Wikiversity enwikiversity https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikiversity Wikiversity talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk School School talk Portal Portal talk Topic Topic talk Collection Collection talk Draft Draft talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 96039 2818135 1707716 2026-07-11T22:51:40Z Hyju 93118 2818135 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:UK and US zines.jpg|thumb|300px|Selection of British and American punk zines, 1994-2004. Image by Wikipedia user ''Burn the asylum'']] Zines are small circulation, non-commercial publications that are printed by their creators on a topic of their choice. They come in all shapes and sizes from personal zine, artzines, zines about music and politics, fanzines. Zines are straight from the writer to the reader: raw, uncut and handmade. Since the invention of the printing press (if not before), dissidents and marginalized citizens have published their own opinions in leaflet and pamphlet form. ==Task== Yr 10 English Homework Task: Your task over the next 2 weeks at home is to produce 2 items for a zine that we will produce as a class. Imagine you are a marginalized citizen in Fahrenheit 451 like Montag, or Faber, or Granger etc . Use the zine to express your thoughts, concerns, desires. This ‘underground’ zine is for distribution to those who are left living on the outskirts of the city in Fahrenheit 451. What would you like to tell them? Would you like to educate them about something? Or simply make sure they remember a wonderful book from time. Create 2 items to include in the zine. Your name does not have to be published with them if you like. You may like to write a short story, a poem, a song, draw a comic, design a picture, retell an historical event, educate your reader in some way. It is up to you. Submit your 2 items by the end of Week 6. For more info on Zines and links, look at: {{wikipedia|Zine}} ==How to make a zine== {{wikibooks|Zine making}} [[Image:Zinemaking-folding-sixo.png|thumb|left|200px|How to fold a single sheet of paper "sixo"-style. Image by Wikibooks user ''Mcld'']] Youtube video: [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xh1W15BWCUk DIY - How to Make a Zine; Paper, Scissors, Pen - Rockin! by SamProof] [[Category:Publishing]] sbefu4l4snsym3v70q1xnxd8lzxmrsu 0 119778 2818143 2816845 2026-07-12T01:38:56Z Young1lim 21186 /* Non-linear Equations */ 2818143 wikitext text/x-wiki == Calculus == === Numerical Differentiation === * Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]]) * Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]]) * Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference * High Accuracy Differentiation * Richardson Extrapolation * Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation * Numerical Differentiation with Octave </br> === Non-linear Equations === * Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]]) * Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260629.pdf |pdf]]) * Secant Method * False-Position Method </br> === Numerical Integration === * Trapezoidal Rule * Simpson's 1/3 Rule * Romberg Rule * Gauss-Quadrature Rule * Adaptive Quadrature </br> === Roots of a Nonlinear Equation === </br> === Optimization === </br> </br> == Matrix Algebra == === Simultaneous Linear Equations === * A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Gaussian Elimination === </br> === LU Decomposition === </br> === Cholesky Decomposition === </br> === LDL Decomposition === </br> === Gauss-Seidel method === </br> === Adequacy of Solutions === </br> === Eigenvalue and Singular Value === </br> === QRD === </br> === SVD === </br> === Iterative methods === </br> </br> == Regression == === Linear Regression === </br> === Non-linear Regression === </br> === Linear Least Squares === </br> </br> == Interpolation == === Polynomial Interpolation === </br> === Linear Splines === </br> === Piecewise Interpolation === </br> </br> == Ordinary Differential Equation == </br> == Partial Differential Equation == </br> == FEM (Finite Element Method) == </br> </br> </br> == Using Symbolic Package in Octave == * Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html * Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz * In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed. * After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps. ./configure ./make ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 * While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu. == Read some tutorials about symbolic computation == * Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf) * Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf) [[Category:Numerical methods]] == Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] 5sjoz9jvqkny5cf037xctefffocq916 2818145 2818143 2026-07-12T01:40:04Z Young1lim 21186 /* Non-linear Equations */ 2818145 wikitext text/x-wiki == Calculus == === Numerical Differentiation === * Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]]) * Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]]) * Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference * High Accuracy Differentiation * Richardson Extrapolation * Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation * Numerical Differentiation with Octave </br> === Non-linear Equations === * Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]]) * Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260630.pdf |pdf]]) * Secant Method * False-Position Method </br> === Numerical Integration === * Trapezoidal Rule * Simpson's 1/3 Rule * Romberg Rule * Gauss-Quadrature Rule * Adaptive Quadrature </br> === Roots of a Nonlinear Equation === </br> === Optimization === </br> </br> == Matrix Algebra == === Simultaneous Linear Equations === * A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Gaussian Elimination === </br> === LU Decomposition === </br> === Cholesky Decomposition === </br> === LDL Decomposition === </br> === Gauss-Seidel method === </br> === Adequacy of Solutions === </br> === Eigenvalue and Singular Value === </br> === QRD === </br> === SVD === </br> === Iterative methods === </br> </br> == Regression == === Linear Regression === </br> === Non-linear Regression === </br> === Linear Least Squares === </br> </br> == Interpolation == === Polynomial Interpolation === </br> === Linear Splines === </br> === Piecewise Interpolation === </br> </br> == Ordinary Differential Equation == </br> == Partial Differential Equation == </br> == FEM (Finite Element Method) == </br> </br> </br> == Using Symbolic Package in Octave == * Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html * Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz * In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed. * After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps. ./configure ./make ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 * While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu. == Read some tutorials about symbolic computation == * Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf) * Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf) [[Category:Numerical methods]] == Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] gra7v5bbivgjq250hncso2kb6mvjchb 2818147 2818145 2026-07-12T01:41:25Z Young1lim 21186 /* Non-linear Equations */ 2818147 wikitext text/x-wiki == Calculus == === Numerical Differentiation === * Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]]) * Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]]) * Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference * High Accuracy Differentiation * Richardson Extrapolation * Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation * Numerical Differentiation with Octave </br> === Non-linear Equations === * Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]]) * Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260706.pdf |pdf]]) * Secant Method * False-Position Method </br> === Numerical Integration === * Trapezoidal Rule * Simpson's 1/3 Rule * Romberg Rule * Gauss-Quadrature Rule * Adaptive Quadrature </br> === Roots of a Nonlinear Equation === </br> === Optimization === </br> </br> == Matrix Algebra == === Simultaneous Linear Equations === * A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Gaussian Elimination === </br> === LU Decomposition === </br> === Cholesky Decomposition === </br> === LDL Decomposition === </br> === Gauss-Seidel method === </br> === Adequacy of Solutions === </br> === Eigenvalue and Singular Value === </br> === QRD === </br> === SVD === </br> === Iterative methods === </br> </br> == Regression == === Linear Regression === </br> === Non-linear Regression === </br> === Linear Least Squares === </br> </br> == Interpolation == === Polynomial Interpolation === </br> === Linear Splines === </br> === Piecewise Interpolation === </br> </br> == Ordinary Differential Equation == </br> == Partial Differential Equation == </br> == FEM (Finite Element Method) == </br> </br> </br> == Using Symbolic Package in Octave == * Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html * Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz * In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed. * After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps. ./configure ./make ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 * While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu. == Read some tutorials about symbolic computation == * Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf) * Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf) [[Category:Numerical methods]] == Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] kqn193ely88r697oaaq64frclp4607p 2818149 2818147 2026-07-12T01:42:30Z Young1lim 21186 /* Non-linear Equations */ 2818149 wikitext text/x-wiki == Calculus == === Numerical Differentiation === * Background on Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Background.20240625.pdf |pdf]]) * Continuous Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1ContDiff.20241021.pdf |pdf]]) * Discrete Function Differentiation ([[Media:NM.Diff.1Discrete.20241116.pdf |pdf]]) * Forward, Backward, Central Divided Difference * High Accuracy Differentiation * Richardson Extrapolation * Unequal Spaced Data Differentiation * Numerical Differentiation with Octave </br> === Non-linear Equations === * Bisection Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.1Bisection.20241130.pdf |pdf]]) * Newton-Raphson Method ([[Media:NM.NLE.2Newton.20260707.pdf |pdf]]) * Secant Method * False-Position Method </br> === Numerical Integration === * Trapezoidal Rule * Simpson's 1/3 Rule * Romberg Rule * Gauss-Quadrature Rule * Adaptive Quadrature </br> === Roots of a Nonlinear Equation === </br> === Optimization === </br> </br> == Matrix Algebra == === Simultaneous Linear Equations === * A system of linear equations ([[Media:SystemLinearEq.20240521.pdf |pdf]]) </br> === Gaussian Elimination === </br> === LU Decomposition === </br> === Cholesky Decomposition === </br> === LDL Decomposition === </br> === Gauss-Seidel method === </br> === Adequacy of Solutions === </br> === Eigenvalue and Singular Value === </br> === QRD === </br> === SVD === </br> === Iterative methods === </br> </br> == Regression == === Linear Regression === </br> === Non-linear Regression === </br> === Linear Least Squares === </br> </br> == Interpolation == === Polynomial Interpolation === </br> === Linear Splines === </br> === Piecewise Interpolation === </br> </br> == Ordinary Differential Equation == </br> == Partial Differential Equation == </br> == FEM (Finite Element Method) == </br> </br> </br> == Using Symbolic Package in Octave == * Visit http://octave.sourceforge.net/index.html * Download symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz * In Ubuntu, using the Ubuntu Software Center, I installed GiNac and CLN related software and symbolic package for Octave. But it did not properly installed. * After extracting files from symbolic-1.0.9.tar.gz, I followed the following steps. ./configure ./make ./make INSTALL_PATH=/usr/share/octave/packages/3.2/symbolic-1.0.9 * While doing this, I got an error message related to mkoctfile. So, I used the following command: sudo apt-get install ocatve3.2-headers. Then I was able to install the symbolic packages in the Ubuntu. == Read some tutorials about symbolic computation == * Symbolic Mathematics in Matlab/GNU Octave (http://faraday.elec.uow.edu.au/subjects/annual/ECTE313/Symbolic_Maths.pdf) * Symbolic Computations (http://www.math.ohiou.edu/courses/math344/lecture7.pdf) [[Category:Numerical methods]] == Using SymPy ( a Python library for symbolic mathematics) == </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] 87c6mbm0eyobfipg2u1bgw3z4ko2xrb 0 121359 2818101 2816959 2026-07-11T12:13:51Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2818101 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260629.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] 5dpc67go38lvpk7gk61wmxkm5v2glmc 2818103 2818101 2026-07-11T12:15:07Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2818103 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260630.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] fit3spkrcn8k9gb7a46difp754r9lj0 2818105 2818103 2026-07-11T12:27:18Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2818105 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260706.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] 2ztrusmvy332qb5gbu5prjhwnf0elw6 2818107 2818105 2026-07-11T12:28:58Z Young1lim 21186 /* Data */ 2818107 wikitext text/x-wiki <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> == Flip Flop and Latch == * FFLatch.Overview.1.A ([[Media:FFLatch.Overview.1.A.20111103.pdf|pdf]]) * Counter.74LS193.1.A ([[Media:Counter.74LS193.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Clock.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Clock.Overview.1.A.20111108.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.Overview.1.A ([[Media:Function.Overview.1.A.20111201.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Versions of VHDL == * VHDL Versions ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Versions.20120619.pdf|pdf]]) * VHDL Libraries ([[Media:VHDL.1.A.Libraries.20140219.pdf|pdf]]) <br> == Basic Features of VHDL == ==== Data ==== * Data Objects ([[Media:Data.Object.1A.20260707.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Object.1B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Data Types ([[Media:Data.Type.2A.20260602.pdf|A]], [[Media:Data.Type.2B.20260602.pdf|B]]) * Packages ([[Media:Data.Package.3A.20251206.pdf|pdf]]) * Signal Types ([[Media:Signal.Type.1A.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Attributes ([[Media:Data.4.A.Attribute.20251021.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Signals & Variables ==== * Signals & Variables ([[Media:Signal.1A.SigVar.20250614.pdf|pdf]]) * Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.4A.Sequential.20250612.pdf|pdf]]) * Concurrent & Sequential Signal Assignments ([[Media:Signal.1.A.ConSeq.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Inertial & Transport Delay Models ([[Media:Signal.2.A.InertTrans.20120704.pdf|pdf]]) * Simulation & Synthesis ([[Media:Signal.3.A.SimSyn.20120504.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Structure ==== * Component ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Component.20120804.pdf|pdf]]) * Configuration ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Configuration.20121003.pdf|pdf]]) * Generic ([[Media:Struct.1.A.Generic.20120802.pdf|pdf]]) </br> ==== Entity and Architecture ==== <br> ==== Block Statement ==== <br> ==== Process Statement ==== <br> ==== Operators ==== <br> ==== Assignment Statement ==== <br> ==== Concurrent Statement ==== <br> ==== Sequential Control Statement ==== <br> ==== Function ==== * Function.1.A Usage ([[Media:Function.1.A.Usage.20120611.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.2.A Conversion Function ([[Media:Function.2.A.Conversion.pdf|pdf]]) * Function.3.A Resolution Function ([[Media:Function.3.A.Resolution.pdf|pdf]]) <br> ==== Procedure ==== <br> ==== Package ==== </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:VHDL]] [[Category:FPGA]] kdosb2au55y0bq5bqqjg1xlhke4m4ej 0 139384 2818112 2818070 2026-07-11T14:18:28Z Young1lim 21186 /* Adder */ 2818112 wikitext text/x-wiki == Adder == * Binary Adder Architecture Exploration ( [[Media:Adder.20131113.pdf|pdf]] ) {| class="wikitable" |- ! Adder type !! Overview !! Analysis !! VHDL Level Design !! CMOS Level Design |- | '''1. Ripple Carry Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.RCA.20250522.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.rca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1D.RCA.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- | '''2. Carry Lookahead Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2A.CLA.20260711.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.2B.CLA.20260711.pdf|B]] || || [[Media:Adder.cla.20140313.pdf|pdf]]|| |- | '''3. Carry Save Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSave.20151209.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''4. Carry Select Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.CSelA.20191002.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''5. Carry Skip Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5A.CSkip.20250405.pdf|A]]|| || || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.5D.CSkip.CMOS.20211108.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''6. Carry Chain Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6A.CCA.20211109.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6C.CCA.VHDL.20211109.pdf|pdf]], [[Media:Adder.cca.20140313.pdf|pdf]] || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.6D.CCA.CMOS.20211109.pdf|pdf]] |- || '''7. Kogge-Stone Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.KSA.20140315.pdf|A]]|| || [[Media:Adder.ksa.20140409.pdf|pdf]]|| |- || '''8. Prefix Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.PFA.20140314.pdf|A]]|| || || |- || '''9.1 Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1A.VBA.20221110.pdf|A]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1B.VBA.20230911.pdf|B]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20240622.pdf|C]], [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1C.VBA.20250218.pdf|D]]|| || || |- || '''9.2 Multi-Level Variable Block Adder''' || [[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.VBA-Multi.20221031.pdf|A]]|| || || |} </br> === Adder Architectures Suitable for FPGA === * FPGA Carry-Chain Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.FPGA-CCA.20210421.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Select Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.B.FPGA-CarrySelect.20210522.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Variable Block Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.C.FPGA-VariableBlock.20220125.pdf|pdf]]) * FPGA Carry Lookahead Adder ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.D.FPGA-CLookahead.20210304.pdf|pdf]]) * Carry-Skip Adder </br> == Barrel Shifter == * Barrel Shifter Architecture Exploration ([[Media:Bshift.20131105.pdf|bshfit.vhdl]], [[Media:Bshift.makefile.20131109.pdf|bshfit.makefile]]) </br> '''Mux Based Barrel Shifter''' * Analysis ([[Media:Arith.BShfiter.20151207.pdf|pdf]]) * Implementation </br> == Multiplier == === Array Multipliers === * Analysis ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Mult.20151209.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Tree Mulltipliers === * Lattice Multiplication ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.LatticeMult.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Wallace Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.WallaceTree.20170204.pdf|pdf]]) * Dadda Tree ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.DaddaTree.20170701.pdf|pdf]]) </br> === Booth Multipliers === * [[Media:RNS4.BoothEncode.20161005.pdf|Booth Encoding Note]] * Booth Multiplier Note ([[Media:BoothMult.20160929.pdf|H1.pdf]]) </br> == Divider == * Binary Divider ([[Media:VLSI.Arith.1.A.Divider.20131217.pdf|pdf]])</br> </br> </br> go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Digital Circuit Design]] [[Category:FPGA]] tib32wl9zowgfu9kycb7xbwcr7l5m4q 4 159012 2818133 2815444 2026-07-11T22:34:51Z MediaWiki message delivery 983498 /* This Month in GLAM: June 2026 */ new section 2818133 wikitext text/x-wiki == Archives == * [[Outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives]] == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue I, January 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Africa report|Africa report]]: Guinea-Bissau Heritage from Commons to the World * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Qemal Baholli Public Library in Elbasan (October - December 2024) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba project has officially begun! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Maranhão * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Exploring Wikidata & Building Community for Cultural Heritage Professionals * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Celebrating Public Domain Day 2025 in Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: New Wikimedia Italia Grant for GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: 3 Million Dutch Cultural Heritage Images in Commons & 400,000 RCE images now in higher resolution & Usage of DBNL in Dutch Wikipedia articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Student led Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki 2024 in Poland: Achievements, Collaborations, and Impact * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Wikimedia Serbia: Advancing GLAM collaborations and digital heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Cairo Geniza * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikipedia Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group January monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: Join the Global GLAM Call – Tuesday, February 11th, 13:30 UTC! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: To the front page! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata at WikiLibCon 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 23:23, 9 February 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28125057 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue II, February 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Celebrating the English Wikipedia’s Birthday in Albania! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki and COP30 in the Amazon rainforest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: GLAM digital and seminar on Jewish life * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: GLAM call and Progetto cultura * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: [GLAM metrics] Usage of Delpher in Dutch Wikipedia articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikipedia podcast episode, Trilepidea newsletter article, and the Wikipedian at Large * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD GLAM program for 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Swiss GLAM Programme * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Islamic and Jewish history * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: GLAM news from Ukraine – events for libraries, #1Lib1Ref, launch of a larger GLAM product * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: February meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group February monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Connecting Media Art Archives * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 5.1 million image views * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Wikidata event: Data Reuse Days 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Conference 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report|Wikimedia and Libraries User Group report]]: Wikimedia + Libraries International Convention 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 16:51, 10 March 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28357408 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue III, March 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: WikiGap in Albania 2025, and essential initiatives for free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Archives and Human Rights activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: International Women's Day, Wikipedia officially recognised as Digital Public Good and invitation for the General Assembly * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Every Book Its Reader is coming * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: New Horizons of Czech GLAM Partnerships in 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: Archivist Forum 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ten winners of Wikimedia Italia 2025 GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: International Womensday; New Wikimedian in Residence at Maastricht University * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: What's on at Auckland Museum, and International Women's Day at University of Otago * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: GLAM in Africa, a Nigerian narrative in knowledge decolonization a case study of Benin City * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Switzerland report * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Gold in Bengali and Diversity in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Women's History month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group March monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts of Mali * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report|Structured Data on Wikimedia Commons report]]: Creating an OpenRefine Wikimedia Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 09:00, 9 April 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28408819 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IV, April 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Event for International Roma Day 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Highlighting Feminist and women's histories and a Wiki Day at the South Australian Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Catalan areas report|Catalan areas report]]: Campaign to document the 2025 Falla monuments in Valencia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wikidata and Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Collection Highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Architecture, BHL, and the Commons Workflow * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Strengthening Cultural Heritage through Partnerships and Knowledge Sharing: Insights from World Heritage Day in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's new GLAM collaborations and activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Scholarships and Call for Sessions Proposals for GLAM Wiki 2025 will open soon: Stay tuned! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: GLAM Highlights from Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: FemNetzCon 2025; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne; Digi Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Mapping Museums / Art in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: April meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group April monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Surging forward in Spanish and Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 20:53, 11 May 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28668932 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue V, May 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Enhancing the LGBTQ+ content in Albanian Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Belgium Public Domain Day and Dance Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Video resource on Wikimedia Brasil and Casa de Oswaldo Cruz Partnership Released * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: SPRINGing back activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library of the CR events and important guests * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Europe report|Europe report]]: DARIAH DHwiki WG coming activity * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: GLAM project starts with Nanda Talukdar Foundation at Jorhat, Assam * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: GLAM Wiki Month 2025 in Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From charts to concrete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Traditional Albanian Food Photography Competition 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Update from Auckland Museum; Let the Wikifying Commence; Listful Thinking * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Architectural Folklore Campaign Series * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Celebrating Museums and strengthening #1Lib1Ref connections * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Some news from Spain * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Museum Day 2025; CoCreation PTT-Archive; Scoring Girls * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: The 18th language * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring GLAM news from Ukraine – first major survey for GLAM institutions & yet another successful #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: May meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL-Wiki Working Group May monthly highlights * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Preparing the data upload * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 06:00, 10 June 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28809506 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VI, June 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating Communication History and Women Artists through Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day in Europe 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Data on Maranhão's Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: First call of Science Month at Wikipedia in the Czech Republic wrapped-up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/France report|France report]]: WiR and science&GLAM tour in France * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Another publication from Grant for GLAM Indonesia program & Minangkabau Wikisource Competition upadates * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Isoseismals & Icons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Kosovo report|Kosovo report]]: Celebrating Albanian Cuisine Through Photography: Winners of the 2025 Contest Announced! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open Cultural Data Hackathon in Puebla * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikifying the International Congress of History of Science and Technology; Librarians and Wikipedia; NZ species edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Mapping Heritage Buildings on Wikidata and Wiki Heritage Fellowship * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Strengthens Ties with Academic Institutions: A Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Institute of Macedonian Literature * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: What's up in GLAM in Poland * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: Registration is now open for GLAM WikiCon 2025! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: June highlights from Wikimedia Serbia and beginning of new accredited seminar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: International Archives Week 2025; SAPA Performing Arts; GLAM Meeting Biel/Bienne * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New Featured Pictures * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: June meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL Transition update, LivingData2025 and Women Genera paper * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Data upload achieved * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Wiki Knowledge Park report|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 report]]: Celebrating Heritage and Faith: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 15:34, 12 July 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=28966332 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': July 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VII, July 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: 10 years of Wikimedians of Albanian Language User Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba – From Island to Archive: Aruba’s Journey on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: De Standaard Solidarity Prize and How to Upload Artwork * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Expanding Access to Heritage Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Program Highlights & Volunteer Call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: July in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Poster Exhibition, Screening Public Viewing, Women Memorials * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Japanese art in Arabic * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wikinics & Edit-a-thons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: BHL blog by Tiago Lubiana, BHL Wikimedian in Residence, and news on the BHL transition * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Introducing Oulu Löyly – we want to hear your thoughts! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Getting the message out * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/WMF GLAM report|WMF GLAM report]]: Culture & Heritage team transitioning to broader Content Enablement team * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: August's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 19:58, 11 August 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29083949 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': August 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue VIII, August 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign 2025 in Albania and Kosovo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Expanding Cultural Heritage in Brazil: School communities, Wikisource course, GLAM-Wiki Impact and Wiki Takes Alcântara * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/India report|India report]]: Digitization starts at two more libraries in West Bengal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Grant for GLAM Indonesia is open! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: From food festivals to PhD courses: Wikimedia in Italian academia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: NZ species edit-a-thons, a scholarly article, a course, and Auckland Museum editors at Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Highlights from Wiki Heritage Fellowship and Policy Advocacy in Nigeria * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wiki Loves Film – Collaboration with MakeDox Film Festival * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: When Wikipedia Becomes a Guide in the Museum * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: BAM Hackathon, 3D for Cultural Heritage, Wiki Cite * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Working towards more image sharing * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiknics * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: News on BHL transition and updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Steps towards a sustainable cultural commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: A pivotal month * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Wikisource report|Wikisource report]]: Wikisource Reader app released on Google Play Store * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: September's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/August 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:24, 11 September 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29253474 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': September 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue IX, September 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikipedia edit-a-thon at the Skampa Theater in Elbasan, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Wikipedia on Aruba Initiative: Building Knowledge and Visibility * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: State Library Victoria WikiFest * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Make cultural heritage freely accessible, Hasselt's collections shine online & Let's give women a voice on Wikipedia! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Hidden heritage unveiled: science, history and nature on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Wikimedia Commons birthday content donation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Wikimedian in Residence at the Bioeconomy Science Institute & Wikiproject NZ Women in Architecture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Expanding Access to Culture and Knowledge through Key Partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: WikiChełmoński: the Special Guided Tour at the National Museum in Krakow * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025: Join the Conference Online and Explore Lisbon’s Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: LibreABC, Feminist Voices, Grade Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: September edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: The Memory of the World wiki challenge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: October's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/September 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:45, 9 October 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29409147 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': October 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue X, October 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: From a small language to Wikipedia's Biggest, Share Your Story with the Industry Museum and War Diaries * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Croatia report|Croatia report]]: Autumn activities * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: WikiCommon community meet-ups, Wikisource trainings, and the announcement of Grant for GLAM Indonesia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Open culture on stage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How Wikimedia México is training cultural and government institutions as wikimedians. * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Open Topstukken project concludes; Network Archives Design and Digital Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Granny's Wonderful Chair, Preparing for Auckland Museum Wiki Summer Students and an the ASBS Introductory Wiki Webinar * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Report on Participation at the 12th International Youth Conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Promoting Open Data and Digital Commons in Culture and Research * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: GLAM Wiki Conference 2025 Wrap-Up * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: October in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: DaSCHcon, 3D, Wiki GLAM conference * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A look at Grokipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: October edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: LivingData 2025, GLAMWiki and a "collector" Wikidata property proposal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: International outreach * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Sustainable CultureConnect Project report|Sustainable CultureConnect Project report]]: Sustainable CultureConnect: Empowering Youth and Preserving Heritage through Open Knowledge and Leadership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: November's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 11:28, 10 November 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29516862 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': November 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XI, November 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Call for volunteers, Computer's Day and upcoming events * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Czech Radio and Wikimedia CZ launched cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Our Activities in November * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Wrap up of the 2025 GLAM call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference, a NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence update & Auckland Museum Summer Students * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD and Cultural Institutions: A Year of Growth, Content, and Collaboration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM Wiki 2025 conference, WiR Meeting and the First National Institute of Museums Training on GLAM–Wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: IT Wikicon, Faces and Masks, Matrimoine @ Genève * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Awards season- again! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: November edit-a-thons & meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Content Partnerships Hub report|Content Partnerships Hub report]]: Here to Help: The Next Stage of the Content Partnerships Hub * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Enriching the data set * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: December's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 04:21, 11 December 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29692345 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': December 2025 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XV, Issue XII, December 2025</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Global GLAM Calls Continue in 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikimedian in Residence, 2025, in Elbasan Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: Resume of the year * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: AMaGA partnership, signing the Open Heritage Statement and South Australian Museum Partner Project * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Public Domain Day 2026, Circus Heritage and Fosdem * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Preparándonos para celebrar el día del dominio público - Getting ready for the Public Domain Day celebration * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Exploring Italy and Unlocking Its Heritage: Touring Club Italiano and GLAM Call 2026–2028 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ASBS 2025 Conference follow-up Wiki webinar & Auckland Museum student update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Public Domain, Conferences, and Conversations on Open Culture * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM on Tour Bellinzona, Xmas Event, GLAM Wiki Group * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: 2025 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: December meetings * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Public Domain Day report|Public Domain Day report]]: Public Domain Day 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: 2025 in review * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: January's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December 2025/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12:57, 12 January 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=29895284 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': January 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue I, January 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Wikipedia at 25 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Pap-Wikipedia Turns 20: A Milestone for Papiamento/u Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Celebrando el día del dominio público 2026/Celebrating the public domain day 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: Wikipedia's Birthday in France * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Gifted by our friends: Loads of presents for Wikipedia25 by German and Austrian GLAMs * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Indonesia report|Indonesia report]]: Activities in December-January * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Knowledge in action: Barindelli collection and Wikipedia 25 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Image donation Dutch Book History * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Auckland Museum Student Edit-a-thon, the NZBSI Wikimedian in Residence project, and other residencies * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: GLAM Program of Wikimedia MKD – 2026 Overview * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Explore Historic Portraits from the Museum of Photography in Kraków * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: January in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum in Chiasso, Alpine Museum, Women Monuments * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Sharing more of the Enamels of the World * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Map the GLAM report|Map the GLAM report]]: Wiki and GLAM: Harnessing Knowledge to Foster Gender Equality * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Manuscripts on Arabic Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Wikidata report|Wikidata report]]: Two key Wikidata Requests for Comments, relevant for future GLAM-Wiki work * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: February's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 08:34, 11 February 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30055818 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': February 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue II, February 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in 2026 is calling to action! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: A photo safari through Wiki Loves Fashion & a rescue mission with Mission Gourmande! * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: National Library overview of 2025 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Cultural Heritage and Memory: 2026 GLAM Call and Executed Renaissance Edit-a-thon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Farewelling the Auckland Museum Summer Students and an update on the NZBSI WiR * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Wikipedia in Cultural Marketing at Crash Mondays Warsaw * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: February in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: Wikidata in the GLAM context II * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Neocomensia, SAPA, Atelier Winterthur, GLAM-on-Tour Disentis * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: New content in African and Asian languages * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Focus on Indigenous issues * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: March's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 00:52, 12 March 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30232291 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': March 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue III, March 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: GLAM in Equinox * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: Wikigap 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Aruba report|Aruba report]]: Celebrating 20 Years of Papiamentu/o Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Bolivia report|Bolivia report]]: The Family Treasures Project Returns, with New GLAM Partners * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wiki Loves Folklore Brazil defines six categories to represent Brazilian culture on Commons * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: Architecture in the public domain in libraries in Nariño/Arquitectura en dominio público en bibliotecas nariñenses * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Main Wikimedian in Residence report for 2025 is here * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Germany report|Germany report]]: Art History Loves Wiki 2026 – digital/local. collection loves wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/India report|India report]]: Collaboration resumes with the British Library for Bangla Wikisource * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: 2026 winners projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: New Zealand Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence update, a letter published in Nature & Architecture + Women NZ * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD's GLAM Highlights: Botany and Beyond * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Portugal report|Portugal report]]: March in Portugal * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: March in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Looking for similar images * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: GLAM Wiki Group, Donna, CoCreation PTT-Archive * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: CILIP MDG 2026 Conference, Library meetups and the World's Enamels * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Ukraine report|Ukraine report]]: Spring 2026 news from Ukraine – Wiki Loves Folklore & more #1Lib1Ref * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: MoMA's International Traveling Exhibitions and Wikidata on the LD4 Arts Affinity Group April Community Call * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHL-Wiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Oulu Löyly * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Indigenous languages on the Main Page * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: April's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 18:19, 9 April 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30344683 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': April 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue IV, April 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: How the GLAM Community Can Shine in the 2026–27 Annual Plan * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Albania report|Albania report]]: International Roma Day 2026 in Tirana, Albania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: WikiConf Argentina and GLAM projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Asia report|Asia report]]: Documenting and citing oral knowledge in audio and video * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: WikiCon Australia, ICIP, Orphan works and Trans-Tasman partnerships * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Wikimedia Brasil publishes book on the power and challenges of free knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Colombia report|Colombia report]]: We celebrate Public Domain Day with an expert panel / Celebramos el día del dominio público con un Panel de expertas * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Ongoing and New GLAM-Wiki Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: Women in Wartime event at Auckland Museum & an update for WiR NZBSI * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Nigeria report|Nigeria report]]: Wikimedia Commons Upload Campaign * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD in Action: Digitization, Wikisource and Educational Workshops * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: GLAM-Wiki Developments: Residencies, Partnerships and Audiovisual Heritage * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: April in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Le Donne di Villa Massimo * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: A tenth-century Quran and Islamic Art in Urdu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Wiki MIT launches and US meetups * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Update on the BHL Annual Meeting 27 April - 1 May & BHL Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: Eight new articles on MoW inscriptions * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: May's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 13:50, 11 May 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30513880 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue V, May 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: May Global GLAM Call Recording and June Call Announcement * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating #1Lib1Ref Australasia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAM Connection: Fashion, History, and Biodiversity in May * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: New Wikimedian in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Connecting the Arctic and Sicily through Wikimedia Projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How the cultural, governmental, educational, and museum sectors contributed in unison to Wikimedia projects * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Setting up your own platform (part 1): from wish to the creation of a wiki * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ESEAP Conference 2026 and the NZBSI WiR update * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Shares GLAM Experience at International Conferences * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Partnerships, Participation, and Open Knowledge * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: May in Wikimedia Serbia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: El Prado en femenino III * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum for Communication, Panel IMD, Wikipedia Day * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Early Qurans on the front page of Wikipedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: New tools for multilingual audio, video and metadata * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles in Urdu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 21:21, 12 June 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30636889 --> == ''This Month in GLAM'': June 2026 == {| style="width:100%;" | valign="top" align="center" style="border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;" | {| align="center" |- | style="text-align: center;" | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]<br /> <hr /> <div style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;">[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026|<span style="color:darkslategray;">This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue VI, June 2026</span>]]</div> <hr /><br /> |- style="text-align: center;" | <span style="font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;"> '''<u>Headlines</u>'''</span> |- style="font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;" | <div style="text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;"> * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: Tools, tech, and Wikimania * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Argentina report|Argentina report]]: New digitization partner * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Bangladesh report|Bangladesh report]]: International Museum Day Edit-a-thon and Workshop held in Dinajpur, Bangladesh * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Belgium report|Belgium report]]: Postal Mission on Wikimedia * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: Empowering Institutions through Wikisource Education and GLAM Capacity Building * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Czech Republic report|Czech Republic report]]: Bridging the gap between labs and Wikipedia: continuing cooperation with FZU * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Egypt report|Egypt report]]: From Museum Celebrations to Archival Documentation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Finland report|Finland report]]: Northern Wikimedist meetup in Oulu * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: #1lib1ref Recap and International Archives Week * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Heritage and Community Action * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: Open GLAM in Puebla * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Interview with Olaf Janssen, Wikimedia coordinator of the KB, National library of the Netherlands * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: BAU at Auckland Museum, Otago Uni Library Life and the NZBSI WiR is complete * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Collaboration with the Botanical garden at the Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics in Skopje * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Poland Report: New Partnerships, Conferences, and Wikimedians in Residence * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: Opening the Doors of Serbian Heritage: Wikimedia Serbia’s Recent GLAM and Wikidata Successes * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: GLAM Labs Futures 2026 * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Sweden report|Sweden report]]: Finnish-Swedish cooperation * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Exhibition, International Archives Week Panel * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Ninth Good Article from Khalili partnership * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/USA report|USA report]]: Philadelphia WikiSalon * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/AvoinGLAM report|AvoinGLAM report]]: Is the sauna still hot? * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: July's GLAM events </div> |- | style="font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2026/Single|Single-page]] |- | valign="top" colspan="2" style="padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;" | To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]]. |- |} |} <div style="margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;">[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 22:34, 11 July 2026 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Romaine@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&oldid=30773577 --> ja7i0ebl1redb11kmn4eg26l3sjvvn5 0 171005 2818117 2818075 2026-07-11T14:26:31Z Young1lim 21186 /* Geometric Series Examples */ 2818117 wikitext text/x-wiki Many of the functions that arise naturally in mathematics and real world applications can be extended to and regarded as complex functions, meaning the input, as well as the output, can be complex numbers <math>x+iy</math>, where <math>i=\sqrt{-1}</math>, in such a way that it is a more natural object to study. '''Complex analysis''', which used to be known as '''function theory''' or '''theory of functions of a single complex variable''', is a sub-field of analysis that studies such functions (more specifically, '''holomorphic''' functions) on the complex plane, or part (domain) or extension (Riemann surface) thereof. It notably has great importance in number theory, e.g. the [[Riemann zeta function]] (for the distribution of primes) and other <math>L</math>-functions, modular forms, elliptic functions, etc. <blockquote>The shortest path between two truths in the real domain passes through the complex domain. — [[wikipedia:Jacques_Hadamard|Jacques Hadamard]]</blockquote>In a certain sense, the essence of complex functions is captured by the principle of [[analytic continuation]].