can be costly to employers, thus with the establishment of a local audiology programme, this ensures that local organizations have a steady supply of healthcare professionals, which will not only be cost-effective to the local economy, but also assist exporting countries in reducing brain-drain and transfer of skills abroad.


{{HTitle|Audiology Charities}}There are no specific audiological charities in Qatar, however, several charitable organizations play a vital role in supporting individuals who cannot afford audiological services or assistive devices. The four main charities include:

* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Charity Qatar Charity]
* [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatar_Red_Crescent_Society Qatar Red Crescent Society]
* Qatar Society for the Rehabilitation of Special Needs
* Qatar Cancer Society

These organizations are typically funded through a combination of government allocations, private benefactors, and Zakat contributions. When patients face financial barriers to accessing hearing care or associated treatments, they often approach these charities for assistance. Support is frequently coordinated through hospital social workers, who facilitate applications and liaise with charitable bodies to ensure timely provision of services and devices.

{{HTitle|References}}
{{reflist}}

{{Global Audiology Authors
|name1=Jarreth N. Andreas
|role1=Author
|researchgate1=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jarreth-Andreas
|name2=Nausheen Dawood
|role2=Contributor
|orcid2=https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4586-2398/
}}

[[Category:Audiology]]
[[Category:Qatar]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Dc.samizdat/Golden chords of the 120-cell</title>
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      <text bytes="45280" sha1="l5xn2w9p8l747o796h85uzqn8flqv25" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[W:16-cell|16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. 

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 3 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. 

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. The two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant rotation planes, because all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane, and takes every vertex to its antipodal vertex 180° degrees away. All the vertices move at once, displaced 180° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. The trajectory of each vertex is a one-eighth segment of its [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle in one of the two completely orthogonal invariant rotation planes, as they tilt sideways into each other's plane. When the isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 180° to its antipodal position, but from the new orientation where the vertex is on the opposite side of the 16-cell departing in the opposite direction. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once, and returns to its original position.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
      <sha1>l5xn2w9p8l747o796h85uzqn8flqv25</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807970</id>
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      <text bytes="45279" sha1="t2ila9x7lunu5ssxk7cok3o3ug07c1m" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[W:16-cell|16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. 

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 3 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. 

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. The two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant rotation planes, because all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane, and takes every vertex to its antipodal vertex 180° degrees away. All the vertices move at once, displaced 180° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. The trajectory of each vertex is a one-eighth segment of its [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle in one of the two completely orthogonal invariant rotation planes, as they tilt sideways into each other's plane. When the isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 180° to its antipodal position, but from the new orientation where the vertex is on the opposite side of the 16-cell departing in the opposite direction. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once, and returns to its original position.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares of invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope.

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>2807971</id>
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      <text bytes="45483" sha1="s5xgj3tfiprlspaarv70s6j3flg33ij" xml:space="preserve">{{align|center|David Brooks Christie}}
{{align|center|dc@samizdat.org}}
{{align|center|Draft in progress}}
{{align|center|January 2026 - April 2026}}

&lt;blockquote&gt;Steinbach discovered the formula for the ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. Fontaine and Hurley extended this result, discovering a formula for the reciprocal of a regular polygon chord derived geometrically from the chord's star polygon. We observe that these findings in plane geometry apply more generally, to polytopes of any dimensionality. Fontaine and Hurley's geometric procedure for finding the reciprocals of the chords of a regular polygon from their star polygons also finds the rotational geodesics of any polytope of any dimensionality.&lt;/blockquote&gt;
== Introduction ==
Steinbach discovered the Diagonal Product Formula and the Golden Fields family of ratios of diagonal to side in the regular polygons. He showed how this family extends beyond the pentagon {5} with its well-known golden bisection proportional to 𝜙, finding that the heptagon {7} has an analogous trisection, the nonagon {9} has an analogous quadrasection, and the hendecagon {11} has an analogous pentasection, an extended family of golden proportions with quasiperiodic properties. 

Kappraff and Adamson extended these findings in plane geometry to a theory of Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, showing that the Golden Fields not only do not end with the hendecagon, they form an infinite number of periodic trajectories when operated on by the Mandelbrot operator. They found a relation between the edges of star polygons and dynamical systems in the state of chaos, revealing a connection between chaos theory, number, and rotations in Coxeter Euclidean geometry. 

Fontaine and Hurley examined Steinbach's finding that the length of each chord of a regular polygon is both the product of two chords and the sum of a set of smaller chords, so that in rotations to add is to multiply. They illustrated Steinbach's sets of additive chords lying parallel to each other in the plane (pointing in the same direction), and by applying Steinbach's formula more generally they found another summation relation of signed parallel chords (pointing in opposite directions) which relates each chord length to its reciprocal, and relates the summation to a distinct star polygon rotation. 

We examine these remarkable findings (which stem from study of the chords of humble regular polygons) in higher-dimensional spaces, specifically in the chords, polygons and rotations of the [[120-cell]], the largest four-dimensional regular convex polytope.

== Visualizing the 120-cell ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright&quot; width=&quot;400&quot;
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:120-cell.gif|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point 120-cell &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{5,3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].{{Sfn|Hise|2011|loc=File:120-cell.gif|ps=; &quot;Created by Jason Hise with Maya and Macromedia Fireworks. A 3D projection of a 120-cell performing a [[W:SO(4)#Geometry of 4D rotations|simple rotation]].&quot;}} In this simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges are shown; its 29 interior chords are not rendered. Therefore even though it is translucent, only its outer surface is visible. The complex interior parts of the 120-cell, all its inscribed 5-cells, 16-cells, 8-cells, 24-cells, 600-cells and its much larger inventory of polyhedra, are completely invisible in this view, as none of their edges are rendered at all.
|style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot;|[[File:Ortho solid 016-uniform polychoron p33-t0.png|200px]]&lt;br&gt;Orthographic projection of the 600-point [[W:Great grand stellated 120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\{\tfrac{5}{2},3,3\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;.{{Sfn|Ruen: Great grand stellated 120-cell|2007}} The 120-cell is its convex hull. The projection to the left renders only the 120-cell's shortest chord, its 1200 edges. The projection above also renders only one of the 120-cell's 30 chords, the edges of its 120 inscribed regular 5-cells. The 120-cell itself (the convex hull) is invisible in this view, as its edges are not rendered.
|}

[[120-cell#Geometry|The 120-cell is the maximally complex regular 4-polytope]], containing inscribed instances of every regular 1-, 2-, 3-, and 4-polytope, except the regular polygons of more than {15} sides. 

The 120-cell is the convex hull of a regular [[120-cell#Relationships among interior polytopes|compound of each of the 6 regular convex 4-polytopes]]. They are the [[5-cell|5-point (5-cell) 4-simplex]], the [[16-cell|8-point (16-cell) 4-orthoplex]], the [[W:Tesseract|16-point (8-cell) tesseract]], the [[24-cell|24-point (24-cell)]], the [[600-cell|120-point (600-cell)]], and the [[120-cell|600-point (120-cell)]]. The 120-cell is the convex hull of a compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells, of 75 disjoint 16-cells, of 25 disjoint 24-cells, and of 5 disjoint 600-cells.

The 120-cell contains an even larger inventory of irregular polytopes, created by the intersection of multiple instances of these component regular 4-polytopes. Many are quite unexpected, because they do not occur as components of any regular polytope smaller than the 120-cell. As just one example among the [[120-cell#Concentric hulls|sections of the 120-cell]], there is an irregular 24-point polyhedron with 16 triangle faces and 4 nonagon {9} faces.{{Sfn|Moxness|}}

Most renderings of the 120-cell, like the rotating projection here, only illustrate its outer surface, which is a honeycomb of face-bonded dodecahedral cells. Only the objects in its 3-dimensional surface are rendered, namely the 120 dodecahedra, their pentagon faces, and their edges. Although the 120-cell has chords of 30 distinct lengths, in this kind of simplified rendering only the 120-cell's own edges (its shortest chord) are shown. Its 29 interior chords, the edges of objects in the interior of the 120-cell, are not rendered, so interior objects are not visible at all.

Visualizing the complete interior of the 600-vertex 120-cell in a single image is impractical because of its complexity. Only four 120-cell edges are incident at each vertex, but [[120-cell#Chords|600 chords (of all 30 lengths)]] are incident at ''each'' vertex.

== Compounds in the 120-cell ==
The 8-point (16-cell), not the 5-point (5-cell), is the smallest building block; it compounds to every larger regular 4-polytope. The 5-point (5-cell) does compound to the 600-point (120-cell), but it does not fit into any smaller regular 4-polytope. 