{{mathematics}} ==''' Complex Functions '''== * Complex Functions ([[Media:CAnal.1.A.CFunction.20140222.Basic.pdf|1.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.B.CFunction.20140111.Octave.pdf|1.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.1.C.CFunction.20140111.Extend.pdf|1.C.pdf]]) * Complex Exponential and Logarithm ([[Media:CAnal.5.A.CLog.20131017.pdf|5.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.5.A.Octave.pdf|5.B.pdf]]) * Complex Trigonometric and Hyperbolic ([[Media:CAnal.7.A.CTrigHyper..pdf|7.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.7.A.Octave..pdf|7.B.pdf]]) '''Complex Function Note''' : 1. Exp and Log Function Note ([[Media:ComplexExp.29160721.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 2. Trig and TrigH Function Note ([[Media:CAnal.Trig-H.29160901.pdf|H1.pdf]]) : 3. Inverse Trig and TrigH Functions Note ([[Media:CAnal.Hyper.29160829.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Integrals '''== * Complex Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.2.A.CIntegral.20140224.Basic.pdf|2.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.B.CIntegral.20140117.Octave.pdf|2.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.2.C.CIntegral.20140117.Extend.pdf|2.C.pdf]]) ==''' Complex Series '''== * Complex Series ([[Media:CPX.Series.20150226.2.Basic.pdf|3.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.B.CSeries.20140121.Octave.pdf|3.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.3.C.CSeries.20140303.Extend.pdf|3.C.pdf]]) ==''' Residue Integrals '''== * Residue Integrals ([[Media:CAnal.4.A.Residue.20140227.Basic.pdf|4.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.B.pdf|4.B.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.4.C.Residue.20140423.Extend.pdf|4.C.pdf]]) ==='''Residue Integrals Note'''=== * Laurent Series with the Residue Theorem Note ([[Media:Laurent.1.Residue.20170713.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series with Applications Note ([[Media:Laurent.2.Applications.20170327.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series and the z-Transform Note ([[Media:Laurent.3.z-Trans.20170831.pdf|H1.pdf]]) * Laurent Series as a Geometric Series Note ([[Media:Laurent.4.GSeries.20170802.pdf|H1.pdf]]) === Laurent Series and the z-Transform Example Note === * Overview ([[Media:Laurent.4.z-Example.20170926.pdf|H1.pdf]]) ====Geometric Series Examples==== * Causality ([[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.A.20191026n.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Causality.1.B.20191026.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Time Shift ([[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.A.20191028.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.TimeShift.2.B.20191029.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Reciprocity ([[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3A.20191030.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Reciprocity.3B.20191031.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Combinations ([[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4A.20200702.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Combination.4B.20201002.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5A.20220105.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Property.5B.20220126.pdf|B.pdf]]) * Permutations ([[Media:Laurent.6.Permutation.6A.20230711.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6B.20251225.pdf|B.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20260711.pdf|C.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.Permutation.6C.20240528.pdf|D.pdf]]) * Applications ([[Media:Laurent.5.Application.6B.20220723.pdf|A.pdf]]) * Double Pole Case :- Examples ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7A.20220722.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleEx.7B.20220720.pdf|B.pdf]]) :- Properties ([[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5A.20190226.pdf|A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.5.DPoleProp.5B.20190228.pdf|B.pdf]]) ====The Case Examples==== * Example Overview : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.0.A.20171208.pdf|0A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.6.CaseExample.0.B.20180205.pdf|0B.pdf]]) * Example Case 1 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.A.20171107.pdf|1A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.1.B.20171227.pdf|1B.pdf]]) * Example Case 2 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.A.20171107.pdf|2A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.2.B.20171227.pdf|2B.pdf]]) * Example Case 3 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.A.20171017.pdf|3A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.3.B.20171226.pdf|3B.pdf]]) * Example Case 4 : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.A.20171017.pdf|4A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.4.B.20171228.pdf|4B.pdf]]) * Example Summary : ([[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.A.20171212.pdf|5A.pdf]], [[Media:Laurent.4.Example.5.B.20171230.pdf|5B.pdf]]) ==''' Conformal Mapping '''== * Conformal Mapping ([[Media:CAnal.6.A.Conformal.20131224.pdf|6.A.pdf]], [[Media:CAnal.6.A.Octave..pdf|6.B.pdf]]) go to [ [[Electrical_%26_Computer_Engineering_Studies]] ] [[Category:Complex analysis]] rfphcuhasu6q7bfb0m939alj2luyy3o 1 171302 2818119 2817655 2026-07-11T17:18:18Z James500 297601 /* */ Add 2818119 wikitext text/x-wiki Obviously this bibliography requires considerable expansion. Due to the scope of this project, it is unlikely that I can complete the bibliography without assistance. I hope it will be forthcoming. [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 07:18, 1 February 2015 (UTC) ''Cf''. [[meta:WikiScholar]]. [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 08:23, 8 February 2015 (UTC) Terms that sometimes appear in the titles of bibliographies, guides to literature/reference, etc: Bibliography, catalogue, guide, list, index, in print, books, literature, sources, works, material, titles, reference. [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 13:54, 14 November 2020 (UTC) For future use: *Non-fiction, art, fine arts, music, painting, sculpture, government, politics, philosophy, theology, religion, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining, manufacturing, technology, computer science, engineering, astronomy, physics, chemistry, biology, botany, natural history, prehistory, classics, anthropology, library science, librarianship, information studies, places, exploration, transport, Earth science, paleontology, official publications, universities, museums *Reprography, lithography, engraving *Bookbinding, early printed books, incunabula, manuscripts, papyri, papyrology *Languages, philology, ancient languages, medieval languages, dead languages, extinct languages *Writing, scripts, decipherment, alphabets, hieratic, demotic, hieroglyphic, figurative, ideographic, pictographic, cuneiform, inscriptions, stelae [stela], clay tablets, ostraka [ostrakon], papyrus, Minoan scripts, Linear A, Linear B *Indo-European languages; Italo-Celtic; Celtic languages *Latin, Greek, middle english, old english, anglo-norman [anglo-french], old french, old norse, old welsh, middle welsh, egyptian, hittite, luwian, lycian, akkadian, assyro-babylonian, elamite, amorite *Special libraries, national libraries, public libraries, university libraries, college libraries, school libraries, museum libraries *Archaeological theory, methodology, geology, stratigraphy etc. Field archaeology, behavioural archaeology *Tide tables *George Watson (ed). The Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature. Cambridge University Press. 1966. Volume 5. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ebM6AAAAIAAJ] *[[s:Page:Cornwall (Mitton).djvu/230|"Some Books on Cornwall"]] *[[s:Author:Richard Colt Hoare]] *Yorkshire literature *Catalogues régionaux des incunables des bibliothèques publiques de France. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=K38VcZrjrj0C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] (regional catalogues of incunabula in the public libraries of France) * [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 16:24, 24 November 2019 (UTC) For future use: *Palmer's Index to The Times **editions:2Faf22c-dSwC *Routledge Handbook of Soviet and Russian Military Studies France: *Les Dictionnaires départementaux.  [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FZEwAQAAMAAJ] (series includes departmental biographical dictionaries) Creuse: *Guide des archives de la Creuse. 1972 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=eEsCAAAAMAAJ] *Joanne. Géographie du département de la Creuse. 1895 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=izeVfoPbIc8C] *Jamain. Le département de la Creuse: ses origines et sa pérennité [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kY-KMwcsJMEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Annuaire du Département de la Creuse [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7wpBAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Journal du département de la Creuse (1807-1819) Bibliography: *[[w:Fredson Bowers|Bowers, Fredson]]. Principles of Bibliographical Description. Princeton University Press. 1949. Russell & Russell, New York. 1962. St Paul's Bibliographies (No 15). 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hA7hAAAAMAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA525#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Bowers, Fredson. Bibliography and Textual Criticism. Clarendon Press, Oxford. 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zOFhNcQsihAC] Series: *Studies in Bibliography. Formerly "Papers in Bibliography". (Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia). (1948 onwards) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HGEUAAAAIAAJ] Commentary: "A History of Studies in Bibliography: The First Fifty Volumes" in The First Fifty Years, p 125 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZukVAQAAIAAJ] **Tanselle. Selected Studies in Bibliography. (Bibliographical Society of the University of Virginia) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OnktAQAAIAAJ] Commentary: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Utcb32E7rsMC&pg=PA526#v=onepage&q&f=false] Library associations: *IFLA. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records: Final Report. Saur. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YW8hAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP4#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Patrick Le Boeuf (ed). Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR): Hype or Cure-All? Haworth Press. 2005. Routledge. 2013 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ka7hAQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Guidelines for Bibliographic Description of Reproductions. American Library Association. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9zG6MGudKv8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Serials: *Serials Review Nostgia *Nostalgia cycles: [https://slate.com/culture/2012/04/the-golden-forty-year-rule-and-other-nostalgia-cycles-could-trends-possibly-return-every-40-years-20-years-and-12-15-years.html] [https://www.vice.com/en/article/how-the-20-year-trend-cycle-collapsed/] [https://www.npr.org/2022/03/01/1081115609/from-tumblrcore-to-2014core-the-nostalgia-loop-is-getting-smaller-and-faster] [https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/apr/20/lets-go-round-again-the-ridiculous-rise-of-fifth-anniversary-vinyl-reissues] [https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/fashion/gen-z-fashion-trends-tumblr-aesthetic-b2042247.html] *Stuck in the Seventies: 113 Things from the 1970s that Screwed Up the Twentysomething Generation. 1991. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bZ03g5ylsaEC]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6V4cAQAAMAAJ]. *1969: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yuwjAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA25#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Decade nostalgia [https://www.thetimes.com/uk/politics/article/rolling-back-the-years-qg8fs6sh06d] *[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=COhVAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA20#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Xf4rAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nFtWAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HqkfAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA27&article_id=4890,1282350#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_WZGAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bzpHAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false][https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s1MgAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *1970s: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YT5QAAAAIBAJ&pg=PA8#v=onepage&q&f=false] *1990s Tamagotchi [https://www.channelnewsasia.com/today/visual-stories/tamagotchi-cassette-player-gen-z-millennials-retro-gadgets-photo-essay-pictures-4826346] (Singapore) [https://www.nssmag.com/en/lifestyle/38204/tamagotchi-y2k-nostalgia] Other *[[w:Haruko Ichikawa|Haruko Ichikawa]] (市河晴子 or 市川晴子) (1896-1943) **Japanese Lady in Europe. 1937. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xi42AAAAMAAJ] (Japanese: 欧米の隅々) **Japanese Lady in America. First published 1938. [https://books.google.com/books?id=KQY7AQAAIAAJ] (Japanese: 米国の旅日本の旅) Search terms: *"press in japan" *"japanese press" *"press of japan" *"journalism of japan" *"journalism in japan" *"journalists in japan" *"japanese journalism" Generations *[https://www.vox.com/2018/8/15/17686668/millennials-explained Stop calling teenagers millennials]. Vox. 15 August 2018. Planet Earth *[[w:Encyclopedia of Earth|Encyclopedia of Earth]] Crime *The Concise Encyclopedia of Crime and Criminals [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uGTQAAAAIAAJ] Showa era *懐かしの昭和・平成流行事典: 2001-1945. [[w:ja:新人物往来社|Shin-Jinbutsuoraisha]]. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QCYyAQAAIAAJ] *少年ブーム～昭和レトロの流行もの. 串間努著. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sK0nAQAAIAAJ] Shakespeare *Demmon (compiler). Catalogue of the Shakespearian Books and Pamphlets in the Joseph Crosby Library. 1885. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GSZLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Shakespeare the Man and the Book. Part 2: Occasional Papers. 1881. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gfUUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP11#v=onepage&q&f=false] [[User:James500|James500]] ([[User talk:James500|discuss]] • [[Special:Contributions/James500|contribs]]) 10:55, 26 October 2020 (UTC) c0llb64pfagli91d150uo2y2s35esmm 0 221724 2818136 2786426 2026-07-11T23:02:32Z ~2026-39478-17 3100380 /* Western Aramaic */ this is not Western Aramaic. It is the western sub-dialect of Eastern neo-Aramaic AKA Western Assyrian AKA Turoyo. Western Aramaic only exists today in and around the Syrian village of Ma’aloula and not mutually intelligible with any of the modern Eastern dialects of Aramaic. 2818136 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Eastern Aramaic== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! English ! Assyrian Neo-Aramaic |- | Peace be upon you (Hello; salutation) <br /> | Shlam'alokhon |- | Thank you | Baseema (male)/Basimta (female) |- | How are you? | Dakheet(oon)? |- | Who? | Mani? |- | Father | Baba |- | Mother | Yemmah |- | Uncle | Khaloowah/Khalu (Maternal) Mamoonah/Amu (Paternal) |- | Aunt | Khalta/Khaltu (Maternal) 'Amtah/Atu (Paternal) |- | Man/Human | Nasha/Bar Nasha |- | Woman | Bakhta |- | Boy | Yalah/Oorza |- | Girl/Daughter | Brata/Bratha |- | Love | Khooba |- | Book | Ktawa |- | Go | Khoosh/Si |- | Here | Tama/Lakha/Ikha |- | Sun | Shimsha |- | Moon | Sahra |- | Star | Kekhwa |- |Tree |Elawna |- | Hand | Eeda |- | Marriage | Zuwagha/Gwarta |- | Heart | Leba |- | See/Look | (Kh)zee/Gasheq |- | River | Nara |- | Ocean | Yama |- |Bring/Transport (verb) |N'aballu/Aballu |- | Teacher | Malpannah (male)<br>Malpantah (female) |- |I'm hungry |Kpeenan (m)<br>Kpenten (f) |- |How old are you |Kma shinay'wit? (m) Kma shinay'wat? (f) |- |I am sick |Meryen (m)<br> Mreetan (f) |- |Will you marry me? |Guritly? (to male)<br>Guratly? (to female) |- |I am sad |Hon skeedah (m) <br>Hon skiitah (f) |- |Can I help you? |Bayit hayaranokh (to male) <br>Bayat hayaranakh? (to a female) |- |Shut up |Chum pumookh (to a male) <br>Chum pumakh (to a female) |- |Don't speak |La hamzem |- |Help me |Hayiree |- |Please/God bless you |Eloiasemet/A'la Basimlokh (m) A'la Basimlakh (f) |- |How much?/ How many? |Kma?/ Kma raba? |- |How many times? |Kma daneh? |- |Come here |Ta lakha/Heeya akha |- |From there |Men tama |- |Go/Get lost |Khoosh/Khoosh t'looq |- |Give it to me |Haleh talii/Qali (m) Haleh talow/Qali (f) |- |Enough/stop already! |Bassa/Bassa Kheena! |- |I'm going to work |Khishlee ill Shoola or Azin (m)/ Azan (f) Shoola |- |I'm coming |Dun/hon betaya/ Hon haya il betha |- |I'm going |Dun/hon bekhasha or Bizala / Zileee |- |Come with me |Ta menee / Hiya minee |- |I don't understand |Len parmooyeh / Leeyatin / Leeyadin |- |I miss you |Mokhniyen menookh (to a male)<br>Mokhniyen menakh (to female) |- |I hate you |Sanen'ookh (to male)<br>Sanen'akh (to female) |- |I'm going to kill you |Qatlan'ookh (female to male)<br> Qatlan'akh (female to female)<br> Qatlin'ookh (male to male)<br> Qatlin'akh (male to female) |- |Bring me money/Give me money |Melee zoozeh/Hali zoozeh or Yawely zoozeh |- |Godspeed |Alaha menookh (to male)<br>Alaha menakh (to female) |- |You know what? |Yat moo? (colloquial, to both genders)<br>Yat'et moody (m)<br>Yat'at moody (f) |- |Let us play |Ta Talekh / Ta tawilokh |- |I respect you |Itlee iqara qatookh (to male)<br>Itlee iqara qatakh (to female) |- |Don't go |La khoosh / La azit |} ===Faniosco's Phrases and vocabulary=== * '''''Myouqra/Myouqarta''''': Gentleman, Sir, Mister / Lady, Madam, Miss or Mrs. * '''''In besma-L'oux''''': If it pleases you or please. The word basim means 'heal' or 'please'. However, if followed by a lammad, it renders 'heal to' which exclusively means 'please' as in 'to please someone'. * '''''Besma ganoux/Besma janoux''''': Good for you! Good job! Nice work! Well done! Attaboy! Literally It heals yourself! It Pleases Yourself! * '''''Beena''''': Pardon? * '''''(L)axa''''': Here or hither * '''''Tamoha/Tama/Tamaha''''': There * '''''L'Tamox / L'Tama''''': Thither * '''''Ha''''': Here! There you Go! Here it is! Get a load! Behold! * '''''Prouq mini''''': Get lost, leave me alone, be done with me. * '''''B'nawsha /Xa b'nawsha''''': Alone. Xa b'noshi /b'noshi: by myself * '''''Baseema''''': Thanks. Literally meaning pleasant or tasty. * '''''Haw-it baseema''''': Thanks (to a male). Literally, 'You (will/do) be pleasant/delicious/healed' * '''''Shlama-L'oux''''': Peace be upon thee (to a male) or greetings! * '''''Tliqla dounya ilee''''': I'm totally lost! I've no idea! Literally, 'The world got lost to me' * '''''M'asyim bala L'ganoukh''''': Take care, Look after yourself. Literally 'place /set-up /arrange/focus your mind to yourself' * '''''Maha/Ma/Modi/Mo''''': What? * '''''Ta-maha /Ta-modi''''': Why? Literally 'for what?' * '''''Neexa''''': With ease and care, gently, softly, carefully. * '''''Darit shlama L 'x'''''': Send my regards to 'x'. Literally meaning pour peace unto 'x'. * '''''Way (Wai) /Waya''''': Woe * '''''Way way minakh''''': Woe from you (to a female). * '''''Ya''''': Oh. As the oh in 'oh my Lord' * '''''Oy''''': Oh ! an exclamation of sorrow or grief or pain or agony * '''''Ay''''': Ouch! * '''''Ah''''': ah!, wow!, alas!. * '''''Hayou /Ta''''': Come * '''''Khoush''''': Go * '''''Azil/Yazil''''': Journey, To go on one's way. Some may use it to mean 'depart' others use it exactly as 'go' * '''''Zee/See/Zo/So/Zul (all come from Ezil /Yezil)''''': Go * '''''La''''': No, not. * '''''He/E(Eh)/Ye''''': Yes === References === {{Reflist}} ==Western Eastern Aramaic== {| class="wikitable" ! English ! Turoyo - Aramaic |- | Hello (how are you? m/f) | Shlomo (aydarbo-hat) |- | I'm fine | Ṭowo/Ṭawwo no / Ṭowto/Ṭawto no (or Kayiso / Kayisto in Miḏyoyo accent) |- | What is your name? m/f | Mënyo ëshmokh or ëshmukh / ëshmakh or ëshmekh? |- | My name is ___ | Ëshmi ____ yo |- | Love | Ḥubo |- |Jesus | Yeshu' or Isho' |- | Good morning | Brikh ṣafro or Ṣafro ṭowo |- | God bless you m/f | Aloho mbarakhlokh / mbarakhlekh/mbarakhlakh |- | I want water m/f | Koba'no maye or Kob'eno maye / Kob'ono maye or Kobo'yono maye |- | Kiss | Nushaqto |- | Thank you | Tawdi |- | Child m/f | Z'uro or Na'imo /Z'ërto or Na'imto |- | Students of university | Sawboye |- | Sit | tæw or itæw |- | Stop | Kli (m)/Klay (f) |- | Enough | Basyo |- | Hunger | Kafno |- | Father | Babo |- | Mother | Emo |- | God | Aloho |- | Uncle | Ḥolo (Maternal) / 'ammo (Paternal) |- |Aunt | Ḥolto or Ḥëlto (Maternal / 'amtho (Paternal) |- | Help | 'ewono or 'udrono |- | Man | Nosho/Gawro |- | Woman | Athto |- | Boy | Ṭalyo |- | Girl | Ṭlitho |- | Book | Kthowo |- | Youth | 'laymutho |- | Pen | Qanyo |- | Trousers | Pantalon/Pantlo |- | Table | Ṭablitho |- | Chair | Kursyo |- | Bring | Ayti(m) or Amti(m) |- | Go | Zokh/Zukh (m) or Zolukh/Zelokh (m) |- | Birth | Mawlodho |- | Come m/f | Tukh/Tokh (m)/ Takh/Tekh or Tolokh /Tælakh |- | Run | Rhat |- | Walk | Halækh |- | Jump | Qpas/ or Qsaf |- | Rain | Maṭro |- | Sun | Shëmsho |- | Moon | Sahro |- | Fish | Nuno / nënto |- | Star | Kukwo |- | Grandpa | Qassho or Sowo (Babi Sowo) or under Arabic influence Jiddo/Jyddo |- | Grandma | Qashto or Sowto (Emi Sowto) |- | Hand | Idho |- | Mouth | Femo |- | Car | Radayto or under Turkish influence 'Araba |- | Cow / bull | Turto / Tawro |- | Song | Zmarto / Zmërto |- | Marriage | Gworo |- | Tomorrow | Ramḥël/Lamḥor |- | Shut up (to a man) | Sgar femog |- | Shut up (to a female) | Sgar femag |- | Today | Yawma or Adyawma / Adyowma rare Adyawmo |- | Death | Mawto |- | Money | Zuze / Kalla (Kalawat) |- | Gun | Zayno |- | Heart | Lebo |- | Breath | Nashmo/Nafas |- | Head | Resho or Risho |- | Tooth | 'arsho |- | Dream | ḥulmo |- | Village | Qritho |- | Dig | Ḥforo |- | Flying | Fyoro or ProHo (rare) |- | Mirror | Mahzitho |- | River | Nahro |- | Creek | NaHlo or a loan Jiwo or Jowe |- | Sea | Yamo |} shut up/ shut your mouth Sgar Femog/ Sgar Femag [[Category:Aramaic language]] [[Category:Language introductions]] [[Category:Research]] [[Category:Research projects]] [[Category:Phrases]] jlu445ggtp49wxft5r8m0icu9s5wxlf 2818137 2818136 2026-07-11T23:08:59Z ~2026-39478-17 3100380 /* Western Eastern Aramaic */ central Easyern Neo-Aramaic is the more correct name for this dialect. 2818137 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Eastern Aramaic== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! English ! Assyrian Neo-Aramaic |- | Peace be upon you (Hello; salutation) <br /> | Shlam'alokhon |- | Thank you | Baseema (male)/Basimta (female) |- | How are you? | Dakheet(oon)? |- | Who? | Mani? |- | Father | Baba |- | Mother | Yemmah |- | Uncle | Khaloowah/Khalu (Maternal) Mamoonah/Amu (Paternal) |- | Aunt | Khalta/Khaltu (Maternal) 'Amtah/Atu (Paternal) |- | Man/Human | Nasha/Bar Nasha |- | Woman | Bakhta |- | Boy | Yalah/Oorza |- | Girl/Daughter | Brata/Bratha |- | Love | Khooba |- | Book | Ktawa |- | Go | Khoosh/Si |- | Here | Tama/Lakha/Ikha |- | Sun | Shimsha |- | Moon | Sahra |- | Star | Kekhwa |- |Tree |Elawna |- | Hand | Eeda |- | Marriage | Zuwagha/Gwarta |- | Heart | Leba |- | See/Look | (Kh)zee/Gasheq |- | River | Nara |- | Ocean | Yama |- |Bring/Transport (verb) |N'aballu/Aballu |- | Teacher | Malpannah (male)<br>Malpantah (female) |- |I'm hungry |Kpeenan (m)<br>Kpenten (f) |- |How old are you |Kma shinay'wit? (m) Kma shinay'wat? (f) |- |I am sick |Meryen (m)<br> Mreetan (f) |- |Will you marry me? |Guritly? (to male)<br>Guratly? (to female) |- |I am sad |Hon skeedah (m) <br>Hon skiitah (f) |- |Can I help you? |Bayit hayaranokh (to male) <br>Bayat hayaranakh? (to a female) |- |Shut up |Chum pumookh (to a male) <br>Chum pumakh (to a female) |- |Don't speak |La hamzem |- |Help me |Hayiree |- |Please/God bless you |Eloiasemet/A'la Basimlokh (m) A'la Basimlakh (f) |- |How much?/ How many? |Kma?/ Kma raba? |- |How many times? |Kma daneh? |- |Come here |Ta lakha/Heeya akha |- |From there |Men tama |- |Go/Get lost |Khoosh/Khoosh t'looq |- |Give it to me |Haleh talii/Qali (m) Haleh talow/Qali (f) |- |Enough/stop already! |Bassa/Bassa Kheena! |- |I'm going to work |Khishlee ill Shoola or Azin (m)/ Azan (f) Shoola |- |I'm coming |Dun/hon betaya/ Hon haya il betha |- |I'm going |Dun/hon bekhasha or Bizala / Zileee |- |Come with me |Ta menee / Hiya minee |- |I don't understand |Len parmooyeh / Leeyatin / Leeyadin |- |I miss you |Mokhniyen menookh (to a male)<br>Mokhniyen menakh (to female) |- |I hate you |Sanen'ookh (to male)<br>Sanen'akh (to female) |- |I'm going to kill you |Qatlan'ookh (female to male)<br> Qatlan'akh (female to female)<br> Qatlin'ookh (male to male)<br> Qatlin'akh (male to female) |- |Bring me money/Give me money |Melee zoozeh/Hali zoozeh or Yawely zoozeh |- |Godspeed |Alaha menookh (to male)<br>Alaha menakh (to female) |- |You know what? |Yat moo? (colloquial, to both genders)<br>Yat'et moody (m)<br>Yat'at moody (f) |- |Let us play |Ta Talekh / Ta tawilokh |- |I respect you |Itlee iqara qatookh (to male)<br>Itlee iqara qatakh (to female) |- |Don't go |La khoosh / La azit |} ===Faniosco's Phrases and vocabulary=== * '''''Myouqra/Myouqarta''''': Gentleman, Sir, Mister / Lady, Madam, Miss or Mrs. * '''''In besma-L'oux''''': If it pleases you or please. The word basim means 'heal' or 'please'. However, if followed by a lammad, it renders 'heal to' which exclusively means 'please' as in 'to please someone'. * '''''Besma ganoux/Besma janoux''''': Good for you! Good job! Nice work! Well done! Attaboy! Literally It heals yourself! It Pleases Yourself! * '''''Beena''''': Pardon? * '''''(L)axa''''': Here or hither * '''''Tamoha/Tama/Tamaha''''': There * '''''L'Tamox / L'Tama''''': Thither * '''''Ha''''': Here! There you Go! Here it is! Get a load! Behold! * '''''Prouq mini''''': Get lost, leave me alone, be done with me. * '''''B'nawsha /Xa b'nawsha''''': Alone. Xa b'noshi /b'noshi: by myself * '''''Baseema''''': Thanks. Literally meaning pleasant or tasty. * '''''Haw-it baseema''''': Thanks (to a male). Literally, 'You (will/do) be pleasant/delicious/healed' * '''''Shlama-L'oux''''': Peace be upon thee (to a male) or greetings! * '''''Tliqla dounya ilee''''': I'm totally lost! I've no idea! Literally, 'The world got lost to me' * '''''M'asyim bala L'ganoukh''''': Take care, Look after yourself. Literally 'place /set-up /arrange/focus your mind to yourself' * '''''Maha/Ma/Modi/Mo''''': What? * '''''Ta-maha /Ta-modi''''': Why? Literally 'for what?' * '''''Neexa''''': With ease and care, gently, softly, carefully. * '''''Darit shlama L 'x'''''': Send my regards to 'x'. Literally meaning pour peace unto 'x'. * '''''Way (Wai) /Waya''''': Woe * '''''Way way minakh''''': Woe from you (to a female). * '''''Ya''''': Oh. As the oh in 'oh my Lord' * '''''Oy''''': Oh ! an exclamation of sorrow or grief or pain or agony * '''''Ay''''': Ouch! * '''''Ah''''': ah!, wow!, alas!. * '''''Hayou /Ta''''': Come * '''''Khoush''''': Go * '''''Azil/Yazil''''': Journey, To go on one's way. Some may use it to mean 'depart' others use it exactly as 'go' * '''''Zee/See/Zo/So/Zul (all come from Ezil /Yezil)''''': Go * '''''La''''': No, not. * '''''He/E(Eh)/Ye''''': Yes === References === {{Reflist}} ==Central Eastern Neo-Aramaic== {| class="wikitable" ! English ! Turoyo - Aramaic |- | Hello (how are you? m/f) | Shlomo (aydarbo-hat) |- | I'm fine | Ṭowo/Ṭawwo no / Ṭowto/Ṭawto no (or Kayiso / Kayisto in Miḏyoyo accent) |- | What is your name? m/f | Mënyo ëshmokh or ëshmukh / ëshmakh or ëshmekh? |- | My name is ___ | Ëshmi ____ yo |- | Love | Ḥubo |- |Jesus | Yeshu' or Isho' |- | Good morning | Brikh ṣafro or Ṣafro ṭowo |- | God bless you m/f | Aloho mbarakhlokh / mbarakhlekh/mbarakhlakh |- | I want water m/f | Koba'no maye or Kob'eno maye / Kob'ono maye or Kobo'yono maye |- | Kiss | Nushaqto |- | Thank you | Tawdi |- | Child m/f | Z'uro or Na'imo /Z'ërto or Na'imto |- | Students of university | Sawboye |- | Sit | tæw or itæw |- | Stop | Kli (m)/Klay (f) |- | Enough | Basyo |- | Hunger | Kafno |- | Father | Babo |- | Mother | Emo |- | God | Aloho |- | Uncle | Ḥolo (Maternal) / 'ammo (Paternal) |- |Aunt | Ḥolto or Ḥëlto (Maternal / 'amtho (Paternal) |- | Help | 'ewono or 'udrono |- | Man | Nosho/Gawro |- | Woman | Athto |- | Boy | Ṭalyo |- | Girl | Ṭlitho |- | Book | Kthowo |- | Youth | 'laymutho |- | Pen | Qanyo |- | Trousers | Pantalon/Pantlo |- | Table | Ṭablitho |- | Chair | Kursyo |- | Bring | Ayti(m) or Amti(m) |- | Go | Zokh/Zukh (m) or Zolukh/Zelokh (m) |- | Birth | Mawlodho |- | Come m/f | Tukh/Tokh (m)/ Takh/Tekh or Tolokh /Tælakh |- | Run | Rhat |- | Walk | Halækh |- | Jump | Qpas/ or Qsaf |- | Rain | Maṭro |- | Sun | Shëmsho |- | Moon | Sahro |- | Fish | Nuno / nënto |- | Star | Kukwo |- | Grandpa | Qassho or Sowo (Babi Sowo) or under Arabic influence Jiddo/Jyddo |- | Grandma | Qashto or Sowto (Emi Sowto) |- | Hand | Idho |- | Mouth | Femo |- | Car | Radayto or under Turkish influence 'Araba |- | Cow / bull | Turto / Tawro |- | Song | Zmarto / Zmërto |- | Marriage | Gworo |- | Tomorrow | Ramḥël/Lamḥor |- | Shut up (to a man) | Sgar femog |- | Shut up (to a female) | Sgar femag |- | Today | Yawma or Adyawma / Adyowma rare Adyawmo |- | Death | Mawto |- | Money | Zuze / Kalla (Kalawat) |- | Gun | Zayno |- | Heart | Lebo |- | Breath | Nashmo/Nafas |- | Head | Resho or Risho |- | Tooth | 'arsho |- | Dream | ḥulmo |- | Village | Qritho |- | Dig | Ḥforo |- | Flying | Fyoro or ProHo (rare) |- | Mirror | Mahzitho |- | River | Nahro |- | Creek | NaHlo or a loan Jiwo or Jowe |- | Sea | Yamo |} shut up/ shut your mouth Sgar Femog/ Sgar Femag [[Category:Aramaic language]] [[Category:Language introductions]] [[Category:Research]] [[Category:Research projects]] [[Category:Phrases]] kidz33b4l0nw5u0x6eounvh8jjtts2z 2818138 2818137 2026-07-11T23:09:40Z ~2026-39478-17 3100380 /* Eastern Aramaic */ this is the more correct name for this modern dialect 2818138 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Eastern Neo-Aramaic== {| class="wikitable sortable" ! English ! Assyrian Neo-Aramaic |- | Peace be upon you (Hello; salutation) <br /> | Shlam'alokhon |- | Thank you | Baseema (male)/Basimta (female) |- | How are you? | Dakheet(oon)? |- | Who? | Mani? |- | Father | Baba |- | Mother | Yemmah |- | Uncle | Khaloowah/Khalu (Maternal) Mamoonah/Amu (Paternal) |- | Aunt | Khalta/Khaltu (Maternal) 'Amtah/Atu (Paternal) |- | Man/Human | Nasha/Bar Nasha |- | Woman | Bakhta |- | Boy | Yalah/Oorza |- | Girl/Daughter | Brata/Bratha |- | Love | Khooba |- | Book | Ktawa |- | Go | Khoosh/Si |- | Here | Tama/Lakha/Ikha |- | Sun | Shimsha |- | Moon | Sahra |- | Star | Kekhwa |- |Tree |Elawna |- | Hand | Eeda |- | Marriage | Zuwagha/Gwarta |- | Heart | Leba |- | See/Look | (Kh)zee/Gasheq |- | River | Nara |- | Ocean | Yama |- |Bring/Transport (verb) |N'aballu/Aballu |- | Teacher | Malpannah (male)<br>Malpantah (female) |- |I'm hungry |Kpeenan (m)<br>Kpenten (f) |- |How old are you |Kma shinay'wit? (m) Kma shinay'wat? (f) |- |I am sick |Meryen (m)<br> Mreetan (f) |- |Will you marry me? |Guritly? (to male)<br>Guratly? (to female) |- |I am sad |Hon skeedah (m) <br>Hon skiitah (f) |- |Can I help you? |Bayit hayaranokh (to male) <br>Bayat hayaranakh? (to a female) |- |Shut up |Chum pumookh (to a male) <br>Chum pumakh (to a female) |- |Don't speak |La hamzem |- |Help me |Hayiree |- |Please/God bless you |Eloiasemet/A'la Basimlokh (m) A'la Basimlakh (f) |- |How much?/ How many? |Kma?/ Kma raba? |- |How many times? |Kma daneh? |- |Come here |Ta lakha/Heeya akha |- |From there |Men tama |- |Go/Get lost |Khoosh/Khoosh t'looq |- |Give it to me |Haleh talii/Qali (m) Haleh talow/Qali (f) |- |Enough/stop already! |Bassa/Bassa Kheena! |- |I'm going to work |Khishlee ill Shoola or Azin (m)/ Azan (f) Shoola |- |I'm coming |Dun/hon betaya/ Hon haya il betha |- |I'm going |Dun/hon bekhasha or Bizala / Zileee |- |Come with me |Ta menee / Hiya minee |- |I don't understand |Len parmooyeh / Leeyatin / Leeyadin |- |I miss you |Mokhniyen menookh (to a male)<br>Mokhniyen menakh (to female) |- |I hate you |Sanen'ookh (to male)<br>Sanen'akh (to female) |- |I'm going to kill you |Qatlan'ookh (female to male)<br> Qatlan'akh (female to female)<br> Qatlin'ookh (male to male)<br> Qatlin'akh (male to female) |- |Bring me money/Give me money |Melee zoozeh/Hali zoozeh or Yawely zoozeh |- |Godspeed |Alaha menookh (to male)<br>Alaha menakh (to female) |- |You know what? |Yat moo? (colloquial, to both genders)<br>Yat'et moody (m)<br>Yat'at moody (f) |- |Let us play |Ta Talekh / Ta tawilokh |- |I respect you |Itlee iqara qatookh (to male)<br>Itlee iqara qatakh (to female) |- |Don't go |La khoosh / La azit |} ===Faniosco's Phrases and vocabulary=== * '''''Myouqra/Myouqarta''''': Gentleman, Sir, Mister / Lady, Madam, Miss or Mrs. * '''''In besma-L'oux''''': If it pleases you or please. The word basim means 'heal' or 'please'. However, if followed by a lammad, it renders 'heal to' which exclusively means 'please' as in 'to please someone'. * '''''Besma ganoux/Besma janoux''''': Good for you! Good job! Nice work! Well done! Attaboy! Literally It heals yourself! It Pleases Yourself! * '''''Beena''''': Pardon? * '''''(L)axa''''': Here or hither * '''''Tamoha/Tama/Tamaha''''': There * '''''L'Tamox / L'Tama''''': Thither * '''''Ha''''': Here! There you Go! Here it is! Get a load! Behold! * '''''Prouq mini''''': Get lost, leave me alone, be done with me. * '''''B'nawsha /Xa b'nawsha''''': Alone. Xa b'noshi /b'noshi: by myself * '''''Baseema''''': Thanks. Literally meaning pleasant or tasty. * '''''Haw-it baseema''''': Thanks (to a male). Literally, 'You (will/do) be pleasant/delicious/healed' * '''''Shlama-L'oux''''': Peace be upon thee (to a male) or greetings! * '''''Tliqla dounya ilee''''': I'm totally lost! I've no idea! Literally, 'The world got lost to me' * '''''M'asyim bala L'ganoukh''''': Take care, Look after yourself. Literally 'place /set-up /arrange/focus your mind to yourself' * '''''Maha/Ma/Modi/Mo''''': What? * '''''Ta-maha /Ta-modi''''': Why? Literally 'for what?' * '''''Neexa''''': With ease and care, gently, softly, carefully. * '''''Darit shlama L 'x'''''': Send my regards to 'x'. Literally meaning pour peace unto 'x'. * '''''Way (Wai) /Waya''''': Woe * '''''Way way minakh''''': Woe from you (to a female). * '''''Ya''''': Oh. As the oh in 'oh my Lord' * '''''Oy''''': Oh ! an exclamation of sorrow or grief or pain or agony * '''''Ay''''': Ouch! * '''''Ah''''': ah!, wow!, alas!. * '''''Hayou /Ta''''': Come * '''''Khoush''''': Go * '''''Azil/Yazil''''': Journey, To go on one's way. Some may use it to mean 'depart' others use it exactly as 'go' * '''''Zee/See/Zo/So/Zul (all come from Ezil /Yezil)''''': Go * '''''La''''': No, not. * '''''He/E(Eh)/Ye''''': Yes === References === {{Reflist}} ==Central Eastern Neo-Aramaic== {| class="wikitable" ! English ! Turoyo - Aramaic |- | Hello (how are you? m/f) | Shlomo (aydarbo-hat) |- | I'm fine | Ṭowo/Ṭawwo no / Ṭowto/Ṭawto no (or Kayiso / Kayisto in Miḏyoyo accent) |- | What is your name? m/f | Mënyo ëshmokh or ëshmukh / ëshmakh or ëshmekh? |- | My name is ___ | Ëshmi ____ yo |- | Love | Ḥubo |- |Jesus | Yeshu' or Isho' |- | Good morning | Brikh ṣafro or Ṣafro ṭowo |- | God bless you m/f | Aloho mbarakhlokh / mbarakhlekh/mbarakhlakh |- | I want water m/f | Koba'no maye or Kob'eno maye / Kob'ono maye or Kobo'yono maye |- | Kiss | Nushaqto |- | Thank you | Tawdi |- | Child m/f | Z'uro or Na'imo /Z'ërto or Na'imto |- | Students of university | Sawboye |- | Sit | tæw or itæw |- | Stop | Kli (m)/Klay (f) |- | Enough | Basyo |- | Hunger | Kafno |- | Father | Babo |- | Mother | Emo |- | God | Aloho |- | Uncle | Ḥolo (Maternal) / 'ammo (Paternal) |- |Aunt | Ḥolto or Ḥëlto (Maternal / 'amtho (Paternal) |- | Help | 'ewono or 'udrono |- | Man | Nosho/Gawro |- | Woman | Athto |- | Boy | Ṭalyo |- | Girl | Ṭlitho |- | Book | Kthowo |- | Youth | 'laymutho |- | Pen | Qanyo |- | Trousers | Pantalon/Pantlo |- | Table | Ṭablitho |- | Chair | Kursyo |- | Bring | Ayti(m) or Amti(m) |- | Go | Zokh/Zukh (m) or Zolukh/Zelokh (m) |- | Birth | Mawlodho |- | Come m/f | Tukh/Tokh (m)/ Takh/Tekh or Tolokh /Tælakh |- | Run | Rhat |- | Walk | Halækh |- | Jump | Qpas/ or Qsaf |- | Rain | Maṭro |- | Sun | Shëmsho |- | Moon | Sahro |- | Fish | Nuno / nënto |- | Star | Kukwo |- | Grandpa | Qassho or Sowo (Babi Sowo) or under Arabic influence Jiddo/Jyddo |- | Grandma | Qashto or Sowto (Emi Sowto) |- | Hand | Idho |- | Mouth | Femo |- | Car | Radayto or under Turkish influence 'Araba |- | Cow / bull | Turto / Tawro |- | Song | Zmarto / Zmërto |- | Marriage | Gworo |- | Tomorrow | Ramḥël/Lamḥor |- | Shut up (to a man) | Sgar femog |- | Shut up (to a female) | Sgar femag |- | Today | Yawma or Adyawma / Adyowma rare Adyawmo |- | Death | Mawto |- | Money | Zuze / Kalla (Kalawat) |- | Gun | Zayno |- | Heart | Lebo |- | Breath | Nashmo/Nafas |- | Head | Resho or Risho |- | Tooth | 'arsho |- | Dream | ḥulmo |- | Village | Qritho |- | Dig | Ḥforo |- | Flying | Fyoro or ProHo (rare) |- | Mirror | Mahzitho |- | River | Nahro |- | Creek | NaHlo or a loan Jiwo or Jowe |- | Sea | Yamo |} shut up/ shut your mouth Sgar Femog/ Sgar Femag [[Category:Aramaic language]] [[Category:Language introductions]] [[Category:Research]] [[Category:Research projects]] [[Category:Phrases]] du0o7p0ujcaw2rlhrni7qs5bsjcnuzp 0 263978 2818132 2818093 2026-07-11T22:05:51Z Scogdill 1331941 2818132 wikitext text/x-wiki == Overview == The Dukedom of Abercorn is the last non-royal dukedom created. Queen Victoria created it in 1869. This page includes the Earl of Wicklow, the family of which married into the Abercorn family in 1816 when William Howard, 4th Earl of Wicklow married Lady Cecil Frances Hamilton — the daughter and only child of John Hamilton, 1st Marquess of Abercorn.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-24|title=William Howard, 4th Earl of Wicklow|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Howard,_4th_Earl_of_Wicklow&oldid=1360966619|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> William Howard, 4th Earl of Wicklow was succeeded by his nephew, Charles Howard, 5th Earl of Wicklow (5 November 1839 – 20 June 1881).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-08-26|title=Charles Howard, 5th Earl of Wicklow|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Howard,_5th_Earl_of_Wicklow&oldid=1242455245|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Also Ralph Howard, 7th Earl of Wicklow married Lady Gladys Mary Hamilton (daughter of the 2nd Duke of Abercorn) in 1902.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|date=2025-08-05|title=Cecil Howard, 6th Earl of Wicklow|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cecil_Howard,_6th_Earl_of_Wicklow&oldid=1304372795|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> The National Library of Ireland has papers from Sarah Howard and her children, including Lady Caroline Howard. == Also Known As == *Family name: Hamilton *the Duke of Abercorn **James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn (10 August 1868 – 31 October 1885)<ref name=":0">"James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10144.htm#i101433|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> **James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (31 October 1885 – 3 January 1913)<ref name=":12">"James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10104.htm#i101033|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> **James Albert Edward Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn (3 January 1913 – 12 September 1953)<ref name=":13">"James Albert Edward Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10104.htm#i101031|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref> *the Duchess of Abercorn **Louisa Russell Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn (10 August 1868 – 31 October 1885) **Maria Anna Curzon-Howe Hamilton (31 October 1885 – 3 January 1913) *Dowager Duchess of Hamilton **Louisa Russell Hamilton, Duchess of Abercorn (31 October 1885 – March 1905) **Maria Anna Curzon-Howe Hamilton (3 January 1913 – ) *Subsidiary titles: **Marquess of Hamilton (courtesy title for the heir apparent) ***James Albert Edward Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn (31 October 1885 – 12 September 1953) **Viscount Strabane (courtesy title for the heir apparent of the Marquess of Hamilton) == Acquaintances, Friends and Enemies == === Friends === *The Royal Family, especially [[Social Victorians/People/Albert Edward, Prince of Wales | Albert Edward, Prince]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Alexandra, Princess of Wales | Alexandra, Princess]] of Wales, in the generation of the 2nd duke. == Timeline == A lot of people are treated on this page, so this timeline will be somewhat chaotic to read. These events probably didn't directly affect every single person treated on this page, but discussions about them probably circulated through the families. The detail about Lady Caroline Howard and her mother, the Hon. Susan Howard, is to make these people, whose papers are in the National Library of Ireland, more concrete and known. '''1832 October 25''', James Hamilton and Louisa Russell married at Gordon Castle, Fochabers, Morayshire, in Scotland.<ref name=":0" /> '''1854 May 23''', Beatrix Frances Hamilton and George Frederick D'Arcy Lambton married.<ref>"Lady Beatrix Frances Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1147.htm#i11470|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref> '''1855 April 10''', Harriet Georgiana Louisa Hamilton and Thomas George Anson married.<ref name=":2">"Lady Harriett Georgiana Louisa Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1034.htm#i10332|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> '''1858 October 26''', Katherine Elizabeth Hamilton and William Henry Edgcumbe married.<ref>"Lady Katherine Elizabeth Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1135.htm#i11344|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref> '''1859 November 22''', Louisa Jane Hamilton and William Montagu Douglass Scott married.<ref>"Lady Louisa Jane Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10359.htm#i103583|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref> '''1868''', the title the Duke of Abercorn was created.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-06|title=James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hamilton,_1st_Duke_of_Abercorn&oldid=966293304|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1869 January 7''', James Hamilton (2nd Duke) and Maria Anna Curzon-Howe married at St. George's Church, St. George Street, Hanover Square, in London.<ref name=":3">"Lady Mary Anna Curzon." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10104.htm#i101034|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> '''1869 November 8''', there may have been a double wedding: Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton and George Charles Spencer-Churchill married<ref name=":8">"Lady Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p10595.htm#i105942|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref>, and Maud Evelyn Hamilton and Henry Petty-Fitzmaurice married.<ref name=":1">"Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1163.htm#i11629|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> '''1871 January''' '''4, Wednesday''', Lady Caroline Howard was invited to a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s#4 January 1871, Wednesday|ball hosted by Major Goodman and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards]] (probably in Coventry?). '''1871 February 17, Friday''', Lady Caroline Howard attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s#Birmingham Tennis Court Club Ball|ball hosted by the "bachelors of the Tennis Court Club" in Birmingham]]. '''1871 May 9, Tuesday''', Lady Caroline Howard, Lady Alice Howard and Lady Louisa Howard were [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s#9 May 1871, Tuesday, Queen's Drawing-Room|presented to Queen Victoria at a Drawing-room]] by their mother, the Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard. '''1871 May 25, Thursday''', Lady Caroline Howard attended a [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s#25 May 1871, Thursday, Dinner Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Charltons|dinner party hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Charlton, of Hesleyside]]. '''1871 August 31, Thursday''', The Freeman's Journal reported that "The Hon. Mrs. Howard, Lady Caroline Howard and suite have arrived at the Morrisson Hotel."<blockquote>The following are amongst the latest arrivals at the Morrisson Hotel: — Mrs. Percival Maxwell and the Misses Maxwell and suite, Mr and Mrs Herbert Read and suite, Rev H R Heywood, and Master H A Heywood, Mr F H Downing, Mr M Neil, Mr and Mrs Herbert and suite, Mr Abbott, Mr D'Arcy, Mr and Mrs G Woods and suite.<ref>"Fashion and Varieties." ''Freeman's Journal'' 31 August 1871, Thursday: 4 [of 4], Col. 1a [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18710831/012/0004. Same print title, n.p.</ref></blockquote>'''1871 November 28''', George Francis Hamilton and Maud Caroline Lascelles married.<ref name=":6">"Rt. Hon. Lord Sir George Francis Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1133.htm#i11323|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> '''1872 January 4, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Howard and Lady Caroline Howard and their suites were reported to "have arrived at Morrisson's Hotel in Dublin.<ref>"Fashionable Miscellany." ''Dublin Evening Post'' 4 January 1872, Thursday: 3 [of 4], Col. 2c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000435/18720104/021/0003. Same print title, n.p.</ref><ref>"Fashion and Varieties." ''Morning Mail'' (Dublin) 5 January 1872, Friday: 3 [of 4, digital], Col. 2c [of 10 on digital image]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0006103/18720105/067/0003. The digital image has the last 2 columns of the prior page on this page, so the citation should be to p. 2 [of 4], Col. 8c [of 8].</ref> Also at the Morrisson's Hotel at this time was Sir Roland Blennerhassett, Bart., M.P.<ref>"Fashion and Varieties." ''Dublin Evening'' Mail 5 January 1872, Friday: 3 [of 4], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000433/18720105/028/0003. Same print and digital title, print n.p.</ref> '''1872 February 28, Wednesday''', the Howards are back at Morrisson's Hotel:<blockquote>Lady Caroline Howard, Lady Louisa Howard, and the Hon Mrs Howard and suite, Shelton Abbey, have arrived at Morrrisson's Hotel.<ref>"Fashionable." ''Dublin Evening Telegraph'' 28 February 1872, Wednesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 7b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002093/18720228/051/0004. Print title: ''The Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref></blockquote>'''1872 March 2, Saturday''', the ''Weekly Freeman and Irish Agriculturalist'' reported that "Lady Caroline Howard, Lady Louisa Howard, and the Hon Mrs Howard and suite, Shelton Abbey, have arrived at Morrisson's Hotel." Two 1-sentence paragraphs later, the paper reported that the same group had "left Morrisson's Hotel for Shelton Abbey."