The 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 2 in the 16-point (8-cell), and by 3 in the 24-point (24-cell). The 16-point (8-cell) compounds in the 24-point (24-cell) by 3 non-disjoint instances of itself, with each of the 24 vertices shared by two 16-point (8-cells). The 24-point (24-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell), and the 120-point (600-cell) compounds by 5 disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell).

The 24-point (24-cell) also compounds by &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; non-disjoint instances of itself in the 120-point (600-cell); it compounds in 5 disjoint instances of itself, 10 (not 5) different ways. Whichever set of 5 disjoint 24-point (24-cells) are assembled, the resulting 120-point (600-cell) contains 25 distinct 24-point (24-cells), not just 5 (or 10). This implies that 15 disjoint 8-point (16-cells) will construct a 120-point (600-cell), which will contain 75 distinct 8-point (16-cells). 

The 600-point (120-cell) is 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), just 2 different ways (not 5 or 10 ways), so it is 10 distinct 120-point (600-cells). This implies that the 8-point (16-cell) compounds by 3 times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (75) disjoint instances of itself in the 600-point (120-cell), which contains &lt;math&gt;3^2&lt;/math&gt; times  &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (225) distinct instances of the 24-point (24-cell), and  &lt;math&gt;3^3&lt;/math&gt; times &lt;math&gt;5^2&lt;/math&gt; (675) distinct instances of the 8-point (16-cell). 

These facts were discovered painstakingly by various researchers, and no one has found a general rule governing subsumption relations among regular polytopes. The reasons for some of their numeric incidence relations are far from obvious. [[W:Pieter Hendrik Schoute|Schoute]] was the first to see that the 120-point (600-cell) is a compound of 5 24-point (24-cells) ''10 different ways'', and after he saw it a hundred years lapsed until Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne proved his result, and showed why.{{Sfn|Denney, Hooker, Johnson, Robinson, Butler &amp; Claiborne|2020|loc=''The geometry of H4 polytopes''}}

So much for the compounds of 16-cells. The 120-cell is also the convex hull of the compound of 120 disjoint regular 5-cells. That stellated compound (without its convex hull of 120-cell edges) is the [[w:Great_grand_stellated_120-cell|great grand stellated 120-cell]] illustrated above, the final regular [[W:Stellation|stellation]] of the 120-cell, and the only [[W:Schläfli-Hess polychoron|regular star 4-polytope]] to have the 120-cell for its convex hull. The edges of the great grand stellated 120-cell are &lt;math&gt;\phi^6&lt;/math&gt; as long as those of its 120-cell [[W:List of polyhedral stellations#Stellation process|stellation core]] deep inside.

The compound of 120 disjoint 5-point (5-cells) can be seen to be equivalent to the compound of 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells), as follows. Beginning with a single 120-point (600-cell), expand each vertex into a regular 5-cell, by adding 4 new equidistant vertices, such that the 5 vertices form a regular 5-cell inscribed in the 3-sphere. The 120 5-cells are disjoint, and the 600 vertices form 5 disjoint 120-point (600-cells): a 120-cell.

== Thirty distinguished distances ==
The 30 numbers listed in the table are all-important in Euclidean geometry. A case can be made on symmetry grounds that their squares are the 30 most important numbers between 0 and 4. The 30 rows of the table are the 30 distinct [[120-cell#Geodesic rectangles|chord lengths of the unit-radius 120-cell]], the largest regular convex 4-polytope. Since the 120-cell subsumes all smaller regular polytopes, its 30 chords are the complete chord set of all the regular polytopes that can be constructed in the first four dimensions of Euclidean space, except for regular polygons of more than 15 sides.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;text-align:center&quot;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|arc
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{n}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;math&gt;\left\{p\right\}&lt;/math&gt;
!rowspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;m\left\{\frac{k}{d}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
!rowspan=2|Steinbach roots
!colspan=7|Chord lengths of the unit 120-cell
|-
!colspan=5|unit-radius length &lt;math&gt;c_t&lt;/math&gt;
!colspan=2|unit-edge length &lt;math&gt;c_t/c_1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;br&gt;in 120-cell of radius &lt;math&gt;c_8=\sqrt{2}\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{1,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;15.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{30\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}-c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.270091&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^4}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.072949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;25.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{15\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(c_{18,1}-c_{4,1}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{3-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.437016&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2} \phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.190983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;36{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{10\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3 \left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right) c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(\sqrt{5}-1\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.381966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.28825&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;41.4{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.707107&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{5,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;44.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \left\{\frac{15}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{2,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.756934&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}}{\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2 \phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.572949}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.80252&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{6,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;49.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{17}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{5-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.831254&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5}}{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.690983}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.07768&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{7,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;56.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;0.93913&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{0.881966}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.47709&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;60{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{6\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.70246&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{9,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;66.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{2 \phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}-\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.09132&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{\phi }}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\chi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.04057&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{10,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;69.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2 \sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.14412&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi }{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{11,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;72{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{6}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{5\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.17557&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3-\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.38197}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \sqrt{3-\phi } \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.3525&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;75.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{24}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.22474&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.53457&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{13,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;81.1{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.30038&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{9-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(9-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.8146&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{14,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;84.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{40}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi } c_{8,1}}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{1+\sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.345&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi }}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\sqrt{5} \phi }{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt[4]{5} \sqrt{\phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;4.9798&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{15,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;90.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{4\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{4,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.41421&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.23607&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{16,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;95.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{29}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.4802&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.19098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(11-\sqrt{5}\right)} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.48037&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{17,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;98.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{31}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.51954&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{7+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(7+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\psi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.62605&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{18,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;104.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{8}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{4}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.58114&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5} \sqrt{\phi ^4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{19,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;108.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{9}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{10}{3}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{3,1}+c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.61803&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{1+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;5.9907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{20,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;110.2{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.64042&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13-\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13-\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.69098}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\phi ^2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.07359&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{21,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;113.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{60}{19}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.67601&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{1}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\chi }{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.20537&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{22,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;120{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{10}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{3\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.73205&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{6} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.41285&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{23,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;124.0{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{120}{41}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{\phi }+\frac{5}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{5}{2}+\frac{2}{1+\sqrt{5}}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.7658&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4-\frac{\psi }{2 \phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.11803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\chi  \phi ^5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.53779&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{24,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;130.9{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{20}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.81907&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{11+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(11+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.30902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{\sqrt{5}}{\phi }}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.73503&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{25,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;135.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{11}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{7+3 \sqrt{5}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.85123&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\phi ^2}{\sqrt{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{\phi ^4}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.42705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^4&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.8541&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{26,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;138.6{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{12}{5}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.87083&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{7}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{7} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;6.92667&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{27,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;144{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{12}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{5}{2}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{2} \left(5+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.90211&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\phi +2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2+\phi }&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.61803}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{2 \phi +4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.0425&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{28,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;154.8{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{13}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}} c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.95167&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{\sqrt{13+\sqrt{5}}}{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{1}{4} \left(13+\sqrt{5}\right)}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.80902}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2 \sqrt{8-\frac{1}{\phi ^2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.22598&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{29,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;164.5{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{14}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{15}{7}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi  c_{12,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \left(1+\sqrt{5}\right)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.98168&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3}{2}} \phi &lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{\frac{3 \phi ^2}{2}}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3.92705}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{3} \phi ^3&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.33708&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;c_{30,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;180{}^{\circ}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{\frac{30}{15}\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\left\{2\right\}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 c_{8,1}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{4.}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2 \sqrt{2} \phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;7.40492&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|rowspan=4 colspan=6|
|rowspan=4 colspan=4|
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is the golden ratio:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi ^2-\phi -1=0&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }+1=\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, and: &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi+1=\phi^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\frac{1}{\phi }::1::\phi ::\phi ^2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; and &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; are the golden sections of &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;:&lt;br&gt;
&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi +\frac{1}{\phi }=\sqrt{5}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\phi = (\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1.618034&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\chi = (3\sqrt{5} + 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;3.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = (3\sqrt{5} - 1)/2&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|colspan=2|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\psi = 11/\chi = 22/(3\sqrt{5} + 1)&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|&lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;2.854102&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
|}

...

== The 8-point regular polytopes ==
In 2-space we have the regular 8-point octagon, in 3-space the regular 8-point cube, and in 4-space the regular 8-point [[W:16-cell|16-cell]].

A planar octagon with rigid edges of unit length has chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=\sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 1.84776,r_3=1+\sqrt{2} \approx 2.41421,r_4=\sqrt{4 + \sqrt{8}} \approx 2.61313&lt;/math&gt;

The chord ratio &lt;math&gt;r_3=1+\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; is a geometrical proportion, the [[W:Silver ratio|silver ratio]]. Fontaine and Hurley's procedure for obtaining the reciprocal of a chord tells us that:

:&lt;math&gt;r_3-r_1-r_1=1/r_3 \approx 0.41421&lt;/math&gt;

Notice that &lt;math&gt;1/r_3=\sqrt{2}-1=r_3-2&lt;/math&gt;.

If we embed this planar octagon in 3-space, we can make it skew, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from three others instead of two others, so we obtain a unit-edge cube with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1, r_2=\sqrt{2}, r_3=\sqrt{3}, r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

If we embed this cube in 4-space, we can skew it some more, repositioning its vertices so that each is one unit-edge length distant from six others instead of three others, so we obtain a unit-edge 4-polytope with chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=1,r_2=1,r_3=1,r_4=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;

All of its chords except its long diameters are the same unit length as its edge. In fact they are its 24 edges, and it is a 16-cell of radius &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;1/\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;. 

The [[16-cell]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {3,3,4}. It has 8 vertices, 24 edges, 32 equilateral triangle faces, and 16 regular tetrahedron cells. It is the [[16-cell#Octahedral dipyramid|four-dimensional analogue of the octahedron]], and each of its four orthogonal central hyperplanes is an octahedron.

The only planar regular polygons found in the 16-cell are face triangles and central plane squares, but the 16-cell also contains a regular skew octagon, its [[W:Petrie polygon|Petrie polygon]]. The chords of this regular octagon, which lies skew in 4-space, are those given above for the 16-cell, as opposed to those for the cube or the regular octagon in the plane. The 16-cell has 3 such Petrie octagons, which share the same 8 vertices but have disjoint sets of 8 edges each.

The regular octad has higher symmetry in 4-space than it does in 2-space. The 16-cell is the 4-orthoplex, the simplest regular 4-polytope after the [[5-cell|4-simplex]]. All the larger regular 4-polytopes, including the 120-cell, are compounds of the 16-cell. The regular octagon exhibits this high symmetry only when embedded in 4-space at the vertices of the 16-cell.

The 16-cell constitutes an [[W:Orthonormal basis|orthonormal basis]] for the choice of a 4-dimensional Cartesian reference frame, because its vertices define four orthogonal axes. The eight vertices of a unit-radius 16-cell are (±1, 0, 0, 0), (0, ±1, 0, 0), (0, 0, ±1, 0), (0, 0, 0, ±1). All vertices are connected by &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges except opposite pairs. In this convenient unit-radius 4-coordinate system, the original planar octagon we started with had chords of length:

:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2},r_2=\sqrt{2(2+\sqrt{2})} \approx 2.61313,r_3=2+\sqrt{2} \approx 3.41421,r_4=2 \sqrt{2+\sqrt{2}} \approx 3.69552&lt;/math&gt;

none of which chords occur in a 16-cell or 120-cell except &lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;. 

In the unit-radius 120-cell, the great square edge chord &lt;math&gt;c_{15} = \sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt; occurs in 675 distinct (75 disjoint) 16-cells. The vertex coordinates of the 16-cell form 6 central squares lying in 6 pairwise [[W:Orthogonal|orthogonal]] coordinate planes. Great squares in ''opposite'' planes that do not share an axis (e.g. in the ''xy'' and ''wz'' planes) are completely disjoint (they do not intersect at any vertices). These planes are [[W:Completely orthogonal|completely orthogonal]].{{Efn|name=Six orthogonal planes of the Cartesian basis}}

[[W:Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space|Rotations in 4-dimensional Euclidean space]] can be seen as the composition of two 2-dimensional rotations in completely orthogonal planes. The general rotation in 4-space is a double rotation in pairs of completely orthogonal planes. The two completely orthogonal planes are called invariant rotation planes, because all points in the plane rotate on circles that remain in the plane, even as the whole plane tilts sideways (like a coin flipping) into another plane. The two completely orthogonal rotations of each plane (like a wheel, and like a coin flipping) are simultaneous but independent, in that they are not geometrically constrained to turn at the same rate. However, the most circular kind of rotation (as opposed to an elliptical double rotation of a rigid spherical object) occurs when the completely orthogonal planes do rotate through the same angle in the same time interval. Such equi-angled double rotations are called [[w:SO(4)#Isoclinic_rotations|isoclinic]], also [[w:William_Kingdon_Clifford|Clifford]] displacements.

The 16-cell is the simplest possible frame in which to [[16-cell#Rotations|observe 4-dimensional rotations]] because its characteristic isoclinic rotations feature a single pair of invariant rotation planes. In the 16-cell an isoclinic rotation by 90° in any pair of invariant completely orthogonal square central planes takes every square central plane to its completely orthogonal square central plane, and takes every vertex to its antipodal vertex 180° degrees away. All the vertices move at once, displaced 180° in 8 orthogonal directions, and the rigid 16-cell assumes a new orientation in 4-space. The trajectory of each vertex is a one-eighth segment of its [[W:Geodesic|geodesic]] orbit. Its entire orbit traces a circular helix in 4-space, and also traces a great circle in one of the two completely orthogonal invariant rotation planes, as they tilt sideways into each other's plane. When the isoclinic rotation is continued in the same rotational direction through an additional 90°, each vertex is again displaced 180° to its antipodal position, but from the new orientation where the vertex is on the opposite side of the 16-cell departing in the opposite direction. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions just once, and returns to its original position.

== Hypercubes ==
The long diameter of the unit-edge [[W:Hypercube|hypercube]] of dimension &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;n&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; is &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{n}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt;, so the unit-edge [[w:Tesseract|4-hypercube, the 16-point (8-cell) tesseract,]] has chords:
:&lt;math&gt;r_1=\sqrt{1},r_2=\sqrt{2},r_3=\sqrt{3},r_4=\sqrt{4}&lt;/math&gt;
Uniquely in its 4-dimensional case, the hypercube's edge length equals its radius, like the hexagon. We call such polytopes ''radially equilateral'', because they can be constructed from equilateral triangles which meet at their center, each contributing two radii and an edge. The cuboctahedron and the 24-cell are also radially equilateral.

The [[W:Tesseract|tesseract]] is the [[W:Regular convex 4-polytope|regular convex 4-polytope]] with [[W:Schläfli symbol|Schläfli symbol]] {4,3,3}. It has 16 vertices, 32 edges, 24 square faces, and 8 cube cells. It is the four-dimensional analogue of the cube.

The tesseract is the [[W:Dual polytope|dual polytope]] of the 16-cell. They have the same Petrie polygon, the regular octagon, but the tesseract contains 2 disjoint instances and 4 distinct instances of the skew octagon. We can construct the tesseract the way we constructed the 16-cell, by skewing a planar octagon's edges so they become edges of the 4-polytope. Because the tesseract has 16 vertices we will need two planar octagons, and to start we must embedded them in 4-space as completely orthogonal planes that intersect at only one point, their common center. Because the tesseract is radially equilateral (unlike the 16-cell), to build a unit-radius tesseract we start with our original octagon of unit-edge length, rather than the octagon of edge length &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; that we needed to build the unit-radius 16-cell.

For our tesseract construction we skew each planar octagon into a cube, so we have a compound of two completely orthogonal cubes. Provided the planes were completely orthogonal in 4-space and we skewed them both the same way, the 16 vertices will be the vertices of a tesseract with half of its 32 edges missing.

The 16-point tesseract is the convex hull of a compound of two 8-point 16-cells, in exact dimensional analogy to the way the 8-point cube is the convex hull of a [[W:Stellated octahedron|compound of two regular 4-point tetrahedra]]. The [[W:Demihypercube|demihypercubes]] occupy alternate vertices of the hypercubes. The diagonals of the square faces of the unit-radius tesseract are the &lt;small&gt;&lt;math&gt;\sqrt{2}&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/small&gt; edges of two unit-radius 16-cells, which are also the edges of the square central planes.