<ref>"Fashion and Varieties." ''Weekly Freeman's Journal'' 2 March 1872, Saturday: 7 [of 8], Col. 1a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001446/18720302/062/0007. Print title: ''Weekly Freeman and Irish Agriculturalist'', same p.</ref> Shelton Abbey was the [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn#Residences|ancestral seat and at this time the country residence]] of the Earls of Wicklow, Arklow, Co. Wicklow. '''1872 December 10, Tuesday''', the Hon. Mrs. Howard, Shelton Abbey, Lady Caroline Howard, Lady Louisa Howard, Lady Alice Howard and suite had "arrived at Horrisson's Hotel."<ref>"Fashionable Miscellany." ''Dublin Evening Post'' 10 December 1872, Tuesday: 2 [of 4], Col. 9c [of 10, on the digital page]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000435/18721210/025/0002. Same print title, p. missing but 3, col. 2c [of 8].</ref> '''1872 December 13, Friday''', "The Hon. Mrs. Howard, Lady Caroline Howard, Lady Louisa Howard, and Lady Alice Howard and suite have left Morrisson's Hotel."<ref>"Fashion and Varieties." ''Freeman's Journal'' 13 December 1872, Friday: 2 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000056/18721213/006/0002. Same print title and p.</ref> '''1873 January''' '''13, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard, the Hon. Lady Alice Howard and the Hon. Lady Louisa Howard attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s#Ball at the Chief Secretary's Lodge|Marquis of Hartington's ball at the Chief Secretary's Lodge]]. It is not clear why Lady Caroline Howard's name is not mentioned. '''1873 January 14, Tuesday''', "Lord Dunally and suite, Hon. Mrs. Howard, Lady Alice Howard and suite, Lady Louise Howard and suite, and Lady Caroline Howard, have arrived at Morrisson's Hotel."<ref>"Fashionable Intelligence." ''Dublin Evening Post'' 14 January 1873, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 5a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000435/18730114/049/0003. Same print and digital title, print p. is n.p.</ref> Since they attended a ball the night before, probably they had already arrived. Lady Catherine was with them. '''19 June 1873, Thursday''', Lady Caroline Howard and Lady Louisa Howard attended the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s#19 June 1873, Thursday, Polo Match Between Officers of the Royal Horse Guards and Officers of the 9th Lancers|polo match between officers of the Royal Horse Guards and officers of the 9th Lancers]]. '''1873 October 18, Saturday''', Lady Caroline Howard was on the stage for a ceremony laying the foundation stone of Orange Hall in Staffordstown, apparently part of a larger [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1870s#18 October 1873, Saturday, Orange Order Events at Govan|Orange Festival in Govan]]. The speeches were extremely anti-Catholic and bigoted. '''1874 December 15, Tuesday''', the Right Hon. Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach hosted a dinner in the Chief Secretary's Lodge, suggesting that this social event might have had a political purpose. Mr. LeFanu cannot be the Irish writer Sheridan Le Fanu, who died 7 February 1873.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-28|title=Sheridan Le Fanu|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheridan_Le_Fanu&oldid=1361491348|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> (Perhaps this LeFanu is a relation, a son or brother? Another LeFanu with a first name gets mentioned at a social event about this time.)<blockquote>THE CHIEF SECRETARY’S LODGE.<p>The Right Hon. Sir Michael and Lady Lucy Hicks-Beach entertained the following at dinner on Tuesday evening at the Chief Secretary’s Lodge: — Sir Dominic Corrigan, Sir Arthur and Lady Olive Guinness, Lady Mary Fortescue, the Hon. Mrs. Howard and Lady Caroline Howard, Mr. and Mrs. Percy Bernard, Colonel Henry, R.A., and Mrs. Henry; Mr. Donnelly, C.B., and Mrs. Donnelly; Mr., Mrs., and Miss lsaac; Mr. LeFanu, Colonel Forster, Colonel Hillier, and Mr. Caulfield [Caulfeild?].<ref>"Fashionable Intelligence." ''Cork Constitution'' 17 December 1874, Thursday: 4 [of 4; n.p. in print], Col. 1a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001648/18741217/099/0004. Print title: ''The Cork Constitution''.</ref></p></blockquote>'''1876 March 23''', Cecil Howard, 6th Earl of Wicklow and Francesca Maria Chamberlayne married.<ref name=":18" /> '''1877 July 25, Wednesday''', Miss Tottenham, Lady Caroline Howard, Miss Colley are reported to have arrived at Merton Lodge in Torquay.<ref>"The Torquay Directory." ''Torquay Directory and South Devon Journal'' 25 July 1877, Wednesday: 4 [of 8], Col. 7a [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001246/18770725/085/0004. Same print and digital title and p.</ref> '''1877 July 28, Saturday''', Lady Caroline Howard is listed as one of the guests at Merton Lodge in Lincombe Hill Road Middle, Torquay. Other guests listed are Miss Kelly, Mrs. Frank Webber, Miss Tottenham and Miss Colley.<ref>"49. Lincombe Hill Road. Middle." "Torquay Directory." ''Torquay Times and South Devon Advertiser'' 28 July 1877, Saturday: 2 [of 8, both print and digital], Col. 3c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001420/18770728/039/0002.</ref> '''1877 December 6, Thursday''', donations from the Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard (£2 2s.), Lady Alice Howard (£1), Lady Caroline Howard (£1) and Lady Louise Howard (£1) to the Church of Ireland Clergy Widows' and Orphans' Society.<ref>"The Church." ''Cork Constitution'' 11 December 1877, Tuesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 2a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001648/18771211/076/0003. Same print title, n.p.</ref> '''1877 December 22, Saturday''', Sarah Howard, Lady Caroline Howard and Captain the Hon. Cecil Ralph Howard were visitors in Dagmar Terrace in Portsmouth. The following are all the people listed as visitors at Dagmar Terrace, with the odd numbering:<blockquote>D<small>AGMAR</small> T<small>ER</small><small>RACE</small>. # Captain the Hon. Cecil Ralph Howard, late 60th Rifles, & the Hon Mrs Howard Lady Caroline Howard # Captain & Mrs. Henderson ## [a] The Hon. Richard and Mrs. Bineham # [a] Captain and Mrs. Fearson and family # Mr.and Mrs. Hall Mrs. and the Misses Buchannans # The Rev Palms & fam # [a] Colonel Johnston [a] Mrs. Oldfield [a] Miss Flowers # Captain Parkinson and family<ref>"Visitors' List." ''Portsmouth Times and Naval Gazette'' 22 December 1877, Saturday: 3 [of 10, digital and print], Col. 5 [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001365/18771222/027/0003. Print title: ''Portsmouth Times and Naval Gazette, County Journal''.</ref> </blockquote> '''1878 January 18, Friday''', The ''Dublin Daily Express'' says,<blockquote>Lady Caroline Howard arrived yesterday at Kingstown from England.<p> Captain the Hon. C. Howard and Mrs. Howard have arrived at Kingstown from England.<ref>"The Court." ''Dublin Daily Express'' 19 January 1878, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18780119/113/0005. Print title: ''The Daily Express'', same p.</ref></blockquote>'''1878 January 26, Saturday, – February 9, Saturday'''<ref>"Visitors' List." ''Portsmouth Times and Naval Gazette'' 9 February 1878, Saturday: 3 [of 10], Col. 6c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001365/18780209/033/0003. Print title: ''Portsmouth Times and Naval Gazette, — County Journal'', same p.</ref>''', at least''', visitors at Dagmar Terrace (in Portsmouth?) were Lady Caroline Howard, listed with Capt. the Hon. Cecil Ralph Howard, "late 60th Rifles."<ref>"Visitors' List." ''Portsmouth Times and Naval Gazette'' 26 January 1878, Saturday: 6 [of 10], Col. 6c [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001365/18780126/051/0006. Print title: ''Portsmouth Times and Naval Gazette, County Journal'', same p.</ref> '''1878 July 20''', Claud John Hamilton and Carolina Chandos-Pole married.<ref name=":5">"Lord Claud John Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p11067.htm#i110662|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> '''1879 October 23, Thursday''', Lady Caroline Howard had "arrived from England."<ref>"The Court." ''Dublin Daily Express'' 23 October 1879, Thursday: 5 [of 8], Col. 3b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18791023/061/0005. Print title: ''The Daily Express'', same p.</ref> '''1880 June 2''', Cecil Howard, 6th Earl of Wicklow and Fanny Catherine Wingfield married.<ref name=":18" /> '''1880 December 13, Monday''', Lady Caroline Howard "arrived at Kingstown from London."<ref>"Court." ''Dublin Daily Express'' 13 December 1880, Monday: 5 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18801213/089/0005. Print title: ''Daily Express'', same p.</ref> '''1881 July 25, Monday''', the ''Irish Times'' says that Lady Caroline Howard and "the Hon. Mrs. Howard and the Ladies Howard (2) have arrived at Kingstown from England."<ref>"Fashionable Intelligence." ''Irish Times'' 25 July 1881, Monday: 6 [of 8, digital and print], Col. 3a [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001683/18810725/124/0006. Same print title and p.</ref> '''1881 August 10, Wednesday''', the ''Dublin Evening Mail'' says that Lady Caroline Howard "has left Kingstown for England."<ref>"Fashion and Varieties." ''Dublin Evening Mail'' 10 August 1881, Wednesday: 3 [of 4], Col. 9c [of 9]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000433/18810810/046/0003. Same print and digital title, print p. is n.p.</ref> '''1881 October 22, Saturday''', Lady Caroline Howard is listed as one of the visitors staying at the Crown Hotel "during the past week." The visitors listed are the following:<blockquote>Mr. Thomas Barber, Doctor and Mrs. Ayerst, Miss Noyce, Dr. Wilks, Mr. Nightingale, Mr. and Mrs. J. Hill, Lady Caroline Howard, the Hon. Mrs. Ross, Mr. Masters, Mr. Richardson and friend, Mr. Simpson, Mr. Wilson, &c.<ref>"Lyndhurst, Oct. 22." ''Hampshire Advertiser'' 22 October 1881, Saturday: 7 [of 8, both print and digital], Col. 2c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000495/18811022/049/0007. Print title: ''Hampshire Advertiser County Newspaper''.</ref></blockquote> === Fixing Things === '''1882 January 3, Tuesday''', the Howard women donated to feed poor people at Christmas: <blockquote>ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.<p> Mr J R Fowler acknowledges with thanks the following for free breakfasts to the poor in the Christian Union Buildings:— Mrs Barker, £5; Mrs Lovell, by Mrs Aimers, 10s; Mrs Jno Figgis, [illegible, shillings]; collected by Miss Carroll, 10s: Capt Thompson, 5s; Mrs O Stoney, 2s 6d; Mrs E H Smyth, £1; A Friend, per Dr Darley, £1; Mrs Lewers, £1; Mr Holmes, 10s; Mr Duffus, 10s; Mr W O'B Smyth, 10s; Hon Mrs Howard, £1; Lady Caroline Howard, £1; Lady Alice Howard, 10s; Lady Louisa Howard, 10s; T C Ratcliffe, per Mrs Smyly, £5; Mrs Hemphill, per Mr G Atkinson, 2s 6d; collected in box, 9d — Total, [illegible12] 10 s 9d. Number present last Sunday, 1,200.<ref>"Acknowledgments." ''Dublin Daily Express'' 3 January 1882, Tuesday: 5 [of 8], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18820103/061/0005. Print title: ''The Daily Express'', same p.</ref></blockquote>'''1882 March 16''', Georgiana Susan Hamilton and Edward Turnour married.<ref>"Lady Georgiana Susan Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p1180.htm#i11791|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref> '''1882 June 1, Thursday''', the Hon. Sarah Howard and Lady Caroline Howard arrived in Kingstown from England.<ref>"Court and Fashion." ''Evening Irish Times'' 1 June 1882, Thursday: 7 [of 8], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archives'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18820601/108/0007. Print title ''Irish Times'', same p.</ref> '''1883 May 28, Monday''', the Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard and Lady Caroline Howard "left Kingstown for England," as did the Hon. Bourke.<ref>"Court and Fashion." ''Evening Irish Times'' 28 May 1883, Monday: 6 [of 8], Col. 8b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archives'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003464/18830528/092/0006. Print title: ''Irish Times'', same p.</ref> '''1883 September 17, Monday''', Lady Caroline Howard had "arrived at Kingstown from England."<ref>"The Court." ''Dublin Daily Express'' 17 September 1883, Monday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18830917/033/0003. Print title: ''The Daily Express'', same p.</ref> '''1883 November 20''', the marriage between Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton Spencer-Churchill and George Charles Spencer-Churchill was annulled by petition from Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton Spencer-Churchill (married in 1869).<ref name=":8" /> '''1883 December 27, Thursday''', the Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard and Lady Caroline Howard were invited to the ''déjeuner'' after the [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1883#Wedding of William Noble and Grace Elizabeth Lefroy|wedding of Colonel William Noble and Grace Elizabeth Lefroy]]. '''1886 November 25, Thursday''', the Council of the Church of Ireland Clergy Widows' and Orphans' Society met and accepted donations and subsriptions from a number of people, including the Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard (£2 2s), Lady Caroline Howard, Lady Alice Howard and Lady Louisa Howard (each £1).<ref>"Church of Ireland Clergy Widows' and Orphans' Society." ''Dublin Daily Express'' 27 November 1886, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 7c [of 7pm]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18861127/121/0005. Print title: ''The Daily Express'', same p.</ref> '''1887 November 14, Monday''', the standing committee of the Meath Hospital and County Dublin Infirmary met and accepted a number of donations, including £L1 1s each from the Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard, Lady Alice M, Howard, Lady Caroline L. Howard and Lady Louisa F. Howard.<ref>"Meath Hospital and County Dublin Infirmary." ''Dublin Daily Express'' 15 November 1887, Tuesday: 3 [of 8], Col. 2c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001384/18871115/034/0003. Print title: ''The Daily Express'', same p.</ref> '''1891 June 2''', Ernest William Hamilton and Pamela Campbell married.<ref name=":7">"Pamela Campbell." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2107.htm#i21063|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> '''1894 April 10''', Fanny Catherine Wingfield Howard, Dowager 6th Countess of Wicklow married her 2nd husband, Marcus Francis Beresford.<ref name=":18" /> '''1894 November 1''', James Albert Edward Hamilton and Rosaline Cecilia Caroline Bingham married at St. Paul's Church, Knightsbridge, in London.<ref name=":14">"Lady Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Bingham." {{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p10104.htm#i101032|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2021-05-15}}</ref> '''1895 July 13 to August 7''', the general election of 1895. Following the election, the brother-in-law of Cecil Howard, 6th Earl of Wicklow's (brother of his first wife Francesca Chamberlayne) was unseated because of allegations of misconduct.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-02-27|title=Thomas Chamberlayne (cricketer)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Chamberlayne_(cricketer)&oldid=1340809770|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> '''1897 June 28, Monday''', according to the ''Morning Post'', James Hamilton, 2nd Duke and Maria, Duchess of Abercorn were invited to the [[Social Victorians/Diamond Jubilee Garden Party|Queen's Garden Party]], the official end of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations in London, as were James Albert Edward Hamilton, Marquis and Rosaline, Marchioness of Hamilton.<ref>“The Queen’s Garden Party.” ''Morning Post'' 29 June 1897, Tuesday: 4 [of 12], Cols. 1a–7c [of 7] and 5, Col. 1a–c. ''British Newspaper Archive'' ''<nowiki>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000174/18970629/032/0004</nowiki>'' and ''<nowiki>https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970629/032/0005</nowiki>''.</ref> '''1897 July 2, Friday''', Alexandra Phyllis Hamilton attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did her uncle Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton, the Marquess of Hamilton, and a Mr. Ronald Hamilton. Besides these, probably, a Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton also attended. '''1902''', Ralph Howard, 7th Earl of Wicklow and Lady Gladys Mary Hamilton married. (She was the daughter of James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn.)<ref name=":18" /> '''1902 January 14''', Gladys Mary Hamilton and Ralph Francis Forward-Howard married.<ref>"Lady Gladys Mary Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2107.htm#i21066|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-09}}</ref> '''1933 July 11''', Claud Nigel Hamilton and Violet Ruby Ashton married.<ref name=":4">"Captain Lord Sir Claud Nigel Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2109.htm#i21081|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> == Costume at the Duchess of Devonshire's 2 July 1897 Fancy-dress Ball == [[File:Helen-Mary-Theresa-ne-Vane-Tempest-Stewart-Countess-of-Ilchester-when-Lady-Helen-Stewart-as-the-Archduchess-Marie-Christine-of-Austria.jpg|thumb|alt=Black-and-white photograph of a seated woman richly dressed in an historical costume with a white feather plume in her hair and a fan|Lady Helen Stewart as Arch-duchess Marie Christine of Austria. ©National Portrait Gallery, London.]] === Lady Alexandra Hamilton === Lady Alexandra Hamilton was one of the archduchesses — along with with 3 or 4 other young women — in [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry#The Entourage of Maria Thérèse|the entourage of the Marchioness of Londonderry]], who led the Austrian procession as Marie Thérèse, Empress of the Holy Roman Empire.<ref>“The Ball at Devonshire House. Magnificent Spectacle. Description of the Dresses.” London ''Evening Standard'' 3 July 1897 Saturday: 3 [of 12], Cols. 1a–5b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000183/18970703/015/0004.</ref>{{rp|p. 3, Col. 3a}} These young women were present at the ball as the daughters of Marie Thérèse, and the young men dressed as archdukes were present as her sons. Lady Alexandra Hamilton went as "Archduchess Marie-Josepha in the Archduchess Marie-Karoline and Emperor Joseph II section of the Austrian Court of Maria Theresa Quadrille."<ref name=":9">"Fancy Dress Ball at Devonshire House." ''Morning Post'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 7 [of 12], Col. 4a–8 Col. 2b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18970703/054/0007.</ref>{{rp|p. 7, Col. 6b}} <ref name=":10">"Ball at Devonshire House." The ''Times'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 12, Cols. 1a–4c ''The Times Digital Archive''. Web. 28 Nov. 2015.</ref> The newspapers report that the archduchesses were all dressed alike, but only one photograph exists of any of these young women in costume — that of [[Social Victorians/People/Londonderry#Helen Mary Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart|Helen Mary Theresa Vane-Tempest-Stewart]] (which is shown, right). The newspaper descriptions are on her page, with her portrait in costume, but they apply to all the archduchesses. === Lord Frederick Hamilton === [[File:Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton Vanity Fair 1895-02-07.jpg|thumb|left|alt=Colored drawing of a man in a suit, his hands in his pockets, facing to the right|Lord Frederick Hamilton, ''Vanity Fair'', by "Spy," 7 February 1895]] Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton was 6th son and 13th child of the 1st Duke of Abercorn. No photograph of him in costume exists. He is shown (at left) as he looked in 7 February 1895 in a Spy caricature in ''Vanity Fair''. This caricature portrait, by Leslie Ward ("Spy") is called ''The Pall Mall Magazine'' and is Number 647 in Vanity Fair's "Statesmen" series.<ref name=":16">{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-14|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures (1895–1899)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures_(1895%E2%80%931899)&oldid=1195518024|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> He was editor of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 1896–1900.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-23|title=Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lord_Frederick_Spencer_Hamilton&oldid=1176655264|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Spencer_Hamilton.</ref> For the ball, Lord Frederick Hamilton was dressed *as a "gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth," wearing "crimson cloth of gold with jewelled belt."<ref name=":15">“The Duchess of Devonshire’s Ball.” The ''Gentlewoman'' 10 July 1897 Saturday: 32–42 [of 76], Cols. 1a–3c [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003340/18970710/155/0032.</ref>{{rp|p. 36, Col. 3b}} *as a "Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth. Costume of crimson and cloth of g [sic] with jewelled belt."<ref name=":9" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1b}} *"in crimson cloth of gold and jeweled belt."<ref>"Duchess of Devonshire's Fancy Ball. A Brilliant Spectacle. Some of the Dresses." London ''Daily News'' Saturday 3 July 1897: 5 [of 10], Col. 6a–6, Col. 1b. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000051/18970703/024/0005 and http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0000051/18970703/024/0006.</ref>{{rp|p. 5, Col. 7a}} *"as a gentleman of the court of Queen Elizabeth, was dressed in a costume of crimson cloth-of-gold, with a jewelled belt."<ref name=":11">“The Devonshire House Ball. A Brilliant Gathering.” The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' 3 July 1897, Saturday: 7 [of 10], Col. 2a–3a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000098/18970703/019/0007.</ref> ==== Memoirs ==== * Hamilton, Frederic [sic] Spencer. ''My Yesterdays'' (3 vols.). Hodder and Stoughton, 1920. *# ''The Days Before Yesterday''. The Internet Archive has this: https://archive.org/details/daysbeforeyester00hamiuoft/page/n5/mode/2up. *# ''Vanished Pomps of Yesterday''. The Internet Archive has this: https://archive.org/details/vanishedpompsofy028823mbp. *# ''Here, There and Everywhere''. The Internet Archive has this: https://archive.org/details/herethereeverywh0000hami. [[File:James Hamilton 3rd Duke of Abercorn.png|thumb|alt=Old colored drawing of a man in a 19th-century officer's uniform of the 1st Life Guards with white gloves, a red stripe down the side of his pants and unbuttoned jacket and a hat, holding a white or silver sword under his left arm, facing 1/4 to his right|"He will be the 3rd Duke" (James Hamilton, Marquis of Hamilton), ''Vanity Fair'' 16 February 1899]] === James Hamilton, Marquess of Hamilton === James Hamilton, Marquis of Hamilton was dressed in a "black velvet tunic; breeches and cloak trimmed jet; large hat, feathers, wig, sword, &c., of the period" of Charles II.<ref name=":15" />{{rp|34, Col. 3a}} No photograph of him in costume exists. A caricature portrait (right) called ''He will be the 3rd Duke'' (James Hamilton, Marquess of Hamilton) by "Hadge" appeared in the 16 February 1899 issue of ''Vanity Fair'', as Number 739 in its "Men of the Day" series,<ref name=":16" /> giving a sense of what he looked like at about the time of the ball. In 1892 Hamilton joined the 1st Life Guards, so the uniform he is wearing in this portrait is likely that of an officer of the 1st Life Guards.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2024-01-12|title=James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hamilton,_3rd_Duke_of_Abercorn&oldid=1195216640|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Hamilton,_3rd_Duke_of_Abercorn.</ref> James Hamilton's wife Lady Rosalind Hamilton is not reported as having been present at the ball, perhaps because she was pregnant with her second child and gave birth in August, five weeks later, so she was around 8 months pregnant. === Ronald Hamilton === Mr. Ronald Hamilton, possibly Ronald James Hamilton, was dressed as a "Gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth, in black velvet trimmed with jet."<ref name=":9" />{{rp|p. 8, Col. 1c}} == Demographics == === Nationality === *The title Duke of Abercorn is in the peerage of Ireland; the Marquess of Hamilton is in the peerage of the U.K. === Residences === ==== The Hon. Mrs. Sarah Howard and the Earls of Wicklow ==== * Shelton Abbey, Arklow, Co. Wicklow (east coast of Ireland) (until 1951)<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2026-06-30|title=Shelton Abbey Prison|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shelton_Abbey_Prison&oldid=1361924427|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> == Family == *James Hamilton, 1st Duke of Abercorn (21 January 1811 – 31 October 1885)<ref name=":0" /> *Louisa Russell Hamilton (– March 1905) #Lady '''Harriet Georgiana Louisa Hamilton''' Anson (6 July 1834 – 23 April 1913) #Lady Beatrix Frances Hamilton Lambton (21 July 1835 – 21 January 1871) #Lady Louisa Jane Hamilton Scott (26 August 1836 – 16 March 1912) #Lord '''James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn''' (24 August 1838 – 3 January 1913) #Lady Katherine Elizabeth Hamilton Edgcumbe (9 January 1840 – 3 September 1874) #Lady Georgiana Susan Hamilton Turnour (7 July 1841 – 23 March 1913) #Lord '''Claud John Hamilton''' (20 February 1843 – 26 January 1925) #Rt. Hon. Lord Sir '''George Francis Hamilton''' (17 December 1845 – 22 September 1927) #Lady Albertha Frances Anne Hamilton Spencer-Churchill (29 July 1847 – 7 January 1932) #Lord Ronald Douglas Hamilton (17 March 1849 – DVP<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-07-27|title=James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James_Hamilton,_2nd_Duke_of_Abercorn&oldid=969822724|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> 6 November 1867) #Lady Maud Evelyn Hamilton Petty-Fitzmaurice, the [[Social Victorians/People/Lansdowne | Marchioness of Lansdowne]] (17 December 1850 – 21 October 1932)<ref name=":1" /> #Lord Cosmo Hamilton (16 April 1853 – 16 April 1853) #Lord '''Frederick Spencer Hamilton''' (13 October 1856 – 11 August 1928) #Lord '''Ernest William Hamilton''' (5 September 1858 – 14 December 1939) *Harriet Georgiana Louisa Hamilton Anson (6 July 1834 – 23 April 1913)<ref name=":2" /> *Thomas George Anson, 2nd Earl of Lichfield (15 August 1825 – 7 January 1892) #Lady Evelyn Anson ( – 2 July 1895) #Thomas Francis Anson, 3rd Earl of Lichfield (31 January 1856 – 29 July 1918) #Hon. Sir George Augustus Anson (22 December 1857 – 25 May 1947) #Major Hon. Henry James Anson (29 December 1858 – 26 February 1904) #Lady Florence Beatrice Anson (1860 – 25 September 1946) #Hon. Frederic William Anson (4 February 1862 – 2 April 1917) #Hon. Claud Anson (11 January 1864 – 25 December 1947) #Lady Beatrice Anson (1865 – 15 December 1919) #Hon. Francis Anson (7 March 1867 – 13 April 1928) #Lady Mary Maud Anson (1869 – 22 September 1961) #Lady Edith Anson (1870 – 8 October 1932) #Hon. William Anson (19 April 1872 – 22 June 1926) #Hon. Alfred Anson (15 April 1876 – 25 March 1944) *James Hamilton, 2nd Duke of Abercorn (24 August 1838 – 3 January 1913)<ref name=":12" /> *Maria Anna Curzon-Howe Hamilton (23 July 1848 – 10 May 1929)<ref name=":3" /> #James Albert Edward Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn (30 November 1869 – 12 September 1953) #Claud Penn Alexander Hamilton (18 October 1871 – 18 October 1871) #Charlie Hamilton (10 April 1874 – 10 April 1874) #'''Alexandra Phyllis Hamilton''' (23 January 1876 – 10 October 1918) #Claud Francis Hamilton (25 October 1878 – 25 December 1878) #Gladys Mary Hamilton Forward-Howard (10 December 1880 – 12 March 1917) #Arthur John Hamilton (20 August 1883 – 6 November 1914) #(unnamed son) Hamilton (31 October 1886 – 31 October 1886) #Claud Nigel Hamilton (10 November 1889 – 22 August 1975)<ref name=":4" /> * '''James Albert Edward Hamilton''', Marquess of Hamilton and 3rd Duke of Abercorn (30 November 1869 – 12 September 1953)<ref name=":13" /> * Lady Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Bingham (26 February 1869 – 18 January 1958)<ref name=":14" /> *# Lady Mary Cecilia Rhodesia Hamilton (21 January 1896 – 5 September 1984) *# Lady Cynthia Elinor Beatrix Hamilton (16 August 1897 – 4 December 1972) *# Lady Katharine Hamilton (25 February 1900 – 28 April 1985) *# James Edward Hamilton, 4th Duke of Abercorn (29 February 1904 – 4 June 1979) *# Captain Lord Claud David Hamilton (13 February 1907 – 15 February 1968) *Claud John Hamilton (20 February 1843 – 26 January 1925)<ref name=":5" /> *Carolina Chandos-Pole Hamilton (19 July 1857 – 21 September 1911)<ref>"Carolina Chandos-Pole." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p11067.htm#i110663|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> #Colonel Gilbert Claud Hamilton (21 April 1879 – 30 March 1943) #Ida Hamilton (23 July 1883 – November 1970) *George Francis Hamilton (17 December 1845 – 22 September 1927)<ref name=":6" /> *Lady Maud Caroline Lascelles Hamilton (1846 – 14 April 1938) #'''Ronald James Hamilton''' (26 September 1872 – 22 January 1958) #Anthony George Hamilton (17 December 1874 – 11 July 1936) #Robert Cecil Hamilton (31 January 1882 – 31 July 1947) *Ernest William Hamilton (5 September 1858 – 14 December 1939)<ref>"Lord Ernest William Hamilton." {{Cite web|url=http://www.thepeerage.com/p2107.htm#i21062|title=Person Page|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2020-10-08}}</ref> *Pamela Campbell Hamilton ( – 11 May 1931)<ref name=":7" /> #Guy Ernest Frederick Hamilton (11 November 1894 – 23 November 1914) #Mary Brenda Hamilton (28 March 1897 – 14 March 1985) #Jean Barbara Hamilton (6 September 1898 – 2 November 1989) #John George Peter Hamilton (15 October 1900 – 17 June 1967) === Earls of Wicklow === * Charles Hamilton (1772 – 29 September 1857)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2139.htm#i21387|title=Charles Hamilton. Person Page #2139|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> * Marianne '''Caroline Tighe''' ( – 29 July 1861)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p62375.htm#i623745|title=Marianne Caroline Tighe. Person Page #62375|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> *# '''Sarah Hamilton''' (1805<ref name=":17" /> – 13 March 1892) *# Caroline Elizabeth Hamilton ( – 31 May 1909) *# Mary Hamilton *# Charles William Hamilton (1 April 1802 – 16 February 1880) *# William Tighe Hamilton (31 March 1807 – ) *# Frederick John Henry Fownes Hamilton (27 July 1816 – 1893) * Rev. Hon. Francis Howard (12 January 1797 – 16 February 1857)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2140.htm#i21391|title=Rev. Hon. Francis Howard. Person Page #2140|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> * Frances Beresford ( – 17 November 1833)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p3227.htm#i32266|title=Frances Beresford. Person Page #3227|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> *# William George Howard (25 April 1825 – 12 October 1864) * '''Sarah Hamilton''' (1805<ref name=":17">{{Cite web|url=https://catalogue.nli.ie/Collection/vtls000572704|title=Tighe, Hamilton and Howard Papers,|date=1737|website=catalogue.nli.ie|language=English|access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> – 13 March 1892)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2141.htm#i21405|title=Sarah Hamilton. Person Page #2141|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-19}}</ref> *# 4 unnamed daughters [per The Peerage; The NLI has 3 daughters] *# Lady Alice Howard *# Lady Louisa 'Loulie' Howard *# Lady Caroline Howard (1836–1923)<ref name=":17" /> *# Charles Francis Arnold Howard, '''5th Earl of Wicklow''' (5 November 1839 – 20 June 1881) *# Cecil Ralph Howard, '''6th Earl of Wicklow''' (26 April 1842 – 24 July 1891) * Cecil Ralph Howard, '''6th Earl of Wicklow''' (26 April 1842 – 24 July 1891)<ref name=":18" /> * Francesca Maria Chamberlayne ( – 1877) *# Ralph Howard, 7th Earl of Wicklow (24 December 1877 – 11 October 1946)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2140.htm#i21394|title=Cecil Ralph Howard, 6th Earl of Wicklow. Person Page 2140.|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-28}}</ref> * Fanny Catherine Wingfield (c. 1860 – 3 February 1914)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p2139.htm#i21388|title=Fanny Catherine Wingfield. Person Page 2139.|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-28}}</ref> *# Hon. Cecil Mervyn Malcolm Howard (18 November 1881 – 16 April 1882) *# Hon. Hugh Melville Howard (28 March 1883 – 17 February 1919) * Marcus Francis Beresford (26 December 1862 – 14 December 1896)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thepeerage.com/p3186.htm#i31858|title=Marcus Francis Beresford. Person Page #3186.|website=www.thepeerage.com|access-date=2026-06-28}}</ref> == Memoirs and Archives == # The Abercorn Papers: GB 0255 PRONI/D623 (found via https://iar.ie/archive/abercorn-papers). A descriptive list is available to search online at: http://www.proni.gov.uk/. The collection is arranged as follows: D623/A Correspondence D623/B Title deeds and leases D623/C Rentals, accounts and vouchers D623/D Maps, plans, surveys, inventories and valuations D623/E Photographs, illuminations, addresses and albums D623/F Material still at Baronscourt D623/G Miscellaneous #Alexandra Phyllis Hamilton (#64 on the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball#List of People Who Attended|list of people who were present]]) attended the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball | Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] at Devonshire House, as did her uncle Lord Frederick Spencer Hamilton (#84), the Marquess of Hamilton (#657), and a Mr. Ronald Hamilton (#105). Besides these, probably, a Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton also attended. == Questions and Notes == #DVP = decessit vita patris, died while the father was still living #Mr. Ronald Hamilton cannot be Frederick Hamilton's brother, who should be Lord Ronald Hamilton rather than Mr. Ronald Hamilton, and he died in 1867. He could be this Ronald Hamilton, who would be a Mr. Hamilton: http://www.thepeerage.com/p2163.htm#i21622. He was Lady Alexandra's cousin and nephew of the 1st Duke of Abercorn. #A Mr. Hamilton is mentioned in the ''Gentlewoman'' article: "Mr. Hamilton (Elizabethan costume), black velvet, trimmed gold."<ref name=":15" />{{rp|34, Col. 1c}} But a later reference in this same article to Mr. Ronald Hamilton matches the description in the ''Morning Post'' article, saying he wore black velvet with jet, rather than gold trim: "'''Mr. Ronald Hamilton''' (gentleman of the Court of Queen Elizabeth), black velvet with jet."<ref name=":15" /> (36, Col. 3b) I believe the other Mr. Hamilton is Mr. [[Social Victorians/People/Cole-Hamilton|Claud Cole-Hamilton]], particularly since Mrs. Hamilton was dressed as Amy Robsart and thus must be Lucy Charlewood Cole-Hamilton because of the description of her costume in the Album of photographs given to the Duchess of Devonshire later. #Claud John Hamilton is probably who attended the social events, because the other Claud, of whatever generation either died too young or was born too late. == Footnotes == {{reflist}} 4gnp35aelda27wz1a4xf5cmzvefoqlj 0 264241 2818127 2818094 2026-07-11T22:01:20Z Scogdill 1331941 2818127 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== "Until 1870 all of the money women earned belonged to their husbands, and until 1882 their property did too, even after a divorce or separation."<ref name=":4" /> (698 of 1203) In 1870 Parliament debated and defeated the first bill for women's suffrage, but allowed "women who owned property ... to stand for election to school boards."<ref name=":4" /> (698–699 of 1203) "The bulk of Irish farmers did not own their land, and instead leased it from landlords, the majority of whom lived in England. In 1870, only 3 percent of agricultural holdings were occupied by owners."<ref name=":4" /> (742 of 1203) Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== Although Queen Victoria had opened Parliament for the first time in February 1866, when people saw her for the first time in years as her open carriage made its way, she was unpopular because it seemed she was not working. Gladstone was Prime Minister.<blockquote>Between 1871 and 1874, eighty-five Republican Clubs were founded in Britain, protesting, among other things, the "expensiveness and uselessness of the monarchy" and Bertie's "immoral example."<ref name=":4">Baird, Julia. ''Victoria the Queen, an Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire''. Random House, 2016. Apple Books: https://books.apple.com/us/book/victoria-the-queen/id953835024.</ref> (617 of 1203)</blockquote>"The 1871 Royal Commission on the Contagious Diseases Acts ... declared there was no comparison to be made between prostitutes and their clients: 'With the one sex the offence is committed as a matter of gain, with the other it is an irregular indulgence of a natural impulse.'"<ref name=":4" /> (704 of 1203) === January === Germany is united under King William I of Prussia. Julia Baird says, "At the same time, Italy captured and annexed the Papal States, which had been under the direct rule of the Pope since the 700s and had lost their protector in Napoleon III."<ref name=":4" /> (646 of 1203) ==== 4 January 1871, Wednesday ==== <blockquote>INVITATION BALL. <p>On Wednesday evening last Major Goodman and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards gave an invitation ball, which was held in the Drapers’ Hall (kindly placed at their disposal by the Drapers’ Company). The following ladies and gentlemen were amongst those who received invitations The Marquis and Marchioness of Hertford; the Earl and Countess of Aylesford; Lady A. N. Finch, Lord Guernsey, and the Hon. Mr. Finch; Lord and Lady Leigh and Miss Leigh; Lord and Lady Henley and Miss Henley, Miss Elwes, Lord and Lady Wrottealey, Lord and Lady Manners; C. N. Newdegate, Esq., M.P.; Captain, Mrs., and Miss Adams; E. Petre, Esq., and Lady Gwendoline Petre; J. Beech, Esq., Mrs. and Miss Beech, and Mr. Beech, jun.; Mr. and Mrs. Turner; Mr. and Mrs. Fetherstone Dilke, Mrs. and the Misses Fetherstone, Mr. Fetherstone, and Mr. Beaumont Fetherstone; Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Muntz; Captain and Mrs. Boultbee, of Knowle; Mr. C. M. Caldecott, Mrs. Caldecott, and the Misses Caldecott; the Rev. A. Fanshawe and Mrs. Fanshawe; Captain and Mrs. Battine; the Rev. S. C. Spencer Smith; the Rev. R. H. Baynes, M.A., vicar of St. Michael’s; the Rev. H. T. Harris, (Christ Church); General and Mr. Richmond Jones; Colonel F. Chaplin, and the Officers of the 4th Dragoon Guards, stationed at Northampton; Captain Thornelow, and the Officers of the Royal Artillery, at Weedon; the officers of the 4th Royal Regiment at Weedon; Mr. and Mrs. E. Wood; Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Wood; the Colonel and officers of the First Warwickshire Militia; Mrs. and Miss Alston, and Mr. Alston, jun., of Elmdon; Mr. and Mrs. F. Paget; Mr. and Mrs. Gulson; Captain Thomson; Captain and Mrs. Raleigh King; Mrs. Phillipson; Lord and Lady Mountgarret; the Honourable Miss Butler; Mr. and Mrs. Courtenay Lord; the Hon. Mrs. Twistleton; Mr. and the Misses Conant; Captain and Mrs. J. Marsland; Major and Mrs. Edlman; Mr. and Mrs. Astley; Mr. T. Lant, Mr. R. Lant and Mr. J. Lant, Mrs. and Miss Lant; Mr. W. T. Cavendish; Mr. and Mrs. A. Rotherham; the Marquis of Ormonde, of the first Life Guards; the Earl of Calludon, of the First Life Guards; Mrs. and the Misses Hobson; Mr P. Hobson, and Mrs. Hobson; Mr. and Mrs. Soames; Mr. and Mrs. Adderley, Sir John Rae Reid; Capt. and Mrs. Townshend, of Caldecote Hall; Lieut.-Colonel Swinfen and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Leeds; Capt. Marsden and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Birmingham; Colonel, Mrs., and Miss Bourne; Mr. and Mrs. Wyley Lord; Captain and Mrs. Thursby; Mr. and Mrs Morrice; Lieut.-Colonel Wirgman; Mr. and Mrs. J. Rotherham; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]]; Mr. and Mrs. Rotherham; Mr and Mrs John Sankey and the Misses Sankey; Mrs. and the Misses Murphy; Mr. Bibby (4th Hussars), Captain Gist (7th Hussars), Mr. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr. Hamilton (7th Dragoon Guards), Colonel Rattray, Mr and Mrs. R. Boyd, &c, &c.</p> <p>The string band of the 5th Dragoon Guards, under the direction of Mr. Sidney Jones, performed the following selection of music:— Quadrille, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Marian; Galop, Bonderbryllup; Lancers, Knight of St. Patrick; Valse, Hydropaten; Galop, Flick and Flock; Quadrille, Princess of Trebizonde; Valse, the Belle of the Ball; Galop, the Fox Hunters; Valse, the Dragoon Guards; Lancers, the Gaiety; Valse, the Beautiful Danube; Valse, Wiener Kinder; Quadrille, the Fest; Galop, the Village Rose; Valse, the Geraldine; Lancers, Merry Tunes; Galop, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Various; Galop, Glorioso.<ref>"Invitation Ball." ''Coventry Standard'' 6 January 1871, Friday: 4 [of 4], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000683/18710106/100/0004. Same print title, n.p.</ref></p></blockquote> === February === ==== Birmingham Tennis Court Club Ball ==== 1871 February 17, Friday, the "bachelors of the Tennis Court Club" hosted a ball in Birmingham:<blockquote>LEAMINGTON.<p> B<small>ACHELORS'</small> B<small>ALL</small>.<p>— Last night the bachelors of the Tennis Court Club gave a grand ball at the Royal Assembly Rooms, Regent Street. The ball was one of the most brilliant of the season, nearly four hundred of the ''élite'' of the town and neighbourhood having accepted the invitation of the bachelors. The ballroom was specially fitted up for the occasion, and a splendid supper was served in the adjoining rooms, where refreshments were also provided. Coote and Tiney's band was specially engaged for the occasion, and played a selection of the newest and most popular dance music. Amongst the distinguished guests present were — The High Sheriff and Mrs. J. T. Arkwright, Lady Arbuthnott, Lord and Lady Conyers, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mountgarret and the Hon. Miss Butler, Sir John and Lady Blois, Sir Thomas Biddulph, the Hon. Miss Somerville, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, the Hon. Charles L. Butler, Rev. Sir John Rae, General and Mrs. Richmond Jones, Major Eldman, Major and Mrs. James Ashton, Major and Mrs. Boothby, Colonel Ruttie, Colonel Duberly, Colonel and Mrs. Machen, Colonel Rattray, Capt. and Mrs. Kennedy, Capt. W. J. Hall, Capt. Hodge, Capt. and Mrs. Morgan, Capt. and Mrs. Pearse, Capt. Roberts, Capt. Story, Mr. and Mrs. Featherstone Dilke (Maxstoke Castle) and Miss Dixie, Mr. C. M., Miss, and Miss M. A. Caldecott (Holbrooke Grange), Mr. and Mrs. J. Dugdale (Wroxhall Abbey), Mr. E. Greaves, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Adderley (Hams Hall), and Capt. and Mrs. Hatherall. Several of the officers from the dragoons and artillery at Coventry and Birmingham were also present. The bachelors who gave the ball were twenty-eight in number.<ref>"Leamington." "District News." ''Birmingham Morning News'' 18 February 1871, Saturday: 7 [of 8, print and digital], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005826/18710218/114/0007. Print and digital title are the same.</ref></p></blockquote>Another description of this same event, the Bachelors' Ball at the Leamington Spa:<blockquote>The bachelors’ ball at Leamington Spa, which took place on the 17th inst., was a greater success than ever. It was held as usual in the Assembly Rooms, which, by the bye, might be better adapted to such purposes. Theyare not so bad as far as the ball room goes, but to reach the supper room you have to make a pilgrimage up one of the steepest and most uncomfortable staircases ever seen; still, however difficult the journey, a safe arrival will repay one. The room was very prettily decorated, and most sumptuous fare provided. The following is a list of the bachelors who gave the ball: Mr Neville Bagot, Mr Ramsay Clarke, Mr Erasmus Galton, Mr C. H. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr Ralph C. Gregg, Mr William Gillett, Mr Thomlinson Grant, Col. Hammond, R.A., Capt. Hull, Mr Wm. Harrison, Mr Pulsford Hobson, Mr Sydney Hobson, Mr F. C. Lister Kay, Viscount St. Lawrence, M.P., Capt. Maxwell Lyte (7th Dragoon Guards), Mr Richard Lant, Mr John Lant, Mr Oswald Milne, Mr W. W. Moore, Mr Thomas Norman, Mr Hamilton Osborne, Capt. John Paynter, Capt. Pullin, Mr George Rennie, Mr Alex. G. Stuart, Mr J. H. Sanders, Mr Edmund Vyner, Captain Vandeleur; and nothing that they could do was wanting to make it a most complete success. The frequenters of the subscription balls could scarcely recognise the rendezvous of their fortnightly meetings. A porch had been erected over the entrance in the parade, and the corridors all round the dancing room carpeted with crimson and prettily decorated. Banks of flowers had been arranged in every available corner of the ball room, and a number of mirrors hung against the wall reflected the gay scene. Coote and Tinney’s band played a charming selection, and dancing was kept up with much spirit to a late hour. The company was a large one, the toilettes exceedingly pretty. Among those present were Lord and Lady Conyers, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mount-Garrett, [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Hon. Miss Butler]], Sir John Rae Reid, Hon. Mary Somerville, &c. The whole week was a gay one. Now heat has set in there is an unusual number of public lectures, and Mr and Mrs Howard Paul and the Tyrolese singers have had performances during this week. The Concordia Choir held their third concert on Saturday last, and on Monday there was an amateur performance of "Maritana" and "The Captain is not a-Miss" at the Royal Music Hall, in aid of the volunteer corps. The Warwickshire, North Warwickshire, the Bicester, the Cotherstone, the Pytchley, and Mr W. W. Tailby’s hounds are meeting four or five days in the week each, and having air sport.<ref>"Fashionable Entertainments." ''The Queen'' 25 February 1871, Saturday: 19 [of 24], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18710225/121/0019. Print title: The Queen, ''The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 133.</ref></blockquote> === March === === April === ==== 18 April 1871 ==== <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [377–378] Commune."<ref name=":3">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== ==== 9 May 1871, Tuesday, Queen's Drawing-Room ==== <blockquote>THE QUEEN'S DRAWING-ROOM. The Queen held a Drawing-room at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday afternoon. The Priuce of Wales, Prince Arthur, Prince Leopold, and Princess Beatrice were present. Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince of Wales and the other members of the royal family, entered the Throne Room shortly after three o'clock. The Queen wore a black moire antique dress with a train, long white tulle veil with a coronet of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace of diamonds and amethysts, the Riband and Star of the Order of the Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert and Louise of Prussia, and the Saxe Coburg and Gotha Family Order. Princess Beatrice wore a dress of white tulle over a rich white silk petticoat looped up with lilies of the valley and apple blossom; ornaments — pearls and diamonds. The presentations to Her Majesty were about 280 in number, and included the following:— Mrs Atlay, by the Countess Grey; Miss Backhouse, by her mother, Mrs Backhouse; Miss Charlesworth, by her aunt, Frances Lady Hawke; Miss Backhouse Fox, by her aunt, Mrs Backhouse; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], by her mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|the Hon. Mrs Howard]]; the Hon. Gwendoline Fitz-Alan Howard, by the Duchess of Sutherland; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alice Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; Miss Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Miss Agnes Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Sir Henry Ingilby, Bart., by Earl Russell; Mrs Frank Lascelles, by Lady Edward Cavendish; Mrs Gerald Liddell, marriage, by the Countess of Normanby.<ref>"Court and Official News." ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 11 May 1871, Thursday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000686/18710511/074/0003. Same print title and p.n.</ref></blockquote> ==== 24 May 1871, Wednesday: Derby Day ==== Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. ==== 25 May 1871, Thursday, Dinner Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Charltons ==== <blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Charlton, of Hesleyside, entertained at dinner, on Thursday evening, at 47, Princesgate — his Excellency the Spanish Minister, Count de Beaufort Spontin, Lord and Lady Houghton and the Hon. Miss Milnes, Lord and Lady Acton, the Hon. Lady Williamson, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Mrs. and Miss Milner Gibson, Viscount Burke, Lord Beaumont, Lord Campbell, the Master of Herries, Major Fife, &c.<ref>"Fashionable World." ''Morning Post'' 27 May 1871, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18710527/019/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p></p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== === January === ==== 13 January 1873, Monday ==== ==== Ball at the Chief Secretary's Lodge ==== On Tuesday, 14 January 1873, the Dublin Evening Telegraph reported that the Marquis of Hartington's ball had taken place the evening before.<blockquote>The Marquis of Hartington gave a ball last evening at the Chief Secretary's Lodge, to their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess Spencer, who were accompanied by the Dowager Countess Spencer, the Ladies Sarah and Victoria Spencer and the Hon Robert Spencer, Lord and Lady Charles Bruce, and Major Stirling, A D C.