Because the tesseract contains two 16-cells in alternate positions it has two sets of 6 orthogonal square central planes. Two angles are required to specify the relationship between two planes in 4-space. Pairs of planes within each 16-cell are 90° apart in one angle, and either 0° or 90° apart in the other angle. They are 90° apart in both angles if and only if they are completely orthogonal planes, 90° apart by isoclinic rotation, with no vertices in common and their corresponding vertices 180° apart. Otherwise they are 0° apart in one of the angles, 90° apart by simple rotation with their corresponding vertices 90° apart, and they intersect in one axis and lie in a common 3-dimensional hyperplane.{{Efn|A double rotation in which one of the two angles of rotation is 0°, so that one of the completely orthogonal invariant planes does not rotate, is called a simple rotation. Ordinary rotations observed in a 3-dimensional space are simple rotations.}}

A pair of square central planes from alternate 16-cells are 60° apart by isoclinic rotation, with their corresponding vertices 120° apart. The planes are not orthogonal or parallel, so they intersect in a line somewhere, but they have no vertices in common, they have no 3-dimensional hyperplane in common, and they cannot reach each other by simple rotation. Such pairs of objects are called [[W:Clifford parallel|Clifford parallel]] because all their corresponding pairs of vertices are the same distance apart, although they are not parallel in the usual sense, because they have a common center. Not only the alternate 16-cells' corresponding square central planes, but also the 16-cells themselves, are Clifford parallel objects.

We can rotate the tesseract isoclinically the way we rotated the 16-cell, by 90° in two completely orthogonal invariant square central planes, with the same effect on both alternate 16-cells. In the course of a 720° isoclinic rotation in invariant square central planes each vertex departs from all 8 vertex positions of its 16-cell just once and returns to its original position, but it does not visit the vertex positions of the other 16-cell. The skew octagon geodesic orbits of the 16 vertices are disjoint circular helixes, and those 16 circular helixes are Clifford parallel objects.

== The 24-cell ==
In 2-space we have the radially equilateral 6-point hexagon. In 3-space we have the radially equilateral 12-point cuboctahedron, with 4 hexagonal central planes. In 4-space we have the radially equilateral 24-point 24-cell, with 4 cuboctahedral central hyperplanes and 16 hexagonal central planes.

Great hexagons are a rounder choice than great squares for the invariant rotation planes in which to rotate a 4-polytope isoclinically. The complete hexagonal isoclinic revolution requires 720° like the complete square isoclinic revolution, but it is completed in fewer chordal steps (6) than the square revolution (8).

...

== The 600-cell ==

...

== Finally the 120-cell ==

...

== Conclusions ==

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery is more than a formula for the reciprocal of a regular ''n''-polygon diagonal. It also yields the discrete sequence of isocline chords of the distinct isoclinic rotation characteristic of a ''d''-dimensional regular polytope. The characteristic rotational chord sequence of the ''d''-polytope can be represented geometrically in two dimensions on a distinct star polygon, but it lies on a geodesic circle through ''d''-dimensional space. Fontaine and Hurley discovered the geodesic topology of polytopes generally. Their procedure will reveal the geodesics of arbitrary non-uniform polytopes, since it can be applied to a polytope of any dimensionality and irregularity, by first fitting the polytope to the smallest regular polygon whose chords include its chords.

Fontaine and Hurley's discovery of a chordal formula for isoclinic rotations closes the circuit on Kappraff and Adamson's discovery of a rotational connection between dynamical systems, Steinbach's golden fields, and Coxeter's Euclidean geometry of ''n'' dimensions. Application of the Fontaine and Hurley procedure in higher-dimensional spaces demonstrates why the connection exists: because polytope sequences generally, from Steinbach's golden polygon chord sequences, to chord sequences in isoclinic rotation helixes, to subsumption relations in the sequence of regular 4-polytopes, arise as expressions of the reflections and rotations of distinct Coxeter symmetry groups, when those various groups interact.

== Appendix: Sequence of regular 4-polytopes ==
{{Regular convex 4-polytopes|wiki=W:|columns=7}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=1997 | title=Golden fields: A case for the Heptagon | journal=Mathematics Magazine | volume=70 | issue=Feb 1997 | pages=22–31 | doi=10.1080/0025570X.1997.11996494 | jstor=2691048 | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|1997}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last=Steinbach | first=Peter | year=2000 | title=Sections Beyond Golden| journal=Bridges: Mathematical Connections in Art, Music and Science | issue=2000 | pages=35-44 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2000/bridges2000-35.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Steinbach|2000}}}}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Jablan | first2=Slavik | last3=Adamson | first3=Gary | last4=Sazdanovich | first4=Radmila | year=2004 | title=Golden Fields, Generalized Fibonacci Sequences, and Chaotic Matrices | journal=Forma | volume=19 | pages=367-387 | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2005/bridges2005-369.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff, Jablan, Adamson &amp; Sazdanovich|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Kappraff | first1=Jay | last2=Adamson | first2=Gary | year=2004 | title=Polygons and Chaos | journal=Dynamical Systems and Geometric Theories | url=https://archive.bridgesmathart.org/2001/bridges2001-67.pdf | ref={{SfnRef|Kappraff &amp; Adamson|2004}} }}
* {{Cite journal | last1=Fontaine | first1=Anne | last2=Hurley | first2=Susan | year=2006 | title=Proof by Picture: Products and Reciprocals of Diagonal Length Ratios in the Regular Polygon | journal=Forum Geometricorum | volume=6 | pages=97-101 | url=https://scispace.com/pdf/proof-by-picture-products-and-reciprocals-of-diagonal-length-1aian8mgp9.pdf }}
{{Refend}}</text>
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    <title>DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T17:29:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>ShakespeareFan00</username>
        <id>6645</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>2807954</origin>
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      <text bytes="16070" sha1="aw2z76ualkmqr42h1xx4p3wv5mfadxf" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#f8fbff; {{Text default color}} border:1px solid #a9c8e8;&quot;
| style=&quot;padding:14px;&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:200%; font-weight:bold; color:#1d3557;&quot;&gt;DiffSinger: Concepts, Workflow, and Tutorials&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:6px; font-size:105%; color:#444;&quot;&gt;A structured Wikiversity-style overview of the DiffSinger workflow, core concepts, tools, and learning resources.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px;&quot;&gt;
[[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#Overview|Overview]] • [[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#Learning objectives|Learning objectives]] • [[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#Key concepts|Key concepts]] • [[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#Workflow summary|Workflow summary]] • [[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#Tutorials and resources|Tutorials and resources]] • [[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#Glossary|Glossary]] • [[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#See also|See also]] • [[DesignWriteStudio/Course/StudentPages/MatthewLiddy/5.2#References|References]]
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%; background:#fffdf5; {{Text default color}} border:1px solid #e6d28c; margin-top:1em;&quot;
| style=&quot;padding:12px;&quot; |'''About this page'''

This page summarizes DiffSinger concepts and workflows based on a PDF guide and several tutorial transcripts. It is designed as a learning page, not as official documentation for any one software repository.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Overview ==
'''DiffSinger''' is a singing voice synthesis workflow in which a user prepares a structured voice dataset, trains one or more models on that dataset, and exports the result for use in tools such as OpenUTAU. Across the referenced tutorials and guides, DiffSinger is presented not as a one-click voice maker, but as a pipeline built from planning, recording, audio cleanup, phoneme labelling, packaging, preprocessing, training, validation, and export.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LnA89WCJBM UTAU to DiffSinger conversion tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sxt11TAflV0&amp;t=1s Local DiffSinger training on Windows 11]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;

A DiffSinger project usually begins with '''dataset planning'''. Before recording, the creator decides which languages to support, which phoneme system to use, whether the voice should sound natural or acted, whether separate vocal modes should be recorded, and whether advanced features such as autopitch preparation will be part of the workflow. In this sense, dataset creation is also a design process.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c9d8ea; background:#f8fbff; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Quick summary'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
The core workflow described in the available material is:

* planning the dataset
* recording sung material
* cleaning and formatting the audio
* labelling phonemes
* packaging the database
* preprocessing or binarizing the data
* training acoustic and variance models
* validating outputs
* exporting the finished singer for deployment&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZ1vT2QiRgQ&amp;t=355s Diff Trainer tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riZO2DfMDOY&amp;t=9s DiffSinger Colab-style workflow tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Learning objectives ==
After reading this page, a learner should be able to:

* explain what a DiffSinger dataset is
* describe why phoneme consistency matters
* identify the main stages of the DiffSinger workflow
* distinguish between recording, labelling, packaging, and training
* recognize the role of acoustic and variance models
* locate tutorials and tools commonly used by the community

== Key concepts ==
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Dataset'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
The '''dataset''' is the collection of WAV files, LAB files, and related configuration or dictionary material used to train the model. The guides repeatedly stress that the model imitates what it is given, so a clean and well-structured dataset is essential. Poor recordings, inconsistent labels, or dictionary mismatches can reduce quality or break preprocessing.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sxt11TAflV0&amp;t=1s Local DiffSinger training on Windows 11]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Phoneme system'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
A '''phoneme system''' is the symbolic sound inventory used to describe the sung data. The PDF guide recommends deciding on a phoneme list early and keeping it consistent, especially when supporting multiple languages. Not all phoneme systems are compatible with built-in OpenUTAU phonemizers, so planning matters.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Vocal modes'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
'''Vocal modes''' are separate expressive versions of a voice, such as soft, strong, raspy, whispery, or growly. The guide explains that creators may either let the model learn contextual vocal behavior from one corpus or separate expressions into distinct folders for more direct control.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Recording'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
The recording stage is treated as data capture rather than polished performance. The guides recommend a quiet, dry environment, careful microphone gain, and avoiding pre-autotuning. The model can later compensate for pitch issues, but added artifacts from processing can hurt the dataset.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Audio cleaning'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
The PDF recommends denoising, applying a low rolloff EQ for speech, trimming long silences, and exporting audio as '''mono 44.1kHz 16-bit WAV'''. The tutorial transcripts repeat the same format rules and warn that stereo or badly named files can cause later tools to fail.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riZO2DfMDOY&amp;t=9s DiffSinger Colab-style workflow tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}};padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Labelling'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
'''Labelling''' assigns phonemes to the sung waveform. The guide describes this as the “programming” of the voice database because the placement and consistency of labels determine how the model interprets sung language. Community tools such as vLabeler and Audacity-based workflows are both described in the source material.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''[pau]'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
The label '''[pau]''' is used for phrase pauses and often includes breath intake. The guide treats it as an important structural label rather than empty silence. Long ending breaths may sometimes be marked differently, such as &lt;code&gt;h&lt;/code&gt;.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Packaging'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
After labelling, the database is reorganized for training. The guide recommends removing project clutter, aligning WAV and LAB names, flattening folders as needed, zipping the finished dataset, and uploading it to Google Drive for Colab-based training.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Acoustic and variance models'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
The training tutorials describe separate '''acoustic''' and '''variance''' model stages. The acoustic model handles the main synthesis behavior, while the variance side manages supporting behavior such as pitch-related or timing-related structure depending on the workflow. The local and GUI tutorials both treat training as a staged process rather than a single run button.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sxt11TAflV0&amp;t=1s Local DiffSinger training on Windows 11]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZ1vT2QiRgQ&amp;t=355s Diff Trainer tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riZO2DfMDOY&amp;t=9s DiffSinger Colab-style workflow tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''TensorBoard'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
In the local training workflow, '''TensorBoard''' is used to monitor loss curves, compare generated and ground-truth mel spectrograms, and listen to validation audio. This makes training observable and helps determine whether the model is improving.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sxt11TAflV0&amp;t=1s Local DiffSinger training on Windows 11]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d6d6d6; background:#fcfcfc; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Autopitch'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
The PDF includes an advanced '''Autopitch ++''' section describing dataset conversion, pitch correction, DS MIDI editing, and reconversion steps. This extends the workflow beyond basic voicebank preparation into note and pitch refinement.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Workflow summary ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
! style=&quot;width:12%;&quot; |Step
! style=&quot;width:22%;&quot; |Stage
!Description
|-
|1
|'''Plan'''
|Choose languages, phoneme systems, tone goals, vocal modes, and target corpus structure. Avoid building the database blindly.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2
|'''Record'''
|Record varied singing material. The guide notes that repeated sections are less useful than varied examples, and that the model benefits from diverse data.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|3
|'''Clean'''
|Denoise, EQ, trim, and export properly formatted WAV files.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|4
|'''Label'''
|Use vLabeler or an Audacity-based method to place phoneme boundaries and export LAB files.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|5
|'''Package'''
|Reorganize the dataset into a clean training-ready structure and compress it for upload or preprocessing.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|6
|'''Train'''
|Use Google Colab, a local Conda setup, or a GUI trainer to preprocess data, train checkpoints, validate outputs, and resume from saved checkpoints when necessary.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sxt11TAflV0&amp;t=1s Local DiffSinger training on Windows 11]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZ1vT2QiRgQ&amp;t=355s Diff Trainer tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riZO2DfMDOY&amp;t=9s DiffSinger Colab-style workflow tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|7
|'''Export'''
|Export the trained singer, then prepare it for use in OpenUTAU or other supported environments. Some workflows also require DS config edits or dictionary setup afterward.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZ1vT2QiRgQ&amp;t=355s Diff Trainer tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riZO2DfMDOY&amp;t=9s DiffSinger Colab-style workflow tutorial]. YouTube.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

== Tutorials and resources ==
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c9d8ea; background:#f8fbff; {{Text default color}};padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Tutorial links'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7LnA89WCJBM UTAU to DiffSinger conversion tutorial]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sxt11TAflV0&amp;t=1s Local DiffSinger training on Windows 11]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZ1vT2QiRgQ&amp;t=355s Diff Trainer tutorial]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=riZO2DfMDOY&amp;t=9s DiffSinger Colab-style workflow tutorial]
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #c9d8ea; background:#f8fbff; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Tools mentioned in the guide'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
* '''Audacity''' for recording and editing
* '''vLabeler''' for phoneme labelling
* '''Wavesurfer'''
* '''Labelmakr'''
* '''SOFA'''
* '''Automatic labelling notebook'''
* '''Automatic labelling GUI'''
* '''Arpabet phoneme set'''
* '''English labelling guide'''
* '''Training notebook'''
* '''Local training guide'''
* '''OpenUTAU'''
* '''DiffSinger GitHub'''&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Glossary ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:100%;&quot;
!Term
!Meaning
|-
|'''WAV'''
|A standard audio file format used for training recordings.
|-
|'''LAB'''
|A label file containing phoneme timing information.
|-
|'''Phoneme'''
|A symbolic sound unit used to describe sung pronunciation.
|-
|'''[pau]'''
|A pause label commonly used for phrase breaks and breath intake.
|-
|'''Acoustic model'''
|The model stage responsible for the main synthesis behavior.
|-
|'''Variance model'''
|A supporting model stage used in the broader singing synthesis workflow.
|-
|'''TensorBoard'''
|A visualization tool for monitoring training progress.
|}

== Activities ==
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-collapsible mw-collapsed&quot; style=&quot;border:1px solid #d7e7c4; background:#f7fff2; {{Text default color}}; padding:10px; margin:1em 0;&quot;&gt;
'''Suggested learning activities'''&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:8px;&quot;&gt;
# List the stages of the DiffSinger workflow in your own words.
# Compare recording for listening versus recording for model training.
# Explain why consistent phoneme labels matter.
# Find one tutorial from the resource list and summarize its workflow.
# Describe one likely problem caused by bad file naming or bad dictionary setup.
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== See also ==

* [[Singing voice synthesis]]
* [[Phoneme]]
* [[OpenUTAU]]
* [[Machine learning dataset]]
* [[Audio preprocessing]]

== Notes ==
The referenced documents present DiffSinger as a workflow shaped both by formal documentation and by community practice. Some knowledge appears in written guides, while other knowledge appears as practical advice, workarounds, and tool-specific habits shared through tutorials and community spaces.&lt;ref&gt;PixPrucer. ''SVS Singing Voice Database for DiffSinger - Tutorial''.&lt;/ref&gt;

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Category:Network+ pages proposed for deletion in December 2024</title>
    <ns>14</ns>
    <id>329232</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807988</id>
      <parentid>2806260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T07:26:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Juandev</username>
        <id>2651</id>
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      <comment>improve note</comment>
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      <text bytes="548" sha1="c0omox7tzjdpvup7sohgmpifub9qm86" xml:space="preserve">'''Note:''' this category contains pages of the [[Network+]] project that were proposed for deletion in December 2024 ([https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Network%2B/Architecture&amp;oldid=2693554 see for example]). Since the new form of the project is not being developed at that time and the project is unfinished, these pages are left for editors who would like to complete the project and perhaps use these pages and redirects. For more information see [[Talk:Network+#Pages proposed in December 2024 not deleted]].

[[Category:Network+]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide/The Paper</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>329353</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807922</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-05-08T16:02:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Atcovi</username>
        <id>276019</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Mechanisms */</comment>
      <origin>2807922</origin>
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      <text bytes="8362" sha1="gggrw1ls95c5hmj6o16f35hfdi77t2w" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms).