<p> The following had the honour of receiving invitations to meet their Excellencies — The Duke of Leinster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Kildare, the Ladies Fitzgerald, the Marquis and Marchioness of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess of Listowel, Lord and Lady Edward Cavendish, the Earl of Charleville, the Lord Chancellor and Lady O'Hagan, Viscount, Viscountess, the Hon Misses, and Hon Henry Monck; the Archbishop of Dublin, the Hon Mrs and the Misses Trench; Lord Talbot de Malahide and the Hon Francis Talbot, Lord and Lady Sandhurst and Captain Bang, A D C; Lady Cloncurry, Hon Emily and Hon Mary Lawless, Viscount, Viscountess, Hon Georgiana, and Hon Beatrice [de?] Vesci; Lord and Lady Kilmaize [?], Hon Gertrude [?] Browze, Lord and Lady Ventry, Hon Norah Westenra, Lord and Lady Athlumney, Lord, Lady, and Hon D Plunket, M P; Viscountess and the Hon. Miss Netterivlle, Capt the Hon Mrs Vesey, Captain and Lady Julia Follett, Sir Arthur and Lady Olive Guiness and the Ladies White, the Hon H W L Corry, Lord and Lady and the Hon Miss O'Neill, Viscount Hawarden, the Hon Florence Maude, the Hon. Clementina Maude, the Hon Jenico and Mrs Preston, the Hon Henry Leeson, Colonel and the Hon Mrs Caulfield, Mr and the Hon Mrs Robert Hobart, Captain, Lady Mary and Miss Lindsay; Mr Ion [?] Trent Hamilton, M P; Mr Bagwell; the Hon Mrs and the Misses Bagwell, and Mr Bagwell; Colonel the Hon L and Mrs Curzon Smyth, Mr, Lady Margaret, and the Misses Stronge [?]; Mr and the Hon Mrs O'Hagan, Hon Charles Bourke, Hon Mrs Alfred and Lady Kathleen Bury, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Hon Mrs, Lady Alice, and Lady Louisa Howard]]; Captain, the Hon Mrs, and Miss Donaldson; Dr and Miss Bans, Mrs Grattan Bellew, Sir Edward and Miss Borough, Mr Arthur Cane, Sir Dominic, Lady, and Miss Corrigan; Mr Corrigan, Mr and Mrs Gustavus Cornwall and Miss Cornwall, Mr D'Arcy, M P, and Mrs D'Arcy; Mr Baron Dowse [?], and Mrs and Miss Dowse, Mr Baron Deasy and Mrs Deasy, Dr, Mrs, and Miss de Ricci; Dr and Miss Hatchell, Sir George and Lady Hudson, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Huband; Mr Arthur Huband, Miss Caroline Huband, Mr and Mrs Arthur Hume, Dr Hughes, Mr Henry Jephsen and Miss Jephsen, Mr Kearney and the Misses Kearney, Captain Kearney, A D C; Captain Lascelles, A D C; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Kirwan; Mr Justice Lawson and Mrs Lawson, Mr and Mrs W Le Fanu, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Lentaigne; Sir George L'Estrange and the Misses L'Estrange, the Lord and Lady Mayoress, and the Misses Mackey; the Lord Chief Justice Monahan, Mrs and Miss Monahan; Sir J, Lady, and Miss Power; Mr John Talbot Power, M P; Col, Mrs, and Miss Radcliffe; the Master of the Rolls, Mrs and Miss Sullivan; Capt and Mrs Moorsom, A D C; General Sir Thomas and Lady Steel, Captain and Mrs Brownrigg, A D C, Mr Granville Milner, Capt, Mrs and Miss Talbot, Colonel, Mrs, and the Misses White; Sir John Stewart Wood, Lady and the Misses Wood; Mrs and the Misses Williams, Mr Justice Fitzgerald and the Hon Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr Justice Barry and Mrs Barry, Mr Sergeant Sherlock, M P, Mrs and Miss Sherlock; Mr Sheriock, the Right Hon W H Conan, M P, and Mrs Cogan; Mr Justice Keogh and Mrs Keogh, Mr Keogh, Capt Keogh, R N; Lord Chief Baron and Miss Pigott, Dr, Mrs, and Miss Nugent; General Wardlaw, Colonel M'Kerlie, Mr Sergeant and Mrs and Miss Armstrong; Col, Mrs, and the Misses Maude; Col, Mrs, and Miss Hillier; Mr Heron, M P; Mr and Mrs Watters, Col and Mrs Wynyard, Dr and the Misses Kennedy, the Attorney General and Mrs Palles, the Solicitor General and Mrs Law, Col, Mrs, and Miss Lake; Lady and the Misses Butler, Mr Butler, Col and Mrs Colthurst Vesey, and Miss Walton; Mr, Lady Fanny and Miss Lambert; Mr E C Guinness, Mr and Mrs MMorer O'Ferrall, Mr and Mrs Leonard Morrogh, Sir Bernard and Lady Burke, Mr G and Mrs G Brooke and Miss Brooke, Mr and Mrs Roe, Mr Vance, M P, Mrs and Miss Vance; Col and Mrs Primrose, Lieut Col Ferdall [?], Col and Mrs Goodlake and Miss Alexander, Mr Alison, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Barton, Mr Justice Flanagan, Mrs and Miss Flanagan, Mer J. N. Lentaigne, Mr Johnson, Captain Harrison, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Maturin; Mr Justice Morris and Mrs Morris, Mr and Mrs Mazlere [?] Brady, Major, Mrs, and Miss Wilkinson; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Donnelly; Mr and Mrs Cruise, Mrs Power, Mr Braon Fitzgerald and Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Henry Yates Thompson, Mr Courtenay Boyle, Colonel Forster, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Taylor, Mr Bland and Mrs Godfrey Bland, Mr and Miss Dillon, Mr and Mrs Wallace, Mr M'Kenna, Mr Cullinane, Mr Armstrong, Mr C E [?] Dobbin, Mr J A Blake, Major and Mrs Papillon, Capt and Mrs Keane, Mr E Pretty, Mr, Mrs John L O Ferrall and Miss O'Ferrall, Mrs and Miss Walsh, Mr and Mrs R Howard Brook, Mrs and Miss Brook, Mrs and the Misses Blake, Mr and Mrs J Warren, Sir John Gray, M P, Lady, and Miss Gray; Colonel and Mrs Frank Chaplin, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Hemphill; Sir R, Lady and Miss Kane, Mrs and Miss Courtenay, Mr Arthur Courtenay, Mr G Courtenay, Mr E Hardtop, A D C; Mr Bellew, Dr and Mrs Nedley, Dr and Mrs Newell, Mr and Mrs Freeman, Mr and Mrs Geale, Captain Hutten, A D C; Mr and Mrs Adair and Miss Wadsworth, Captain and Mrs J M Benthall, Sir R, Lady, and the Misses M'Causlend [?]; Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Newell Barron; Mr Hawkins, Colonel Goodlake and the Officers of the Coldstream Guards; Captain Spain, R N, and the Officers (4) of her Majesty's ship Vanguard; Colonel Radcliffe and Officers (4), Royal Artillery; Colonel Spade and Officers (4) 1st King's Dragoon Guards; Colonel Ainslie and Officers (4), 1st Royal Dragoons; Colonel Thompson and Officers (4), 14th Hussars; Colonel Ross and Officers (4), 4th Battalion Rifle Brigade; Colonel Hawkins and Officers (4), Royal Engineers; Colonel Gloster and Officers (4), 97th Regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Maunsell and Officers (4), 13th Regiment.<ref>"Fashionable." ''Dublin Evening Telegraph'' 14 January 1873, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002093/18730114/044/0004. Print title ''The Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref> </blockquote>February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day === June === ==== 19 June 1873, Thursday, Polo Match Between Officers of the Royal Horse Guards and Officers of the 9th Lancers ==== <blockquote>THE POLO CLUB. Although the weather was dull and gloomy yesterday, there was a large company at the club grounds to witness the match between the officers of the Royal Horse Guards (Blue) and the officers of the 9th Lancers. A number of carriages surrounded the enclosure, and many ladies were present, among whom were the Marchioness of Waterford, Viscountess Middelton, Lady Philippa Stanhope, the Countess of Mayo, the Hon. Miss Brodrick, Lady Little, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Lady Harriet Duncombe, Miss Duncoinbe and Miss E. Duncombe, the Hon. Mrs. O'Grady and Miss O'Grady, Lady Knollys and Miss Knollys, the Dowager Lady Craven, Lady Grey de Wilton, Lady Fanny Fitzwigram, Lady Petre, Lady M. Egerton, Misses E. and G. Egerton, the Countess of Gleichen, Lady C. Brineman, Lady Campbell, Lady Emily Ormsby Gore, the Countess of Coventry, Lady Maria Ponsonby, and Lady Henry Somerset. Just before 4 o'clock the competitors took up their stations at the goals, the Hon. H. Boscawen and Sir Beach Cunard being the judges. The Guards, having choice of stations, elected to play from the Pavilion goal, although there was a strong wind blowing against them. Play was called for the first "bully," and when the ball was tossed into the centre of the ground the advanced guard of both sides missed their blows; and, this brought the others close up, and after some spirited hitting the Guards got the ball nearly to the bottom goal, where it was knocked out of bounds three or four times. Each time it was returned into play some severe rallies ensued, and the scientific hitting and stopping of the Marquis of Worcester, the Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam, and Lord Kilmarnock met with loud applause, while the play of the whole of the Lancers was so determined and vigorous that the Guards could not break through their defence, but in a good ''mêlée'' [sic] close to the goal the ball was hit just outside the bottom posts. They then had a rest, and the ponies were attended to and carefully watered, and when the ball was hit off the Lancers, playing well together, drove the ball nearly to the top goal, but just missed getting it through the post. The rain now came down and made the turf heavy and slippery, and the play was rather wild, many well-intended hits being lost by the little "tits" slipping when turning sharply at their best speed. Both sides were doing their utmost to obtain the honours; but, although the ball was sent to all parts of the enclosure, and rally after rally came off, each goal being assaulted in its turn, no goal was made. The Guards now got the ball to the bottom end of the ground, and the Marquis of Worcester made a fine drive for victory; the ball, however, did not quite reach the goal, but his Lordship was well backed up by the Hon. C. Fitzwilliam, who, in the midst of a rattling ''mélée'' [sic] close on the posts, cleverly "pushed" the ball through the goal, and scored the first to the Guards, after playing lh. 20min., being the longest time that as [sic] occurred this season. After a rest and a change of ponies the second "bully" was commenced, but, after a short time, during which some fine play was exhibited by both sides, "time" was called by the judges, and the Guards won the game by one goal. Appended will be found the sides</blockquote> {| class="wikitable" |+ !The Royal Horse Guards !The Lancers |- |Marquis of Worcester, |Capt. Grissell. |- |Lord C. Somerset. |Lord W. Beresford. |- |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |Mr. Moore. |- |Mr. Egerton. |Capt. Polaret. |- |Lord Kilmarnock. |Hon. E. Willoughby. |} Sides were then chosen by Viscount amentia and Mr. C. de Murrietta, and after some exciting play a goal was got by each. {| class="wikitable" |+Sides |Lord Valentia. |Mr. C. de Murietta |- |Capt. Middelton. |Marquis of Queensberry. |- |Hon. H. C. Needham. |Sir Beach Cunard. |- |Mr. Green. |Sir W. Gordon Cumming. |- |Hon. R. Neville-Nugent. |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |- |Mr. A. de Murietta. |Lord Aberdour. |- | |Mr. Powell. |} <ref>"The Polo Club." ''Hour'' 20 June 1873, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002814/18730620/078/0007. Same print title and p.</ref> July August September === October === ==== 18 October 1873, Saturday, Orange Order Events at Govan ==== This festival seems to have included some speeches and the laying of a foundation stone for an Orange Hall. The speeches were extremely anti-Catholic and bigoted.<blockquote>ORANGE FESTIVAL AT GOVAN. The third annual festival of the Govan Orangemen and their friends was held in the Govan Hall on Friday night — Br. H. A. Long [?] in the chair. After a service of tea and sake, The C<small>HAIRMAN</small> delivered an address, in which he stated, after a few preliminary remarks, that Orangeism had to be looked at from two points of view — one political and the other religious. The political one looked at the Pope and grasped the sword, while the other looked at Christ and opened its arms. One of them was for offence — that was fighting against Popery in all its varied forms, while the other was for the adoption and union of the great system of thrice-blessed Christianity. He congratulated them on living in comparatively happy days, and seeing the complete destruction of the Court of Rome and the Pope's temporal power. Not many years ago, he said, diplomatists came from all parts of the world to the Quirinal or the Vatican, but all that had now passed away, and not left a shadow behind. The chairmen then reviewed at some length the events of Italian history since 1846, and the great contrast in the treatment of priests in Rome at that time and at the present day. It must have been a bitter pill, he went on to say, for the Vatican to swallow when they heard the shouts of triumph of 25,000 Romans rejoicing that they had got free from priestly influence. Mr. Long next referred to the late visit of Victor Emmanuel to the Emperors of Austria and Germany, which he is garded as a pledge of defence against the French nation's interference in Italian affairs. The chairman referred to the immense treasures stored in the Vatican, amounting to eight hundred millions of sovereigns, and to the cramping of the power of the priesthood in Germany by Bismarck[.] The Rev. C. A. M'Kenzie, after apologising for not having any text, gave an interesting sketch of the connection of the North of Ireland with the Western Highlands of Scotland, from the middle of the sixth century, when St. Columba crossed over with his twelve followers, till the perversion of the early Culdee Church by the wife of Malcolm Canmore and her son King David. Popery, he asserted, was an invasion of comparatively recent origin, and the Roman Catholics had no right to the ancient abbeys, to which they seemed inclined to lay claim. In conclusion, he urged upon them, as good Orange-men and followers of the famous King William, of glorious memory, who inscribed on his banner "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion," never to forget that noble man; and to beware of Puseyism, which was only Popery in disguise. The meeting was afterwards addressed by Mr. Martin, and the proceedings were enlivened with songs by a number of the brethren and their lady friends. After the soiree an assembly took place, and dowering was kept up till an early hour.— ''Glasgow News''. N<small>EW</small> O<small>RANGE</small> H<small>ALL</small>. — The foundation stone of Staffordstown [?] Orange Hall has been laid by Lady Louisa O'Neill, in presence of Lady O'Neill, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], the Hon. Edward O'Neill, and a large assemblage of Orangemen. After the ceremony, the entire party adjourned to a field adjoining, where a platform had been erected. The lodges present were — Staffordstown L.O.L., 504 [?]; Ballydonnall L.O.L., 306 [?]; Tailorstown True Blues, 544; Grange L.OL., 701; Duneane [?] L.O L., 719; Grange L.O.L., 919; Cranfield L.O.L , 705 [?]; Fenton Invincibles, L.O.L., 1104; and the Fenton Invincibles (juveniles), L.O.L., 1104. Amongst those present on the platform were — Lady O'Neil, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, M.P.; the Hon. Louisa O'Neill, Lady Caroline Howard, William J. Gwynne, Esq.; Richard Lilburn, Esq.; J. J. Carson, Esq., Mrs. Carson, and Miss Carson; Rev. J. B. Greer, Rector of Grange; Rev. J. H. Wright, bector [sic] of Portglenone; Rev. A. Gault, Vicar of Antrim; Rev. William Denham, Presbyterian minister, Duncane; Wm. J. Scully, Esq.; Messrs. John Fulton, John M Kelvey, John Nimmons. W.D.M.; Wm. M'Cullough, Hugh Nicholl, Joshua Hume, James Brooks, Charles Richardson, Robert Chesney, Robert Barton, Wm. Allen, Alexander M'Fadden, Hugh Logan. D. S Beekerstaff, Glenavy District; George French, James M'Manus, John Hume Richardson, Wm. J. Senly. Mr. Gwynne was called to the chair, and the meeting having been opened with prayer, appropriate addresses were afterwards delivered by the chairman, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, the Rev. Mr. Wright, Mr. Lilburn, and the Rev. Mr. Greer. The chairman having made a few concluding remarks, the meeting separated after having given three hearty lowly cheers for Lady O'Neill and party.<ref>"Orange Festival at Govan." ''Belfast Weekly Telegraph'' 18 October 1873, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003434/18731018/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== ==== 1874 May, Early ==== <blockquote>As monarchists’ hopes flared, the Catholic Church, too, enjoyed a conspicuous revival. The National Assembly approved a design for a new basilica for Paris. Intended as an act of collective atonement, Sacré-Coeur was to perch atop Montmartre, immediately above where Nadar’s balloons had been launched and where the radicals’ insurrection had broken out. Excavations began in early May 1874 .... But the focus of the penance the basilica was intended to embody gradually shifted from the moral decline of French society in general to the despicable excesses of the Commune. In 1872 Archbishop Darboy’s successor claimed to have had a vision as he climbed the Butte Montmartre. The clouds dispersed, and he realized that it was there, “where the martyrs” were (he meant the murdered generals Lecomte and Clément-Thomas), that a new church should be built. And when the Assembly voted to proceed with the construction, legislators specified that its purpose was to “expiate the crimes of the Commune.”<ref name=":3" /> (464 of 667)</blockquote> ===June=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September === October === November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== Disraeli's progressive legislation for labor rights:<blockquote>In 1875, he passed a series of enlightened acts protecting labor rights, arguing they were as important as property rights. Two of the laws ensured that workers would have the same recourse as employers when contracts were breached, and made peaceful picketing legal, protecting unions from charges of conspiracy.<ref name=":4" /> (578 of 1203)</blockquote>After women who owned property were allowed by Parliament to stand for local school-board elections in 1870, "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain — in 1865 — stood and was elected to her local board five years later."<ref name=":4" /> (199 of 1203) The relationship between Swinburne and Lord Houghton:<blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== Disraeli pushed through the Cruelty to Animals Act in order to please Queen Victoria. This act "forced researchers to demonstrate that any experiments with animals involving pain were absolutely necessary, and ensured they would be anesthetized if so."<ref name=":4" /> (679 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== "In 1877, unemployment was 4.7 percent; by 1879, it had risen to 11.4 percent."<ref name=":4" /> (690 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} 88051ulw79uvvne7k8znhzdcnw0o2f3 2818128 2818127 2026-07-11T22:01:40Z Scogdill 1331941 /* June */ 2818128 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== "Until 1870 all of the money women earned belonged to their husbands, and until 1882 their property did too, even after a divorce or separation."<ref name=":4" /> (698 of 1203) In 1870 Parliament debated and defeated the first bill for women's suffrage, but allowed "women who owned property ... to stand for election to school boards."<ref name=":4" /> (698–699 of 1203) "The bulk of Irish farmers did not own their land, and instead leased it from landlords, the majority of whom lived in England. In 1870, only 3 percent of agricultural holdings were occupied by owners."<ref name=":4" /> (742 of 1203) Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== Although Queen Victoria had opened Parliament for the first time in February 1866, when people saw her for the first time in years as her open carriage made its way, she was unpopular because it seemed she was not working. Gladstone was Prime Minister.<blockquote>Between 1871 and 1874, eighty-five Republican Clubs were founded in Britain, protesting, among other things, the "expensiveness and uselessness of the monarchy" and Bertie's "immoral example."<ref name=":4">Baird, Julia. ''Victoria the Queen, an Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire''. Random House, 2016. Apple Books: https://books.apple.com/us/book/victoria-the-queen/id953835024.</ref> (617 of 1203)</blockquote>"The 1871 Royal Commission on the Contagious Diseases Acts ... declared there was no comparison to be made between prostitutes and their clients: 'With the one sex the offence is committed as a matter of gain, with the other it is an irregular indulgence of a natural impulse.'"<ref name=":4" /> (704 of 1203) === January === Germany is united under King William I of Prussia. Julia Baird says, "At the same time, Italy captured and annexed the Papal States, which had been under the direct rule of the Pope since the 700s and had lost their protector in Napoleon III."<ref name=":4" /> (646 of 1203) ==== 4 January 1871, Wednesday ==== <blockquote>INVITATION BALL. <p>On Wednesday evening last Major Goodman and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards gave an invitation ball, which was held in the Drapers’ Hall (kindly placed at their disposal by the Drapers’ Company). The following ladies and gentlemen were amongst those who received invitations The Marquis and Marchioness of Hertford; the Earl and Countess of Aylesford; Lady A. N. Finch, Lord Guernsey, and the Hon. Mr. Finch; Lord and Lady Leigh and Miss Leigh; Lord and Lady Henley and Miss Henley, Miss Elwes, Lord and Lady Wrottealey, Lord and Lady Manners; C. N. Newdegate, Esq., M.P.; Captain, Mrs., and Miss Adams; E. Petre, Esq., and Lady Gwendoline Petre; J. Beech, Esq., Mrs. and Miss Beech, and Mr. Beech, jun.; Mr. and Mrs. Turner; Mr. and Mrs. Fetherstone Dilke, Mrs. and the Misses Fetherstone, Mr. Fetherstone, and Mr. Beaumont Fetherstone; Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Muntz; Captain and Mrs. Boultbee, of Knowle; Mr. C. M. Caldecott, Mrs. Caldecott, and the Misses Caldecott; the Rev. A. Fanshawe and Mrs. Fanshawe; Captain and Mrs. Battine; the Rev. S. C. Spencer Smith; the Rev. R. H. Baynes, M.A., vicar of St. Michael’s; the Rev. H. T. Harris, (Christ Church); General and Mr. Richmond Jones; Colonel F. Chaplin, and the Officers of the 4th Dragoon Guards, stationed at Northampton; Captain Thornelow, and the Officers of the Royal Artillery, at Weedon; the officers of the 4th Royal Regiment at Weedon; Mr. and Mrs. E. Wood; Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Wood; the Colonel and officers of the First Warwickshire Militia; Mrs. and Miss Alston, and Mr. Alston, jun., of Elmdon; Mr. and Mrs. F. Paget; Mr. and Mrs. Gulson; Captain Thomson; Captain and Mrs. Raleigh King; Mrs. Phillipson; Lord and Lady Mountgarret; the Honourable Miss Butler; Mr. and Mrs. Courtenay Lord; the Hon. Mrs. Twistleton; Mr. and the Misses Conant; Captain and Mrs. J. Marsland; Major and Mrs. Edlman; Mr. and Mrs. Astley; Mr. T. Lant, Mr. R. Lant and Mr. J. Lant, Mrs. and Miss Lant; Mr. W. T. Cavendish; Mr. and Mrs. A. Rotherham; the Marquis of Ormonde, of the first Life Guards; the Earl of Calludon, of the First Life Guards; Mrs. and the Misses Hobson; Mr P. Hobson, and Mrs. Hobson; Mr. and Mrs. Soames; Mr. and Mrs. Adderley, Sir John Rae Reid; Capt. and Mrs. Townshend, of Caldecote Hall; Lieut.-Colonel Swinfen and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Leeds; Capt. Marsden and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Birmingham; Colonel, Mrs., and Miss Bourne; Mr. and Mrs. Wyley Lord; Captain and Mrs. Thursby; Mr. and Mrs Morrice; Lieut.-Colonel Wirgman; Mr. and Mrs. J. Rotherham; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]]; Mr. and Mrs. Rotherham; Mr and Mrs John Sankey and the Misses Sankey; Mrs. and the Misses Murphy; Mr. Bibby (4th Hussars), Captain Gist (7th Hussars), Mr. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr. Hamilton (7th Dragoon Guards), Colonel Rattray, Mr and Mrs. R. Boyd, &c, &c.</p> <p>The string band of the 5th Dragoon Guards, under the direction of Mr. Sidney Jones, performed the following selection of music:— Quadrille, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Marian; Galop, Bonderbryllup; Lancers, Knight of St. Patrick; Valse, Hydropaten; Galop, Flick and Flock; Quadrille, Princess of Trebizonde; Valse, the Belle of the Ball; Galop, the Fox Hunters; Valse, the Dragoon Guards; Lancers, the Gaiety; Valse, the Beautiful Danube; Valse, Wiener Kinder; Quadrille, the Fest; Galop, the Village Rose; Valse, the Geraldine; Lancers, Merry Tunes; Galop, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Various; Galop, Glorioso.<ref>"Invitation Ball." ''Coventry Standard'' 6 January 1871, Friday: 4 [of 4], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000683/18710106/100/0004. Same print title, n.p.</ref></p></blockquote> === February === ==== Birmingham Tennis Court Club Ball ==== 1871 February 17, Friday, the "bachelors of the Tennis Court Club" hosted a ball in Birmingham:<blockquote>LEAMINGTON.<p> B<small>ACHELORS'</small> B<small>ALL</small>.<p>— Last night the bachelors of the Tennis Court Club gave a grand ball at the Royal Assembly Rooms, Regent Street. The ball was one of the most brilliant of the season, nearly four hundred of the ''élite'' of the town and neighbourhood having accepted the invitation of the bachelors. The ballroom was specially fitted up for the occasion, and a splendid supper was served in the adjoining rooms, where refreshments were also provided. Coote and Tiney's band was specially engaged for the occasion, and played a selection of the newest and most popular dance music. Amongst the distinguished guests present were — The High Sheriff and Mrs. J. T. Arkwright, Lady Arbuthnott, Lord and Lady Conyers, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mountgarret and the Hon. Miss Butler, Sir John and Lady Blois, Sir Thomas Biddulph, the Hon. Miss Somerville, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, the Hon. Charles L. Butler, Rev. Sir John Rae, General and Mrs. Richmond Jones, Major Eldman, Major and Mrs. James Ashton, Major and Mrs. Boothby, Colonel Ruttie, Colonel Duberly, Colonel and Mrs. Machen, Colonel Rattray, Capt. and Mrs. Kennedy, Capt. W. J. Hall, Capt. Hodge, Capt. and Mrs. Morgan, Capt. and Mrs. Pearse, Capt. Roberts, Capt. Story, Mr. and Mrs. Featherstone Dilke (Maxstoke Castle) and Miss Dixie, Mr. C. M., Miss, and Miss M. A. Caldecott (Holbrooke Grange), Mr. and Mrs. J. Dugdale (Wroxhall Abbey), Mr. E. Greaves, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Adderley (Hams Hall), and Capt. and Mrs. Hatherall. Several of the officers from the dragoons and artillery at Coventry and Birmingham were also present. The bachelors who gave the ball were twenty-eight in number.<ref>"Leamington." "District News." ''Birmingham Morning News'' 18 February 1871, Saturday: 7 [of 8, print and digital], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005826/18710218/114/0007. Print and digital title are the same.</ref></p></blockquote>Another description of this same event, the Bachelors' Ball at the Leamington Spa:<blockquote>The bachelors’ ball at Leamington Spa, which took place on the 17th inst., was a greater success than ever. It was held as usual in the Assembly Rooms, which, by the bye, might be better adapted to such purposes. Theyare not so bad as far as the ball room goes, but to reach the supper room you have to make a pilgrimage up one of the steepest and most uncomfortable staircases ever seen; still, however difficult the journey, a safe arrival will repay one. The room was very prettily decorated, and most sumptuous fare provided. The following is a list of the bachelors who gave the ball: Mr Neville Bagot, Mr Ramsay Clarke, Mr Erasmus Galton, Mr C. H. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr Ralph C. Gregg, Mr William Gillett, Mr Thomlinson Grant, Col. Hammond, R.A., Capt. Hull, Mr Wm. Harrison, Mr Pulsford Hobson, Mr Sydney Hobson, Mr F. C. Lister Kay, Viscount St. Lawrence, M.P., Capt. Maxwell Lyte (7th Dragoon Guards), Mr Richard Lant, Mr John Lant, Mr Oswald Milne, Mr W. W. Moore, Mr Thomas Norman, Mr Hamilton Osborne, Capt. John Paynter, Capt. Pullin, Mr George Rennie, Mr Alex. G. Stuart, Mr J. H. Sanders, Mr Edmund Vyner, Captain Vandeleur; and nothing that they could do was wanting to make it a most complete success. The frequenters of the subscription balls could scarcely recognise the rendezvous of their fortnightly meetings. A porch had been erected over the entrance in the parade, and the corridors all round the dancing room carpeted with crimson and prettily decorated. Banks of flowers had been arranged in every available corner of the ball room, and a number of mirrors hung against the wall reflected the gay scene. Coote and Tinney’s band played a charming selection, and dancing was kept up with much spirit to a late hour. The company was a large one, the toilettes exceedingly pretty. Among those present were Lord and Lady Conyers, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mount-Garrett, [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Hon. Miss Butler]], Sir John Rae Reid, Hon. Mary Somerville, &c. The whole week was a gay one. Now heat has set in there is an unusual number of public lectures, and Mr and Mrs Howard Paul and the Tyrolese singers have had performances during this week. The Concordia Choir held their third concert on Saturday last, and on Monday there was an amateur performance of "Maritana" and "The Captain is not a-Miss" at the Royal Music Hall, in aid of the volunteer corps. The Warwickshire, North Warwickshire, the Bicester, the Cotherstone, the Pytchley, and Mr W. W. Tailby’s hounds are meeting four or five days in the week each, and having air sport.<ref>"Fashionable Entertainments." ''The Queen'' 25 February 1871, Saturday: 19 [of 24], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18710225/121/0019. Print title: The Queen, ''The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 133.</ref></blockquote> === March === === April === ==== 18 April 1871 ==== <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [377–378] Commune."<ref name=":3">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== ==== 9 May 1871, Tuesday, Queen's Drawing-Room ==== <blockquote>THE QUEEN'S DRAWING-ROOM. The Queen held a Drawing-room at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday afternoon. The Priuce of Wales, Prince Arthur, Prince Leopold, and Princess Beatrice were present. Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince of Wales and the other members of the royal family, entered the Throne Room shortly after three o'clock. The Queen wore a black moire antique dress with a train, long white tulle veil with a coronet of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace of diamonds and amethysts, the Riband and Star of the Order of the Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert and Louise of Prussia, and the Saxe Coburg and Gotha Family Order. Princess Beatrice wore a dress of white tulle over a rich white silk petticoat looped up with lilies of the valley and apple blossom; ornaments — pearls and diamonds. The presentations to Her Majesty were about 280 in number, and included the following:— Mrs Atlay, by the Countess Grey; Miss Backhouse, by her mother, Mrs Backhouse; Miss Charlesworth, by her aunt, Frances Lady Hawke; Miss Backhouse Fox, by her aunt, Mrs Backhouse; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], by her mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|the Hon. Mrs Howard]]; the Hon. Gwendoline Fitz-Alan Howard, by the Duchess of Sutherland; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alice Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; Miss Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Miss Agnes Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Sir Henry Ingilby, Bart., by Earl Russell; Mrs Frank Lascelles, by Lady Edward Cavendish; Mrs Gerald Liddell, marriage, by the Countess of Normanby.<ref>"Court and Official News." ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 11 May 1871, Thursday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000686/18710511/074/0003. Same print title and p.n.</ref></blockquote> ==== 24 May 1871, Wednesday: Derby Day ==== Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. ==== 25 May 1871, Thursday, Dinner Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Charltons ==== <blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Charlton, of Hesleyside, entertained at dinner, on Thursday evening, at 47, Princesgate — his Excellency the Spanish Minister, Count de Beaufort Spontin, Lord and Lady Houghton and the Hon. Miss Milnes, Lord and Lady Acton, the Hon. Lady Williamson, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Mrs. and Miss Milner Gibson, Viscount Burke, Lord Beaumont, Lord Campbell, the Master of Herries, Major Fife, &c.<ref>"Fashionable World." ''Morning Post'' 27 May 1871, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18710527/019/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p></p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== === January === ==== 13 January 1873, Monday ==== ==== Ball at the Chief Secretary's Lodge ==== On Tuesday, 14 January 1873, the Dublin Evening Telegraph reported that the Marquis of Hartington's ball had taken place the evening before.<blockquote>The Marquis of Hartington gave a ball last evening at the Chief Secretary's Lodge, to their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess Spencer, who were accompanied by the Dowager Countess Spencer, the Ladies Sarah and Victoria Spencer and the Hon Robert Spencer, Lord and Lady Charles Bruce, and Major Stirling, A D C.<p> The following had the honour of receiving invitations to meet their Excellencies — The Duke of Leinster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Kildare, the Ladies Fitzgerald, the Marquis and Marchioness of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess of Listowel, Lord and Lady Edward Cavendish, the Earl of Charleville, the Lord Chancellor and Lady O'Hagan, Viscount, Viscountess, the Hon Misses, and Hon Henry Monck; the Archbishop of Dublin, the Hon Mrs and the Misses Trench; Lord Talbot de Malahide and the Hon Francis Talbot, Lord and Lady Sandhurst and Captain Bang, A D C; Lady Cloncurry, Hon Emily and Hon Mary Lawless, Viscount, Viscountess, Hon Georgiana, and Hon Beatrice [de?] Vesci; Lord and Lady Kilmaize [?], Hon Gertrude [?] Browze, Lord and Lady Ventry, Hon Norah Westenra, Lord and Lady Athlumney, Lord, Lady, and Hon D Plunket, M P; Viscountess and the Hon. Miss Netterivlle, Capt the Hon Mrs Vesey, Captain and Lady Julia Follett, Sir Arthur and Lady Olive Guiness and the Ladies White, the Hon H W L Corry, Lord and Lady and the Hon Miss O'Neill, Viscount Hawarden, the Hon Florence Maude, the Hon. Clementina Maude, the Hon Jenico and Mrs Preston, the Hon Henry Leeson, Colonel and the Hon Mrs Caulfield, Mr and the Hon Mrs Robert Hobart, Captain, Lady Mary and Miss Lindsay; Mr Ion [?] Trent Hamilton, M P; Mr Bagwell; the Hon Mrs and the Misses Bagwell, and Mr Bagwell; Colonel the Hon L and Mrs Curzon Smyth, Mr, Lady Margaret, and the Misses Stronge [?]; Mr and the Hon Mrs O'Hagan, Hon Charles Bourke, Hon Mrs Alfred and Lady Kathleen Bury, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Hon Mrs, Lady Alice, and Lady Louisa Howard]]; Captain, the Hon Mrs, and Miss Donaldson; Dr and Miss Bans, Mrs Grattan Bellew, Sir Edward and Miss Borough, Mr Arthur Cane, Sir Dominic, Lady, and Miss Corrigan; Mr Corrigan, Mr and Mrs Gustavus Cornwall and Miss Cornwall, Mr D'Arcy, M P, and Mrs D'Arcy; Mr Baron Dowse [?], and Mrs and Miss Dowse, Mr Baron Deasy and Mrs Deasy, Dr, Mrs, and Miss de Ricci; Dr and Miss Hatchell, Sir George and Lady Hudson, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Huband; Mr Arthur Huband, Miss Caroline Huband, Mr and Mrs Arthur Hume, Dr Hughes, Mr Henry Jephsen and Miss Jephsen, Mr Kearney and the Misses Kearney, Captain Kearney, A D C; Captain Lascelles, A D C; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Kirwan; Mr Justice Lawson and Mrs Lawson, Mr and Mrs W Le Fanu, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Lentaigne; Sir George L'Estrange and the Misses L'Estrange, the Lord and Lady Mayoress, and the Misses Mackey; the Lord Chief Justice Monahan, Mrs and Miss Monahan; Sir J, Lady, and Miss Power; Mr John Talbot Power, M P; Col, Mrs, and Miss Radcliffe; the Master of the Rolls, Mrs and Miss Sullivan; Capt and Mrs Moorsom, A D C; General Sir Thomas and Lady Steel, Captain and Mrs Brownrigg, A D C, Mr Granville Milner, Capt, Mrs and Miss Talbot, Colonel, Mrs, and the Misses White; Sir John Stewart Wood, Lady and the Misses Wood; Mrs and the Misses Williams, Mr Justice Fitzgerald and the Hon Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr Justice Barry and Mrs Barry, Mr Sergeant Sherlock, M P, Mrs and Miss Sherlock; Mr Sheriock, the Right Hon W H Conan, M P, and Mrs Cogan; Mr Justice Keogh and Mrs Keogh, Mr Keogh, Capt Keogh, R N; Lord Chief Baron and Miss Pigott, Dr, Mrs, and Miss Nugent; General Wardlaw, Colonel M'Kerlie, Mr Sergeant and Mrs and Miss Armstrong; Col, Mrs, and the Misses Maude; Col, Mrs, and Miss Hillier; Mr Heron, M P; Mr and Mrs Watters, Col and Mrs Wynyard, Dr and the Misses Kennedy, the Attorney General and Mrs Palles, the Solicitor General and Mrs Law, Col, Mrs, and Miss Lake; Lady and the Misses Butler, Mr Butler, Col and Mrs Colthurst Vesey, and Miss Walton; Mr, Lady Fanny and Miss Lambert; Mr E C Guinness, Mr and Mrs MMorer O'Ferrall, Mr and Mrs Leonard Morrogh, Sir Bernard and Lady Burke, Mr G and Mrs G Brooke and Miss Brooke, Mr and Mrs Roe, Mr Vance, M P, Mrs and Miss Vance; Col and Mrs Primrose, Lieut Col Ferdall [?], Col and Mrs Goodlake and Miss Alexander, Mr Alison, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Barton, Mr Justice Flanagan, Mrs and Miss Flanagan, Mer J. N. Lentaigne, Mr Johnson, Captain Harrison, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Maturin; Mr Justice Morris and Mrs Morris, Mr and Mrs Mazlere [?] Brady, Major, Mrs, and Miss Wilkinson; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Donnelly; Mr and Mrs Cruise, Mrs Power, Mr Braon Fitzgerald and Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Henry Yates Thompson, Mr Courtenay Boyle, Colonel Forster, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Taylor, Mr Bland and Mrs Godfrey Bland, Mr and Miss Dillon, Mr and Mrs Wallace, Mr M'Kenna, Mr Cullinane, Mr Armstrong, Mr C E [?] Dobbin, Mr J A Blake, Major and Mrs Papillon, Capt and Mrs Keane, Mr E Pretty, Mr, Mrs John L O Ferrall and Miss O'Ferrall, Mrs and Miss Walsh, Mr and Mrs R Howard Brook, Mrs and Miss Brook, Mrs and the Misses Blake, Mr and Mrs J Warren, Sir John Gray, M P, Lady, and Miss Gray; Colonel and Mrs Frank Chaplin, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Hemphill; Sir R, Lady and Miss Kane, Mrs and Miss Courtenay, Mr Arthur Courtenay, Mr G Courtenay, Mr E Hardtop, A D C; Mr Bellew, Dr and Mrs Nedley, Dr and Mrs Newell, Mr and Mrs Freeman, Mr and Mrs Geale, Captain Hutten, A D C; Mr and Mrs Adair and Miss Wadsworth, Captain and Mrs J M Benthall, Sir R, Lady, and the Misses M'Causlend [?]; Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Newell Barron; Mr Hawkins, Colonel Goodlake and the Officers of the Coldstream Guards; Captain Spain, R N, and the Officers (4) of her Majesty's ship Vanguard; Colonel Radcliffe and Officers (4), Royal Artillery; Colonel Spade and Officers (4) 1st King's Dragoon Guards; Colonel Ainslie and Officers (4), 1st Royal Dragoons; Colonel Thompson and Officers (4), 14th Hussars; Colonel Ross and Officers (4), 4th Battalion Rifle Brigade; Colonel Hawkins and Officers (4), Royal Engineers; Colonel Gloster and Officers (4), 97th Regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Maunsell and Officers (4), 13th Regiment.<ref>"Fashionable." ''Dublin Evening Telegraph'' 14 January 1873, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002093/18730114/044/0004. Print title ''The Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref> </blockquote>February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day === June === ==== 19 June 1873, Thursday, Polo Match Between Officers of the Royal Horse Guards and Officers of the 9th Lancers ==== <blockquote>THE POLO CLUB. Although the weather was dull and gloomy yesterday, there was a large company at the club grounds to witness the match between the officers of the Royal Horse Guards (Blue) and the officers of the 9th Lancers. A number of carriages surrounded the enclosure, and many ladies were present, among whom were the Marchioness of Waterford, Viscountess Middelton, Lady Philippa Stanhope, the Countess of Mayo, the Hon. Miss Brodrick, Lady Little, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Lady Harriet Duncombe, Miss Duncoinbe and Miss E. Duncombe, the Hon. Mrs. O'Grady and Miss O'Grady, Lady Knollys and Miss Knollys, the Dowager Lady Craven, Lady Grey de Wilton, Lady Fanny Fitzwigram, Lady Petre, Lady M. Egerton, Misses E. and G. Egerton, the Countess of Gleichen, Lady C. Brineman, Lady Campbell, Lady Emily Ormsby Gore, the Countess of Coventry, Lady Maria Ponsonby, and Lady Henry Somerset. Just before 4 o'clock the competitors took up their stations at the goals, the Hon. H. Boscawen and Sir Beach Cunard being the judges. The Guards, having choice of stations, elected to play from the Pavilion goal, although there was a strong wind blowing against them. Play was called for the first "bully," and when the ball was tossed into the centre of the ground the advanced guard of both sides missed their blows; and, this brought the others close up, and after some spirited hitting the Guards got the ball nearly to the bottom goal, where it was knocked out of bounds three or four times. Each time it was returned into play some severe rallies ensued, and the scientific hitting and stopping of the Marquis of Worcester, the Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam, and Lord Kilmarnock met with loud applause, while the play of the whole of the Lancers was so determined and vigorous that the Guards could not break through their defence, but in a good ''mêlée'' [sic] close to the goal the ball was hit just outside the bottom posts. They then had a rest, and the ponies were attended to and carefully watered, and when the ball was hit off the Lancers, playing well together, drove the ball nearly to the top goal, but just missed getting it through the post. The rain now came down and made the turf heavy and slippery, and the play was rather wild, many well-intended hits being lost by the little "tits" slipping when turning sharply at their best speed. Both sides were doing their utmost to obtain the honours; but, although the ball was sent to all parts of the enclosure, and rally after rally came off, each goal being assaulted in its turn, no goal was made. The Guards now got the ball to the bottom end of the ground, and the Marquis of Worcester made a fine drive for victory; the ball, however, did not quite reach the goal, but his Lordship was well backed up by the Hon. C. Fitzwilliam, who, in the midst of a rattling ''mélée'' [sic] close on the posts, cleverly "pushed" the ball through the goal, and scored the first to the Guards, after playing lh. 20min., being the longest time that as [sic] occurred this season. After a rest and a change of ponies the second "bully" was commenced, but, after a short time, during which some fine play was exhibited by both sides, "time" was called by the judges, and the Guards won the game by one goal. Appended will be found the sides</blockquote> :{| class="wikitable" |+ !The Royal Horse Guards !The Lancers |- |Marquis of Worcester, |Capt. Grissell. |- |Lord C. Somerset. |Lord W. Beresford. |- |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |Mr. Moore. |- |Mr. Egerton. |Capt. Polaret. |- |Lord Kilmarnock. |Hon. E. Willoughby. |} Sides were then chosen by Viscount amentia and Mr. C. de Murrietta, and after some exciting play a goal was got by each. {| class="wikitable" |+Sides |Lord Valentia. |Mr. C. de Murietta |- |Capt. Middelton. |Marquis of Queensberry. |- |Hon. H. C. Needham. |Sir Beach Cunard. |- |Mr. Green. |Sir W. Gordon Cumming. |- |Hon. R. Neville-Nugent. |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |- |Mr. A. de Murietta. |Lord Aberdour. |- | |Mr. Powell. |} <ref>"The Polo Club." ''Hour'' 20 June 1873, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002814/18730620/078/0007. Same print title and p.</ref> July August September === October === ==== 18 October 1873, Saturday, Orange Order Events at Govan ==== This festival seems to have included some speeches and the laying of a foundation stone for an Orange Hall. The speeches were extremely anti-Catholic and bigoted.<blockquote>ORANGE FESTIVAL AT GOVAN. The third annual festival of the Govan Orangemen and their friends was held in the Govan Hall on Friday night — Br. H. A. Long [?] in the chair. After a service of tea and sake, The C<small>HAIRMAN</small> delivered an address, in which he stated, after a few preliminary remarks, that Orangeism had to be looked at from two points of view — one political and the other religious. The political one looked at the Pope and grasped the sword, while the other looked at Christ and opened its arms. One of them was for offence — that was fighting against Popery in all its varied forms, while the other was for the adoption and union of the great system of thrice-blessed Christianity. He congratulated them on living in comparatively happy days, and seeing the complete destruction of the Court of Rome and the Pope's temporal power. Not many years ago, he said, diplomatists came from all parts of the world to the Quirinal or the Vatican, but all that had now passed away, and not left a shadow behind. The chairmen then reviewed at some length the events of Italian history since 1846, and the great contrast in the treatment of priests in Rome at that time and at the present day. It must have been a bitter pill, he went on to say, for the Vatican to swallow when they heard the shouts of triumph of 25,000 Romans rejoicing that they had got free from priestly influence. Mr. Long next referred to the late visit of Victor Emmanuel to the Emperors of Austria and Germany, which he is garded as a pledge of defence against the French nation's interference in Italian affairs. The chairman referred to the immense treasures stored in the Vatican, amounting to eight hundred millions of sovereigns, and to the cramping of the power of the priesthood in Germany by Bismarck[.] The Rev. C. A. M'Kenzie, after apologising for not having any text, gave an interesting sketch of the connection of the North of Ireland with the Western Highlands of Scotland, from the middle of the sixth century, when St. Columba crossed over with his twelve followers, till the perversion of the early Culdee Church by the wife of Malcolm Canmore and her son King David. Popery, he asserted, was an invasion of comparatively recent origin, and the Roman Catholics had no right to the ancient abbeys, to which they seemed inclined to lay claim. In conclusion, he urged upon them, as good Orange-men and followers of the famous King William, of glorious memory, who inscribed on his banner "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion," never to forget that noble man; and to beware of Puseyism, which was only Popery in disguise. The meeting was afterwards addressed by Mr. Martin, and the proceedings were enlivened with songs by a number of the brethren and their lady friends. After the soiree an assembly took place, and dowering was kept up till an early hour.— ''Glasgow News''. N<small>EW</small> O<small>RANGE</small> H<small>ALL</small>. — The foundation stone of Staffordstown [?] Orange Hall has been laid by Lady Louisa O'Neill, in presence of Lady O'Neill, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], the Hon. Edward O'Neill, and a large assemblage of Orangemen. After the ceremony, the entire party adjourned to a field adjoining, where a platform had been erected. The lodges present were — Staffordstown L.O.L., 504 [?]; Ballydonnall L.O.L., 306 [?]; Tailorstown True Blues, 544; Grange L.OL., 701; Duneane [?] L.O L., 719; Grange L.O.L., 919; Cranfield L.O.L , 705 [?]; Fenton Invincibles, L.O.L., 1104; and the Fenton Invincibles (juveniles), L.O.L., 1104. Amongst those present on the platform were — Lady O'Neil, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, M.P.; the Hon. Louisa O'Neill, Lady Caroline Howard, William J. Gwynne, Esq.; Richard Lilburn, Esq.; J. J. Carson, Esq., Mrs. Carson, and Miss Carson; Rev. J. B. Greer, Rector of Grange; Rev. J. H. Wright, bector [sic] of Portglenone; Rev. A. Gault, Vicar of Antrim; Rev. William Denham, Presbyterian minister, Duncane; Wm. J. Scully, Esq.; Messrs. John Fulton, John M Kelvey, John Nimmons. W.D.M.; Wm. M'Cullough, Hugh Nicholl, Joshua Hume, James Brooks, Charles Richardson, Robert Chesney, Robert Barton, Wm. Allen, Alexander M'Fadden, Hugh Logan. D. S Beekerstaff, Glenavy District; George French, James M'Manus, John Hume Richardson, Wm. J. Senly. Mr. Gwynne was called to the chair, and the meeting having been opened with prayer, appropriate addresses were afterwards delivered by the chairman, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, the Rev. Mr. Wright, Mr. Lilburn, and the Rev. Mr. Greer. The chairman having made a few concluding remarks, the meeting separated after having given three hearty lowly cheers for Lady O'Neill and party.<ref>"Orange Festival at Govan." ''Belfast Weekly Telegraph'' 18 October 1873, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003434/18731018/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== ==== 1874 May, Early ==== <blockquote>As monarchists’ hopes flared, the Catholic Church, too, enjoyed a conspicuous revival. The National Assembly approved a design for a new basilica for Paris. Intended as an act of collective atonement, Sacré-Coeur was to perch atop Montmartre, immediately above where Nadar’s balloons had been launched and where the radicals’ insurrection had broken out. Excavations began in early May 1874 .... But the focus of the penance the basilica was intended to embody gradually shifted from the moral decline of French society in general to the despicable excesses of the Commune. In 1872 Archbishop Darboy’s successor claimed to have had a vision as he climbed the Butte Montmartre. The clouds dispersed, and he realized that it was there, “where the martyrs” were (he meant the murdered generals Lecomte and Clément-Thomas), that a new church should be built. And when the Assembly voted to proceed with the construction, legislators specified that its purpose was to “expiate the crimes of the Commune.”<ref name=":3" /> (464 of 667)</blockquote> ===June=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September === October === November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== Disraeli's progressive legislation for labor rights:<blockquote>In 1875, he passed a series of enlightened acts protecting labor rights, arguing they were as important as property rights. Two of the laws ensured that workers would have the same recourse as employers when contracts were breached, and made peaceful picketing legal, protecting unions from charges of conspiracy.<ref name=":4" /> (578 of 1203)</blockquote>After women who owned property were allowed by Parliament to stand for local school-board elections in 1870, "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain — in 1865 — stood and was elected to her local board five years later."<ref name=":4" /> (199 of 1203) The relationship between Swinburne and Lord Houghton:<blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== Disraeli pushed through the Cruelty to Animals Act in order to please Queen Victoria. This act "forced researchers to demonstrate that any experiments with animals involving pain were absolutely necessary, and ensured they would be anesthetized if so."<ref name=":4" /> (679 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== "In 1877, unemployment was 4.7 percent; by 1879, it had risen to 11.4 percent."<ref name=":4" /> (690 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} fk79qpctz3m27rbjzm4vvv968t1dgzc 2818129 2818128 2026-07-11T22:02:11Z Scogdill 1331941 /* June */ 2818129 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== "Until 1870 all of the money women earned belonged to their husbands, and until 1882 their property did too, even after a divorce or separation."<ref name=":4" /> (698 of 1203) In 1870 Parliament debated and defeated the first bill for women's suffrage, but allowed "women who owned property ... to stand for election to school boards."<ref name=":4" /> (698–699 of 1203) "The bulk of Irish farmers did not own their land, and instead leased it from landlords, the majority of whom lived in England. In 1870, only 3 percent of agricultural holdings were occupied by owners."<ref name=":4" /> (742 of 1203) Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== Although Queen Victoria had opened Parliament for the first time in February 1866, when people saw her for the first time in years as her open carriage made its way, she was unpopular because it seemed she was not working. Gladstone was Prime Minister.<blockquote>Between 1871 and 1874, eighty-five Republican Clubs were founded in Britain, protesting, among other things, the "expensiveness and uselessness of the monarchy" and Bertie's "immoral example."<ref name=":4">Baird, Julia. ''Victoria the Queen, an Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire''. Random House, 2016. Apple Books: https://books.apple.com/us/book/victoria-the-queen/id953835024.</ref> (617 of 1203)</blockquote>"The 1871 Royal Commission on the Contagious Diseases Acts ... declared there was no comparison to be made between prostitutes and their clients: 'With the one sex the offence is committed as a matter of gain, with the other it is an irregular indulgence of a natural impulse.'"<ref name=":4" /> (704 of 1203) === January === Germany is united under King William I of Prussia. Julia Baird says, "At the same time, Italy captured and annexed the Papal States, which had been under the direct rule of the Pope since the 700s and had lost their protector in Napoleon III."<ref name=":4" /> (646 of 1203) ==== 4 January 1871, Wednesday ==== <blockquote>INVITATION BALL. <p>On Wednesday evening last Major Goodman and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards gave an invitation ball, which was held in the Drapers’ Hall (kindly placed at their disposal by the Drapers’ Company). The following ladies and gentlemen were amongst those who received invitations The Marquis and Marchioness of Hertford; the Earl and Countess of Aylesford; Lady A. N. Finch, Lord Guernsey, and the Hon. Mr. Finch; Lord and Lady Leigh and Miss Leigh; Lord and Lady Henley and Miss Henley, Miss Elwes, Lord and Lady Wrottealey, Lord and Lady Manners; C. N. Newdegate, Esq., M.P.; Captain, Mrs., and Miss Adams; E. Petre, Esq., and Lady Gwendoline Petre; J. Beech, Esq., Mrs. and Miss Beech, and Mr. Beech, jun.; Mr. and Mrs. Turner; Mr. and Mrs. Fetherstone Dilke, Mrs. and the Misses Fetherstone, Mr. Fetherstone, and Mr. Beaumont Fetherstone; Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Muntz; Captain and Mrs. Boultbee, of Knowle; Mr. C. M. Caldecott, Mrs. Caldecott, and the Misses Caldecott; the Rev. A. Fanshawe and Mrs. Fanshawe; Captain and Mrs. Battine; the Rev. S. C. Spencer Smith; the Rev. R. H. Baynes, M.A., vicar of St. Michael’s; the Rev. H. T. Harris, (Christ Church); General and Mr. Richmond Jones; Colonel F. Chaplin, and the Officers of the 4th Dragoon Guards, stationed at Northampton; Captain Thornelow, and the Officers of the Royal Artillery, at Weedon; the officers of the 4th Royal Regiment at Weedon; Mr. and Mrs. E. Wood; Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Wood; the Colonel and officers of the First Warwickshire Militia; Mrs. and Miss Alston, and Mr. Alston, jun., of Elmdon; Mr. and Mrs. F. Paget; Mr. and Mrs. Gulson; Captain Thomson; Captain and Mrs. Raleigh King; Mrs. Phillipson; Lord and Lady Mountgarret; the Honourable Miss Butler; Mr. and Mrs. Courtenay Lord; the Hon. Mrs. Twistleton; Mr. and the Misses Conant; Captain and Mrs. J. Marsland; Major and Mrs. Edlman; Mr. and Mrs. Astley; Mr. T. Lant, Mr. R. Lant and Mr. J. Lant, Mrs. and Miss Lant; Mr. W. T. Cavendish; Mr. and Mrs. A. Rotherham; the Marquis of Ormonde, of the first Life Guards; the Earl of Calludon, of the First Life Guards; Mrs. and the Misses Hobson; Mr P. Hobson, and Mrs. Hobson; Mr. and Mrs. Soames; Mr. and Mrs. Adderley, Sir John Rae Reid; Capt. and Mrs. Townshend, of Caldecote Hall; Lieut.