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation. 

==OGM as Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crane|first=Catherine|last2=Heron|first2=Jon|last3=Gunnell|first3=David|last4=Lewis|first4=Glyn|last5=Evans|first5=Jonathan|last6=Williams|first6=J. Mark G.|date=2016|title=Adolescent over-general memory, life events and mental health outcomes: Findings from a UK cohort study|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4743605/|journal=Memory (Hove, England)|volume=24|issue=3|pages=348–363|doi=10.1080/09658211.2015.1008014|issn=1464-0686|pmc=4743605|pmid=25716137}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hallford|first=David John|last2=Rusanov|first2=Danielle|last3=Yeow|first3=Joseph J. E.|last4=Barry|first4=Tom Joseph|date=2022-09|title=Reduced specificity and increased overgenerality of autobiographical memory persist as cognitive vulnerabilities in remitted major depression: A meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36129959|journal=Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1515–1529|doi=10.1002/cpp.2786|issn=1099-0879|pmc=9828164|pmid=36129959}}&lt;/ref&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
{{Notice|Structure
#Specific memories help problem solving, OGM impairs this
#OGM makes ppl brood/traps 'em in brooding or rummination
#Tie to IMV model + suicidal ideation formation}}
OGM 

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9854" sha1="silfxluwp7c6u35d2ff8tcdt4x25gpc" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms).

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation. 

==OGM as Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crane|first=Catherine|last2=Heron|first2=Jon|last3=Gunnell|first3=David|last4=Lewis|first4=Glyn|last5=Evans|first5=Jonathan|last6=Williams|first6=J. Mark G.|date=2016|title=Adolescent over-general memory, life events and mental health outcomes: Findings from a UK cohort study|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4743605/|journal=Memory (Hove, England)|volume=24|issue=3|pages=348–363|doi=10.1080/09658211.2015.1008014|issn=1464-0686|pmc=4743605|pmid=25716137}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hallford|first=David John|last2=Rusanov|first2=Danielle|last3=Yeow|first3=Joseph J. E.|last4=Barry|first4=Tom Joseph|date=2022-09|title=Reduced specificity and increased overgenerality of autobiographical memory persist as cognitive vulnerabilities in remitted major depression: A meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36129959|journal=Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1515–1529|doi=10.1002/cpp.2786|issn=1099-0879|pmc=9828164|pmid=36129959}}&lt;/ref&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
{{Notice|Structure
#Specific memories help problem solving, OGM impairs this
#OGM makes ppl brood/traps 'em in brooding or rummination
#Tie to IMV model + suicidal ideation formation}}
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack historical experience to rely on&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijpsy.com/volumen11/num3/308.html|title=Overgeneral Memory Retrieval and Ineffective Problem-Solving in Depressed Patients with Suicidal Ideation: Implications for Therapy {{!}} IJPSY|website=www.ijpsy.com|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Overgeneral autobiographical memory 

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9859" sha1="gax72lu1194ht0ahvjn8jf8ewgumc90" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms).

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation. 

==OGM as Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crane|first=Catherine|last2=Heron|first2=Jon|last3=Gunnell|first3=David|last4=Lewis|first4=Glyn|last5=Evans|first5=Jonathan|last6=Williams|first6=J. Mark G.|date=2016|title=Adolescent over-general memory, life events and mental health outcomes: Findings from a UK cohort study|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4743605/|journal=Memory (Hove, England)|volume=24|issue=3|pages=348–363|doi=10.1080/09658211.2015.1008014|issn=1464-0686|pmc=4743605|pmid=25716137}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hallford|first=David John|last2=Rusanov|first2=Danielle|last3=Yeow|first3=Joseph J. E.|last4=Barry|first4=Tom Joseph|date=2022-09|title=Reduced specificity and increased overgenerality of autobiographical memory persist as cognitive vulnerabilities in remitted major depression: A meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36129959|journal=Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1515–1529|doi=10.1002/cpp.2786|issn=1099-0879|pmc=9828164|pmid=36129959}}&lt;/ref&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
{{Notice|Structure
#Specific memories help problem solving, OGM impairs this
#OGM makes ppl brood/traps 'em in brooding or rummination
#Tie to IMV model + suicidal ideation formation}}
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack historical experience to rely on&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijpsy.com/volumen11/num3/308.html|title=Overgeneral Memory Retrieval and Ineffective Problem-Solving in Depressed Patients with Suicidal Ideation: Implications for Therapy {{!}} IJPSY|website=www.ijpsy.com|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. OGM appears to not have a direct effect...  

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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      <text bytes="12050" sha1="a1v2otobljy6fqvfbjz8kkpvxfdlnxu" xml:space="preserve">''Better translated as the &quot;thinking space&quot; vs. an actual paper.''

''What we doing?'' Integrating OGM → suicidal ideation within a structured model (IMV + mechanisms).

==Introduction==
'''[[w:Overgeneral_autobiographical_memory|Overgeneral autobiographical memory]]''' (OGM) describes a reduced ability to recall specific events in one's autobiographical memory. For example, one may remember attending a birthday party at some point in their life, but they could not uniquely recall a specific instance of attending a birthday party. OGM has been empirically associated with depression, with depressed individuals reporting higher levels of OGM than non-depressed individuals&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Given the association of depression and suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Chachamovich|first=Eduardo|last2=Stefanello|first2=Sabrina|last3=Botega|first3=Neury|last4=Turecki|first4=Gustavo|date=2009-05|title=[Which are the recent clinical findings regarding the association between depression and suicide?]|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19565147|journal=Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil: 1999)|volume=31 Suppl 1|pages=S18–25|doi=10.1590/s1516-44462009000500004|issn=1516-4446|pmid=19565147}}&lt;/ref&gt;, utilizing suicide models, such as the '''Integrated Motivational-Volitional (IMV) model''', provides a theoretical cognitive framework to increase understanding of where OGM may fit in the escalation to suicidal ideation and/or suicide.

The IMV model portrays suicidal behavior as an escalating, behavioral process divided into three phases: pre-motivational phase, motivational phase, and volitional phase. The motivational phase is characterized by suicidal ideation formation, where feelings of entrapment (described as a &quot;proximal [predictor] of suicidal ideation&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational-volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6053985/|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=1471-2970|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;), poor problem-solving abilities, brooding, and interpersonal vulnerabilities (thwarted belongingness and perceived burdensomeness) may transition the individual to the volitional phase. When looking at the IMV model and assessing where OGM could play a part in the transition to suicidal ideation, OGM may impair problem-solving capabilities and the ability to learn from the past through reduced retrieval of specific past experiences, leading to hopelessness&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://doi.org/10.1017/9781316563205|title=The Neuroscience of Suicidal Behavior|last=van Heeringen|first=Kees|date=2018-08-23|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-56320-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

The current literature aims to shed light on a neglected niche of suicide research: autobiographical memory. Despite the overwhelming research suggesting correlations between OGM and depression and suicidal ideation, research has not thoroughly explored OGM's exact role in a cognitive, theoretical framework of suicidal ideation (specifically within the IMV model). By conducting a narrative review and integrating research on OGM's role in suicidal ideation, this paper furthers understanding on OGM's role in suicidal ideation. 

==OGM as Vulnerability==
Evidence suggests that OGM is a cognitive vulnerability associated with depression and suicidal ideation, though its predictive relevance may vary depending on the population. 

A meta analysis performed by Sumner et. al (2010) found that OGM accounted for about 1-2% of the variance in depressive symptoms at follow-up&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Sumner|first=Jennifer A.|last2=Griffith|first2=James W.|last3=Mineka|first3=Susan|date=2010-07|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory as a predictor of the course of depression: a meta-analysis|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC2878838/|journal=Behaviour Research and Therapy|volume=48|issue=7|pages=614–625|doi=10.1016/j.brat.2010.03.013|issn=1873-622X|pmc=2878838|pmid=20399418}}&lt;/ref&gt;. A 2020 study found that OGM was associated with depressed patients' current suicidal ideation state and worse-point suicidal ideation, while OGM affected the healthy patients' worse-point suicidal ideation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jiang|first=Wen|last2=Hu|first2=Guangtao|last3=Zhang|first3=Jingxuan|last4=Chen|first4=Ken|last5=Fan|first5=Dongni|last6=Feng|first6=Zhengzhi|date=2020-10-12|title=Distinct effects of over-general autobiographical memory on suicidal ideation among depressed and healthy people|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|journal=BMC Psychiatry|language=en|volume=20|issue=1|pages=501|doi=10.1186/s12888-020-02877-6|issn=1471-244X|pmc=7549224|pmid=33046032}}&lt;/ref&gt;. However, Crane et. al (2016) conducted a longitudinal study of n≈5800 adolescents from ages 13 to 16 and found that OGM was not significantly associated with depression and did not moderate the effect of life events, suggesting OGM may not be as generalizable to community samples vs. high-risk populations&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Crane|first=Catherine|last2=Heron|first2=Jon|last3=Gunnell|first3=David|last4=Lewis|first4=Glyn|last5=Evans|first5=Jonathan|last6=Williams|first6=J. Mark G.|date=2016|title=Adolescent over-general memory, life events and mental health outcomes: Findings from a UK cohort study|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4743605/|journal=Memory (Hove, England)|volume=24|issue=3|pages=348–363|doi=10.1080/09658211.2015.1008014|issn=1464-0686|pmc=4743605|pmid=25716137}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Even though the findings indicated that OGM was not significantly associated with depression, the study highlights that OGM may function as a vulnerability within high-risk populations. This suggests that OGM's predictive relevance may depend on the risk-level of the population.

OGM persists even past depression, as found in Hallford et. al (2022). A meta-analysis indicated that participants with remitted depression continue to experience small to moderate deficiencies in being able to recall &quot;specific, event-level personal memories&quot;. This indicates that OGM isn't merely a symptom of depression, but may function as a risk factor for future depressive episodes&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Hallford|first=David John|last2=Rusanov|first2=Danielle|last3=Yeow|first3=Joseph J. E.|last4=Barry|first4=Tom Joseph|date=2022-09|title=Reduced specificity and increased overgenerality of autobiographical memory persist as cognitive vulnerabilities in remitted major depression: A meta-analysis|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36129959|journal=Clinical Psychology &amp; Psychotherapy|volume=29|issue=5|pages=1515–1529|doi=10.1002/cpp.2786|issn=1099-0879|pmc=9828164|pmid=36129959}}&lt;/ref&gt;.    

Considering the above, the analysis suggests that OGM may function as a cognitive vulnerability that is further exacerbated in high-risk populations vs. the general population.    

==Mechanisms==
{{Notice|Structure
#Specific memories help problem solving, OGM impairs this
#OGM makes ppl brood/traps 'em in brooding or rummination
#Tie to IMV model + suicidal ideation formation}}
The inability to retrieve specific memories from one's autobiographical memory may lead to inefficient problem-solving abilities, which can impact one's ability to deal with difficult situations as they lack historical experience to rely on&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ijpsy.com/volumen11/num3/308.html|title=Overgeneral Memory Retrieval and Ineffective Problem-Solving in Depressed Patients with Suicidal Ideation: Implications for Therapy {{!}} IJPSY|website=www.ijpsy.com|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Arie|first=Miri|last2=Apter|first2=Alan|last3=Orbach|first3=Israel|last4=Yefet|first4=Yael|last5=Zalzman|first5=Gil|date=2008-01-01|title=Autobiographical memory, interpersonal problem solving, and suicidal behavior in adolescent inpatients|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0010440X07000922|journal=Comprehensive Psychiatry|volume=49|issue=1|pages=22–29|doi=10.1016/j.comppsych.2007.07.004|issn=0010-440X}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Failing to deal with difficult situations can drive an individual to hopelessness. In 1986, an article by Mark J. Williams and Keith Broadbent stipulated that individuals who recently attempted suicide had biased latencies in autobiographical memory retrieval and had reduced specificity in responses to especially positive cues&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/action/cookieAbsent|website=www.tandfonline.com|doi=10.1080/02699938808410925|access-date=2026-05-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. OGM appears to not have a direct effect on suicide, but rather intensifies the risk of suicidal ideation through deteriorating cognitive functioning.   

Rumination involves maladaptive dwelling on one's past negative emotions and feelings&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Treynor|first=Wendy|last2=Gonzalez|first2=Richard|last3=Nolen-Hoeksema|first3=Susan|date=2003-06-01|title=Rumination Reconsidered: A Psychometric Analysis|url=https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1023910315561|journal=Cognitive Therapy and Research|language=en|volume=27|issue=3|pages=247–259|doi=10.1023/A:1023910315561|issn=1573-2819}}&lt;/ref&gt;, and is associated with suicidal behavior/ideation&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=O'Connor|first=Rory C.|last2=Kirtley|first2=Olivia J.|date=2018-09-05|title=The integrated motivational–volitional model of suicidal behaviour|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|language=en|volume=373|issue=1754|pages=20170268|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0268|issn=0962-8436|pmc=6053985|pmid=30012735}}&lt;/ref&gt;. One may reflect on their negative emotions and question such emotions in an abstract manner (&quot;How did I get to feel this way?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;, &quot;Why is this happening to me?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;), which causes one's memory retrieval to capture negative intermediate conceptual information (ex, &quot;I'm a failure&quot;) instead of specific memories. Repeated rumination strengthens these negative self-beliefs, leading to frequent capture of negative conceptual themes and impeding memory retrieval. This association of rumination and general memory aligns with the CaR-FA-X model&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Stange|first=Jonathan P.|last2=Hamlat|first2=Elissa J.|last3=Hamilton|first3=Jessica L.|last4=Abramson|first4=Lyn Y.|last5=Alloy|first5=Lauren B.|date=2013-02|title=Overgeneral autobiographical memory, emotional maltreatment, and depressive symptoms in adolescence: evidence of a cognitive vulnerability-stress interaction|url=https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3530666/|journal=Journal of Adolescence|volume=36|issue=1|pages=201–208|doi=10.1016/j.adolescence.2012.11.001|issn=1095-9254|pmc=3530666|pmid=23186994}}&lt;/ref&gt;.  

==OGM → Suicidal ideation (CORE)==
==Contradictions / Nuances==
==Conclusion==

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Atcovi/OGM &amp; Suicide Poster]]</text>
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'''&lt;big&gt;CleanWave Laundry Shop (Unbreakable Business Plan)&lt;/big&gt;'''

'''Business Name: CleanWave Laundry'''

Offers wash, dry, and fold services for customers.

'''Business Start-Up'''

'''Step 1: Choose Your Location'''

* Near apartments or schools
* Accessible area

'''Step 2: Prepare Your Services'''

* Wash &amp; dry
* Fold clothes
* Optional ironing

Ensure:

* Clean result
* Fast service
* Affordable rates

'''Step 3: Set Up Your Shop'''

* Washing machines
* Dryers
* Waiting area

Make sure:

* Price list
* Clean space
* Organized workflow

'''Step 4: Payment Method'''

* Cash
* GCash

'''Step 5: Test Your System'''

* Try washing process
* Check drying time
* Test payment

'''Step 6: Launch Your Business'''

* Opening promo
* Loyalty cards
* Social media ads

'''&lt;big&gt;Business Manual (SOP)&lt;/big&gt;'''

'''1. Backup Plan'''

* Extra water supply
* Backup machine
* Record customer orders

Why: Avoid service interruption.

'''2. Security Check'''

* Monitor machines
* Secure customer items
* Install CCTV

Why: Protect customer belongings.

'''3. Emergency Contact System'''

* Technician
* Water/electric provider
* Staff

Why: Quick repair and response.

'''4. System Monitoring'''

* Check machine condition
* Track daily orders
* Monitor detergent use

Why: Maintain quality.

'''5. Redundancy Plan'''

* Manual washing option
* Partner laundry shop
* Generator for power outage

Why: Continue service anytime.

'''Audit Trail (Change Log)'''

* “Repaired washing machine.”
* “Improved service time.”
* “Added new laundry service.”</text>
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{{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}}
These learning resources aim at providing knowledge that all Mippedia and users, authors and administrators should possess. It aims at answering questions such as:
* How can wikis and Mippedia as phenomenon be understood? 
* How to edit and administrate Mippedia and Mediawiki sites? 
* How can students, teachers, librarians, journalists, etc, use and relate to Mippedia and other wikis? 
* What are the main criticisms of Mippedia? 
* What research exists related to Mippedia as phenomenon?
* What are the current wiki technology development trends?
{{RoundBoxBottom}}

==About Mippedia==
[https://www.mippedia.org Mippedia] is a multilingual online encyclopedia that focuses on various fields and topics such as history, music, culture, public figures, and others. It is run by the Mippedia Community. Mippedia is available in two languages: Mippedia Bahasa Indonesia for Indonesian and Mippedia Bahasa Inggris for English. Mippedia was first created by Nada in 2022 by a musician named Rumi Haitami.