-Colonel Swinfen and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Leeds; Capt. Marsden and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Birmingham; Colonel, Mrs., and Miss Bourne; Mr. and Mrs. Wyley Lord; Captain and Mrs. Thursby; Mr. and Mrs Morrice; Lieut.-Colonel Wirgman; Mr. and Mrs. J. Rotherham; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]]; Mr. and Mrs. Rotherham; Mr and Mrs John Sankey and the Misses Sankey; Mrs. and the Misses Murphy; Mr. Bibby (4th Hussars), Captain Gist (7th Hussars), Mr. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr. Hamilton (7th Dragoon Guards), Colonel Rattray, Mr and Mrs. R. Boyd, &c, &c.</p> <p>The string band of the 5th Dragoon Guards, under the direction of Mr. Sidney Jones, performed the following selection of music:— Quadrille, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Marian; Galop, Bonderbryllup; Lancers, Knight of St. Patrick; Valse, Hydropaten; Galop, Flick and Flock; Quadrille, Princess of Trebizonde; Valse, the Belle of the Ball; Galop, the Fox Hunters; Valse, the Dragoon Guards; Lancers, the Gaiety; Valse, the Beautiful Danube; Valse, Wiener Kinder; Quadrille, the Fest; Galop, the Village Rose; Valse, the Geraldine; Lancers, Merry Tunes; Galop, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Various; Galop, Glorioso.<ref>"Invitation Ball." ''Coventry Standard'' 6 January 1871, Friday: 4 [of 4], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000683/18710106/100/0004. Same print title, n.p.</ref></p></blockquote> === February === ==== Birmingham Tennis Court Club Ball ==== 1871 February 17, Friday, the "bachelors of the Tennis Court Club" hosted a ball in Birmingham:<blockquote>LEAMINGTON.<p> B<small>ACHELORS'</small> B<small>ALL</small>.<p>— Last night the bachelors of the Tennis Court Club gave a grand ball at the Royal Assembly Rooms, Regent Street. The ball was one of the most brilliant of the season, nearly four hundred of the ''élite'' of the town and neighbourhood having accepted the invitation of the bachelors. The ballroom was specially fitted up for the occasion, and a splendid supper was served in the adjoining rooms, where refreshments were also provided. Coote and Tiney's band was specially engaged for the occasion, and played a selection of the newest and most popular dance music. Amongst the distinguished guests present were — The High Sheriff and Mrs. J. T. Arkwright, Lady Arbuthnott, Lord and Lady Conyers, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mountgarret and the Hon. Miss Butler, Sir John and Lady Blois, Sir Thomas Biddulph, the Hon. Miss Somerville, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, the Hon. Charles L. Butler, Rev. Sir John Rae, General and Mrs. Richmond Jones, Major Eldman, Major and Mrs. James Ashton, Major and Mrs. Boothby, Colonel Ruttie, Colonel Duberly, Colonel and Mrs. Machen, Colonel Rattray, Capt. and Mrs. Kennedy, Capt. W. J. Hall, Capt. Hodge, Capt. and Mrs. Morgan, Capt. and Mrs. Pearse, Capt. Roberts, Capt. Story, Mr. and Mrs. Featherstone Dilke (Maxstoke Castle) and Miss Dixie, Mr. C. M., Miss, and Miss M. A. Caldecott (Holbrooke Grange), Mr. and Mrs. J. Dugdale (Wroxhall Abbey), Mr. E. Greaves, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Adderley (Hams Hall), and Capt. and Mrs. Hatherall. Several of the officers from the dragoons and artillery at Coventry and Birmingham were also present. The bachelors who gave the ball were twenty-eight in number.<ref>"Leamington." "District News." ''Birmingham Morning News'' 18 February 1871, Saturday: 7 [of 8, print and digital], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005826/18710218/114/0007. Print and digital title are the same.</ref></p></blockquote>Another description of this same event, the Bachelors' Ball at the Leamington Spa:<blockquote>The bachelors’ ball at Leamington Spa, which took place on the 17th inst., was a greater success than ever. It was held as usual in the Assembly Rooms, which, by the bye, might be better adapted to such purposes. Theyare not so bad as far as the ball room goes, but to reach the supper room you have to make a pilgrimage up one of the steepest and most uncomfortable staircases ever seen; still, however difficult the journey, a safe arrival will repay one. The room was very prettily decorated, and most sumptuous fare provided. The following is a list of the bachelors who gave the ball: Mr Neville Bagot, Mr Ramsay Clarke, Mr Erasmus Galton, Mr C. H. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr Ralph C. Gregg, Mr William Gillett, Mr Thomlinson Grant, Col. Hammond, R.A., Capt. Hull, Mr Wm. Harrison, Mr Pulsford Hobson, Mr Sydney Hobson, Mr F. C. Lister Kay, Viscount St. Lawrence, M.P., Capt. Maxwell Lyte (7th Dragoon Guards), Mr Richard Lant, Mr John Lant, Mr Oswald Milne, Mr W. W. Moore, Mr Thomas Norman, Mr Hamilton Osborne, Capt. John Paynter, Capt. Pullin, Mr George Rennie, Mr Alex. G. Stuart, Mr J. H. Sanders, Mr Edmund Vyner, Captain Vandeleur; and nothing that they could do was wanting to make it a most complete success. The frequenters of the subscription balls could scarcely recognise the rendezvous of their fortnightly meetings. A porch had been erected over the entrance in the parade, and the corridors all round the dancing room carpeted with crimson and prettily decorated. Banks of flowers had been arranged in every available corner of the ball room, and a number of mirrors hung against the wall reflected the gay scene. Coote and Tinney’s band played a charming selection, and dancing was kept up with much spirit to a late hour. The company was a large one, the toilettes exceedingly pretty. Among those present were Lord and Lady Conyers, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mount-Garrett, [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Hon. Miss Butler]], Sir John Rae Reid, Hon. Mary Somerville, &c. The whole week was a gay one. Now heat has set in there is an unusual number of public lectures, and Mr and Mrs Howard Paul and the Tyrolese singers have had performances during this week. The Concordia Choir held their third concert on Saturday last, and on Monday there was an amateur performance of "Maritana" and "The Captain is not a-Miss" at the Royal Music Hall, in aid of the volunteer corps. The Warwickshire, North Warwickshire, the Bicester, the Cotherstone, the Pytchley, and Mr W. W. Tailby’s hounds are meeting four or five days in the week each, and having air sport.<ref>"Fashionable Entertainments." ''The Queen'' 25 February 1871, Saturday: 19 [of 24], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18710225/121/0019. Print title: The Queen, ''The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 133.</ref></blockquote> === March === === April === ==== 18 April 1871 ==== <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [377–378] Commune."<ref name=":3">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== ==== 9 May 1871, Tuesday, Queen's Drawing-Room ==== <blockquote>THE QUEEN'S DRAWING-ROOM. The Queen held a Drawing-room at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday afternoon. The Priuce of Wales, Prince Arthur, Prince Leopold, and Princess Beatrice were present. Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince of Wales and the other members of the royal family, entered the Throne Room shortly after three o'clock. The Queen wore a black moire antique dress with a train, long white tulle veil with a coronet of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace of diamonds and amethysts, the Riband and Star of the Order of the Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert and Louise of Prussia, and the Saxe Coburg and Gotha Family Order. Princess Beatrice wore a dress of white tulle over a rich white silk petticoat looped up with lilies of the valley and apple blossom; ornaments — pearls and diamonds. The presentations to Her Majesty were about 280 in number, and included the following:— Mrs Atlay, by the Countess Grey; Miss Backhouse, by her mother, Mrs Backhouse; Miss Charlesworth, by her aunt, Frances Lady Hawke; Miss Backhouse Fox, by her aunt, Mrs Backhouse; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], by her mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|the Hon. Mrs Howard]]; the Hon. Gwendoline Fitz-Alan Howard, by the Duchess of Sutherland; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alice Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; Miss Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Miss Agnes Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Sir Henry Ingilby, Bart., by Earl Russell; Mrs Frank Lascelles, by Lady Edward Cavendish; Mrs Gerald Liddell, marriage, by the Countess of Normanby.<ref>"Court and Official News." ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 11 May 1871, Thursday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000686/18710511/074/0003. Same print title and p.n.</ref></blockquote> ==== 24 May 1871, Wednesday: Derby Day ==== Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. ==== 25 May 1871, Thursday, Dinner Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Charltons ==== <blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Charlton, of Hesleyside, entertained at dinner, on Thursday evening, at 47, Princesgate — his Excellency the Spanish Minister, Count de Beaufort Spontin, Lord and Lady Houghton and the Hon. Miss Milnes, Lord and Lady Acton, the Hon. Lady Williamson, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Mrs. and Miss Milner Gibson, Viscount Burke, Lord Beaumont, Lord Campbell, the Master of Herries, Major Fife, &c.<ref>"Fashionable World." ''Morning Post'' 27 May 1871, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18710527/019/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p></p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== === January === ==== 13 January 1873, Monday ==== ==== Ball at the Chief Secretary's Lodge ==== On Tuesday, 14 January 1873, the Dublin Evening Telegraph reported that the Marquis of Hartington's ball had taken place the evening before.<blockquote>The Marquis of Hartington gave a ball last evening at the Chief Secretary's Lodge, to their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess Spencer, who were accompanied by the Dowager Countess Spencer, the Ladies Sarah and Victoria Spencer and the Hon Robert Spencer, Lord and Lady Charles Bruce, and Major Stirling, A D C.<p> The following had the honour of receiving invitations to meet their Excellencies — The Duke of Leinster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Kildare, the Ladies Fitzgerald, the Marquis and Marchioness of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess of Listowel, Lord and Lady Edward Cavendish, the Earl of Charleville, the Lord Chancellor and Lady O'Hagan, Viscount, Viscountess, the Hon Misses, and Hon Henry Monck; the Archbishop of Dublin, the Hon Mrs and the Misses Trench; Lord Talbot de Malahide and the Hon Francis Talbot, Lord and Lady Sandhurst and Captain Bang, A D C; Lady Cloncurry, Hon Emily and Hon Mary Lawless, Viscount, Viscountess, Hon Georgiana, and Hon Beatrice [de?] Vesci; Lord and Lady Kilmaize [?], Hon Gertrude [?] Browze, Lord and Lady Ventry, Hon Norah Westenra, Lord and Lady Athlumney, Lord, Lady, and Hon D Plunket, M P; Viscountess and the Hon. Miss Netterivlle, Capt the Hon Mrs Vesey, Captain and Lady Julia Follett, Sir Arthur and Lady Olive Guiness and the Ladies White, the Hon H W L Corry, Lord and Lady and the Hon Miss O'Neill, Viscount Hawarden, the Hon Florence Maude, the Hon. Clementina Maude, the Hon Jenico and Mrs Preston, the Hon Henry Leeson, Colonel and the Hon Mrs Caulfield, Mr and the Hon Mrs Robert Hobart, Captain, Lady Mary and Miss Lindsay; Mr Ion [?] Trent Hamilton, M P; Mr Bagwell; the Hon Mrs and the Misses Bagwell, and Mr Bagwell; Colonel the Hon L and Mrs Curzon Smyth, Mr, Lady Margaret, and the Misses Stronge [?]; Mr and the Hon Mrs O'Hagan, Hon Charles Bourke, Hon Mrs Alfred and Lady Kathleen Bury, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Hon Mrs, Lady Alice, and Lady Louisa Howard]]; Captain, the Hon Mrs, and Miss Donaldson; Dr and Miss Bans, Mrs Grattan Bellew, Sir Edward and Miss Borough, Mr Arthur Cane, Sir Dominic, Lady, and Miss Corrigan; Mr Corrigan, Mr and Mrs Gustavus Cornwall and Miss Cornwall, Mr D'Arcy, M P, and Mrs D'Arcy; Mr Baron Dowse [?], and Mrs and Miss Dowse, Mr Baron Deasy and Mrs Deasy, Dr, Mrs, and Miss de Ricci; Dr and Miss Hatchell, Sir George and Lady Hudson, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Huband; Mr Arthur Huband, Miss Caroline Huband, Mr and Mrs Arthur Hume, Dr Hughes, Mr Henry Jephsen and Miss Jephsen, Mr Kearney and the Misses Kearney, Captain Kearney, A D C; Captain Lascelles, A D C; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Kirwan; Mr Justice Lawson and Mrs Lawson, Mr and Mrs W Le Fanu, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Lentaigne; Sir George L'Estrange and the Misses L'Estrange, the Lord and Lady Mayoress, and the Misses Mackey; the Lord Chief Justice Monahan, Mrs and Miss Monahan; Sir J, Lady, and Miss Power; Mr John Talbot Power, M P; Col, Mrs, and Miss Radcliffe; the Master of the Rolls, Mrs and Miss Sullivan; Capt and Mrs Moorsom, A D C; General Sir Thomas and Lady Steel, Captain and Mrs Brownrigg, A D C, Mr Granville Milner, Capt, Mrs and Miss Talbot, Colonel, Mrs, and the Misses White; Sir John Stewart Wood, Lady and the Misses Wood; Mrs and the Misses Williams, Mr Justice Fitzgerald and the Hon Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr Justice Barry and Mrs Barry, Mr Sergeant Sherlock, M P, Mrs and Miss Sherlock; Mr Sheriock, the Right Hon W H Conan, M P, and Mrs Cogan; Mr Justice Keogh and Mrs Keogh, Mr Keogh, Capt Keogh, R N; Lord Chief Baron and Miss Pigott, Dr, Mrs, and Miss Nugent; General Wardlaw, Colonel M'Kerlie, Mr Sergeant and Mrs and Miss Armstrong; Col, Mrs, and the Misses Maude; Col, Mrs, and Miss Hillier; Mr Heron, M P; Mr and Mrs Watters, Col and Mrs Wynyard, Dr and the Misses Kennedy, the Attorney General and Mrs Palles, the Solicitor General and Mrs Law, Col, Mrs, and Miss Lake; Lady and the Misses Butler, Mr Butler, Col and Mrs Colthurst Vesey, and Miss Walton; Mr, Lady Fanny and Miss Lambert; Mr E C Guinness, Mr and Mrs MMorer O'Ferrall, Mr and Mrs Leonard Morrogh, Sir Bernard and Lady Burke, Mr G and Mrs G Brooke and Miss Brooke, Mr and Mrs Roe, Mr Vance, M P, Mrs and Miss Vance; Col and Mrs Primrose, Lieut Col Ferdall [?], Col and Mrs Goodlake and Miss Alexander, Mr Alison, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Barton, Mr Justice Flanagan, Mrs and Miss Flanagan, Mer J. N. Lentaigne, Mr Johnson, Captain Harrison, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Maturin; Mr Justice Morris and Mrs Morris, Mr and Mrs Mazlere [?] Brady, Major, Mrs, and Miss Wilkinson; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Donnelly; Mr and Mrs Cruise, Mrs Power, Mr Braon Fitzgerald and Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Henry Yates Thompson, Mr Courtenay Boyle, Colonel Forster, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Taylor, Mr Bland and Mrs Godfrey Bland, Mr and Miss Dillon, Mr and Mrs Wallace, Mr M'Kenna, Mr Cullinane, Mr Armstrong, Mr C E [?] Dobbin, Mr J A Blake, Major and Mrs Papillon, Capt and Mrs Keane, Mr E Pretty, Mr, Mrs John L O Ferrall and Miss O'Ferrall, Mrs and Miss Walsh, Mr and Mrs R Howard Brook, Mrs and Miss Brook, Mrs and the Misses Blake, Mr and Mrs J Warren, Sir John Gray, M P, Lady, and Miss Gray; Colonel and Mrs Frank Chaplin, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Hemphill; Sir R, Lady and Miss Kane, Mrs and Miss Courtenay, Mr Arthur Courtenay, Mr G Courtenay, Mr E Hardtop, A D C; Mr Bellew, Dr and Mrs Nedley, Dr and Mrs Newell, Mr and Mrs Freeman, Mr and Mrs Geale, Captain Hutten, A D C; Mr and Mrs Adair and Miss Wadsworth, Captain and Mrs J M Benthall, Sir R, Lady, and the Misses M'Causlend [?]; Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Newell Barron; Mr Hawkins, Colonel Goodlake and the Officers of the Coldstream Guards; Captain Spain, R N, and the Officers (4) of her Majesty's ship Vanguard; Colonel Radcliffe and Officers (4), Royal Artillery; Colonel Spade and Officers (4) 1st King's Dragoon Guards; Colonel Ainslie and Officers (4), 1st Royal Dragoons; Colonel Thompson and Officers (4), 14th Hussars; Colonel Ross and Officers (4), 4th Battalion Rifle Brigade; Colonel Hawkins and Officers (4), Royal Engineers; Colonel Gloster and Officers (4), 97th Regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Maunsell and Officers (4), 13th Regiment.<ref>"Fashionable." ''Dublin Evening Telegraph'' 14 January 1873, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002093/18730114/044/0004. Print title ''The Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref> </blockquote>February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day === June === ==== 19 June 1873, Thursday, Polo Match Between Officers of the Royal Horse Guards and Officers of the 9th Lancers ==== <blockquote>THE POLO CLUB. Although the weather was dull and gloomy yesterday, there was a large company at the club grounds to witness the match between the officers of the Royal Horse Guards (Blue) and the officers of the 9th Lancers. A number of carriages surrounded the enclosure, and many ladies were present, among whom were the Marchioness of Waterford, Viscountess Middelton, Lady Philippa Stanhope, the Countess of Mayo, the Hon. Miss Brodrick, Lady Little, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Lady Harriet Duncombe, Miss Duncoinbe and Miss E. Duncombe, the Hon. Mrs. O'Grady and Miss O'Grady, Lady Knollys and Miss Knollys, the Dowager Lady Craven, Lady Grey de Wilton, Lady Fanny Fitzwigram, Lady Petre, Lady M. Egerton, Misses E. and G. Egerton, the Countess of Gleichen, Lady C. Brineman, Lady Campbell, Lady Emily Ormsby Gore, the Countess of Coventry, Lady Maria Ponsonby, and Lady Henry Somerset. Just before 4 o'clock the competitors took up their stations at the goals, the Hon. H. Boscawen and Sir Beach Cunard being the judges. The Guards, having choice of stations, elected to play from the Pavilion goal, although there was a strong wind blowing against them. Play was called for the first "bully," and when the ball was tossed into the centre of the ground the advanced guard of both sides missed their blows; and, this brought the others close up, and after some spirited hitting the Guards got the ball nearly to the bottom goal, where it was knocked out of bounds three or four times. Each time it was returned into play some severe rallies ensued, and the scientific hitting and stopping of the Marquis of Worcester, the Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam, and Lord Kilmarnock met with loud applause, while the play of the whole of the Lancers was so determined and vigorous that the Guards could not break through their defence, but in a good ''mêlée'' [sic] close to the goal the ball was hit just outside the bottom posts. They then had a rest, and the ponies were attended to and carefully watered, and when the ball was hit off the Lancers, playing well together, drove the ball nearly to the top goal, but just missed getting it through the post. The rain now came down and made the turf heavy and slippery, and the play was rather wild, many well-intended hits being lost by the little "tits" slipping when turning sharply at their best speed. Both sides were doing their utmost to obtain the honours; but, although the ball was sent to all parts of the enclosure, and rally after rally came off, each goal being assaulted in its turn, no goal was made. The Guards now got the ball to the bottom end of the ground, and the Marquis of Worcester made a fine drive for victory; the ball, however, did not quite reach the goal, but his Lordship was well backed up by the Hon. C. Fitzwilliam, who, in the midst of a rattling ''mélée'' [sic] close on the posts, cleverly "pushed" the ball through the goal, and scored the first to the Guards, after playing lh. 20min., being the longest time that as [sic] occurred this season. After a rest and a change of ponies the second "bully" was commenced, but, after a short time, during which some fine play was exhibited by both sides, "time" was called by the judges, and the Guards won the game by one goal. Appended will be found the sides</blockquote> :{| class="wikitable" |+ !The Royal Horse Guards !The Lancers |- |Marquis of Worcester, |Capt. Grissell. |- |Lord C. Somerset. |Lord W. Beresford. |- |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |Mr. Moore. |- |Mr. Egerton. |Capt. Polaret. |- |Lord Kilmarnock. |Hon. E. Willoughby. |} :Sides were then chosen by Viscount amentia and Mr. C. de Murrietta, and after some exciting play a goal was got by each. :{| class="wikitable" |+Sides |Lord Valentia. |Mr. C. de Murietta |- |Capt. Middelton. |Marquis of Queensberry. |- |Hon. H. C. Needham. |Sir Beach Cunard. |- |Mr. Green. |Sir W. Gordon Cumming. |- |Hon. R. Neville-Nugent. |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |- |Mr. A. de Murietta. |Lord Aberdour. |- | |Mr. Powell. |} <ref>"The Polo Club." ''Hour'' 20 June 1873, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002814/18730620/078/0007. Same print title and p.</ref> July August September === October === ==== 18 October 1873, Saturday, Orange Order Events at Govan ==== This festival seems to have included some speeches and the laying of a foundation stone for an Orange Hall. The speeches were extremely anti-Catholic and bigoted.<blockquote>ORANGE FESTIVAL AT GOVAN. The third annual festival of the Govan Orangemen and their friends was held in the Govan Hall on Friday night — Br. H. A. Long [?] in the chair. After a service of tea and sake, The C<small>HAIRMAN</small> delivered an address, in which he stated, after a few preliminary remarks, that Orangeism had to be looked at from two points of view — one political and the other religious. The political one looked at the Pope and grasped the sword, while the other looked at Christ and opened its arms. One of them was for offence — that was fighting against Popery in all its varied forms, while the other was for the adoption and union of the great system of thrice-blessed Christianity. He congratulated them on living in comparatively happy days, and seeing the complete destruction of the Court of Rome and the Pope's temporal power. Not many years ago, he said, diplomatists came from all parts of the world to the Quirinal or the Vatican, but all that had now passed away, and not left a shadow behind. The chairmen then reviewed at some length the events of Italian history since 1846, and the great contrast in the treatment of priests in Rome at that time and at the present day. It must have been a bitter pill, he went on to say, for the Vatican to swallow when they heard the shouts of triumph of 25,000 Romans rejoicing that they had got free from priestly influence. Mr. Long next referred to the late visit of Victor Emmanuel to the Emperors of Austria and Germany, which he is garded as a pledge of defence against the French nation's interference in Italian affairs. The chairman referred to the immense treasures stored in the Vatican, amounting to eight hundred millions of sovereigns, and to the cramping of the power of the priesthood in Germany by Bismarck[.] The Rev. C. A. M'Kenzie, after apologising for not having any text, gave an interesting sketch of the connection of the North of Ireland with the Western Highlands of Scotland, from the middle of the sixth century, when St. Columba crossed over with his twelve followers, till the perversion of the early Culdee Church by the wife of Malcolm Canmore and her son King David. Popery, he asserted, was an invasion of comparatively recent origin, and the Roman Catholics had no right to the ancient abbeys, to which they seemed inclined to lay claim. In conclusion, he urged upon them, as good Orange-men and followers of the famous King William, of glorious memory, who inscribed on his banner "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion," never to forget that noble man; and to beware of Puseyism, which was only Popery in disguise. The meeting was afterwards addressed by Mr. Martin, and the proceedings were enlivened with songs by a number of the brethren and their lady friends. After the soiree an assembly took place, and dowering was kept up till an early hour.— ''Glasgow News''. N<small>EW</small> O<small>RANGE</small> H<small>ALL</small>. — The foundation stone of Staffordstown [?] Orange Hall has been laid by Lady Louisa O'Neill, in presence of Lady O'Neill, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], the Hon. Edward O'Neill, and a large assemblage of Orangemen. After the ceremony, the entire party adjourned to a field adjoining, where a platform had been erected. The lodges present were — Staffordstown L.O.L., 504 [?]; Ballydonnall L.O.L., 306 [?]; Tailorstown True Blues, 544; Grange L.OL., 701; Duneane [?] L.O L., 719; Grange L.O.L., 919; Cranfield L.O.L , 705 [?]; Fenton Invincibles, L.O.L., 1104; and the Fenton Invincibles (juveniles), L.O.L., 1104. Amongst those present on the platform were — Lady O'Neil, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, M.P.; the Hon. Louisa O'Neill, Lady Caroline Howard, William J. Gwynne, Esq.; Richard Lilburn, Esq.; J. J. Carson, Esq., Mrs. Carson, and Miss Carson; Rev. J. B. Greer, Rector of Grange; Rev. J. H. Wright, bector [sic] of Portglenone; Rev. A. Gault, Vicar of Antrim; Rev. William Denham, Presbyterian minister, Duncane; Wm. J. Scully, Esq.; Messrs. John Fulton, John M Kelvey, John Nimmons. W.D.M.; Wm. M'Cullough, Hugh Nicholl, Joshua Hume, James Brooks, Charles Richardson, Robert Chesney, Robert Barton, Wm. Allen, Alexander M'Fadden, Hugh Logan. D. S Beekerstaff, Glenavy District; George French, James M'Manus, John Hume Richardson, Wm. J. Senly. Mr. Gwynne was called to the chair, and the meeting having been opened with prayer, appropriate addresses were afterwards delivered by the chairman, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, the Rev. Mr. Wright, Mr. Lilburn, and the Rev. Mr. Greer. The chairman having made a few concluding remarks, the meeting separated after having given three hearty lowly cheers for Lady O'Neill and party.<ref>"Orange Festival at Govan." ''Belfast Weekly Telegraph'' 18 October 1873, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003434/18731018/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== ==== 1874 May, Early ==== <blockquote>As monarchists’ hopes flared, the Catholic Church, too, enjoyed a conspicuous revival. The National Assembly approved a design for a new basilica for Paris. Intended as an act of collective atonement, Sacré-Coeur was to perch atop Montmartre, immediately above where Nadar’s balloons had been launched and where the radicals’ insurrection had broken out. Excavations began in early May 1874 .... But the focus of the penance the basilica was intended to embody gradually shifted from the moral decline of French society in general to the despicable excesses of the Commune. In 1872 Archbishop Darboy’s successor claimed to have had a vision as he climbed the Butte Montmartre. The clouds dispersed, and he realized that it was there, “where the martyrs” were (he meant the murdered generals Lecomte and Clément-Thomas), that a new church should be built. And when the Assembly voted to proceed with the construction, legislators specified that its purpose was to “expiate the crimes of the Commune.”<ref name=":3" /> (464 of 667)</blockquote> ===June=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September === October === November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== Disraeli's progressive legislation for labor rights:<blockquote>In 1875, he passed a series of enlightened acts protecting labor rights, arguing they were as important as property rights. Two of the laws ensured that workers would have the same recourse as employers when contracts were breached, and made peaceful picketing legal, protecting unions from charges of conspiracy.<ref name=":4" /> (578 of 1203)</blockquote>After women who owned property were allowed by Parliament to stand for local school-board elections in 1870, "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain — in 1865 — stood and was elected to her local board five years later."<ref name=":4" /> (199 of 1203) The relationship between Swinburne and Lord Houghton:<blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== Disraeli pushed through the Cruelty to Animals Act in order to please Queen Victoria. This act "forced researchers to demonstrate that any experiments with animals involving pain were absolutely necessary, and ensured they would be anesthetized if so."<ref name=":4" /> (679 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== "In 1877, unemployment was 4.7 percent; by 1879, it had risen to 11.4 percent."<ref name=":4" /> (690 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} 5c8f0tk08gpz13qs6xh796f49lryzhu 2818130 2818129 2026-07-11T22:02:48Z Scogdill 1331941 /* June */ 2818130 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== "Until 1870 all of the money women earned belonged to their husbands, and until 1882 their property did too, even after a divorce or separation."<ref name=":4" /> (698 of 1203) In 1870 Parliament debated and defeated the first bill for women's suffrage, but allowed "women who owned property ... to stand for election to school boards."<ref name=":4" /> (698–699 of 1203) "The bulk of Irish farmers did not own their land, and instead leased it from landlords, the majority of whom lived in England. In 1870, only 3 percent of agricultural holdings were occupied by owners."<ref name=":4" /> (742 of 1203) Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== Although Queen Victoria had opened Parliament for the first time in February 1866, when people saw her for the first time in years as her open carriage made its way, she was unpopular because it seemed she was not working. Gladstone was Prime Minister.<blockquote>Between 1871 and 1874, eighty-five Republican Clubs were founded in Britain, protesting, among other things, the "expensiveness and uselessness of the monarchy" and Bertie's "immoral example."<ref name=":4">Baird, Julia. ''Victoria the Queen, an Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire''. Random House, 2016. Apple Books: https://books.apple.com/us/book/victoria-the-queen/id953835024.</ref> (617 of 1203)</blockquote>"The 1871 Royal Commission on the Contagious Diseases Acts ... declared there was no comparison to be made between prostitutes and their clients: 'With the one sex the offence is committed as a matter of gain, with the other it is an irregular indulgence of a natural impulse.'"<ref name=":4" /> (704 of 1203) === January === Germany is united under King William I of Prussia. Julia Baird says, "At the same time, Italy captured and annexed the Papal States, which had been under the direct rule of the Pope since the 700s and had lost their protector in Napoleon III."<ref name=":4" /> (646 of 1203) ==== 4 January 1871, Wednesday ==== <blockquote>INVITATION BALL. <p>On Wednesday evening last Major Goodman and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards gave an invitation ball, which was held in the Drapers’ Hall (kindly placed at their disposal by the Drapers’ Company). The following ladies and gentlemen were amongst those who received invitations The Marquis and Marchioness of Hertford; the Earl and Countess of Aylesford; Lady A. N. Finch, Lord Guernsey, and the Hon. Mr. Finch; Lord and Lady Leigh and Miss Leigh; Lord and Lady Henley and Miss Henley, Miss Elwes, Lord and Lady Wrottealey, Lord and Lady Manners; C. N. Newdegate, Esq., M.P.; Captain, Mrs., and Miss Adams; E. Petre, Esq., and Lady Gwendoline Petre; J. Beech, Esq., Mrs. and Miss Beech, and Mr. Beech, jun.; Mr. and Mrs. Turner; Mr. and Mrs. Fetherstone Dilke, Mrs. and the Misses Fetherstone, Mr. Fetherstone, and Mr. Beaumont Fetherstone; Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Muntz; Captain and Mrs. Boultbee, of Knowle; Mr. C. M. Caldecott, Mrs. Caldecott, and the Misses Caldecott; the Rev. A. Fanshawe and Mrs. Fanshawe; Captain and Mrs. Battine; the Rev. S. C. Spencer Smith; the Rev. R. H. Baynes, M.A., vicar of St. Michael’s; the Rev. H. T. Harris, (Christ Church); General and Mr. Richmond Jones; Colonel F. Chaplin, and the Officers of the 4th Dragoon Guards, stationed at Northampton; Captain Thornelow, and the Officers of the Royal Artillery, at Weedon; the officers of the 4th Royal Regiment at Weedon; Mr. and Mrs. E. Wood; Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Wood; the Colonel and officers of the First Warwickshire Militia; Mrs. and Miss Alston, and Mr. Alston, jun., of Elmdon; Mr. and Mrs. F. Paget; Mr. and Mrs. Gulson; Captain Thomson; Captain and Mrs. Raleigh King; Mrs. Phillipson; Lord and Lady Mountgarret; the Honourable Miss Butler; Mr. and Mrs. Courtenay Lord; the Hon. Mrs. Twistleton; Mr. and the Misses Conant; Captain and Mrs. J. Marsland; Major and Mrs. Edlman; Mr. and Mrs. Astley; Mr. T. Lant, Mr. R. Lant and Mr. J. Lant, Mrs. and Miss Lant; Mr. W. T. Cavendish; Mr. and Mrs. A. Rotherham; the Marquis of Ormonde, of the first Life Guards; the Earl of Calludon, of the First Life Guards; Mrs. and the Misses Hobson; Mr P. Hobson, and Mrs. Hobson; Mr. and Mrs. Soames; Mr. and Mrs. Adderley, Sir John Rae Reid; Capt. and Mrs. Townshend, of Caldecote Hall; Lieut.-Colonel Swinfen and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Leeds; Capt. Marsden and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Birmingham; Colonel, Mrs., and Miss Bourne; Mr. and Mrs. Wyley Lord; Captain and Mrs. Thursby; Mr. and Mrs Morrice; Lieut.-Colonel Wirgman; Mr. and Mrs. J. Rotherham; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]]; Mr. and Mrs. Rotherham; Mr and Mrs John Sankey and the Misses Sankey; Mrs. and the Misses Murphy; Mr. Bibby (4th Hussars), Captain Gist (7th Hussars), Mr. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr. Hamilton (7th Dragoon Guards), Colonel Rattray, Mr and Mrs. R. Boyd, &c, &c.</p> <p>The string band of the 5th Dragoon Guards, under the direction of Mr. Sidney Jones, performed the following selection of music:— Quadrille, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Marian; Galop, Bonderbryllup; Lancers, Knight of St. Patrick; Valse, Hydropaten; Galop, Flick and Flock; Quadrille, Princess of Trebizonde; Valse, the Belle of the Ball; Galop, the Fox Hunters; Valse, the Dragoon Guards; Lancers, the Gaiety; Valse, the Beautiful Danube; Valse, Wiener Kinder; Quadrille, the Fest; Galop, the Village Rose; Valse, the Geraldine; Lancers, Merry Tunes; Galop, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Various; Galop, Glorioso.<ref>"Invitation Ball." ''Coventry Standard'' 6 January 1871, Friday: 4 [of 4], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000683/18710106/100/0004. Same print title, n.p.</ref></p></blockquote> === February === ==== Birmingham Tennis Court Club Ball ==== 1871 February 17, Friday, the "bachelors of the Tennis Court Club" hosted a ball in Birmingham:<blockquote>LEAMINGTON.<p> B<small>ACHELORS'</small> B<small>ALL</small>.<p>— Last night the bachelors of the Tennis Court Club gave a grand ball at the Royal Assembly Rooms, Regent Street. The ball was one of the most brilliant of the season, nearly four hundred of the ''élite'' of the town and neighbourhood having accepted the invitation of the bachelors. The ballroom was specially fitted up for the occasion, and a splendid supper was served in the adjoining rooms, where refreshments were also provided. Coote and Tiney's band was specially engaged for the occasion, and played a selection of the newest and most popular dance music. Amongst the distinguished guests present were — The High Sheriff and Mrs. J. T. Arkwright, Lady Arbuthnott, Lord and Lady Conyers, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mountgarret and the Hon. Miss Butler, Sir John and Lady Blois, Sir Thomas Biddulph, the Hon. Miss Somerville, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, the Hon. Charles L. Butler, Rev. Sir John Rae, General and Mrs. Richmond Jones, Major Eldman, Major and Mrs. James Ashton, Major and Mrs. Boothby, Colonel Ruttie, Colonel Duberly, Colonel and Mrs. Machen, Colonel Rattray, Capt. and Mrs. Kennedy, Capt. W. J. Hall, Capt. Hodge, Capt. and Mrs. Morgan, Capt. and Mrs. Pearse, Capt. Roberts, Capt. Story, Mr. and Mrs. Featherstone Dilke (Maxstoke Castle) and Miss Dixie, Mr. C. M., Miss, and Miss M. A. Caldecott (Holbrooke Grange), Mr. and Mrs. J. Dugdale (Wroxhall Abbey), Mr. E. Greaves, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Adderley (Hams Hall), and Capt. and Mrs. Hatherall. Several of the officers from the dragoons and artillery at Coventry and Birmingham were also present. The bachelors who gave the ball were twenty-eight in number.<ref>"Leamington." "District News." ''Birmingham Morning News'' 18 February 1871, Saturday: 7 [of 8, print and digital], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005826/18710218/114/0007. Print and digital title are the same.</ref></p></blockquote>Another description of this same event, the Bachelors' Ball at the Leamington Spa:<blockquote>The bachelors’ ball at Leamington Spa, which took place on the 17th inst., was a greater success than ever. It was held as usual in the Assembly Rooms, which, by the bye, might be better adapted to such purposes. Theyare not so bad as far as the ball room goes, but to reach the supper room you have to make a pilgrimage up one of the steepest and most uncomfortable staircases ever seen; still, however difficult the journey, a safe arrival will repay one. The room was very prettily decorated, and most sumptuous fare provided. The following is a list of the bachelors who gave the ball: Mr Neville Bagot, Mr Ramsay Clarke, Mr Erasmus Galton, Mr C. H. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr Ralph C. Gregg, Mr William Gillett, Mr Thomlinson Grant, Col. Hammond, R.A., Capt. Hull, Mr Wm. Harrison, Mr Pulsford Hobson, Mr Sydney Hobson, Mr F. C. Lister Kay, Viscount St. Lawrence, M.P., Capt. Maxwell Lyte (7th Dragoon Guards), Mr Richard Lant, Mr John Lant, Mr Oswald Milne, Mr W. W. Moore, Mr Thomas Norman, Mr Hamilton Osborne, Capt. John Paynter, Capt. Pullin, Mr George Rennie, Mr Alex. G. Stuart, Mr J. H. Sanders, Mr Edmund Vyner, Captain Vandeleur; and nothing that they could do was wanting to make it a most complete success. The frequenters of the subscription balls could scarcely recognise the rendezvous of their fortnightly meetings. A porch had been erected over the entrance in the parade, and the corridors all round the dancing room carpeted with crimson and prettily decorated. Banks of flowers had been arranged in every available corner of the ball room, and a number of mirrors hung against the wall reflected the gay scene. Coote and Tinney’s band played a charming selection, and dancing was kept up with much spirit to a late hour. The company was a large one, the toilettes exceedingly pretty. Among those present were Lord and Lady Conyers, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mount-Garrett, [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Hon. Miss Butler]], Sir John Rae Reid, Hon. Mary Somerville, &c. The whole week was a gay one. Now heat has set in there is an unusual number of public lectures, and Mr and Mrs Howard Paul and the Tyrolese singers have had performances during this week. The Concordia Choir held their third concert on Saturday last, and on Monday there was an amateur performance of "Maritana" and "The Captain is not a-Miss" at the Royal Music Hall, in aid of the volunteer corps. The Warwickshire, North Warwickshire, the Bicester, the Cotherstone, the Pytchley, and Mr W. W. Tailby’s hounds are meeting four or five days in the week each, and having air sport.<ref>"Fashionable Entertainments." ''The Queen'' 25 February 1871, Saturday: 19 [of 24], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18710225/121/0019. Print title: The Queen, ''The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 133.</ref></blockquote> === March === === April === ==== 18 April 1871 ==== <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [377–378] Commune."<ref name=":3">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== ==== 9 May 1871, Tuesday, Queen's Drawing-Room ==== <blockquote>THE QUEEN'S DRAWING-ROOM. The Queen held a Drawing-room at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday afternoon. The Priuce of Wales, Prince Arthur, Prince Leopold, and Princess Beatrice were present. Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince of Wales and the other members of the royal family, entered the Throne Room shortly after three o'clock. The Queen wore a black moire antique dress with a train, long white tulle veil with a coronet of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace of diamonds and amethysts, the Riband and Star of the Order of the Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert and Louise of Prussia, and the Saxe Coburg and Gotha Family Order. Princess Beatrice wore a dress of white tulle over a rich white silk petticoat looped up with lilies of the valley and apple blossom; ornaments — pearls and diamonds. The presentations to Her Majesty were about 280 in number, and included the following:— Mrs Atlay, by the Countess Grey; Miss Backhouse, by her mother, Mrs Backhouse; Miss Charlesworth, by her aunt, Frances Lady Hawke; Miss Backhouse Fox, by her aunt, Mrs Backhouse; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], by her mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|the Hon. Mrs Howard]]; the Hon. Gwendoline Fitz-Alan Howard, by the Duchess of Sutherland; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alice Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; Miss Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Miss Agnes Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Sir Henry Ingilby, Bart., by Earl Russell; Mrs Frank Lascelles, by Lady Edward Cavendish; Mrs Gerald Liddell, marriage, by the Countess of Normanby.<ref>"Court and Official News." ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 11 May 1871, Thursday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000686/18710511/074/0003. Same print title and p.n.</ref></blockquote> ==== 24 May 1871, Wednesday: Derby Day ==== Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. ==== 25 May 1871, Thursday, Dinner Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Charltons ==== <blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Charlton, of Hesleyside, entertained at dinner, on Thursday evening, at 47, Princesgate — his Excellency the Spanish Minister, Count de Beaufort Spontin, Lord and Lady Houghton and the Hon. Miss Milnes, Lord and Lady Acton, the Hon. Lady Williamson, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Mrs. and Miss Milner Gibson, Viscount Burke, Lord Beaumont, Lord Campbell, the Master of Herries, Major Fife, &c.<ref>"Fashionable World." ''Morning Post'' 27 May 1871, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18710527/019/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p></p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== === January === ==== 13 January 1873, Monday ==== ==== Ball at the Chief Secretary's Lodge ==== On Tuesday, 14 January 1873, the Dublin Evening Telegraph reported that the Marquis of Hartington's ball had taken place the evening before.<blockquote>The Marquis of Hartington gave a ball last evening at the Chief Secretary's Lodge, to their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess Spencer, who were accompanied by the Dowager Countess Spencer, the Ladies Sarah and Victoria Spencer and the Hon Robert Spencer, Lord and Lady Charles Bruce, and Major Stirling, A D C.<p> The following had the honour of receiving invitations to meet their Excellencies — The Duke of Leinster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Kildare, the Ladies Fitzgerald, the Marquis and Marchioness of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess of Listowel, Lord and Lady Edward Cavendish, the Earl of Charleville, the Lord Chancellor and Lady O'Hagan, Viscount, Viscountess, the Hon Misses, and Hon Henry Monck; the Archbishop of Dublin, the Hon Mrs and the Misses Trench; Lord Talbot de Malahide and the Hon Francis Talbot, Lord and Lady Sandhurst and Captain Bang, A D C; Lady Cloncurry, Hon Emily and Hon Mary Lawless, Viscount, Viscountess, Hon Georgiana, and Hon Beatrice [de?] Vesci; Lord and Lady Kilmaize [?], Hon Gertrude [?] Browze, Lord and Lady Ventry, Hon Norah Westenra, Lord and Lady Athlumney, Lord, Lady, and Hon D Plunket, M P; Viscountess and the Hon. Miss Netterivlle, Capt the Hon Mrs Vesey, Captain and Lady Julia Follett, Sir Arthur and Lady Olive Guiness and the Ladies White, the Hon H W L Corry, Lord and Lady and the Hon Miss O'Neill, Viscount Hawarden, the Hon Florence Maude, the Hon. Clementina Maude, the Hon Jenico and Mrs Preston, the Hon Henry Leeson, Colonel and the Hon Mrs Caulfield, Mr and the Hon Mrs Robert Hobart, Captain, Lady Mary and Miss Lindsay; Mr Ion [?] Trent Hamilton, M P; Mr Bagwell; the Hon Mrs and the Misses Bagwell, and Mr Bagwell; Colonel the Hon L and Mrs Curzon Smyth, Mr, Lady Margaret, and the Misses Stronge [?]; Mr and the Hon Mrs O'Hagan, Hon Charles Bourke, Hon Mrs Alfred and Lady Kathleen Bury, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Hon Mrs, Lady Alice, and Lady Louisa Howard]]; Captain, the Hon Mrs, and Miss Donaldson; Dr and Miss Bans, Mrs Grattan Bellew, Sir Edward and Miss Borough, Mr Arthur Cane, Sir Dominic, Lady, and Miss Corrigan; Mr Corrigan, Mr and Mrs Gustavus Cornwall and Miss Cornwall, Mr D'Arcy, M P, and Mrs D'Arcy; Mr Baron Dowse [?], and Mrs and Miss Dowse, Mr Baron Deasy and Mrs Deasy, Dr, Mrs, and Miss de Ricci; Dr and Miss Hatchell, Sir George and Lady Hudson, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Huband; Mr Arthur Huband, Miss Caroline Huband, Mr and Mrs Arthur Hume, Dr Hughes, Mr Henry Jephsen and Miss Jephsen, Mr Kearney and the Misses Kearney, Captain Kearney, A D C; Captain Lascelles, A D C; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Kirwan; Mr Justice Lawson and Mrs Lawson, Mr and Mrs W Le Fanu, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Lentaigne; Sir George L'Estrange and the Misses L'Estrange, the Lord and Lady Mayoress, and the Misses Mackey; the Lord Chief Justice Monahan, Mrs and Miss Monahan; Sir J, Lady, and Miss Power; Mr John Talbot Power, M P; Col, Mrs, and Miss Radcliffe; the Master of the Rolls, Mrs and Miss Sullivan; Capt and Mrs Moorsom, A D C; General Sir Thomas and Lady Steel, Captain and Mrs Brownrigg, A D C, Mr Granville Milner, Capt, Mrs and Miss Talbot, Colonel, Mrs, and the Misses White; Sir John Stewart Wood, Lady and the Misses Wood; Mrs and the Misses Williams, Mr Justice Fitzgerald and the Hon Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr Justice Barry and Mrs Barry, Mr Sergeant Sherlock, M P, Mrs and Miss Sherlock; Mr Sheriock, the Right Hon W H Conan, M P, and Mrs Cogan; Mr Justice Keogh and Mrs Keogh, Mr Keogh, Capt Keogh, R N; Lord Chief Baron and Miss Pigott, Dr, Mrs, and Miss Nugent; General Wardlaw, Colonel M'Kerlie, Mr Sergeant and Mrs and Miss Armstrong; Col, Mrs, and the Misses Maude; Col, Mrs, and Miss Hillier; Mr Heron, M P; Mr and Mrs Watters, Col and Mrs Wynyard, Dr and the Misses Kennedy, the Attorney General and Mrs Palles, the Solicitor General and Mrs Law, Col, Mrs, and Miss Lake; Lady and the Misses Butler, Mr Butler, Col and Mrs Colthurst Vesey, and Miss Walton; Mr, Lady Fanny and Miss Lambert; Mr E C Guinness, Mr and Mrs MMorer O'Ferrall, Mr and Mrs Leonard Morrogh, Sir Bernard and Lady Burke, Mr G and Mrs G Brooke and Miss Brooke, Mr and Mrs Roe, Mr Vance, M P, Mrs and Miss Vance; Col and Mrs Primrose, Lieut Col Ferdall [?], Col and Mrs Goodlake and Miss Alexander, Mr Alison, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Barton, Mr Justice Flanagan, Mrs and Miss Flanagan, Mer J. N. Lentaigne, Mr Johnson, Captain Harrison, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Maturin; Mr Justice Morris and Mrs Morris, Mr and Mrs Mazlere [?] Brady, Major, Mrs, and Miss Wilkinson; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Donnelly; Mr and Mrs Cruise, Mrs Power, Mr Braon Fitzgerald and Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Henry Yates Thompson, Mr Courtenay Boyle, Colonel Forster, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Taylor, Mr Bland and Mrs Godfrey Bland, Mr and Miss Dillon, Mr and Mrs Wallace, Mr M'Kenna, Mr Cullinane, Mr Armstrong, Mr C E [?] Dobbin, Mr J A Blake, Major and Mrs Papillon, Capt and Mrs Keane, Mr E Pretty, Mr, Mrs John L O Ferrall and Miss O'Ferrall, Mrs and Miss Walsh, Mr and Mrs R Howard Brook, Mrs and Miss Brook, Mrs and the Misses Blake, Mr and Mrs J Warren, Sir John Gray, M P, Lady, and Miss Gray; Colonel and Mrs Frank Chaplin, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Hemphill; Sir R, Lady and Miss Kane, Mrs and Miss Courtenay, Mr Arthur Courtenay, Mr G Courtenay, Mr E Hardtop, A D C; Mr Bellew, Dr and Mrs Nedley, Dr and Mrs Newell, Mr and Mrs Freeman, Mr and Mrs Geale, Captain Hutten, A D C; Mr and Mrs Adair and Miss Wadsworth, Captain and Mrs J M Benthall, Sir R, Lady, and the Misses M'Causlend [?]; Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Newell Barron; Mr Hawkins, Colonel Goodlake and the Officers of the Coldstream Guards; Captain Spain, R N, and the Officers (4) of her Majesty's ship Vanguard; Colonel Radcliffe and Officers (4), Royal Artillery; Colonel Spade and Officers (4) 1st King's Dragoon Guards; Colonel Ainslie and Officers (4), 1st Royal Dragoons; Colonel Thompson and Officers (4), 14th Hussars; Colonel Ross and Officers (4), 4th Battalion Rifle Brigade; Colonel Hawkins and Officers (4), Royal Engineers; Colonel Gloster and Officers (4), 97th Regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Maunsell and Officers (4), 13th Regiment.<ref>"Fashionable." ''Dublin Evening Telegraph'' 14 January 1873, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002093/18730114/044/0004. Print title ''The Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref> </blockquote>February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day === June === ==== 19 June 1873, Thursday, Polo Match Between Officers of the Royal Horse Guards and Officers of the 9th Lancers ==== <blockquote>THE POLO CLUB. Although the weather was dull and gloomy yesterday, there was a large company at the club grounds to witness the match between the officers of the Royal Horse Guards (Blue) and the officers of the 9th Lancers. A number of carriages surrounded the enclosure, and many ladies were present, among whom were the Marchioness of Waterford, Viscountess Middelton, Lady Philippa Stanhope, the Countess of Mayo, the Hon. Miss Brodrick, Lady Little, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Lady Harriet Duncombe, Miss Duncoinbe and Miss E. Duncombe, the Hon. Mrs. O'Grady and Miss O'Grady, Lady Knollys and Miss Knollys, the Dowager Lady Craven, Lady Grey de Wilton, Lady Fanny Fitzwigram, Lady Petre, Lady M. Egerton, Misses E. and G. Egerton, the Countess of Gleichen, Lady C. Brineman, Lady Campbell, Lady Emily Ormsby Gore, the Countess of Coventry, Lady Maria Ponsonby, and Lady Henry Somerset. Just before 4 o'clock the competitors took up their stations at the goals, the Hon. H. Boscawen and Sir Beach Cunard being the judges. The Guards, having choice of stations, elected to play from the Pavilion goal, although there was a strong wind blowing against them. Play was called for the first "bully," and when the ball was tossed into the centre of the ground the advanced guard of both sides missed their blows; and, this brought the others close up, and after some spirited hitting the Guards got the ball nearly to the bottom goal, where it was knocked out of bounds three or four times. Each time it was returned into play some severe rallies ensued, and the scientific hitting and stopping of the Marquis of Worcester, the Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam, and Lord Kilmarnock met with loud applause, while the play of the whole of the Lancers was so determined and vigorous that the Guards could not break through their defence, but in a good ''mêlée'' [sic] close to the goal the ball was hit just outside the bottom posts. They then had a rest, and the ponies were attended to and carefully watered, and when the ball was hit off the Lancers, playing well together, drove the ball nearly to the top goal, but just missed getting it through the post. The rain now came down and made the turf heavy and slippery, and the play was rather wild, many well-intended hits being lost by the little "tits" slipping when turning sharply at their best speed. Both sides were doing their utmost to obtain the honours; but, although the ball was sent to all parts of the enclosure, and rally after rally came off, each goal being assaulted in its turn, no goal was made. The Guards now got the ball to the bottom end of the ground, and the Marquis of Worcester made a fine drive for victory; the ball, however, did not quite reach the goal, but his Lordship was well backed up by the Hon. C. Fitzwilliam, who, in the midst of a rattling ''mélée'' [sic] close on the posts, cleverly "pushed" the ball through the goal, and scored the first to the Guards, after playing lh. 20min., being the longest time that as [sic] occurred this season. After a rest and a change of ponies the second "bully" was commenced, but, after a short time, during which some fine play was exhibited by both sides, "time" was called by the judges, and the Guards won the game by one goal. Appended will be found the sides: {| class="wikitable" |+ !The Royal Horse Guards !The Lancers |- |Marquis of Worcester, |Capt. Grissell. |- |Lord C. Somerset. |Lord W. Beresford. |- |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |Mr. Moore. |- |Mr. Egerton. |Capt. Polaret. |- |Lord Kilmarnock. |Hon. E. Willoughby. |} :Sides were then chosen by Viscount amentia and Mr. C. de Murrietta, and after some exciting play a goal was got by each. :{| class="wikitable" |+Sides |Lord Valentia. |Mr. C. de Murietta |- |Capt. Middelton. |Marquis of Queensberry. |- |Hon. H. C. Needham. |Sir Beach Cunard. |- |Mr. Green. |Sir W. Gordon Cumming. |- |Hon. R. Neville-Nugent. |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |- |Mr. A. de Murietta. |Lord Aberdour. |- | |Mr. Powell. |} <ref>"The Polo Club." ''Hour'' 20 June 1873, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002814/18730620/078/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> July August September === October === ==== 18 October 1873, Saturday, Orange Order Events at Govan ==== This festival seems to have included some speeches and the laying of a foundation stone for an Orange Hall. The speeches were extremely anti-Catholic and bigoted.<blockquote>ORANGE FESTIVAL AT GOVAN. The third annual festival of the Govan Orangemen and their friends was held in the Govan Hall on Friday night — Br. H. A. Long [?] in the chair. After a service of tea and sake, The C<small>HAIRMAN</small> delivered an address, in which he stated, after a few preliminary remarks, that Orangeism had to be looked at from two points of view — one political and the other religious. The political one looked at the Pope and grasped the sword, while the other looked at Christ and opened its arms. One of them was for offence — that was fighting against Popery in all its varied forms, while the other was for the adoption and union of the great system of thrice-blessed Christianity. He congratulated them on living in comparatively happy days, and seeing the complete destruction of the Court of Rome and the Pope's temporal power. Not many years ago, he said, diplomatists came from all parts of the world to the Quirinal or the Vatican, but all that had now passed away, and not left a shadow behind. The chairmen then reviewed at some length the events of Italian history since 1846, and the great contrast in the treatment of priests in Rome at that time and at the present day. It must have been a bitter pill, he went on to say, for the Vatican to swallow when they heard the shouts of triumph of 25,000 Romans rejoicing that they had got free from priestly influence. Mr. Long next referred to the late visit of Victor Emmanuel to the Emperors of Austria and Germany, which he is garded as a pledge of defence against the French nation's interference in Italian affairs. The chairman referred to the immense treasures stored in the Vatican, amounting to eight hundred millions of sovereigns, and to the cramping of the power of the priesthood in Germany by Bismarck[.] The Rev. C. A. M'Kenzie, after apologising for not having any text, gave an interesting sketch of the connection of the North of Ireland with the Western Highlands of Scotland, from the middle of the sixth century, when St. Columba crossed over with his twelve followers, till the perversion of the early Culdee Church by the wife of Malcolm Canmore and her son King David. Popery, he asserted, was an invasion of comparatively recent origin, and the Roman Catholics had no right to the ancient abbeys, to which they seemed inclined to lay claim. In conclusion, he urged upon them, as good Orange-men and followers of the famous King William, of glorious memory, who inscribed on his banner "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion," never to forget that noble man; and to beware of Puseyism, which was only Popery in disguise. The meeting was afterwards addressed by Mr. Martin, and the proceedings were enlivened with songs by a number of the brethren and their lady friends. After the soiree an assembly took place, and dowering was kept up till an early hour.— ''Glasgow News''. N<small>EW</small> O<small>RANGE</small> H<small>ALL</small>. — The foundation stone of Staffordstown [?] Orange Hall has been laid by Lady Louisa O'Neill, in presence of Lady O'Neill, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], the Hon. Edward O'Neill, and a large assemblage of Orangemen. After the ceremony, the entire party adjourned to a field adjoining, where a platform had been erected. The lodges present were — Staffordstown L.O.L., 504 [?]; Ballydonnall L.O.L., 306 [?]; Tailorstown True Blues, 544; Grange L.OL., 701; Duneane [?] L.O L., 719; Grange L.O.L., 919; Cranfield L.O.L , 705 [?]; Fenton Invincibles, L.O.L., 1104; and the Fenton Invincibles (juveniles), L.O.L., 1104. Amongst those present on the platform were — Lady O'Neil, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, M.P.; the Hon. Louisa O'Neill, Lady Caroline Howard, William J. Gwynne, Esq.; Richard Lilburn, Esq.; J. J. Carson, Esq., Mrs. Carson, and Miss Carson; Rev. J. B. Greer, Rector of Grange; Rev. J. H. Wright, bector [sic] of Portglenone; Rev. A. Gault, Vicar of Antrim; Rev. William Denham, Presbyterian minister, Duncane; Wm. J. Scully, Esq.; Messrs. John Fulton, John M Kelvey, John Nimmons. W.D.M.; Wm. M'Cullough, Hugh Nicholl, Joshua Hume, James Brooks, Charles Richardson, Robert Chesney, Robert Barton, Wm. Allen, Alexander M'Fadden, Hugh Logan. D. S Beekerstaff, Glenavy District; George French, James M'Manus, John Hume Richardson, Wm. J. Senly. Mr. Gwynne was called to the chair, and the meeting having been opened with prayer, appropriate addresses were afterwards delivered by the chairman, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, the Rev. Mr. Wright, Mr. Lilburn, and the Rev. Mr. Greer. The chairman having made a few concluding remarks, the meeting separated after having given three hearty lowly cheers for Lady O'Neill and party.<ref>"Orange Festival at Govan." ''Belfast Weekly Telegraph'' 18 October 1873, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003434/18731018/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== ==== 1874 May, Early ==== <blockquote>As monarchists’ hopes flared, the Catholic Church, too, enjoyed a conspicuous revival. The National Assembly approved a design for a new basilica for Paris. Intended as an act of collective atonement, Sacré-Coeur was to perch atop Montmartre, immediately above where Nadar’s balloons had been launched and where the radicals’ insurrection had broken out. Excavations began in early May 1874 .... But the focus of the penance the basilica was intended to embody gradually shifted from the moral decline of French society in general to the despicable excesses of the Commune. In 1872 Archbishop Darboy’s successor claimed to have had a vision as he climbed the Butte Montmartre. The clouds dispersed, and he realized that it was there, “where the martyrs” were (he meant the murdered generals Lecomte and Clément-Thomas), that a new church should be built. And when the Assembly voted to proceed with the construction, legislators specified that its purpose was to “expiate the crimes of the Commune.”<ref name=":3" /> (464 of 667)</blockquote> ===June=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September === October === November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== Disraeli's progressive legislation for labor rights:<blockquote>In 1875, he passed a series of enlightened acts protecting labor rights, arguing they were as important as property rights. Two of the laws ensured that workers would have the same recourse as employers when contracts were breached, and made peaceful picketing legal, protecting unions from charges of conspiracy.<ref name=":4" /> (578 of 1203)</blockquote>After women who owned property were allowed by Parliament to stand for local school-board elections in 1870, "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain — in 1865 — stood and was elected to her local board five years later."<ref name=":4" /> (199 of 1203) The relationship between Swinburne and Lord Houghton:<blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== Disraeli pushed through the Cruelty to Animals Act in order to please Queen Victoria. This act "forced researchers to demonstrate that any experiments with animals involving pain were absolutely necessary, and ensured they would be anesthetized if so."<ref name=":4" /> (679 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== "In 1877, unemployment was 4.7 percent; by 1879, it had risen to 11.4 percent."<ref name=":4" /> (690 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} eithrwsfs6emsavaoxfsl54vubr3fi0 2818131 2818130 2026-07-11T22:03:08Z Scogdill 1331941 /* June */ 2818131 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Time Line== [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1840s|1840s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1850s |1850s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1860s | 1860s]] 1870s [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1880s | 1880s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1890s | 1890s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1900s|1900s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1910s|1910s]] [[Social Victorians/Timeline/1920s-30s|1920s-30s]] ==1870== "Until 1870 all of the money women earned belonged to their husbands, and until 1882 their property did too, even after a divorce or separation."<ref name=":4" /> (698 of 1203) In 1870 Parliament debated and defeated the first bill for women's suffrage, but allowed "women who owned property ... to stand for election to school boards."<ref name=":4" /> (698–699 of 1203) "The bulk of Irish farmers did not own their land, and instead leased it from landlords, the majority of whom lived in England. In 1870, only 3 percent of agricultural holdings were occupied by owners."<ref name=":4" /> (742 of 1203) Dante Gabriel Rossetti and Arthur Sullivan were at the same dinner party in 1870? Another dinner party had as guests Charles Dickens, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John Tenniel and George Du Maurier. January February March April May June July August September October November December ==1871== Although Queen Victoria had opened Parliament for the first time in February 1866, when people saw her for the first time in years as her open carriage made its way, she was unpopular because it seemed she was not working. Gladstone was Prime Minister.<blockquote>Between 1871 and 1874, eighty-five Republican Clubs were founded in Britain, protesting, among other things, the "expensiveness and uselessness of the monarchy" and Bertie's "immoral example."<ref name=":4">Baird, Julia. ''Victoria the Queen, an Intimate Biography of the Woman Who Ruled an Empire''. Random House, 2016. Apple Books: https://books.apple.com/us/book/victoria-the-queen/id953835024.</ref> (617 of 1203)</blockquote>"The 1871 Royal Commission on the Contagious Diseases Acts ... declared there was no comparison to be made between prostitutes and their clients: 'With the one sex the offence is committed as a matter of gain, with the other it is an irregular indulgence of a natural impulse.'"<ref name=":4" /> (704 of 1203) === January === Germany is united under King William I of Prussia. Julia Baird says, "At the same time, Italy captured and annexed the Papal States, which had been under the direct rule of the Pope since the 700s and had lost their protector in Napoleon III."<ref name=":4" /> (646 of 1203) ==== 4 January 1871, Wednesday ==== <blockquote>INVITATION BALL. <p>On Wednesday evening last Major Goodman and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards gave an invitation ball, which was held in the Drapers’ Hall (kindly placed at their disposal by the Drapers’ Company). The following ladies and gentlemen were amongst those who received invitations The Marquis and Marchioness of Hertford; the Earl and Countess of Aylesford; Lady A. N. Finch, Lord Guernsey, and the Hon. Mr. Finch; Lord and Lady Leigh and Miss Leigh; Lord and Lady Henley and Miss Henley, Miss Elwes, Lord and Lady Wrottealey, Lord and Lady Manners; C. N. Newdegate, Esq., M.P.; Captain, Mrs., and Miss Adams; E. Petre, Esq., and Lady Gwendoline Petre; J. Beech, Esq., Mrs. and Miss Beech, and Mr. Beech, jun.; Mr. and Mrs. Turner; Mr. and Mrs. Fetherstone Dilke, Mrs. and the Misses Fetherstone, Mr. Fetherstone, and Mr. Beaumont Fetherstone; Mr. and Mrs. P. A. Muntz; Captain and Mrs. Boultbee, of Knowle; Mr. C. M. Caldecott, Mrs. Caldecott, and the Misses Caldecott; the Rev. A. Fanshawe and Mrs. Fanshawe; Captain and Mrs. Battine; the Rev. S. C. Spencer Smith; the Rev. R. H. Baynes, M.A., vicar of St. Michael’s; the Rev. H. T. Harris, (Christ Church); General and Mr. Richmond Jones; Colonel F. Chaplin, and the Officers of the 4th Dragoon Guards, stationed at Northampton; Captain Thornelow, and the Officers of the Royal Artillery, at Weedon; the officers of the 4th Royal Regiment at Weedon; Mr. and Mrs. E. Wood; Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Wood; the Colonel and officers of the First Warwickshire Militia; Mrs. and Miss Alston, and Mr. Alston, jun., of Elmdon; Mr. and Mrs. F. Paget; Mr. and Mrs. Gulson; Captain Thomson; Captain and Mrs. Raleigh King; Mrs. Phillipson; Lord and Lady Mountgarret; the Honourable Miss Butler; Mr. and Mrs. Courtenay Lord; the Hon. Mrs. Twistleton; Mr. and the Misses Conant; Captain and Mrs. J. Marsland; Major and Mrs. Edlman; Mr. and Mrs. Astley; Mr. T. Lant, Mr. R. Lant and Mr. J. Lant, Mrs. and Miss Lant; Mr. W. T. Cavendish; Mr. and Mrs. A. Rotherham; the Marquis of Ormonde, of the first Life Guards; the Earl of Calludon, of the First Life Guards; Mrs. and the Misses Hobson; Mr P. Hobson, and Mrs. Hobson; Mr. and Mrs. Soames; Mr. and Mrs. Adderley, Sir John Rae Reid; Capt. and Mrs. Townshend, of Caldecote Hall; Lieut.-Colonel Swinfen and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Leeds; Capt. Marsden and the Officers of the 5th Dragoon Guards stationed at Birmingham; Colonel, Mrs., and Miss Bourne; Mr. and Mrs. Wyley Lord; Captain and Mrs. Thursby; Mr. and Mrs Morrice; Lieut.-Colonel Wirgman; Mr. and Mrs. J. Rotherham; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]]; Mr. and Mrs. Rotherham; Mr and Mrs John Sankey and the Misses Sankey; Mrs. and the Misses Murphy; Mr. Bibby (4th Hussars), Captain Gist (7th Hussars), Mr. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr. Hamilton (7th Dragoon Guards), Colonel Rattray, Mr and Mrs. R. Boyd, &c, &c.</p> <p>The string band of the 5th Dragoon Guards, under the direction of Mr. Sidney Jones, performed the following selection of music:— Quadrille, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Marian; Galop, Bonderbryllup; Lancers, Knight of St. Patrick; Valse, Hydropaten; Galop, Flick and Flock; Quadrille, Princess of Trebizonde; Valse, the Belle of the Ball; Galop, the Fox Hunters; Valse, the Dragoon Guards; Lancers, the Gaiety; Valse, the Beautiful Danube; Valse, Wiener Kinder; Quadrille, the Fest; Galop, the Village Rose; Valse, the Geraldine; Lancers, Merry Tunes; Galop, Barbe Bleue; Valse, Various; Galop, Glorioso.<ref>"Invitation Ball." ''Coventry Standard'' 6 January 1871, Friday: 4 [of 4], Col. 5b [of 8]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000683/18710106/100/0004. Same print title, n.p.</ref></p></blockquote> === February === ==== Birmingham Tennis Court Club Ball ==== 1871 February 17, Friday, the "bachelors of the Tennis Court Club" hosted a ball in Birmingham:<blockquote>LEAMINGTON.<p> B<small>ACHELORS'</small> B<small>ALL</small>.<p>— Last night the bachelors of the Tennis Court Club gave a grand ball at the Royal Assembly Rooms, Regent Street. The ball was one of the most brilliant of the season, nearly four hundred of the ''élite'' of the town and neighbourhood having accepted the invitation of the bachelors. The ballroom was specially fitted up for the occasion, and a splendid supper was served in the adjoining rooms, where refreshments were also provided. Coote and Tiney's band was specially engaged for the occasion, and played a selection of the newest and most popular dance music. Amongst the distinguished guests present were — The High Sheriff and Mrs. J. T. Arkwright, Lady Arbuthnott, Lord and Lady Conyers, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mountgarret and the Hon. Miss Butler, Sir John and Lady Blois, Sir Thomas Biddulph, the Hon. Miss Somerville, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, the Hon. Charles L. Butler, Rev. Sir John Rae, General and Mrs. Richmond Jones, Major Eldman, Major and Mrs. James Ashton, Major and Mrs. Boothby, Colonel Ruttie, Colonel Duberly, Colonel and Mrs. Machen, Colonel Rattray, Capt. and Mrs. Kennedy, Capt. W. J. Hall, Capt. Hodge, Capt. and Mrs. Morgan, Capt. and Mrs. Pearse, Capt. Roberts, Capt. Story, Mr. and Mrs. Featherstone Dilke (Maxstoke Castle) and Miss Dixie, Mr. C. M., Miss, and Miss M. A. Caldecott (Holbrooke Grange), Mr. and Mrs. J. Dugdale (Wroxhall Abbey), Mr. E. Greaves, M.P., Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Adderley (Hams Hall), and Capt. and Mrs. Hatherall. Several of the officers from the dragoons and artillery at Coventry and Birmingham were also present. The bachelors who gave the ball were twenty-eight in number.<ref>"Leamington." "District News." ''Birmingham Morning News'' 18 February 1871, Saturday: 7 [of 8, print and digital], Col. 5b [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0005826/18710218/114/0007. Print and digital title are the same.</ref></p></blockquote>Another description of this same event, the Bachelors' Ball at the Leamington Spa:<blockquote>The bachelors’ ball at Leamington Spa, which took place on the 17th inst., was a greater success than ever. It was held as usual in the Assembly Rooms, which, by the bye, might be better adapted to such purposes. Theyare not so bad as far as the ball room goes, but to reach the supper room you have to make a pilgrimage up one of the steepest and most uncomfortable staircases ever seen; still, however difficult the journey, a safe arrival will repay one. The room was very prettily decorated, and most sumptuous fare provided. The following is a list of the bachelors who gave the ball: Mr Neville Bagot, Mr Ramsay Clarke, Mr Erasmus Galton, Mr C. H. Gregg (8th Hussars), Mr Ralph C. Gregg, Mr William Gillett, Mr Thomlinson Grant, Col. Hammond, R.A., Capt. Hull, Mr Wm. Harrison, Mr Pulsford Hobson, Mr Sydney Hobson, Mr F. C. Lister Kay, Viscount St. Lawrence, M.P., Capt. Maxwell Lyte (7th Dragoon Guards), Mr Richard Lant, Mr John Lant, Mr Oswald Milne, Mr W. W. Moore, Mr Thomas Norman, Mr Hamilton Osborne, Capt. John Paynter, Capt. Pullin, Mr George Rennie, Mr Alex. G. Stuart, Mr J. H. Sanders, Mr Edmund Vyner, Captain Vandeleur; and nothing that they could do was wanting to make it a most complete success. The frequenters of the subscription balls could scarcely recognise the rendezvous of their fortnightly meetings. A porch had been erected over the entrance in the parade, and the corridors all round the dancing room carpeted with crimson and prettily decorated. Banks of flowers had been arranged in every available corner of the ball room, and a number of mirrors hung against the wall reflected the gay scene. Coote and Tinney’s band played a charming selection, and dancing was kept up with much spirit to a late hour. The company was a large one, the toilettes exceedingly pretty. Among those present were Lord and Lady Conyers, Sir William and Lady Fairfax, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Viscount and Viscountess Mount-Garrett, [[Social Victorians/People/Ormonde|Hon. Miss Butler]], Sir John Rae Reid, Hon. Mary Somerville, &c. The whole week was a gay one. Now heat has set in there is an unusual number of public lectures, and Mr and Mrs Howard Paul and the Tyrolese singers have had performances during this week. The Concordia Choir held their third concert on Saturday last, and on Monday there was an amateur performance of "Maritana" and "The Captain is not a-Miss" at the Royal Music Hall, in aid of the volunteer corps. The Warwickshire, North Warwickshire, the Bicester, the Cotherstone, the Pytchley, and Mr W. W. Tailby’s hounds are meeting four or five days in the week each, and having air sport.<ref>"Fashionable Entertainments." ''The Queen'' 25 February 1871, Saturday: 19 [of 24], Col. 3b [of 3]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002627/18710225/121/0019. Print title: The Queen, ''The Lady's Newspaper'', p. 133.</ref></blockquote> === March === === April === ==== 18 April 1871 ==== <blockquote>Karl Marx “was commissioned by the General Council of the International to write a pamphlet about the Paris [377–378] Commune."<ref name=":3">Smee, Sebastian. ''Paris in Ruins: Love, War, and the Birth of Impressionism''. W. W. Norton, 2024.</ref>{{rp|377–378 of 667}}</blockquote> ===May=== ==== 9 May 1871, Tuesday, Queen's Drawing-Room ==== <blockquote>THE QUEEN'S DRAWING-ROOM. The Queen held a Drawing-room at Buckingham Palace on Tuesday afternoon. The Priuce of Wales, Prince Arthur, Prince Leopold, and Princess Beatrice were present. Her Majesty, accompanied by the Prince of Wales and the other members of the royal family, entered the Throne Room shortly after three o'clock. The Queen wore a black moire antique dress with a train, long white tulle veil with a coronet of diamonds. Her Majesty also wore a necklace of diamonds and amethysts, the Riband and Star of the Order of the Garter, the Orders of Victoria and Albert and Louise of Prussia, and the Saxe Coburg and Gotha Family Order. Princess Beatrice wore a dress of white tulle over a rich white silk petticoat looped up with lilies of the valley and apple blossom; ornaments — pearls and diamonds. The presentations to Her Majesty were about 280 in number, and included the following:— Mrs Atlay, by the Countess Grey; Miss Backhouse, by her mother, Mrs Backhouse; Miss Charlesworth, by her aunt, Frances Lady Hawke; Miss Backhouse Fox, by her aunt, Mrs Backhouse; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], by her mother, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|the Hon. Mrs Howard]]; the Hon. Gwendoline Fitz-Alan Howard, by the Duchess of Sutherland; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Alice Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], by her mother, Hon. Mrs Howard; Miss Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Miss Agnes Howard (of Corby), by the Hon. Mrs Philip Stourton; Sir Henry Ingilby, Bart., by Earl Russell; Mrs Frank Lascelles, by Lady Edward Cavendish; Mrs Gerald Liddell, marriage, by the Countess of Normanby.<ref>"Court and Official News." ''Yorkshire Post and Leeds Intelligencer'' 11 May 1871, Thursday: 3 [of 4], Col. 4c [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000686/18710511/074/0003. Same print title and p.n.</ref></blockquote> ==== 24 May 1871, Wednesday: Derby Day ==== Baron Rothschild's Favonius won. The Prince of Wales attended. ==== 25 May 1871, Thursday, Dinner Party Hosted by Mr. and Mrs. Charltons ==== <blockquote>Mr. and Mrs. Charlton, of Hesleyside, entertained at dinner, on Thursday evening, at 47, Princesgate — his Excellency the Spanish Minister, Count de Beaufort Spontin, Lord and Lady Houghton and the Hon. Miss Milnes, Lord and Lady Acton, the Hon. Lady Williamson, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Mrs. and Miss Milner Gibson, Viscount Burke, Lord Beaumont, Lord Campbell, the Master of Herries, Major Fife, &c.<ref>"Fashionable World." ''Morning Post'' 27 May 1871, Saturday: 5 [of 8], Col. 6c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18710527/019/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>June July August September ===October=== '''October 1871'''<blockquote>At Londesborough Lodge near Scarborough, where Lady Londesborough gave a royal house party in October 1871, not only [ 41/42 ] were the bathrooms few but the drains seeped into the drinking water. Several guests, including the Prince [of Wales] and his groom and Lord Chesterfield, contracted typhoid fever. When Chesterfield and the groom died, the doctors abandoned hope for the Prince.<ref name=":1">Leslie, Anita. ''The Marlborough House Set''. New York: Doubleday, 1973. Print.</ref>{{rp|41–42}}</blockquote> The Prince of Wales recovered on 14 December 1871. November December ==1872== January February March April ===May=== '''29 May 1872, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July ===August=== '''August 1872''': The "dance on the cruiser Ariadne" probably occurred in August 1872:<blockquote>When his [the Prince of Wales'] brother, the Duke of Edinburgh, married the attractive Grand Duchess Marie, daughter of Tsar Alexander II of Russia, her family made a fuss because she was not granted precedence above the Princess of Wales. Albert Edward soothed ruffled feelings by inviting the Tsarevitch and his wife Marie Feodorovna (who was Alexandra's sister) to stay for two months and be entertained at Cowes. ...<p></p> ... At the dance on the cruiser Ariadne which the Prince gave in honour of the Tsarevitch and his Grand Duchess," Lord Randolph Churchill met the 19-year-old "Miss Jennie Jerome of New York."<ref name=":1" />{{rp|42–43}}</blockquote> September October November December ==1873== === January === ==== 13 January 1873, Monday ==== ==== Ball at the Chief Secretary's Lodge ==== On Tuesday, 14 January 1873, the Dublin Evening Telegraph reported that the Marquis of Hartington's ball had taken place the evening before.<blockquote>The Marquis of Hartington gave a ball last evening at the Chief Secretary's Lodge, to their Excellencies the Lord Lieutenant and the Countess Spencer, who were accompanied by the Dowager Countess Spencer, the Ladies Sarah and Victoria Spencer and the Hon Robert Spencer, Lord and Lady Charles Bruce, and Major Stirling, A D C.<p> The following had the honour of receiving invitations to meet their Excellencies — The Duke of Leinster, the Marquis and Marchioness of Kildare, the Ladies Fitzgerald, the Marquis and Marchioness of Drogheda, the Earl and Countess of Listowel, Lord and Lady Edward Cavendish, the Earl of Charleville, the Lord Chancellor and Lady O'Hagan, Viscount, Viscountess, the Hon Misses, and Hon Henry Monck; the Archbishop of Dublin, the Hon Mrs and the Misses Trench; Lord Talbot de Malahide and the Hon Francis Talbot, Lord and Lady Sandhurst and Captain Bang, A D C; Lady Cloncurry, Hon Emily and Hon Mary Lawless, Viscount, Viscountess, Hon Georgiana, and Hon Beatrice [de?] Vesci; Lord and Lady Kilmaize [?], Hon Gertrude [?] Browze, Lord and Lady Ventry, Hon Norah Westenra, Lord and Lady Athlumney, Lord, Lady, and Hon D Plunket, M P; Viscountess and the Hon. Miss Netterivlle, Capt the Hon Mrs Vesey, Captain and Lady Julia Follett, Sir Arthur and Lady Olive Guiness and the Ladies White, the Hon H W L Corry, Lord and Lady and the Hon Miss O'Neill, Viscount Hawarden, the Hon Florence Maude, the Hon. Clementina Maude, the Hon Jenico and Mrs Preston, the Hon Henry Leeson, Colonel and the Hon Mrs Caulfield, Mr and the Hon Mrs Robert Hobart, Captain, Lady Mary and Miss Lindsay; Mr Ion [?] Trent Hamilton, M P; Mr Bagwell; the Hon Mrs and the Misses Bagwell, and Mr Bagwell; Colonel the Hon L and Mrs Curzon Smyth, Mr, Lady Margaret, and the Misses Stronge [?]; Mr and the Hon Mrs O'Hagan, Hon Charles Bourke, Hon Mrs Alfred and Lady Kathleen Bury, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Hon Mrs, Lady Alice, and Lady Louisa Howard]]; Captain, the Hon Mrs, and Miss Donaldson; Dr and Miss Bans, Mrs Grattan Bellew, Sir Edward and Miss Borough, Mr Arthur Cane, Sir Dominic, Lady, and Miss Corrigan; Mr Corrigan, Mr and Mrs Gustavus Cornwall and Miss Cornwall, Mr D'Arcy, M P, and Mrs D'Arcy; Mr Baron Dowse [?], and Mrs and Miss Dowse, Mr Baron Deasy and Mrs Deasy, Dr, Mrs, and Miss de Ricci; Dr and Miss Hatchell, Sir George and Lady Hudson, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Huband; Mr Arthur Huband, Miss Caroline Huband, Mr and Mrs Arthur Hume, Dr Hughes, Mr Henry Jephsen and Miss Jephsen, Mr Kearney and the Misses Kearney, Captain Kearney, A D C; Captain Lascelles, A D C; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Kirwan; Mr Justice Lawson and Mrs Lawson, Mr and Mrs W Le Fanu, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Lentaigne; Sir George L'Estrange and the Misses L'Estrange, the Lord and Lady Mayoress, and the Misses Mackey; the Lord Chief Justice Monahan, Mrs and Miss Monahan; Sir J, Lady, and Miss Power; Mr John Talbot Power, M P; Col, Mrs, and Miss Radcliffe; the Master of the Rolls, Mrs and Miss Sullivan; Capt and Mrs Moorsom, A D C; General Sir Thomas and Lady Steel, Captain and Mrs Brownrigg, A D C, Mr Granville Milner, Capt, Mrs and Miss Talbot, Colonel, Mrs, and the Misses White; Sir John Stewart Wood, Lady and the Misses Wood; Mrs and the Misses Williams, Mr Justice Fitzgerald and the Hon Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Fitzgerald, Mr Justice Barry and Mrs Barry, Mr Sergeant Sherlock, M P, Mrs and Miss Sherlock; Mr Sheriock, the Right Hon W H Conan, M P, and Mrs Cogan; Mr Justice Keogh and Mrs Keogh, Mr Keogh, Capt Keogh, R N; Lord Chief Baron and Miss Pigott, Dr, Mrs, and Miss Nugent; General Wardlaw, Colonel M'Kerlie, Mr Sergeant and Mrs and Miss Armstrong; Col, Mrs, and the Misses Maude; Col, Mrs, and Miss Hillier; Mr Heron, M P; Mr and Mrs Watters, Col and Mrs Wynyard, Dr and the Misses Kennedy, the Attorney General and Mrs Palles, the Solicitor General and Mrs Law, Col, Mrs, and Miss Lake; Lady and the Misses Butler, Mr Butler, Col and Mrs Colthurst Vesey, and Miss Walton; Mr, Lady Fanny and Miss Lambert; Mr E C Guinness, Mr and Mrs MMorer O'Ferrall, Mr and Mrs Leonard Morrogh, Sir Bernard and Lady Burke, Mr G and Mrs G Brooke and Miss Brooke, Mr and Mrs Roe, Mr Vance, M P, Mrs and Miss Vance; Col and Mrs Primrose, Lieut Col Ferdall [?], Col and Mrs Goodlake and Miss Alexander, Mr Alison, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Barton, Mr Justice Flanagan, Mrs and Miss Flanagan, Mer J. N. Lentaigne, Mr Johnson, Captain Harrison, Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Maturin; Mr Justice Morris and Mrs Morris, Mr and Mrs Mazlere [?] Brady, Major, Mrs, and Miss Wilkinson; Mr, Mrs, and Miss Donnelly; Mr and Mrs Cruise, Mrs Power, Mr Braon Fitzgerald and Mrs Fitzgerald, Mr Henry Yates Thompson, Mr Courtenay Boyle, Colonel Forster, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Taylor, Mr Bland and Mrs Godfrey Bland, Mr and Miss Dillon, Mr and Mrs Wallace, Mr M'Kenna, Mr Cullinane, Mr Armstrong, Mr C E [?] Dobbin, Mr J A Blake, Major and Mrs Papillon, Capt and Mrs Keane, Mr E Pretty, Mr, Mrs John L O Ferrall and Miss O'Ferrall, Mrs and Miss Walsh, Mr and Mrs R Howard Brook, Mrs and Miss Brook, Mrs and the Misses Blake, Mr and Mrs J Warren, Sir John Gray, M P, Lady, and Miss Gray; Colonel and Mrs Frank Chaplin, Mr, Mrs, and Miss Hemphill; Sir R, Lady and Miss Kane, Mrs and Miss Courtenay, Mr Arthur Courtenay, Mr G Courtenay, Mr E Hardtop, A D C; Mr Bellew, Dr and Mrs Nedley, Dr and Mrs Newell, Mr and Mrs Freeman, Mr and Mrs Geale, Captain Hutten, A D C; Mr and Mrs Adair and Miss Wadsworth, Captain and Mrs J M Benthall, Sir R, Lady, and the Misses M'Causlend [?]; Mr, Mrs, and the Misses Newell Barron; Mr Hawkins, Colonel Goodlake and the Officers of the Coldstream Guards; Captain Spain, R N, and the Officers (4) of her Majesty's ship Vanguard; Colonel Radcliffe and Officers (4), Royal Artillery; Colonel Spade and Officers (4) 1st King's Dragoon Guards; Colonel Ainslie and Officers (4), 1st Royal Dragoons; Colonel Thompson and Officers (4), 14th Hussars; Colonel Ross and Officers (4), 4th Battalion Rifle Brigade; Colonel Hawkins and Officers (4), Royal Engineers; Colonel Gloster and Officers (4), 97th Regiment; Lieutenant-Colonel Maunsell and Officers (4), 13th Regiment.<ref>"Fashionable." ''Dublin Evening Telegraph'' 14 January 1873, Tuesday: 4 [of 4], Col. 7a–b [of 7]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002093/18730114/044/0004. Print title ''The Evening Telegraph'', n.p.</ref> </blockquote>February March April ===May=== '''28 May 1873, Wednesday''': Derby Day === June === ==== 19 June 1873, Thursday, Polo Match Between Officers of the Royal Horse Guards and Officers of the 9th Lancers ==== <blockquote>THE POLO CLUB. Although the weather was dull and gloomy yesterday, there was a large company at the club grounds to witness the match between the officers of the Royal Horse Guards (Blue) and the officers of the 9th Lancers. A number of carriages surrounded the enclosure, and many ladies were present, among whom were the Marchioness of Waterford, Viscountess Middelton, Lady Philippa Stanhope, the Countess of Mayo, the Hon. Miss Brodrick, Lady Little, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Louisa Howard]], [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], Lady Harriet Duncombe, Miss Duncoinbe and Miss E. Duncombe, the Hon. Mrs. O'Grady and Miss O'Grady, Lady Knollys and Miss Knollys, the Dowager Lady Craven, Lady Grey de Wilton, Lady Fanny Fitzwigram, Lady Petre, Lady M. Egerton, Misses E. and G. Egerton, the Countess of Gleichen, Lady C. Brineman, Lady Campbell, Lady Emily Ormsby Gore, the Countess of Coventry, Lady Maria Ponsonby, and Lady Henry Somerset. Just before 4 o'clock the competitors took up their stations at the goals, the Hon. H. Boscawen and Sir Beach Cunard being the judges. The Guards, having choice of stations, elected to play from the Pavilion goal, although there was a strong wind blowing against them. Play was called for the first "bully," and when the ball was tossed into the centre of the ground the advanced guard of both sides missed their blows; and, this brought the others close up, and after some spirited hitting the Guards got the ball nearly to the bottom goal, where it was knocked out of bounds three or four times. Each time it was returned into play some severe rallies ensued, and the scientific hitting and stopping of the Marquis of Worcester, the Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam, and Lord Kilmarnock met with loud applause, while the play of the whole of the Lancers was so determined and vigorous that the Guards could not break through their defence, but in a good ''mêlée'' [sic] close to the goal the ball was hit just outside the bottom posts. They then had a rest, and the ponies were attended to and carefully watered, and when the ball was hit off the Lancers, playing well together, drove the ball nearly to the top goal, but just missed getting it through the post. The rain now came down and made the turf heavy and slippery, and the play was rather wild, many well-intended hits being lost by the little "tits" slipping when turning sharply at their best speed. Both sides were doing their utmost to obtain the honours; but, although the ball was sent to all parts of the enclosure, and rally after rally came off, each goal being assaulted in its turn, no goal was made. The Guards now got the ball to the bottom end of the ground, and the Marquis of Worcester made a fine drive for victory; the ball, however, did not quite reach the goal, but his Lordship was well backed up by the Hon. C. Fitzwilliam, who, in the midst of a rattling ''mélée'' [sic] close on the posts, cleverly "pushed" the ball through the goal, and scored the first to the Guards, after playing lh. 20min., being the longest time that as [sic] occurred this season. After a rest and a change of ponies the second "bully" was commenced, but, after a short time, during which some fine play was exhibited by both sides, "time" was called by the judges, and the Guards won the game by one goal. Appended will be found the sides: {| class="wikitable" |+ !The Royal Horse Guards !The Lancers |- |Marquis of Worcester, |Capt. Grissell. |- |Lord C. Somerset. |Lord W. Beresford. |- |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |Mr. Moore. |- |Mr. Egerton. |Capt. Polaret. |- |Lord Kilmarnock. |Hon. E. Willoughby. |} Sides were then chosen by Viscount amentia and Mr. C. de Murrietta, and after some exciting play a goal was got by each. {| class="wikitable" |+Sides |Lord Valentia. |Mr. C. de Murietta |- |Capt. Middelton. |Marquis of Queensberry. |- |Hon. H. C. Needham. |Sir Beach Cunard. |- |Mr. Green. |Sir W. Gordon Cumming. |- |Hon. R. Neville-Nugent. |Hon. C. W. Fitzwilliam. |- |Mr. A. de Murietta. |Lord Aberdour. |- | |Mr. Powell. |} <ref>"The Polo Club." ''Hour'' 20 June 1873, Friday: 7 [of 8], Col. 6a [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002814/18730620/078/0007. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote> July August September === October === ==== 18 October 1873, Saturday, Orange Order Events at Govan ==== This festival seems to have included some speeches and the laying of a foundation stone for an Orange Hall. The speeches were extremely anti-Catholic and bigoted.<blockquote>ORANGE FESTIVAL AT GOVAN. The third annual festival of the Govan Orangemen and their friends was held in the Govan Hall on Friday night — Br. H. A. Long [?] in the chair. After a service of tea and sake, The C<small>HAIRMAN</small> delivered an address, in which he stated, after a few preliminary remarks, that Orangeism had to be looked at from two points of view — one political and the other religious. The political one looked at the Pope and grasped the sword, while the other looked at Christ and opened its arms. One of them was for offence — that was fighting against Popery in all its varied forms, while the other was for the adoption and union of the great system of thrice-blessed Christianity. He congratulated them on living in comparatively happy days, and seeing the complete destruction of the Court of Rome and the Pope's temporal power. Not many years ago, he said, diplomatists came from all parts of the world to the Quirinal or the Vatican, but all that had now passed away, and not left a shadow behind. The chairmen then reviewed at some length the events of Italian history since 1846, and the great contrast in the treatment of priests in Rome at that time and at the present day. It must have been a bitter pill, he went on to say, for the Vatican to swallow when they heard the shouts of triumph of 25,000 Romans rejoicing that they had got free from priestly influence. Mr. Long next referred to the late visit of Victor Emmanuel to the Emperors of Austria and Germany, which he is garded as a pledge of defence against the French nation's interference in Italian affairs. The chairman referred to the immense treasures stored in the Vatican, amounting to eight hundred millions of sovereigns, and to the cramping of the power of the priesthood in Germany by Bismarck[.] The Rev. C. A. M'Kenzie, after apologising for not having any text, gave an interesting sketch of the connection of the North of Ireland with the Western Highlands of Scotland, from the middle of the sixth century, when St. Columba crossed over with his twelve followers, till the perversion of the early Culdee Church by the wife of Malcolm Canmore and her son King David. Popery, he asserted, was an invasion of comparatively recent origin, and the Roman Catholics had no right to the ancient abbeys, to which they seemed inclined to lay claim. In conclusion, he urged upon them, as good Orange-men and followers of the famous King William, of glorious memory, who inscribed on his banner "the liberties of England and the Protestant religion," never to forget that noble man; and to beware of Puseyism, which was only Popery in disguise. The meeting was afterwards addressed by Mr. Martin, and the proceedings were enlivened with songs by a number of the brethren and their lady friends. After the soiree an assembly took place, and dowering was kept up till an early hour.— ''Glasgow News''. N<small>EW</small> O<small>RANGE</small> H<small>ALL</small>. — The foundation stone of Staffordstown [?] Orange Hall has been laid by Lady Louisa O'Neill, in presence of Lady O'Neill, [[Social Victorians/People/Abercorn|Lady Caroline Howard]], the Hon. Edward O'Neill, and a large assemblage of Orangemen. After the ceremony, the entire party adjourned to a field adjoining, where a platform had been erected. The lodges present were — Staffordstown L.O.L., 504 [?]; Ballydonnall L.O.L., 306 [?]; Tailorstown True Blues, 544; Grange L.OL., 701; Duneane [?] L.O L., 719; Grange L.O.L., 919; Cranfield L.O.L , 705 [?]; Fenton Invincibles, L.O.L., 1104; and the Fenton Invincibles (juveniles), L.O.L., 1104. Amongst those present on the platform were — Lady O'Neil, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, M.P.; the Hon. Louisa O'Neill, Lady Caroline Howard, William J. Gwynne, Esq.; Richard Lilburn, Esq.; J. J. Carson, Esq., Mrs. Carson, and Miss Carson; Rev. J. B. Greer, Rector of Grange; Rev. J. H. Wright, bector [sic] of Portglenone; Rev. A. Gault, Vicar of Antrim; Rev. William Denham, Presbyterian minister, Duncane; Wm. J. Scully, Esq.; Messrs. John Fulton, John M Kelvey, John Nimmons. W.D.M.; Wm. M'Cullough, Hugh Nicholl, Joshua Hume, James Brooks, Charles Richardson, Robert Chesney, Robert Barton, Wm. Allen, Alexander M'Fadden, Hugh Logan. D. S Beekerstaff, Glenavy District; George French, James M'Manus, John Hume Richardson, Wm. J. Senly. Mr. Gwynne was called to the chair, and the meeting having been opened with prayer, appropriate addresses were afterwards delivered by the chairman, the Hon. Edward O'Neill, the Rev. Mr. Wright, Mr. Lilburn, and the Rev. Mr. Greer. The chairman having made a few concluding remarks, the meeting separated after having given three hearty lowly cheers for Lady O'Neill and party.<ref>"Orange Festival at Govan." ''Belfast Weekly Telegraph'' 18 October 1873, Saturday: 8 [of 8], Col. 3b–c [of 6]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0003434/18731018/044/0005. Same print title and p.</ref></blockquote>November December ==1874== January February March April ===May=== ==== 1874 May, Early ==== <blockquote>As monarchists’ hopes flared, the Catholic Church, too, enjoyed a conspicuous revival. The National Assembly approved a design for a new basilica for Paris. Intended as an act of collective atonement, Sacré-Coeur was to perch atop Montmartre, immediately above where Nadar’s balloons had been launched and where the radicals’ insurrection had broken out. Excavations began in early May 1874 .... But the focus of the penance the basilica was intended to embody gradually shifted from the moral decline of French society in general to the despicable excesses of the Commune. In 1872 Archbishop Darboy’s successor claimed to have had a vision as he climbed the Butte Montmartre. The clouds dispersed, and he realized that it was there, “where the martyrs” were (he meant the murdered generals Lecomte and Clément-Thomas), that a new church should be built. And when the Assembly voted to proceed with the construction, legislators specified that its purpose was to “expiate the crimes of the Commune.”<ref name=":3" /> (464 of 667)</blockquote> ===June=== '''3 June 1874, Wednesday''': Derby Day June July August September === October === November ===December=== '''8 December 1874, Tuesday''': "CHATSWORTH, Tuesday, December 8th, 1874. — We are come to the last slide of the Chatsworth magic lantern: the Duke of Cambridge and his equerry, a funny little man called Tyrwhitt, of no particular age, in a grey wig; Lord Carlingford and Ly. Waldegrave, the Spencers, Mr. Leveson, Cavendish."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ladylucycavendish.blogspot.com/2010/12/08dec1874-chatsworth-magic-lantern.html|title=Lady Lucy Cavendish: 08Dec1874, The Chatsworth Magic Lantern|last=H|first=Denise|date=2010-12-04|website=Lady Lucy Cavendish|access-date=2025-06-18}}</ref> ==1875== Disraeli's progressive legislation for labor rights:<blockquote>In 1875, he passed a series of enlightened acts protecting labor rights, arguing they were as important as property rights. Two of the laws ensured that workers would have the same recourse as employers when contracts were breached, and made peaceful picketing legal, protecting unions from charges of conspiracy.<ref name=":4" /> (578 of 1203)</blockquote>After women who owned property were allowed by Parliament to stand for local school-board elections in 1870, "Elizabeth Garrett Anderson, the first woman to qualify as a doctor in Britain — in 1865 — stood and was elected to her local board five years later."<ref name=":4" /> (199 of 1203) The relationship between Swinburne and Lord Houghton:<blockquote>...not all Lord Houghton's children appreciated the catholicity of "Papa's" taste in friends: "Swinburne (in a very excited state) came in in the evening," wrote Florence Milnes to her brother in 1875: "He is madder than ever, to my astonishment he flopped down on one knee in front of me, & announced that my hair had grown darker. This was rather embarrassing, and he is also so deaf now, which does not make it easier to talk to him."<ref name=":2">Pope-Hennessy Lord Crewe.</ref>{{rp|5}}</blockquote> January February March April ===May=== '''26 May 1875, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales attended, as did a number of others of the royal family, including Princess Louise and Lorne. June July ===August=== '''August through October 1875''' Richard Monckton Milnes (Lord Houghton) and son Robert Milnes toured the U.S. and Canada:<blockquote>They set off in the steamer s.s Sarmatian from Liverpool in August 1875, stopping at Ireland to pick up the usual load of emigrants bound for the U.S.A. The most interesting among the passengers was 'Mr. Butler, author of Erewhon, who is very amusing and clever though infidel,' but, although he played whist with Samuel Butler, the young man was far more interested in the Eustace Smiths (parents of his friend W. H. Smith), and in a Canadian family named Macpherson, the youngest of whose two daughters, the dark-eyed Isobel, caught his fancy: he saw them afterwards in Toronto, and when they parted she gave him two larger than carte-de-visite photographs of herself, he gave her a smaller one of himself together with the inevitable volume of his father's verse."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|10}}</blockquote>September October November December ==1876== Disraeli pushed through the Cruelty to Animals Act in order to please Queen Victoria. This act "forced researchers to demonstrate that any experiments with animals involving pain were absolutely necessary, and ensured they would be anesthetized if so."<ref name=":4" /> (679 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''11 May 1876''': In the midst of the Aylesford scandal, the Prince of Wales returned from a journey to Egypt and India, etc.:<blockquote>However harassed and exhausted, the Prince and Princess of Wales would put up a good show. Within an hour of their arrival home they set forth to attend a gala performance at Covent Garden Opera House. It was a brave decision to face the public and allow an immediate opportunity for demonstration. The Prince and Princess were rewarded when the audience rose to its feet to give them a standing ovation before the start of every act, as well as at the end, of Verdi's Ballo in Maschera.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|63}}</blockquote> '''27 May 1877''': Lily Langtry:<blockquote>Her big moment on May 27, 1877, when Sir Allen Young, the arctic explorer, invited her to late supper in his house, where it had been arranged that the Prince of Wales should meet her after the opera. The result was all that could have been expected. Mrs. Langtry became the Prince's first openly recognised mistress.<ref name=":1" />{{rp|69}}</blockquote>'''31 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. The Prince and Princess of Wales did not attend, as he was ill. June July August September October November December ==1877== "In 1877, unemployment was 4.7 percent; by 1879, it had risen to 11.4 percent."<ref name=":4" /> (690 of 1203) January February March April ===May=== '''30 May 1877, Wednesday''': Derby Day. June July August September October November ===December=== '''15 December 1877'''<blockquote>On Dec. 15, 1877, the Queen honoured Lord Beaconsfield, the Premier, with a visit at Hughenden Manor. Her Majesty, accompanied by Princess Beatrice and attended by General Ponsonby and the Marchioness of Ely, left Windsor at 12.40 and proceeded by special train to High Wycombe, which was reached at 1.15. The Premier received the Queen at the station. A lofty triumphal arch spanned the entrance to the station-yard, and beneath this the royal party drove into the gaily decorated little town. The reception along the route was of the heartiest, and the drive of two miles to Hughenden was one long triumph. Lord Beaconsfield, who had preceded the party, welcomed the Queen at his own door. Lunch was served, and her Majesty remained about two hours. Before leaving she planted a memorial tree.<ref>"The Queen's Glorious Reign." ''Illustrated London News'' (London, England), Saturday, May 27, 1899; pp. 757–765?; Issue 3136. Queen's Glorious Reign [Supplement]: 762?</ref></blockquote> ==1878== January February March April May ===June=== '''5 June 1878, Wednesday''': Derby Day. July August September October ===November=== '''8 November 1878''': from the journal of George, Duke of Cambridge:<blockquote>''November'' 8. — Gave farewell diner to the Lornes; Louise and Lorne, Augusta, Mary and Francis, Arthur, Leopold, Gleichens, J. Macdonald and self, and played at Nap afterwards. It was a good and nice little dinner."<ref>Sheppard, Edgar, Ed. ''George, Duke of Cambridge: A Memoir of His Private Life, Based on the Journals and Correspondence of His Royal Highness''. Vol. 2, 1871–1904. New York: Longmans, Green, 1906. http://books.google.com/books?id=dFoMAAAAYAAJ.</ref></blockquote>December ==1879== ===January=== '''12 January 1879'''<blockquote>On 12 January 1879 Robert Milnes came of age, an event celebrated at Fryston by a tenants' ball.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}}</blockquote> '''28 January 1879''': Brett "Harte kicked off his tour at the Crystal Palace in Sydenham on January 28, 1879."<ref>Nissen, Alex. ''Brett Harte: Prince and Pauper''. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi, 2000.</ref>{{rp|174}} February March ===April=== '''Early April 1879''' or so, probably, Bret Harte got "an invitation to dine the same evening with Arthur Sullivan and the Prince of Wales" as a dinner in Birmingham where Harte met T. Edgar Pemberton.<ref>Scharnhorst, Gary. ''Bret Harte: Opening the American Literary West''. Norman, OK: Univ. of Oklahoma Press, 2000.</ref>{{rp|152}} ===May=== '''28 May 1879, Wednesday''': Derby Day; the Prince and Princess of Wales attended. ===June=== '''June 1879''', Robert Milnes became engaged to "Sibyl Marcia, a daughter of a North-country baronet, Sir Frederick Graham of Netherby."<ref name=":2" />{{rp|18}} Parties must have followed. July August September October November ===December=== '''28 December 1879''': The Tay Bridge Disaster: The Tay Bridge collapsed with a train on it. The weather was very bad, with gale-force winds and rain. The ''Times'' reported that the average high temperature for the week ending December 31, 1879, was 53° F. and the low was 20° F. In his column "What the World Says" in the 21 January 1880 World, Edmund Yates writes the following:<blockquote>How am I to describe better the magnificence of the Earl and Countess of Rosslyn’s ball at Euston Lodge last month, than by calling attention to the fact that M. Carlo, the eminent Knightsbridge coiffeur, arrived early in the day to crimp and powder the lacqueys? My informant adds, however, that the curled darlings were rather the worse for the festivities towards night. Was it not enough to turn their heads in every sense of the word?<ref name=":0">Edmund Yates, "What the World Says," ''The World: A Journal for Men and Women''.</ref>{{rp|21 Jan. 1880, p. 8, col. b.