[[Category:Mippedia]]</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Mohamed Atef Ghazy was an Egyptian academic and researcher in the field of biochemistry and food chemistry. He was affiliated with Minia University, where he contributed to teaching and scientific research in agricultural and biochemical sciences.  His research interests were primarily focused on:  * Food biochemistry and food chemistry * Radiation processing of food products * Chemical and biochemical analysis of agricultural products * Food preservation and post-harves...&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="1313" sha1="f1n6ohprgomvaocaukh8ocy8alf1bld" xml:space="preserve">Mohamed Atef Ghazy was an Egyptian academic and researcher in the field of biochemistry and food chemistry. He was affiliated with Minia University, where he contributed to teaching and scientific research in agricultural and biochemical sciences.

His research interests were primarily focused on:

* Food biochemistry and food chemistry
* Radiation processing of food products
* Chemical and biochemical analysis of agricultural products
* Food preservation and post-harvest treatment techniques

During his academic career, Ghazy participated in scientific publications and collaborative research work, particularly in the 1980s and 1990s, appearing in scientific literature under variations of his name such as “M.A. Ghazy” and “Mohamed Atef Ghazy.”

He was involved in undergraduate and postgraduate teaching and contributed to supervising students in related scientific disciplines. His work is associated mainly with agricultural chemistry and applied biochemistry research within Egyptian academic institutions.

There is no widely verified academic record confirming a formal affiliation with institutions outside Egypt, despite some online claims.

He passed away, and is remembered within his academic community for his contributions to biochemical and agricultural chemistry research in Egypt.</text>
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      <comment>advert1 ([[m:User:ZbVl/VD|Vandoom]])</comment>
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== 2026-05-09 ==
&lt;div class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot;&gt;[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello. Apologies for writing this in English, but I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/&amp;#126;2026-28038-06|your recent contributions]] have been undone because they appeared to be promotional. [[:m:en:WP:SOAPBOX|Advertising or using &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;Wikiversity&lt;/span&gt; as a &quot;soapbox&quot;]] are not permitted. Take a look at the welcome pages to learn more about &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;Wikiversity&lt;/span&gt;. Thanks. &lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- Glow-advert1 @ 1778309626162.1s --&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; [[User:MathXplore|MathXplore]] ([[User talk:MathXplore|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/MathXplore|contribs]]) 06:53, 9 May 2026 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ppyk7mjhffodax8s3f4gjlhxnz8zmw1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Wkiedida</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>329535</id>
    <revision>
      <id>2807994</id>
      <timestamp>2026-05-09T09:22:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wkiedida</username>
        <id>3071251</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>新增</comment>
      <origin>2807994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4476" sha1="sroxertg80lbgrvfnrh3nstxzhbkrba" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Bot|47.239.75.118|import pywikibot

site = pywikibot.Site(&quot;zh&quot;, &quot;wikipedia&quot;)
page = pywikibot.Page(site, &quot;蟒蛇程式語言&quot;)

text = page.text

# 範例：簡單替換文字
new_text = text.replace(&quot;Python是一種&quot;, &quot;Python 是一種&quot;)

if text != new_text:
    page.text = new_text
    page.save(summary=&quot;機器人：修正排版&quot;)

import time
time.sleep(10)  # 每次編輯間隔

site.login()

summary=&quot;機器人：修正格式&quot;

import pywikibot
import re
import time

site = pywikibot.Site(&quot;zh&quot;, &quot;wikipedia&quot;)
site.login()}}

# 🔤 常見錯字字典
typo_dict = {
    &quot;程式語言語言&quot;: &quot;程式語言&quot;,
    &quot;一個個&quot;: &quot;一個&quot;,
    &quot;Python語言&quot;: &quot;Python 語言&quot;,
}

def fix_typos(text):
    for wrong, correct in typo_dict.items():
        text = text.replace(wrong, correct)
    return text

def fix_format(text):
    # 中英文之間加空格
    text = re.sub(r'([\u4e00-\u9fff])([A-Za-z])', r'\1 \2', text)
    text = re.sub(r'([A-Za-z])([\u4e00-\u9fff])', r'\1 \2', text)

    # 去掉多餘空格
    text = re.sub(r' +', ' ', text)

    return text

def add_template(text):
    # 如果沒有來源標記
    if &quot;== 參考資料 ==&quot; not in text and &quot;{{unreferenced&quot; not in text:
        text = &quot;{{unreferenced}}\n&quot; + text
    return text

def process_page(page):
    text = page.text
    original = text

    text = fix_typos(text)
    text = fix_format(text)
    text = add_template(text)

    if text != original:
        page.text = text
        page.save(summary=&quot;機器人：格式整理＋錯字修正＋模板補充&quot;)
        print(f&quot;已更新: {page.title()}&quot;)
        time.sleep(10)

# 📄 測試單一頁面
page = pywikibot.Page(site, &quot;蟒蛇程式語言&quot;)
process_page(page)

category = pywikibot.Category(site, &quot;需要清理的條目&quot;)

for page in category.articles():
    process_page(page)

time.sleep(50~500)

機器人：修正錯字
機器人：加入無來源模板

{{Bot|160.119.69.7|print(text)
confirm = input(&quot;是否儲存？(y/n): &quot;)
if confirm == &quot;y&quot;:
    page.save()
with open(&quot;log.txt&quot;, &quot;a&quot;, encoding=&quot;utf-8&quot;) as f:
    f.write(page.title() + &quot;\n&quot;)

import { useState } from &quot;react&quot;; import { Card, CardContent } from &quot;@/components/ui/card&quot;; import { Button } from &quot;@/components/ui/button&quot;; import { Input } from &quot;@/components/ui/input&quot;; import { Textarea } from &quot;@/components/ui/textarea&quot;;
export default function WikiBotUI() { const [title, setTitle] = useState(&quot;&quot;); const [log, setLog] = useState(&quot;&quot;); const [running, setRunning] = useState(false);
const runBot = async () =&gt; { setRunning(true); setLog(&quot;開始處理...\n&quot;);
try {  
const res = await fetch(&quot;http://localhost:5000/process&quot;, {    
method: &quot;POST&quot;,    
headers: { &quot;Content-Type&quot;: &quot;application/json&quot; },    
body: JSON.stringify({ title })  
});  
const data = await res.json();  
setLog(prev =&gt; prev + data.message + &quot;\n&quot;);
} catch (err) {  
setLog(prev =&gt; prev + &quot;錯誤: 無法連接後端\n&quot;);
}
setRunning(false);

};
return ( |allow=all}}
Wikipedia 自動模板 Bot
      &lt;Input
        placeholder=&quot;輸入條目名稱（例如：蟒蛇程式語言）&quot;
        value={title}
        onChange={(e) =&gt; setTitle(e.target.value)}
      /&gt;

      &lt;Button onClick={runBot} disabled={running}&gt;
        {running ? &quot;執行中...&quot; : &quot;執行 Bot&quot;}
      &lt;/Button&gt;

      &lt;Textarea
        value={log}
        readOnly
        className=&quot;h-40&quot;
      /&gt;
    &lt;/CardContent&gt;
  &lt;/Card&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
); }

from flask import Flask, request, jsonify
import pywikibot

app = Flask(__name__)

site = pywikibot.Site(&quot;zh&quot;, &quot;wikipedia&quot;)
site.login()

def add_template(text):
    if &quot;{{unreferenced&quot; not in text and &quot;== 參考資料 ==&quot; not in text:
        return &quot;{{unreferenced}}\n&quot; + text
    return text

@app.route(&quot;/process&quot;, methods=[&quot;POST&quot;])
def process():
    data = request.json
    title = data.get(&quot;title&quot;)

    try:
        page = pywikibot.Page(site, title)
        text = page.text
        new_text = add_template(text)

        if text != new_text:
            page.text = new_text
            page.save(summary=&quot;機器人：自動加入無來源模板&quot;)
            return jsonify({&quot;message&quot;: f&quot;已更新：{title}&quot;})
        else:
            return jsonify({&quot;message&quot;: f&quot;無需修改：{title}&quot;})

    except Exception as e:
        return jsonify({&quot;message&quot;: f&quot;錯誤：{str(e)}&quot;})

if __name__ == &quot;__main__&quot;:
    app.run(port=5000)

pip install pywikibot flask
python pwb.py login
python server.py

npm install
npm run dev|allow=all}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sroxertg80lbgrvfnrh3nstxzhbkrba</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>