}}</blockquote> '''31 December 1879''': Edmund Yates, editor of The World: A Journal for Men and Women, in his column "What the World Says," describes a private viewing at the Grosvenor Gallery:<blockquote>The private view at the Grosvenor on the last day of the year gave people something to do on a desperately wet afternoon. The artistic dresses were perhaps in greater force than ever; indeed the faces and the hair and the attitudes pursued me to my bed, and gave me many a nightmare. I suppose the plain woman of all time has had the ambition to be looked at: centuries of failure have at last been crowned with a real success. Besides the Cimabue Browns there was an interesting menagerie of real lions, artistic, literary, and clerical. The artists were numerous, and their host and hostess seemed to enjoy themselves very thoroughly. Frequenters of the picture private views have a new sensation this winter. Last season they mobbed beauty: now hideously-attired unkempt dowdiness provokes the stare. The prize for the new style seems generally awarded to a rhubarb coloured flannel Ulster and a cart-wheel beaver hat, which pervaded both the private views last week. [2 private views last week, one at the Grosvenor]<ref name=":0" />{{rp|7 Jan. 1880, p. 9}}</blockquote> The official premiere of ''The Pirates of Penzance'' occurred in New York City on 31 December 1879 at the Fifth Avenue Theatre, to establish international copyright. Gilbert and Sullivan were there with the cast. The performance was a social event: attending were Mrs. Vanderbilt and Mrs. Astor. ==Works Cited== {{reflist}} bf2bmmsjugcszoxjhgeo7qdnjwm8vzo 0 264335 2818155 2782105 2026-07-12T11:44:22Z ~2026-39254-40 3100486 /* The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality */ all volumes on Commons 2818155 wikitext text/x-wiki = Newspapers and Magazines = See also the page collecting [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing|people who worked in publishing and journalism]]: publishers, journalists (including "[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Aristocratic Lady Journalists]]"), illustrators, editors, proprietors, and so on. Magazines and less-frequently published periodicals are [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Magazines and Other Periodicals|later on this page]]. == Periodicals That Published Society and London Gossip (Mitchell's) == *The Argus *The Bookman *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts|The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The (London) Echo|The (London) Echo]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies|Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen|The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen]] *Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle *The Isle of Wight Guardian *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Lady|The Lady]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lady of the House|The Lady of the House]] *The Lady's Magazine (La Moniteur de la Mode) [about class rather than gossip] *The Lady's World (see [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]]) *The Licensed Victualler's Mirror *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion|Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion]] *Observer *The Owl *The People *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper|The Queen, the Lady's Newspaper]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality|The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Society|Society]] *St. James's Budget *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The St. James's Gazette|The St. James's Gazette]] *The Stage *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Vanity Fair|Vanity Fair]] *Warder and Dublin Weekly Mail *Waverley *The Weekly Sun *The Western Weekly Mercury *Whitehall Review *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]] *Wrexham Argus and North Wales Athlete The Central Press, a press agency, says it provides "Lobby Gossip" (Mitchell's 188) and "Society Gossip" (Mitchell's 304). === Fashion Writers and Illustrators === * [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Clara Rook]] == Papers from Outside the U.K. That Played a Role == *''The Beacon'' (in Poona, India) *''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) *''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' *''India'' *''Mercure de France'' *''Overland Mail'' (written for India; special edition for China) *The New York ''Herald'' (9 March 1858–31 January 1920; British Library DSC Shelfmark 6089.303000n) *The Paris ''Temps'' (British Library DSC Shelfmark 8790.050000) == Other Newspapers == * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Belfast News-Letter|The Belfast News-Letter]] * ''The Echo'' (1868–) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 3647.367450n) * ''The Glasgow Herald'' (26 August 1805–) * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper]] * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The London Daily News|The London Daily News]] * London ''Daily Telegraph'' (1855–),<blockquote>founded by Joseph Moses Levy in a market in which there were ten newspapers, so he made his paper less expensive than the rest. Very quickly it was outselling the ''Times.'' In its early days, under the editorship of Levy and his employees, the paper supported liberal causes and governmental reform. It also sensationalized its stories. Some headlines from the 1850s included the following: "A Child Devoured by Pigs," "Extraordinary Discovery of Man-Woman in Birmingham," "Shocking Occurrence: Five Men Smothered in a Gin Vat." In keeping with its sensationalistic approach, the paper focused on crime and court reporting. In the 1870s, the leadership on the paper was politically conservative. Edwin Arnold was editor, and he was not replaced until 1899. In the early 1880s a reporter on the paper helped solve a murder on a train. The murderer was identified by the first portrait block published in a newspaper, and he was subsequently convicted and executed. The paper would have been associated with investigative journalism. (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone) (ISSN 03071235. British Library DSC Shelfmark 3512.450000f)</blockquote>In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily Telegraph''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} <blockquote>DAILY TELEGRAPH. I''d''. Established June, 20, 1855. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal. The ''Daily Telegraph'', a morning journal which, while thoroughly devoted to the large interests of the Liberal cause, has not unfrequently taken an independent course on the merits of particular questions. Over and above its recognized political position as the popular exponent of Liberal views, it has acquired an unequalled celebrity through the promptitude, the fulness, and the variety of its telegraphic advices; the enterprise which its conductors have shown when events of great national or international interest demanded early and ample description; and the novelty and freshness of the social articles, which are a constant feature of the paper, both in its leading columns and elsewhere. The popularity and influence of the ''Daily Telegraph'' are alike very great. Published by Archibald Johnstone, 135, Fleet Street, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|59}}</blockquote> * The London ''Evening News''.<blockquote>The ''Evening News'' joined the highly competitive group of London daily newspapers in 1894 when it was purchased by journalist Alfred Harmsworth. Under Harmsworth the newspaper was successful and rather sensationalistic, with illustrations and headlines like "Was It Suicide or Apoplexy?, Another Battersea Scandal, Bones in Bishopgate, Hypnotism and Lunacy and Killed by a Grindstone" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/Jevening.htm [link no longer works, server gone]). Harmsworth claimed in November 1894 that his newpaper had the largest circulation in the world — 394,447 — and that the only reason the sales were below half a million copies was the number of printing presses he owned. When his daughter was born in January 1889, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] put the announcement in the ''Evening News'': "CONAN DOYLE. On the 28th instant, at Bush Villa, Elm Grove, Mrs Conan Doyle, wife of A. Conan Doyle MD, of a daughter" (Stavert 136).</blockquote> * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#London Standard and the London Evening Standard|The London Standard and Evening Standard]] * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Man of Ross|Man of Ross]] * ''The National Observer'' * ''Reynold's Weekly Newspaper'' <blockquote>had, by the end of the century, been a fixture in London journalism for many years and was, in its own words, "devoted to the cause of freedom and in the interests of the enslaved masses." Founded in 1850, it owed some of its very large circulation to its price — George William Reynolds lowered the price from 4 shillings to a penny in 1864, and by 1875 its circulation was 350,000 a week. When Reynolds died in 1894, the paper was taken over by liberal M.P. James Henry Dalziel, who "brought in several new features including a women's page, serial stories, words and music of popular songs and help finding missing relatives and friends" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * ''The Scottish Leader'' (3 January 1887 – 4 July 1894?) * ''The Star'', <blockquote>founded in 1887 by politically radical journalist and Irish nationalist T. P. O'Connor. ''The Star'' hired writers for their radical beliefs. Assistant editor H. W. Massingham also hired well-known writers for their talents and names. He knew [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and hired him to be an assistant leader-writer. Reporter Ernest Clarke is remembered by O'Connor in his ''Memoirs'' like this: "He might be trusted to work up any sensational news of the day, and helped, with [his coverage of] Jack the Ripper, to make gigantic circulations hitherto unparalleled in evening journalism" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Star of Guernsey|Star of Guernsey]] * The ''St. James's Gazette'' * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Westminster Gazette|Westminster Gazette]] === The Belfast News-Letter === The ''Belfast News-Letter'' began publication in 1737<ref name=":0">MJH/MaT [Matthew James Huggins/Matthew Taunton]. "Belfast News-Letter (1737–)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 44, Col. 2b – 45, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|44, Col. 2b}}; by the second half of the 19th century it reported local news and "dedicated an unusual amount of column inches to literary* matters for a newspaper and printed sports'* reports, articles on horticulture and gardening*, and pieces detailing the latest developments in ladies' fashion."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|45, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}} It came out on Wednesday and Saturdays and cost 4d.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|44, Col. 2b}} ===The (London) Daily News=== In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily News''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. <blockquote>Daily News. 1d. Established Jan. 21, 1846. Principles: Liberal and Independent. It is very ably conducted in every department; and neither in its politics or literature, its domestic or foreign news, its English, American, or Continental correspondence and telegrams, yields the palm to any of its contemporaries. Its literary, dramatic, and musical articles are distinguished by great ability. Published by T. Britton, 19, 20, 21, Bouverie Street; (Office for Advertisements) 67, Fleet Street, W.C. (Advt. p. 32.)<ref name=":2" /> (58)</blockquote> ''Daily News'' ad in ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'', 1895: <blockquote>Daily News Office,<br> 67, Fleet Street, London.<br> 1895.<br> Important to Advertisers.<br> The Daily News<br> Has<br> The Largest Circulation<br> Of Any Liberal Paper in the World.<br> The Daily News is now the leading Liberal organ. It has the largest circulation of any liberal paper in the world, and is, therefore, the best channel for Advertisements of every description.<br> [C. Mitchell & Co., Advertising Agents and Contractors, 12 and 13, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.] (32).</blockquote> The ''Daily News'' was edited by Charles Dickens early on. Editor William Black "retired from journalism" in 1876 (Brake Demoor 57 a–b). Conservative Edward Tyas Cook was editor between 1895 and 1901, when he was dismissed by the new owners, the Cadbury family. Henry Labouchere was part-proprietor beginning in 1868 (Brake Demoor 338a). According to ''The Life of Henry Labouchere'', which is quoting ''Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson'', <blockquote> Sir John Robinson thus describes the syndicate of which Mr. Labouchere became a member: "The proprietors of the Daily News, a small syndicate which never exceeded ten men, were a mixed body, hardly any two of whom had anything in common. The supreme control in the ultimate resort rested with three of them, Mr. Henry Oppenheim, the well-known financier, with politics of no very decided kind; Mr. Arnold Morley, a Right Honourable, an ex-party Whip, / and a typical ministerial Liberal; and Mr. Labouchere, the Radical, financier, freelance. Others had but a small holding, and practically did not count, save as regards any moral influence they might bring to brea on their colleagues at Board meetings."{{rp|Thorold 95–96}}</blockquote> Labouchere sold his share in 1895 (Thorold 96): <blockquote>On Mr. Gladstone's withdrawal from public life," he wrote in ''Truth'', "the party, or rather a majority of the officialdom of the party became tainted with Birmingham imperialism. My convictions did not allow me to be connected with a newspaper which supported a clique of intriguers that had captured the Liberal ship, and that accepted blindly these intriguers as the representatives of Liberalism in regard to our foreign policy.</blockquote> It looks like when Robinson stepped down, the proprietors were Oppenheim and Morley until the paper was sold to the next syndicate, which included George Cadbury{{rp|Thomas 380}}. === The (London) Echo === According to the 1895 Mitchell's, the ''Echo'' was an evening paper and in its quick overview says,<blockquote>ECHO. Daily, 1''d''. Established December, 1868. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal Unionist. It contains, in a condensed form, all the news of the day — devoting much space to "city matters," and giving details of all "business done" on the Stock Exchange. The ''Echo'' comments fearlessly on politics and statesmen. It endeavours to promote the national welfare. It strives to secure peace, to enforce economy, and to uphold a national policy enlightened by universal education. Published at 22, Catherine Street. W.C. (Advt., p. 247.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> The advertisement says,<blockquote>Echo. Established Quarter of a Century. <small>FAVOURITE EVENING PAPER FOR FAMILY READING</small>. Largest London Circulation. The <small>ECHO</small> is a daily newspaper and review, containing, in a condensed form, all the news of the day, in anticipation of the following day's morning paper. The <small>ECHO</small> is now acknowledged to be one of the best mediums for advertisers. In addition to its having the largest London circulation, (which on occasions reaches almost 300,000 [? the 3 is not clear]), its convenient size, and the excellent arrangement of its advertisements, ensure all the announcements appearing in its columns being brought directly under the notice of its very large number of readers. The <small>ECHO</small>, price One Halfpenny, can be obtained of any news agents in town or country, or a copy will be sent post-free to any address in the United Kingdom, at the rate of One Penny daily, viz., 26s. for twelve months; 13s. for six months; or 6.6d. for three months. P.O. Orders to be made payable to J. Passmore Edwards, 22, Catherine-st., Strand, London, W.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|246, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> === Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies === 1892–? The British Library may have a run; the Bodleian seems to as well. ===The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's, ''The Gentlewoman''<blockquote>Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very Iarge and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the continent, in America and the colonies tinent, in America and the colonies, amongst the best and public most wealthy class.</blockquote> *According to an ad in the 1905 Newspaper Press Directory, the Gentlewoman was a weekly published on Thursday (NPD 1905 94). *It was a women's (ladies') magazine. *1890–1926 *The address was 70–76 Long Acre, London, W.C. (NPD 1905 94). *It carried illustrated interviews: <quote>the subject was often an aristocratic woman and the interview was as much about the decor and furnishings of her home as about her own achievements. These interviews blended with the advice on furnishing and house decoration which became increasingly popular feature in all kinds of magazines for women at this time. They also exploited the techniques of the new journalism to suggest an intimacy with the great and famous into whose most private rooms the reader was allowed to look</quote> (Beetham and Boardman 59). <blockquote>Gentlewoman (The). Thursday, 6d.<br> Established 1890. Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very large and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the Continent, in America and the Colonies, amongst the best and most wealthy class.<br> Published at 70–76, Long Acre, W.C. (Advt., p. 96.)</blockquote>{{rp|NPD 1905 71}}. [IMG] (Who's Who 55 31) ===The Graphic=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's Newspaper Directory, ''The Graphic'' was a weekly, published on Fridays, which sold for 6d. Its description read as follows: <blockquote>Principles: Independent. An admirably illustrated journal, combining "Literary excellence with artistic beauty." The illustrations are in the first style of art. The literary portion of the paper is admirable in its arrangement, and a series of essays and notices on the topics of the day add greatly to its attractive character. Stories by popular authors appear weekly, illustrated by eminent artists.<ref name=":2" /> (68)</blockquote> It was "of small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress..., featuring at least 20 engravings mainly of larger size."<ref name=":6">Law, Graham. "The Illustrated London News and The Graphic." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/.</ref> By the late 1890s, it had grown to 32 pages and had a number of supplements.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Graphic'' had a ladies' column in the 1890s and 1900s written by Lady Violet Greville, "Place aux Dames":<blockquote>Lady Violet claimed, when offered the ''Graphic'' job, that all her suggestions for subject-matter — art, literature, theatre, dress — were rejected on the grounds that they already had writers for those topics — and she should just write whatever she liked! She clearly did, earning the compliment from fellow journalist Mary Billington, (who eventually ran the "women's department" at the ''Daily Telegraph'') that as a writer she combined "daring, brilliancy, and romance":. In particular she championed the cause of sports for women.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>See the paragraph under the ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Illustrated London News|Illustrated London News]]'' about Florence Fenwick-Miller and Violet Greville's roles in articulating the subtle differences between the ''Graphic'' and the ''Illustrated London News'' on the topic of the New Woman. ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William Luson Thomas was Managing Director between 1869 and 1900.<ref name=":6" /> E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher between 1869 and 1893; E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher (and at 12, Milford Lane, printer) between 1894 and 1895; G. R. Parker & A. F. Thomas at 190, Strand, were publishers and at 12, Milford Lane printers.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were Arthur Locker (1870–1891) and T. H. Joyce (1891–1906).<ref name=":6" /> (Edmund Yates must not have been a chief editor.) In 1890 William Luson Thomas, the same proprietor, spun off a ''Daily Graphic''.<ref>BM [Brian Maidment]. "Thomas, William Luson (1830–1900)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 623, Col. 2b.</ref> ==== Circulation ==== ''The Graphic'' reported that regular issues in the 1880s occasionally had runs of 250,000, and "Christmas numbers for 1881, 1882 [of] more than 500,000."<ref name=":6" /> ==== ''The Graphic'' Digitized ==== * At the Hathi Trust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000533840 * British Newspaper Archive: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?exactsearch=false&retrievecountrycounts=false&newspapertitle=the%2bgraphic ==== Reading for ''The Graphic'' ==== * Korda, Andrea. ''Printing and Painting the News in Victorian London: The Graphic and Social Realism, 1869–1891''. Ashgate, 2015; Routledge, 2017. ===The Illustrated London News=== The ''Illustrated London News'' was a weekly published on Saturday and costing 6 pence after 1871.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Victorian Fiction Research Guide'' says about the ''Illustrated London News'',<blockquote>by far the most successful of the metropolitan weeklies was a Saturday journal starting up in May 1842, whose most distinctive feature was that it was the first British newspaper to give priority to pictures.<ref name=":4">Law, Graham. "Introduction." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/introduction/.</ref></blockquote>And that by the 1890s it was 32 pages, "small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress," with "over 50 [engravings] from half-column to double-page size.<ref name=":6" /><p></p> Florence Fenwick-Miller wrote a "Ladies Column," later renamed to "Ladies' Page," for the ''Illustrated London News'':<blockquote>Florence Fenwick-Miller’s weekly ‘Ladies Column’ in ''The Illustrated London News'' and its equivalent in ''The Graphic'', Lady Violet Greville’s ‘Place aux Dames’, form a fascinating contrast. In brief, Fenwick-Miller in ''The Illustrated London News'' takes a progressive line on the suffrage and marriage questions, celebrating a victory for women’s rights in the Jackson/Clitheroe judgement (which denied the authority of the husband to hold his wife against her will, 4 April 1891, 452), yet remains an enthusiastic advocate of the latest feminine fashions from Paris. On the death of Emily Faithful, Fenwick-Miller praises her work as a publisher while criticizing the manliness of her costume (15 June 1895, 750). Greville in ''The Graphic'' opposes electoral or marriage reform, but is in favour of paid work, active athleticism, and rational dress for women – she sees the enfranchisement of women in Australia as the ‘thin end of the wedge’ (25 Nov 1893, 659), but demands that ‘where women do equally good work with men their wages should be the same’ (15 Sept 1894, 306).<ref name=":4" /></blockquote> ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William J. Ingram & Charles L. N. Ingram were the proprietors between 1872 and 1905 and the publishers and printers between 1884 and 1905.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were John Lash Latey (1863-1890), C. K. Shorter (1891-1900) and Bruce S. Ingram (1900-1963).<ref name=":6" /> ==== Circulation ==== The circulation was attested at 123,000 in 1854, with larger runs (as reported by the ''Illustrated London News'') of 310,000 for the issue about the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 1863 (''The Illustrated London News,'' 13 May 1967, 42–3) and of more than 500,000 for holiday issues in the 1880s.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Availability ==== The ILN can be found in Google Books: *Vol. 32, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FNFCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 33, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ps9CAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 35, 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=3NNCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 39, 1861 (https://books.google.com/books?id=V4g-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 40, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yIY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 41, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xmQjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 42, Jan–June 1863 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yoVUAAAAcAAJ or https://books.google.com/books?id=PWUjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 45, 1864 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8ok-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 46, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ToY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 47, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=rYk-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 89, 1886 (https://books.google.com/books?id=R4o-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 91, 1887 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JIo-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 92, 1888 (https://books.google.com/books?id=joo-AQAAMAAJ) === The Ladies Field === 1898–1922. The British Newspaper Archive does not have this periodical digitized (as of January 2024). === The Lady === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says ''The Lady'' was composed on a Linotype machine.<ref name=":2" /> (255, Col. 1a) It was published on Wednesdays.<blockquote>LADY. Wednesday. 3''d''. Established February 19, IRRi The ''Lady'' deals with the many subjects in which Iadies are interested fully and completely. Home dress-making, household management, social news, information, hints, and advice, all find place in its pages. It is admirably illustrated with fashions, dresses, &c. Published at 39 & 40, Bedford St., Strand, W.C. (Advt., p. 250.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|71, Col. 1a}}</blockquote> An advertisement in ''Mitchell's'' for ''The Lady'' says,<blockquote>The Best Ladies' Newspaper. The Lady. Weekly, price Three pence. THE LADY has articles in each issue devoted to the Toilet, the Fashions of Dress, Home Decoration, the Accomplishments, the Social and Domestic Life, Travel for Pleasure and Health, the Household in its many aspects; and numerous other interesting features. A large staff of competent writers, artists, and practical administrators are engaged in each department, with the result that THE LADY is admitted to be best, cheapest, and most useful ladies' journal ever produced. The Terms for Advertisements may be had on application. London — THE LADY Offices, 39–40. Bedford-street and Maiden-lane, Strand. W.C.<ref name=":2" /> (250, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Begun in 1885,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-23|title=The Lady (magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_(magazine)&oldid=1171891113|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_(magazine).</ref> the ''Lady'' is still being published, and old issues are not available in a digitized form. The current magazine has a mechanism for getting access to back issues, but they are all 21st-century issues. === The Lady of the House === ''The Lady of the House and Domestic Economist'' began publication on 1 September 1890, the first day of the fall quarter, aimed at educated Irish women and "the Lady Amateur." The first issue says,<blockquote>Introductory. A New Journal which did not claim to fill that time-honoured "long-felt want” which all new Journals seek to occupy would, indeed, show but poor reason for its existence. The Proprietors and Publishers of the “Lady of the House,” although responsible for a new feature in Journalism, have no desire to depart from the traditional custom of the craft. They claim that this Journal distinctly fills a long-felt want, and fills it well. The want has long been felt of a high-class Irish Journal solely devoted to Fashion, the Beautifying of the Home and Person, Scientific Cookery, the Toilet, the Wants and Amusements of Children, the Garden and Conservatory, and the hundred-and-one matters which interest educated women. This want, we repeat, has been felt, but has not hitherto been filled, except by the English Ladies’ Journals, which enjoy an immense circulation in this country. The “Lady of the House” will be issued Quarterly — on the first day of each season — Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. The Autumn Number is now presented, and comprises Fashions for Autumn, Seasonable Descriptions of New Hats, Gowns, Mantles, &. Dishes for Autumn will be found in the "Cookery Section;" a high Art Authority describes the best arrangement of the house in Autumn, and a no less high Authority on Horticulture instructs the Lady Amateur on the management of her Garden at this Season. This, the plan on which the Journal is originated, will be fully and faithfully observed each Quarter, when ''Twenty Thousand Copies'' will be distributed gratuitously. The costliness of such an undertaking must be apparent to everyone. Notwithstanding this, the Proprietors do not seek the Subscriptions of the reading public. The next (Winter Quarter) Number will be issued on the first day of Winter — 23rd December next — and will contain an exhaustive ''résumé'' of the Paris Winter Fashions, and a mass of finely-illustrated Literature, suitable for Christmastide.<ref>"Introductory." ''Lady of the House'' 1 September 1890, Monday: 3 [of 38], Col. 1a–2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004835/18900901/012/0003''.''</ref></blockquote> === Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper === 1842–1931. Edited by Thomas Catling 1884–1906.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-02|title=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper&oldid=1173436602|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper.</ref> "On 16 February 1896, ''Lloyd’s Weekly'' became the only British newspaper in the nineteenth century to sell more than a million copies."<ref name=":7" /> === The London Gazette === An official journal of record for the government of the U.K., the London Gazette has detailed coverage of official social events — like weddings of the royal family, for example, and granting of awards and honors. * Front page: https://www.thegazette.co.uk. * Number 23720, 24 March 1871, is a supplement detailing the wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] and John Campbell, Marquis of Lorne (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23720/) * Number 26869, 2 July 1897, records nothing about the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] because nothing official occurred because of it (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26869/page/3637). === The Man of Ross === Also, ''The Man of Ross, Forest of Dean, and West of England Advertiser''. A conservative newspaper that came out on Saturday, 1d. (one penny).<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}} The 1895 Mitchell's says of Ross, Herefordshire,<blockquote>A market town, with iron and coal-mines in the neighbourhood, and extensive iron and tinplate-works about six miles distant. The district is rural and the population (9,651) is engaged in mining and agricultural pursuits.<ref name=":2" /> (145, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Of the Man of Ross newspaper, Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Gives the local and general news of the week, with a varied, useful, and entertaining miscellany of general information, and original articles. P<small>ROPRIETOR</small> — John Counsell.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ===The (London) Morning Post=== In 1879, Mitchell's Press Directory described the Morning Post as follows: <blockquote>MORNING POST. Daily, 3d. Established 1772. Principles: High Church and Whig. The Post is not merely a political newspaper, it is the fashionable chronicle and journal of the Beau Monde. Few events occur in the higher circles, to which publicity can consistently be given, which are not reported in its columns. Its news department is full and complete; its reports impartial, and well written; and its criticisms on books, music, pictures, and science are considered as authorities. Its correspondents are numerous; and those in the colonies especially are evidently well informed upon all questions that form the subjects of public discussion of government policy. It is an able and consistent advocate of the principles of the "High Church" party, as distinguished from the "Evangelical" section of the Church; but it does not favour the doctrines of the Ritualistic party. Published by F. W. Smith, Wellington Street, W.C. (Gliserman [11])</blockquote> Brake and Demoor say the ''Morning Post'' was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849 and bought by his son Algernon Borthwick, who had been editor as well, in 1879. In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Morning Post'''s politics were conservative, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 10 a.m., and the "Time Published" was 3 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor's ''Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland'' says the following: <blockquote>The editorship was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849, the start of a family connection that was to last until 1924. On Borthwick's death in 1852, the editorship passed to his son Algernon Borthwick, who bought the paper in 1876, and consolidated its imperialist* and conservative tone. He also continued its interest in sporting* matters, particular racing. When he took over the paper, its circulation had declined to under 3,000 (compared to a circulation of The Times of 40,000.) He reduced the price* from 3d to 1d and increased its circulation. During his editorship, leader writers included Andrew Lang* and Alfred Austin*. William E. Henley*, Thomas Hardy* and Rudyard Kipling contributed verse while George Meredith was its special correspondent during the Italian wars* of liberation from Austria. Borthwick, now Lord Glenesk, died in 1908 and his family sold the paper in 1924. It merged* with the Daily Telegraph* in 1937. JRW Sources: Griffiths 1992, Hindle 1937, ODNB. (Brake and Demoor 427; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book)</blockquote> In Mitchell's 1906 ''Newspaper Press Directory'', the ''Morning Post'' is described as follows: <blockquote>Morning Post. Daily, 1d. Established 1772. Principles: Unionist. The Morning Post is the oldest daily newspaper existing in London. It gives special attention to fashionable and foreign news, and is also noted for its full and accurate reports of Parliamentary proceedings. As a medium for announcements which it is desired to bring before the notice of the high and wealthy classes, the Morning Post cannot be surpassed. Published by E. E. Peacock, Aldwych, W.D. (Advt. p. 88.)<br> Tele. Nos.<br> Strand (5432 Gerrard.<br> (13553 P.O. Central<br> Aldwych, 13501 P.O. Central<br> City Office, 5522 Avenue. (NPD 1905: 62; identical description in Mitchell 1896 58)</blockquote> ''Willing's British and Irish Press Guide'' for 1891 describes the Morning Post like this: <blockquote>MORNING POST, 1772. (c) Daily — 3 a.m. 1d. T. L. Coward, 12 Wellington Street, W.C. Political, general, and fashionable newspaper. (Willing's 1891: 79)</blockquote> Willing's also classifies the ''Morning Post'' as a family newspaper.{{rp|135}} <blockquote>Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press says this in 1886: Dating its birth back to the year 1772, this paper can boast of being the oldest political daily newspaper existing in London. Its career has ben a very distinguished and interesting one; and among its contributors it has numbered Southey, Wordsworth, Sir James Mackintosh and others. Coleridge was for some time its editor, and Charles Lamb contributed witty paragraphs. From its commencement it has been most ably conducted, and its criticisms on plays, music, and books are excellent. The special features of the Morning Post are its fashionable and foreign news, to which it gives special [127/128] prominence. Nothing of interest occurs in the upper circles of society that is not recorded in its columns, and everything which can interest the beau monde receives notice. The circulation of the Morning Post, though not so great as some of its contemporaries, is a very good one, being chiefly among fashionable and wealthy circles. This paper is consequently well adapted for the advertising of articles de luxe and good possessing first-class workmanship and artistic merit, the sale of which is almost entirely confined to persons to whom the cost is of secondary importance. Compared with the other "dailies" the advertising charges of the Morning Post are moderate. Till within the last two years this paper was published at threepence, but now its price is the general one of a penny, a reduction which has already increased its sale tenfold.{{rp|127–128}}</blockquote> Advertising prices for the Morning Post from the Newspaper Press Dictionary (NPD 1905: 88), found in Google Books: [IMG] ====The ''Morning Post'' in Fiction==== When Major Pendennis moves to the country in Thackeray's 1864 novel, "he will miss seeing his name in the Morning Post on the day after each of the 'great London entertainments'" (Hampton, Mark. Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850–1950. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004: 23). Gwendolyn in Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' says she will announce her engagement in the ''Morning Post''. In a discussion of parodies of newspaper journalism, Patrick Leary says, "Punch frequently ran such parodies, beginning quite early on in the 1840s. The obsequiousness of the Morning Post (or "The Fawning Post," as Douglas Jerrold liked to call it) was a favorite target." (Leary). ====Some Important Writers, Contributors, Editors, Etc.==== *C. J. (Charles James) Dunphie was art and theatre critic 1856–1908 (Brake and Demoor 186) *William A. Barrett was "chief music* critic on the Morning Post* (1866–1891)" (Brake and Demoor 39) *Algernon Borthwick founded a "society magazine" called The Owl (Brake and Demoor 67) *Florence Caroline Douglas Dixie, war correspondent in the Boer War, 1897 (Brake and Demoor 172) *Rudyard Kipling *Benjamin Disraeli, before Borthwick took over (Brake and Demoor 427) *Andrew Lang, occasional contributor (Brake and Demoor 346) *Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe (Brake and Demoor 270) *William E. Henley (Brake and Demoor 427) *Alfred Austin (Brake and Demoor 427) *Thomas Hardy (Brake and Demoor 427) *George Meredith (Brake and Demoor 427) *Winston Churchill (Brake and Demoor 412) === Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion === ''Internet Archive'' has [[iarchive:myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/1|https://archive.org/details/myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/]]. (1875–1912) === The Pall Mall Gazette === Mitchell's classifies the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' as an evening paper.<ref name=":2" /> (p. 60, Col. 1b) The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' ran a "ladies' column" called the "Wares of Autolycus"<blockquote>from May 1893 to the end of 1898, appearing most days of the week, and drawing on a group of female journalists, notably Alice Maynell, to cover between them literature, gardening, fashion, home decor, good food, and society news. But though constructed in gossip column form, its aesthetic and literary standards lifted it well above the level of the average contemporary gossip column.<ref name=":5">Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." ''Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana'' http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html (accessed April 2017).</ref></blockquote>Both [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] wrote for the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', which was edited by W. T. Stead. Shaw wrote book reviews. Special issues of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' published some investigative journalism Stead did, "The Maiden Tribute to the Modern Babylon," about selling girls for sexual slavery (which lead to the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885). ===The Pictorial World=== The Pictorial World was an illustrated weekly newspaper that published between 7 March 1874 and 9 July 1892, or perhaps a new series began in 1891 (conflicting library records). According to its first issue, <blockquote> The Programme of The Pictorial World may be given in a few words. It is to present to the great middle-class of England, and of all English-speaking countries, a weekly illustrated record of passing events, which shall be pure in tone, amusing in its contents, and graceful to the eye— a paper which will depict faithfully with pen and pencil both "what the world says" and "what the world does." In The Pictorial World authors and artists will work together— each will inspire the other; and the cut-and-dried style of article shall be as much as possible avoided. It will therefore largely depend upon external help and kindnesses, and will open its pages to interesting sketches, far-brought novelties, and hints from friends at home and abroad. Such, in brief outline, is our wish and plan: we offer this first number as an earnest of our desire to carry it out; our succeeding numbers will show a progressive improvement. Appealing for public support, we look confidently to the future. (1884-03-07 Pictorial World) </blockquote> Lady Violet Greville says she wrote anonymously or pseudonymously for the ''Pictorial World'' (1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C), perhaps shortly after it began publication. Mary Elizabeth Braddon published ''The Golden Calf'' in the ''Pictorial World'', 1882–1883. George Robert Sims published a series called "How the Poor Live" beginning in 1883. ===The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper=== The weekly newspaper (published on Saturdays) ''Queen'' was marketed to women in the "upper ten thousand," an expression originally used for American Society but later translated to the U.K. Through a couple of major changes, the last major one of which occurred in 1970, what was the ''Queen'' is now ''Harper's Bazaar''. A column called "The Upper Ten Thousand at Home and Abroad" appeared regularly by the end of the 19th century detailing the movements and social events of the royals, aristocracy, political leaders and plutocrats. Ardern Holt seems to have been the major writer for fashion, at least in 1897, including an advice column for fashion, dress and costumes. Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' has this for its entry for the ''Queen'': <blockquote>Q<small>UEEN</small>. Saturday, 6''d''. Established 1861. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Neutral. It is particularly intended for ladies' reading, as it provides that which ladies have hitherto so much needed in this country; the ''earliest'' colored fashion-plates from Paris, and original work-patterns by the best designers. It has many novel departments, in which ladies communicate useful observations and criticisms. "Pastimes," "Domestic and Rural Economy," and "Domestic Pets," are also included; and a large space is given to "Receipts" for family use. Pastimes for ladies, a charade, a novel, or a sprightly sketch, vary the contents. Court and fashionable news are fully reported and the paper is well illustrated. Published by Horace Cox, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 252.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|75}}</blockquote>The ad for the ''Queen'' in Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' looks like this: <blockquote>Queen, the Lady's Newspaper. This newspaper is the great organ of the ladies of the upper classes in Great Britain. The latest Paris and other fashions are given every week, together with patterns and descriptions of the newest work, illustrated in the best style of art. The following list will show the chief features of the paper: — [what follows is a 2-column list with a vertical rule between the 2 columns, which break after "Society in Paris" and before "Work of all kinds."] :Leaders on interesting and current topics :The Exchange :Dramatic critiques :Paris and other fashions :Gleanings from new books :The boudoir :The housekeeper :The opera, concerts, &c. :Society in Paris :Work of all kinds :Plants and flowers :Recipes of all kind :New music :Natural History :Court news :Pastimes :New books :Literary and artistic gossip. The QUEEN is also the great medium through which tradesmen and others bring their announcements prominently before the upper ten thousand. These advertisements comprise, among other subjects — dress and fashion, country wants, governesses, schools, books, furniture, pastimes, domestic wants, music, toilet requisites, servants, &c. In addition to the above, the QUEEN presents a monthly coloured fashion sheet and monthly coloured work patterns, a monthly cut paper pattern, and illustrations (coloured and plain) of all new fancy work, domestic inventions, fashions, &c. Prince 6c.; stamped 6 1/2d.; yearly subscription, pain in advance, 28s.; half yearly, 14s.; quarterly, 7s. Specimen copy post free for six stamps. Published every Saturday by Horace Cox, Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|252, Col. 3a}}</blockquote> === Society === In a posting on the Victoria listserv, Patrick Leary says,<blockquote>According to the ''Waterloo Directory'', the penny weekly magazine ''Society'' ran from 1878 to 1890.  The editor was George Plant, and it was printed by Unwin Brothers.  The entry lists [illustrator] Phil May as a contributor. I couldn't find the journal online — that generic title is hard to zero in on — but the British Library has a full run of the paper; the Bodleian has a partial one.   <p></p> Fox-Bourne's history of the press has a little bit more about ''Society'' here https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uga1.32108003235689&seq=325.<ref>Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 14 July 2024.</ref></blockquote>In a reply to the same thread on the Victoria listserv, Richard Fulton says,<blockquote>The ''Union List of Victorian Serials'' lists ''Society'' as running under that title from 12 mar 1880 to 31 Aug 1901. It also notes that the magazine started out life in 1879 as the ''Mail Budget''.<ref>Fulton, Richard. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 15 July 2024.</ref></blockquote> === The (London) Standard and Evening Standard === The London ''Standard'' was the first of these two newspapers, founded in 1827.<ref name=":3">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "''Standard'' (1827–1916)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|596, Col. 2c}} An advertisement in Mitchell's for "The Standard, Morning and Evening," says that it is "the leading daily newspaper" and<blockquote>contains full Parliamentary, Law, Police, and Commercial Intelligence, together with Critiques on all noteworthy productions in the worlds of Art, Literature, Music, and the Drama, and a carefully-revised Epitome of the general News of the day.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> Addresses: 103, 104 and 105 Shoe Lane and 23 Bride Street, London, E.C. ==== London Standard ==== The London ''Standard'' became a daily paper in 1857. In the 19th century, the ''Standard'' and the ''Morning Standard'' are the same paper. ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says of the London ''Standard'',<blockquote>in 1878 the paper passed into the control and editorship of William Heseltine Mudford and by the mid-1880's the / Standard had become a powerful force in conservative journalism* with a circulation of 250,000. Its leader* writers included Alfred Austin* and Thomas Escott*. George Alfred Henty, the author of stories for boys, was its war* correspondent*.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}}</blockquote> The 1895 ''Mitchell''<nowiki/>'s says,<blockquote>S<small>TANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d''. Established as a Morning Paper, June 29, 1857. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. While maintaining Conservative principles, ''The Standard'' reserves the right to apply those principles to the questions of the day, without regard to party politics, or special devotion to the views of party leaders. On all political questions it is remarkably impartial in the admission to its columns of letters from any man whose position gives him a right to speak, be his views what they may. In the matter of Parliamentory news ''The Standard'' is the one London Penny Journal that has not adopted the system of very abridged reports. The paper has of late paid great attention to foreign correspondence: more particularly such as is forwarded by telegraph from all parts of the world. In literary and dramatic criticism it exercises a careful selection of productions worthy of notice for praise or blame; but the complete display of '''him''' and foreign news is its chief distinguishing feature. Reports relating to markets, racing, cricket, and boating are very fully given. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81)<ref name=":2">Mitchell, Charles. ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895''. [Hathi Trust via U Wisconsin Madison.] London: C. Mitchell & Co., 1895. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015085486150 (accessed January 2023).</ref>{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ==== London Evening Standard ==== ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says, "The ''Evening Standard'' was issued as a sister newspaper [of the London ''Standard''] in 1860."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c}}. From Brake and Demoor: The ''Pall Mall Gazette'': "only to be dissolved in 1923 into Lord Beaverbrook's ''Evening Standard''" (478, Col. 1c). The ''Standard'': "the paper was acquired by C. Arthur Pearson* in 1904, when its circulation was 80,000. The ''Standard'' ceased publication in 1916, but the ''Evening Standard'' continued"{{rp|597, Col. 1a}}. The 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>E<small>VENING STANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d'', Estab. 1827. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. Under the same management as the Standard published in the morning. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81.)<ref name=":2" /> (60, Col. 1c)</blockquote>An advertisement for the ''Evening Standard'' says that although it was an evening paper, it published 4 editions, the last (or "Latest") must have been very late:<blockquote>Published four times daily, gives the Day's Law, '''Police''', Markets, Commercial Meetings, Stock Exchange Quotations, &c. The Latest or "S<small>PECIAL</small>" Edition contains, in addition, the Day's Racing, and (during the Parliamentary Session) a full Summary of the Debates in both Houses of Parliament.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> === The Star of Guernsey === Not to be confused with the radical paper ''The Star'', the ''Star of Guernsey'', as the 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Is published every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, price 1d., or by post 1¹/₂d. to any part of the United Kingdom, France, and most parts of the Continent.<p></p> The STAR circulates very extensively through the Channel Islands, and large numbers are sent to the United Kingdom, the Colonies, France and America, it is, therefore, an excellent medium for advertisers.<ref name=":2" /> (315, Col. 3a)</blockquote>The proprietors were Marquand & Co. STAR Office, Guernsey. === The St. James's Gazette === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says the ''St. James's Gazette'' was published at 3:00 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56a}}<blockquote>S<small>T. JAMES'S GAZETTE</small>. 1''d''. Established 1880. The ''St. James's Gazette'' is an independent and progressive Conservative newspaper, which, while consistently supporting constitutional principles, the maintenance of the empire, and the supremacy of the law in every portion of the dominions of the Crown, is in favour of moderate and ordered reform. It gives with point, brevity, and accuracy all the most important news of the day, the latest money market reports, racing news, Parliamentary Intelligence, Police News, Foreign Telegrams, &c. Special attention is given to American, Continental, and Indian Intelligence. Published at Dorset Street, Whitefriars.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> ===Sussex Agricultural Express=== The ''Sussex Agricultural Express'', in describing a social event in which the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as Mayor and Mayoress, decorated Devonshire House again, refers to some of the men who worked for the Duke and Duchess in January 1898: "Mr. J. P. Cockerell, the Duke of Devonshire's indefatigable agent called to his aid a willing and competent staff from Compton Place, including Mr. W. S. Lawrence, the house steward, and Mr. May, the gardener."<ref>"Sunday School Festival: Speech by the Duke." ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' 29 January 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5b–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980129/182/0007.</ref> === Vanity Fair === Not the American magazine, a society magazine (7 November 1868 – 5 February 1914).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-26|title=Vanity Fair (British magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)&oldid=1191870176|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine).</ref> The caricature portraits<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-06-01|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures&oldid=1090963973|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures.</ref> of famous men and, occasionally, women were and continue to be an important contribution by this magazine, by people like Spy and Drawl (Leslie Ward) and Max Beerbohm, including other notable artists. ===The Times=== The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' includes the ''Times'' among the morning papers: <blockquote>The Times. Daily, 3d. Established January 1, 1788, (weekly edition, 2d., established January, 1877.) Principles: Church of England in religion; Free Trade in mercantile and commercial transactions. This, the leading journal of Europe, has for the field of its circulation, emphatically, the WORLD, and its influence is co-extensive with civilization. The connection is clear between the circulation and the advertisements. Not so clear is the relation between the circulation and the influence: to some extent the influence may be the effect; but chiefly, we suspect, the cause. The consciousness that thousands upon thousands read, creates some impression, an idea which may be to some extent the source of influence and of power. But there is in the influence of the Times something more substantial, more potent, than can be accounted for by the mere consciousness of its enormous circulation; it is "looked up to" all over Europe, and it is the only paper which men of all parties, and all classes, read and speak of. Other papers may be more preferred by particular classes, but all read the Times, who can; just because it is not possible to predicate its course on any question as regulated by the interest of any party or class: and it is known that it always acts on views of its own. It deals out its denunciations with equal force and freedom on all parties in their turn, with a boldness and decision quite characteristic; but not unfrequently, with great indifference to the consistency of its opinions. Hence all parties are uncertain what next they may exult in, a fiery storm invective against their antagonists or suffer the infliction themselves. It is distinguished for its reports of parliamentary and legal proceedings. It does not devote much of its space to literature and the fine arts; but its reviews and criticisms are forcibly and cleverly written. Published by G. E. Wright Printing House Square, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|57}}</blockquote> Costing 3d. per daily issue, the "Latest Time for Ads." for the ''Times'' was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} === Westminster Gazette === George Newnes founded the ''Westminster Gazette'' in 1893 as the "radical liberal successor" to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', after it had been purchased "by Tory interests."<ref name=":1">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "Westminster Gazette." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 672, Col. 1c.</ref> A "'clubland' 1d evening daily," it was called the "pea-green incorruptible" (the pea-green because of the green paper it was printed on).<ref name=":1" /> The ''Westminster Gazette'' merged with the ''Daily News'' in 1928.<ref name=":1" /> Edward Tays Cook was editor 1893–1895, and John Alfred Spender 1895–1928.<ref name=":1" /> ===The Woman's World=== November 1887 – Editor, [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] (April 1887 – by October 1889) Sub-Editor, Arthur Fish ''The Woman's World'' ceased publication not long after Wilde left it. ''The Queen'' was a competitor. [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] took over the editorship of ''The Lady's World'' in April 1887, changing its title (to ''The Woman's World'') and its mission.<ref name=":8">Fitzsimons, Eleanor. "Entering ''The Woman’s World'': Oscar Wilde as Editor of a Woman’s Magazine." ''The Victorian Web'' 17 September 2015. http://www.victorianweb.org/. Rpt. ''Academia'' https://www.academia.edu/15813341/Entering_The_Woman_s_World_Oscar_Wilde_as_Editor_of_a_Woman_s_Magazine. Rpt.? Eleanor Fitzsimons, ''Wilde's Women: How Oscar Wilde Was Shaped by the Women He Knew'' (Duckworth Overlook, 2015).</ref> ''The Lady's World'' was "a high-end, illustrated monthly magazine produced by Cassell and Company" that focused on fashion.<ref name=":8" /> ''The Woman's World'' was significantly redesigned for its November 1887 first issue:<blockquote>A fresh cover design featured Wilde’s name prominently with key contributors listed below. In a significant departure from convention, each article was attributed to its author by name. Wilde also increased the page count from thirty-six to forty-eight, and relegated fashion to the back while promoting literature, art, travel and social studies. Gone entirely were ‘Fashionable Marriages’, ‘Society Pleasures’, ‘Pastimes for Ladies’ and ‘Five o’clock Tea’. In his ‘Literary and Other Notes’, Wilde demonstrated unequivocal support for the greater participation of women in public life.<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>The "keynote" of ''The Woman's World'', according to Arthur Fish, was "the right of woman to equality of treatment with man."<ref name=":8" /> Wilde wrote to Thomas Wemyss Reid, General Manager of Cassells, that he wanted ''The Woman's World'' to "take a wider range, as well as a high standpoint, and deal not merely with what women wear, but with what they think, and what they feel."{{rp|qtd. in}}<ref name=":8" /> Eleanor Fitzsimons looks at the new way the periodical treated women's fashion under Wilde's editorship: "Although fashion remained a key feature, a conventional round-up of the season’s trends was supplemented with articles on cross-dressing, aesthetic design and rational dress."<ref name=":8" /> An advocate of "rational" or "aesthetic" dress, [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr|Alice Comyns Carr]] published an article in ''The Woman's World'' under Wilde's editorship. ===The World: A Journal for Men and Women=== The first number of the ''World'' was 8 July 1874. Edmund Yates and E. C. Grenville Murray were proprietors until 1874; Yates was editor from the beginning until the end of his life in 1894.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Journalism." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/journalism/.</ref> Yates wrote editorials under the pseudonym Atlas. According to P. D. Edwards, the ''World'' was <blockquote>a weekly newspaper dedicated to the style of ‘personal journalism’ that Yates had been perfecting in his various gossip columns for nearly twenty years. Its appeal was to men and women of the world: clubmen, sportsmen, hangers-on of the literary, theatrical, and artistic worlds, fashionable and would-be fashionable ladies. After a few months it became a conspicuous and continuing success, generating hosts of imitators and inaugurating, it is generally agreed, the most distinctive twentieth-century style of journalism.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Introduction." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/.</ref></blockquote> Some of the people who wrote for the ''World'' during Yates' editorship were [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]], [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]], and so on. It looks like the ''Clifton Society'' reprinted "What the World Says" columns from ''The World''. == Earlier in the Century == === The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts === Google Books has a few volumes of this paper. It was a weekly, 3 columns, 6''d''. per issue, 6''s''. 6''d''. per quarter. Publishing Office: 21, Catherine-street, The Strand. Ads at the end of each issue, ~15 pages. It had a section called "Court and Fashionable Gossip." There's no ''Wikipedia'' page on it, so I'm not certain of the run, but the issue dated 2 April 1853 is No. 1243, No. 264 New Series. Google Books has # 1833 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2KYEo3j3YL8C) # 1835 (https://books.google.com/books?id=LLcRAAAAYAAJ) # 1848 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4pIechTAkPIC) # 1853 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC) # 1854 (https://books.google.com/books?id=naw0BY8lYh8C) # 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JhJ_hI-lxCsC) # 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=1VcG8C2nbv4C) The 1853 volume has 40 issues. # ''The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts'', 2 April 1853 (No. 1243; No. 263 New Series): . https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 April 1853 (No. 1244; No. 264 New Series): 225–240. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 April 1853 (No. 1245; No. 265 New Series): 241–256. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 April 1853 (No. 1246; No. 266 New Series): 257–272. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 May 1853 (No. 1247; No. 267 New Series): 273–288. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 7 May 1853 (No. 1248; No. 268 New Series): 289–304. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 14 May 1853 (No. 1249; No. 269 New Series): 305–320. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 21 May 1853 (No. 1250; No. 270 New Series): 321–336. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 28 May 1853 (No. 1251; No. 271 New Series): 337–352. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 4 June 1853 (No. 1252; No. 272 New Series): 353–376. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 11 June 1853 (No. 1253; No. 273 New Series): 377–392. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 18 June 1853 (No. 1254; No. 274 New Series): 393–416. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 25 June 1854 (No. 1255; No. 275 New Series): 415–440. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 2 July 1854 (No. 1256; No. 276 New Series): 441–456. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 July 1854 (No. 1257; No. 277 New Series): 457–472. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 July 1854 (No. 1258; No. 278 New Series): 473–488. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 July 1854 (No. 1259; No. 279 New Series): 489–504. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 30 July 1854 (No. 1260; No. 280 New Series): 505–520. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 6 August 1854 (No. 1261; No. 281 New Series): 521–536. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 13 August 1854 (No. 1262; No. 282 New Series): 537–552. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 20 August 1854 (No. 1263; No. 283 New Series): 553–568. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 27 August 1854 (No. 1264; No. 284 New Series): 569–584. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 September 1854 (No. 1265; No. 285 New Series): 585–600. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 September 1854 (No. 1266; No. 286 New Series): 601–616. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 September 1854 (No. 1267; No. 287 New Series): 617–632. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 September 1854 (No. 1268; No. 288 New Series): 633–648. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 October 1854 (No. 1269; No. 289 New Series): 649–664. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 8 October 1854 (No. 1270; No. 290 New Series): 665–680. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 15 October 1854 (No. 1271; No. 291 New Series): 681–696. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 22 October 1854 (No. 1272; No. 292 New Series): 697–712. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 29 October 1854 (No. 1273; No. 293 New Series): 713–728. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 5 November 1854 (No. 1274; No. 294 New Series): 729–744. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 12 November '''1853''' (No. 1275; No. 295 New Series): 745–760. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 19 November 1853 (No. 1276; No. 296 New Series): 761–776. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 26 November 1853 (No. 1277; No. 297 New Series): 777–792. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 December 1853 (No. 1278; No. 298 New Series): 793–808. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 December 1853 (No. 1279; No. 299 New Series): 809–824. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 December 1853 (No. 1280; No. 300 New Series): 825–840. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 December 1853 (No. 1281; No. 301 New Series): 841–856. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 31 December 1853 (No. 1282; No. 302 New Series): 857–872. == Magazines and Other Periodicals == === Godey's Lady's Book === An American monthly called ''Godey's Lady's Book'' (1830–1878 or 1830–1892?) and ''Godey's Magazine'' (1878–1898 or 1892–1898?).<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-25|title=Godey's Lady's Book|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godey's_Lady's_Book|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Very influential in American women's and domestic culture, Godey's "was the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War. Its circulation rose from 70,000 in the 1840s to 150,000 in 1860."<ref name=":9" /> Edited by Mrs. Sarah Hale (Sarah Josepha Hale) between 1837 and 1877,<ref name=":9" /> the magazine's popularity and influence began to wane after the Civil War began in 1860, when Southern Women could not get copies, reducing the readership markedly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm|title=Godey's Lady's Book index introduction|date=2011-04-10|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2025-03-11}}</ref> ''Godey's'' always published hand-colored fashion plates that emphasized Parisian couture at the beginning of each issue, but the monthly was more general than strictly a fashion magazine: "Beginning in 1853, almost every issue also included an illustration and pattern with measurements for a garment to be sewn at home. A sheet of music for piano provided the latest waltz, polka or galop."<ref name=":9" /> Copies online: * 1850: https://web.archive.org/web/20070609085951/http://www.history.rochester.edu/godeys/ * 1855–1858: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/godeytitle.html * 1855, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, excerpts related to the project of making Thanksgiving a national celebration: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/shtable/shtable-thanks.html * 1855-1865, index of volumes, no content: https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm * July 1865: https://web.archive.org/web/20070605112136/http://www.unr.edu/sb204/theatre/chittoc.html === The Lady === Founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles (1842–1922) in 1885, ʼ is still in publication. I haven't found any digitized copies of 19th-century issues. === The Lady's Realm: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine === Gossipy, with a focus on the aristocracy and fashionable and news about the Season. Some fiction and poetry, mostly written by women with titles. * 1898, May–October, Vol. IV (): https://books.google.com/books?id=KG8-AAAAYAAJ * 1899, May–October, Vol. VI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=LG4-AAAAYAAJ * 1900, November–April, Vol. IX (): * 1901–1902, November–April, Vol. XI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=94x2MboTkX8C === London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for the Hours of Relaxation === A lot of serialized fiction, but Alexander Henry Wylie seems to have had an article in each issue about Society in one way or another. * 1889, July–December, Vol. LVI (56): https://books.google.com/books?id=oz0ZAAAAYAAJ * 1890, January–June, Vol. LVII (57): https://books.google.com/books?id=tSZKAAAAMAAJ * 1890 July–December, Vol. LVIII (58): https://books.google.com/books?id=-zIZAAAAYAAJ * * 1892 July–December, Vol. LXII (62): https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GAbrVRCDUC * etc. ==== Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614. ==== Anti-Semitism alert; classism alert. <blockquote> SO much has been written by Lady Cork, Lady Jeune, Mr. Mallock, and other writers on "society," that it seems superfluous to add anything to what they have contributed to various magazines; but to an on-looker who does not go to "every lighted candle " the question naturally arises, What is now called "society?" There was a time, say, thirty years ago, when undoubtedly there was such a thing, leaving out, of course, the political ladies, who owed it to their party and their husbands to entertain ''all'' that were "on their side of the House." That we leave entirely alone, although in the case of Lady Palmerston (who stands alone, as a political lady, from an entertaining point of view), she steered clear of receiving any one who was not a friend, a relation, a person of birth and position, a ''great'' luminary in the political world, a celebrated author, or in some way ''entitled'' to an invitation to the best ''salon'' the London world has seen for many generations, and, so far, is ever likely to see again. Frances, Lady Waldegrave had a ''salon'', but of a totally different kind: pleasant, yes, certainly; but cosmopolitan, undoubtedly. A loss she certainly is, not to the "great world," but to those who in every sense almost were her inferiors, and who would like to go out every night of their lives in a frivolous round of what they call "society." But I maintain "society " of thirty years ago does not exist at the present day. One most important cause is, notwithstanding what may be said to the contrary — and there are those who must own it to themselves — "You forget we have daughters to marry." No, I do not forget it, but strongly maintain all the more, considering the ''present'' state of "society," that the fathers and mothers should more than ever protect their sons and daughters from allying themselves with those whose family are in no way suited to their own, and whose only qualification is money. After all, what is money? Surely it is dearly bought if you have to marry it, and it alone; probably there is not an idea in common with the family who possess it, on either side, father or mother; they may never even have had grandfathers, or if so, probably of very humble origin, and in no way can their offspring be suitable companions for your children for life, and very often when married in a much higher sphere they expect that you have married not only themselves, but, also, their families. But to return to "society" as it now is. What is it? A new word has cropped up within the last ten years: "smart" society. Is it recruited from blood? assuredly not. Is it exemplary virtue? assuredly not. Is it exquisite wit? No, it is rich Jews, Americans, and those who must be ''en Evidence'', and that they only can be from entertainments that alone cost far more than the very highest giving of the aristocracy of our country could or would deem it expedient to afford in so poor a cause; but the ''nouveaux riches'' have to buy their way into our present London society, and except by spending large sums this end cannot be attained. Their ostentatious display would in itself prevent, and does prevent, many of the "noble of the land" from ever encouraging their impertinent overtures to induce them to visit them or to recognize them socially in any way; but there are those who "jump" at the invitations the minute they arrive, and a ready response is sent, only too willingly. But in many instances the excuse for going to these houses is, "You know we have ''all'' our daughters to marry and those people "who give these gorgeous feasts are all so colossally rich." Are they? Not always. Ask them in view of marriage to ''settle'' a sum on your son or daughter, as the case may be, and the answer generally is, "Trust to us to make money matters all right." We know in several instances the value of these assurances. While money lasts they probably make a fair allowance to the young couple, but a crash comes, and where is ''the fair allowance'', not to speak of a "settlement,<nowiki>''</nowiki> which of course has never been made. Mothers who take their daughters to the houses of the ''nouveaux riches'', of whatever nationality, have only themselves to thank if misfortune overtakes their children eventually, if it is by marriage that they have allied themselves to such people. I know at present of three ladies in London, but not in what is now termed "society," who would not for one moment admit any one of the "new" people to their houses. Without doubt they are the most exclusive in London. Happily for them, none of them have "daughters to marry." One is the wife of an exLord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the others, two sisters of high birth and of exquisite refinement, the wives of earls and the daughters of earls. But those distinguished ladies are in the minority; the greatest compliment one can pay them is: "You 'never hear of them;' they are not 'advertising ladies.'" Many of our great ladies no longer exist. Lady William Russell, Lady Holland — where are they? Alas! no longer with us. Cleveland House is, through change of hands, no more the home of the Duchess of Cleveland, and several more hostesses, from one cause and another, entertain no longer, and their places filled — how? Why, not at all. Where is the ''grande dame'' of only a few years ago? True, there are the Embassies, and very well done are all entertainments at them. The Russian and Austrian are quite of the very best description. With such hostesses nothing else could be expected, but where are the ladies of Great Britain? Certainly not in London. Our sovereign and princes never for a moment contemplate competing with the ostentatious plutocrats of to-day. Nor even do our highest aristocracy strive to emulate them; but it might effect a change if they would set an example of aristocratic simplicity, so far as is compatible with their great position. What the ''nouveaux riches'' do not seem to understand, is that there is no true distinction in being rich, and that no ''genuine'' reverence is extended to them simply because of their wealth. One of the greatest signs of their vulgarity is the wanton and purposeless display of opulence by people who have no other possession in the whole world to recommend them. They think they are imitating the "great ones of the land," and, were it worth while, "the great ones" could rebuke them by reducing their expenditure, having fewer domestics, fewer carriages, fewer gardeners and gamekeepers; but even were those things done, I believe the lesson would be lost, and the motive be entirely misunderstood. The ducal simplicity would be ascribed either to personal meanness or to a reduced income. I am afraid it would take a great many men of birth and wealth in these days to enter into a compact to make the experiment in question, before the world at large would even observe that any new moral dogma was being put to the test. London "society" at present is immense, but exclusive "society" is small, smaller than ever; because nowadays it is obliged to discriminate more than ever, lest by accident, unawares, a member of the large London "society" finds his way into the smaller and exclusive drawing-rooms; they know their friends, and "are known by them." Many of the hostesses of the present day know not even the name of the guest the servant announces, but the most distinguished men of the day are totally unknown in the houses of the ''nouveaux riches''. A certain set of people may go, of aristocratic birth, but probably they are impecunious (if not daughters to marry), and they think there is sure to be a good cook. A foreign royalty may go, but that is by mistake; H.R.H. may have been misled as to the social status of his host, and on his second visit to London will not again make the mistake he did on first visiting our shores. Let us hope that another season we may still have the exclusive hostesses with us, and that they will entertain in their usual unostentatious and high-bred manner. The last season was broken up by the dissolution of Parliament to a certain extent, but above all by the overwhelming calamity which happened to T.R.H. the Prince and the Princess of Wales, Her Majesty the Queen, the Royal Family, and to the nation at large.<ref>Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614.</ref>{{rp|611–614}} </blockquote> === The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality === Begun by William Ingram and Clement Shorter as an addition to the Illustrated London News, the Sketch was first edited by Clement Shorter (ed. 1893–1900). It focused on "high society and the aristocracy" (Wikipedia. "The Sketch." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sketch). It was printed and published by Ingram Brothers, 198, Strand, London and cost sixpence. The British Library holds a complete run, but as of August 2016, it was not part of the British Newspaper Archive; many of the volumes below were digitized and are probably held at the University of Minnesota. Google Books has some issues; I need Vol. 18, and have found the following: *Wednesday 2 August 1893, No. 27, through 25 October 1893, No. 39, Vol. III: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3w4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 31 October 1894, No. 92, through 23 January 1895, No. 104, Vol. VIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=lnw4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 30 January 1895, No. 105, through 24 April 1895, No. 117, Vol. IX: https://books.google.com/books?id=1304AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 1 May 1895, No. 118, through 24 July 1895, No. 130, Vol. X: https://books.google.com/books?id=A344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 30 October 1895, No. 144, through 22 January 1896, Vol. XII: https://books.google.com/books?id=P344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *1896, Vol. 13: https://books.google.com/books?id=7qI6mzrUr_QC&pg=PA340&dq=the+sketch+a+journal+of+art+and+actuality+volume+18&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifrq-cheDOAhUF1x4KHS1pA4IQ6AEIKDAC *Wednesday 29 April 1896, No. 170, through 22 July 1896, No. 182, Vol. XIV, plus Supplement: https://books.google.com/books?id=fH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 29 July 1896, No. 183, through 21 October 1897, No. 195, Vol. XV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 October 1896, No. 196, Vol. XVI, through 9 December 1896, No. 202, Vol. XVI: https://books.google.com/books?id=uX44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 28 April 1897, No. 222, through 21 July 1897, No. 234, Vol. XVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=fQxIAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 July 1897, No. 235, through 20 October 1897, No. 247, Vol. XIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=JH84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday January 26 1898, No. 261, through 20 April 1898, No. 273, Vol. XXI: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z384AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 27 July 1898, No. 287, through 19 October 1898, No. 299, Vol. XXIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=kn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 26 October 1898, No. 300, through 18 January 1899, No. 312, Vol. XXIV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 25 October 1899, No. 352, through 17 January 1900, No. 364, Vol. XXVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=4n84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 24 January 1900, No. 365, through 18 April 1900, No. 377, Vol. XXIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=G4A4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Vol. XXX: *Vol. XXXI: The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 31, 1900.pdf *Vol. XXXII *Vol. XXXIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 33, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 34, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 35, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 36, 1901-1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 37, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 38, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 39, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XL: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 40, 1902-1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 41, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 42, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 43, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 44, 1903-1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 45, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 46, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 47, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVIII: *Vol. XLIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 49, 1905.pdf]] *Vol. L: *Vol. LI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 51, 1905.pdf]] * *Vol. LIII *Vol. LVI === Quarterlies === * ''The Fortnightly Review'' (1865–; V. 62-63, 1894-95; V. 64-66, 1895-96) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 4018.340000) === Minor Magazines === * ''The Chameleon,'' an undergraduate literary magazine published by Oxford undergraduates. Lord Alfred Douglas's "Two Loves" was originally published in the December 1894 issue. == Resources for Working with Victorian Periodicals == === Researching the Periodicals, Authors, Etc. === * ''The Curran Index to Nineteenth-Century Periodicals'': https://www.curranindex.org/. Citing: Database: ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. 2017-present. curranindex.org. Entry: ‘[Page Title].’ ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. [URL], [date of access]. The Currran Index builds on the work in the ''Wellesley Index'', below. * ''The Wellesley Index To Victorian Periodicals 1824–1900''. 5 Vols. Ed., Walter E. Houghton. U of Toronto Press, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. *# Volume I ([[iarchive:wellesleyindexto0001unse/|https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0001unse]]) *#* ''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'' *#* ''The Contemporary Review'' *#* ''The Cornhill Magazine'' *#* ''The Edinburgh Review'' (including the years 1802–1823) *#* ''The Home and Foreign Review'' *#* ''Macmillan's Magazine'' *#* ''The North British Review'' *#* ''The Quarterly Review'' *# Volume II (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0002unse) *#* ''Bentley's Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Dublin Review'' *#* ''The Foreign Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Fortnightly Review'' *#* ''Fraser's Magazine'' *#* ''The London Review'' (1829) *#* ''The National Review'' (1883–) *#* ''The New Quarterly Magazine'' *#* ''The Nineteenth Century'' *#* ''The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine'' (1856) *#* ''The Rambler'' (1848–1862) *#* ''The Scottish Review'' (1882–) *#Volume III (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0003unse) *#*''Ainsworth Magazine'' *#*''The Atlantis'' *#*''The British and Foreign Review'' *#*''The London Review'' (1835–1836) *#*''The London and Westminster Review'' (1836–1840) *#*''The Modern Review'' *#*''The Monthly Chronicle'' *#*''The National Review'' (1855–1864) *#*''The New Monthly Magazine'' (1821–1854) *#*''The New Review'' *#*''The Prospective Review'' *#*''Saint Pauls'' *#*''Temple Bar'' *#*''The Theological Review'' *#*''The Westminster Review'' (1824–1836, 1840–1900) *#Volume IV (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0004unse) *#*''Bentley's Miscellany'' *#*''The British Quarterly Review'' *#*''The Dark Blue'' *#*''The Dublin University Magazine'' *#*''The London Quarterly Review'' *#*''Longman's Magazine'' *#*''Tait's Edinburgh Magazine'' (1832–1855) *#*''The University Magazine'' *#Volume V, Ed., Jean Harris Slingerland (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0005unse) *#*Epitome and Index * Directories ** [Mitchell's] Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150&view=1up&seq=250&q1=%22The+Lady%22 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150] * ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides'': https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/ === Sources of Digitized Periodicals === * The ''British Newspaper Archive'': https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/. The page numbering in the BNA does not match the page numbers on the printed page, and the title may not be accurate for that date, either. (e.g., 63 [of 97 in BNA; p. on print page], Col. 2a–3a [3 of 3 cols.]) * ''Google Books'' has some periodicals digitized and still available through them. * The ''Hathi Trust Digital Library'': https://www.hathitrust.org/ (accessed December 2022). * ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:howtodoitordire00unkngoog/page/n68/mode/2up|https://archive.org/details/]] * Library of Congress ''Chronicling America'' (for American newspapers): https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ * The London ''Times'' * The ''Newspaper Archive'': https://newspaperarchive.com/ * ''The Online Books Page'' University of Pennsylvania Libraries: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/ (accessed December 2022) * ''Open Access Nineteenth-century Periodicals'', at The Victorian Web: https://victorianweb.org/periodicals/openaccess.html ==Bibliography== *[1884-03-07 Pictorial World] The Pictorial World 7 March 1874 (1:1). Old Pictorial: Press from Our Past. Online http://www.oldpictorial.com/publishedby/pictorial-world/. *[1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C] "L. E." "A Chat with Lady Violet Greville." The Sketch 4 April 1894, Wednesday: 5, Col. 1A. (Behind paywall: http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001860/18940404/007/0005) Accessed December 2016. *Beetham, Margaret, and Kay Boardman, eds. Victorian Women's Magazines: An Anthology. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001. Google Books. *Gliserman, Susan. "Mitchell's 'Newspaper Press Directory': 1846–1907." Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, No. 4 April 1969 (2: 1): 10–29. *Hindle, Wilfred. The Morning Post: 1772–1937, Portrait of a Newspaper. London: Rutledge, 1937. *Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Victorian news parody." Reply to a posting on the Victoria listserv (victoria@list.indiana.edu). Monday, January 21, 2019 at 9:25 AM. *Miliband, Marion, ed. ''The [London] Observer of the Nineteenth Century, 1791-1901.'' London: Longmans, 1966. DA530.O2. *[Mitchell]. Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897. *[NPD 1905] Newspaper Press Directory: And Advertisers' Guide, Containing Full Particulars of Every Newspaper, Magazine, Review, and Periodical Published in the United Kingdom and the British Isles. The Newspaper Map of the United Kingdom, the Continental, American, Indian and Colonial Papers, and a Directory of the Class Papers and Periodicals. Diamond Jubilee Issue. 60th annual issue. London: C. Mitchell and Co., 1905. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=mGMLAAAAYAAJ. *Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana. Web. Accessed April 2017. http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html *Sell, Henry. Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press. London, Sell's: 1886. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=SEsCAAAAYAAJ. *Thomas, Frederick Moy, ed. Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson. London: Macmillan, 1904. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=-mMLAAAAYAAJ. *Thorold, Algar Labouchere. The Life of Henry Labouchere. New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1913. *[Who's Who 55] Addison, Henry Robert, and Charles Henry Oakes, William John Lawson, Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen, eds. Who's Who, 1903. 55th edition. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1903. Google Books. *Willing's British and Irish Press Guide and Advertiser's Directory and Handbook. ["Late May's."] 18th ed. n.p., 1891. Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=104CAAAAYAAJ. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Newspapers]] ot04qcivvwcjqfviqt43njsc6ebtnue 2818156 2818155 2026-07-12T11:51:51Z ~2026-39254-40 3100486 /* The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality */ more volumes on Commons 2818156 wikitext text/x-wiki = Newspapers and Magazines = See also the page collecting [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing|people who worked in publishing and journalism]]: publishers, journalists (including "[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Aristocratic Lady Journalists]]"), illustrators, editors, proprietors, and so on. Magazines and less-frequently published periodicals are [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Magazines and Other Periodicals|later on this page]]. == Periodicals That Published Society and London Gossip (Mitchell's) == *The Argus *The Bookman *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts|The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The (London) Echo|The (London) Echo]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies|Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen|The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen]] *Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle *The Isle of Wight Guardian *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Lady|The Lady]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lady of the House|The Lady of the House]] *The Lady's Magazine (La Moniteur de la Mode) [about class rather than gossip] *The Lady's World (see [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]]) *The Licensed Victualler's Mirror *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion|Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion]] *Observer *The Owl *The People *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper|The Queen, the Lady's Newspaper]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality|The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Society|Society]] *St. James's Budget *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The St. James's Gazette|The St. James's Gazette]] *The Stage *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Vanity Fair|Vanity Fair]] *Warder and Dublin Weekly Mail *Waverley *The Weekly Sun *The Western Weekly Mercury *Whitehall Review *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]] *Wrexham Argus and North Wales Athlete The Central Press, a press agency, says it provides "Lobby Gossip" (Mitchell's 188) and "Society Gossip" (Mitchell's 304). === Fashion Writers and Illustrators === * [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Clara Rook]] == Papers from Outside the U.K. That Played a Role == *''The Beacon'' (in Poona, India) *''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) *''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' *''India'' *''Mercure de France'' *''Overland Mail'' (written for India; special edition for China) *The New York ''Herald'' (9 March 1858–31 January 1920; British Library DSC Shelfmark 6089.303000n) *The Paris ''Temps'' (British Library DSC Shelfmark 8790.050000) == Other Newspapers == * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Belfast News-Letter|The Belfast News-Letter]] * ''The Echo'' (1868–) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 3647.367450n) * ''The Glasgow Herald'' (26 August 1805–) * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper]] * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The London Daily News|The London Daily News]] * London ''Daily Telegraph'' (1855–),<blockquote>founded by Joseph Moses Levy in a market in which there were ten newspapers, so he made his paper less expensive than the rest. Very quickly it was outselling the ''Times.'' In its early days, under the editorship of Levy and his employees, the paper supported liberal causes and governmental reform. It also sensationalized its stories. Some headlines from the 1850s included the following: "A Child Devoured by Pigs," "Extraordinary Discovery of Man-Woman in Birmingham," "Shocking Occurrence: Five Men Smothered in a Gin Vat." In keeping with its sensationalistic approach, the paper focused on crime and court reporting. In the 1870s, the leadership on the paper was politically conservative. Edwin Arnold was editor, and he was not replaced until 1899. In the early 1880s a reporter on the paper helped solve a murder on a train. The murderer was identified by the first portrait block published in a newspaper, and he was subsequently convicted and executed. The paper would have been associated with investigative journalism. (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone) (ISSN 03071235. British Library DSC Shelfmark 3512.450000f)</blockquote>In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily Telegraph''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} <blockquote>DAILY TELEGRAPH. I''d''. Established June, 20, 1855. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal. The ''Daily Telegraph'', a morning journal which, while thoroughly devoted to the large interests of the Liberal cause, has not unfrequently taken an independent course on the merits of particular questions. Over and above its recognized political position as the popular exponent of Liberal views, it has acquired an unequalled celebrity through the promptitude, the fulness, and the variety of its telegraphic advices; the enterprise which its conductors have shown when events of great national or international interest demanded early and ample description; and the novelty and freshness of the social articles, which are a constant feature of the paper, both in its leading columns and elsewhere. The popularity and influence of the ''Daily Telegraph'' are alike very great. Published by Archibald Johnstone, 135, Fleet Street, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|59}}</blockquote> * The London ''Evening News''.<blockquote>The ''Evening News'' joined the highly competitive group of London daily newspapers in 1894 when it was purchased by journalist Alfred Harmsworth. Under Harmsworth the newspaper was successful and rather sensationalistic, with illustrations and headlines like "Was It Suicide or Apoplexy?, Another Battersea Scandal, Bones in Bishopgate, Hypnotism and Lunacy and Killed by a Grindstone" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/Jevening.htm [link no longer works, server gone]). Harmsworth claimed in November 1894 that his newpaper had the largest circulation in the world — 394,447 — and that the only reason the sales were below half a million copies was the number of printing presses he owned. When his daughter was born in January 1889, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] put the announcement in the ''Evening News'': "CONAN DOYLE. On the 28th instant, at Bush Villa, Elm Grove, Mrs Conan Doyle, wife of A. Conan Doyle MD, of a daughter" (Stavert 136).</blockquote> * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#London Standard and the London Evening Standard|The London Standard and Evening Standard]] * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Man of Ross|Man of Ross]] * ''The National Observer'' * ''Reynold's Weekly Newspaper'' <blockquote>had, by the end of the century, been a fixture in London journalism for many years and was, in its own words, "devoted to the cause of freedom and in the interests of the enslaved masses." Founded in 1850, it owed some of its very large circulation to its price — George William Reynolds lowered the price from 4 shillings to a penny in 1864, and by 1875 its circulation was 350,000 a week. When Reynolds died in 1894, the paper was taken over by liberal M.P. James Henry Dalziel, who "brought in several new features including a women's page, serial stories, words and music of popular songs and help finding missing relatives and friends" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * ''The Scottish Leader'' (3 January 1887 – 4 July 1894?) * ''The Star'', <blockquote>founded in 1887 by politically radical journalist and Irish nationalist T. P. O'Connor. ''The Star'' hired writers for their radical beliefs. Assistant editor H. W. Massingham also hired well-known writers for their talents and names. He knew [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and hired him to be an assistant leader-writer. Reporter Ernest Clarke is remembered by O'Connor in his ''Memoirs'' like this: "He might be trusted to work up any sensational news of the day, and helped, with [his coverage of] Jack the Ripper, to make gigantic circulations hitherto unparalleled in evening journalism" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Star of Guernsey|Star of Guernsey]] * The ''St. James's Gazette'' * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Westminster Gazette|Westminster Gazette]] === The Belfast News-Letter === The ''Belfast News-Letter'' began publication in 1737<ref name=":0">MJH/MaT [Matthew James Huggins/Matthew Taunton]. "Belfast News-Letter (1737–)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 44, Col. 2b – 45, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|44, Col. 2b}}; by the second half of the 19th century it reported local news and "dedicated an unusual amount of column inches to literary* matters for a newspaper and printed sports'* reports, articles on horticulture and gardening*, and pieces detailing the latest developments in ladies' fashion."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|45, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}} It came out on Wednesday and Saturdays and cost 4d.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|44, Col. 2b}} ===The (London) Daily News=== In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily News''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. <blockquote>Daily News. 1d. Established Jan. 21, 1846. Principles: Liberal and Independent. It is very ably conducted in every department; and neither in its politics or literature, its domestic or foreign news, its English, American, or Continental correspondence and telegrams, yields the palm to any of its contemporaries. Its literary, dramatic, and musical articles are distinguished by great ability. Published by T. Britton, 19, 20, 21, Bouverie Street; (Office for Advertisements) 67, Fleet Street, W.C. (Advt. p. 32.)<ref name=":2" /> (58)</blockquote> ''Daily News'' ad in ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'', 1895: <blockquote>Daily News Office,<br> 67, Fleet Street, London.<br> 1895.<br> Important to Advertisers.<br> The Daily News<br> Has<br> The Largest Circulation<br> Of Any Liberal Paper in the World.<br> The Daily News is now the leading Liberal organ. It has the largest circulation of any liberal paper in the world, and is, therefore, the best channel for Advertisements of every description.<br> [C. Mitchell & Co., Advertising Agents and Contractors, 12 and 13, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.] (32).</blockquote> The ''Daily News'' was edited by Charles Dickens early on. Editor William Black "retired from journalism" in 1876 (Brake Demoor 57 a–b). Conservative Edward Tyas Cook was editor between 1895 and 1901, when he was dismissed by the new owners, the Cadbury family. Henry Labouchere was part-proprietor beginning in 1868 (Brake Demoor 338a). According to ''The Life of Henry Labouchere'', which is quoting ''Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson'', <blockquote> Sir John Robinson thus describes the syndicate of which Mr. Labouchere became a member: "The proprietors of the Daily News, a small syndicate which never exceeded ten men, were a mixed body, hardly any two of whom had anything in common. The supreme control in the ultimate resort rested with three of them, Mr. Henry Oppenheim, the well-known financier, with politics of no very decided kind; Mr. Arnold Morley, a Right Honourable, an ex-party Whip, / and a typical ministerial Liberal; and Mr. Labouchere, the Radical, financier, freelance. Others had but a small holding, and practically did not count, save as regards any moral influence they might bring to brea on their colleagues at Board meetings."{{rp|Thorold 95–96}}</blockquote> Labouchere sold his share in 1895 (Thorold 96): <blockquote>On Mr. Gladstone's withdrawal from public life," he wrote in ''Truth'', "the party, or rather a majority of the officialdom of the party became tainted with Birmingham imperialism. My convictions did not allow me to be connected with a newspaper which supported a clique of intriguers that had captured the Liberal ship, and that accepted blindly these intriguers as the representatives of Liberalism in regard to our foreign policy.</blockquote> It looks like when Robinson stepped down, the proprietors were Oppenheim and Morley until the paper was sold to the next syndicate, which included George Cadbury{{rp|Thomas 380}}. === The (London) Echo === According to the 1895 Mitchell's, the ''Echo'' was an evening paper and in its quick overview says,<blockquote>ECHO. Daily, 1''d''. Established December, 1868. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal Unionist. It contains, in a condensed form, all the news of the day — devoting much space to "city matters," and giving details of all "business done" on the Stock Exchange. The ''Echo'' comments fearlessly on politics and statesmen. It endeavours to promote the national welfare. It strives to secure peace, to enforce economy, and to uphold a national policy enlightened by universal education. Published at 22, Catherine Street. W.C. (Advt., p. 247.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> The advertisement says,<blockquote>Echo. Established Quarter of a Century. <small>FAVOURITE EVENING PAPER FOR FAMILY READING</small>. Largest London Circulation. The <small>ECHO</small> is a daily newspaper and review, containing, in a condensed form, all the news of the day, in anticipation of the following day's morning paper. The <small>ECHO</small> is now acknowledged to be one of the best mediums for advertisers. In addition to its having the largest London circulation, (which on occasions reaches almost 300,000 [? the 3 is not clear]), its convenient size, and the excellent arrangement of its advertisements, ensure all the announcements appearing in its columns being brought directly under the notice of its very large number of readers. The <small>ECHO</small>, price One Halfpenny, can be obtained of any news agents in town or country, or a copy will be sent post-free to any address in the United Kingdom, at the rate of One Penny daily, viz., 26s. for twelve months; 13s. for six months; or 6.6d. for three months. P.O. Orders to be made payable to J. Passmore Edwards, 22, Catherine-st., Strand, London, W.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|246, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> === Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies === 1892–? The British Library may have a run; the Bodleian seems to as well. ===The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's, ''The Gentlewoman''<blockquote>Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very Iarge and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the continent, in America and the colonies tinent, in America and the colonies, amongst the best and public most wealthy class.</blockquote> *According to an ad in the 1905 Newspaper Press Directory, the Gentlewoman was a weekly published on Thursday (NPD 1905 94). *It was a women's (ladies') magazine. *1890–1926 *The address was 70–76 Long Acre, London, W.C. (NPD 1905 94). *It carried illustrated interviews: <quote>the subject was often an aristocratic woman and the interview was as much about the decor and furnishings of her home as about her own achievements. These interviews blended with the advice on furnishing and house decoration which became increasingly popular feature in all kinds of magazines for women at this time. They also exploited the techniques of the new journalism to suggest an intimacy with the great and famous into whose most private rooms the reader was allowed to look</quote> (Beetham and Boardman 59). <blockquote>Gentlewoman (The). Thursday, 6d.<br> Established 1890. Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very large and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the Continent, in America and the Colonies, amongst the best and most wealthy class.<br> Published at 70–76, Long Acre, W.C. (Advt., p. 96.)</blockquote>{{rp|NPD 1905 71}}. [IMG] (Who's Who 55 31) ===The Graphic=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's Newspaper Directory, ''The Graphic'' was a weekly, published on Fridays, which sold for 6d. Its description read as follows: <blockquote>Principles: Independent. An admirably illustrated journal, combining "Literary excellence with artistic beauty." The illustrations are in the first style of art. The literary portion of the paper is admirable in its arrangement, and a series of essays and notices on the topics of the day add greatly to its attractive character. Stories by popular authors appear weekly, illustrated by eminent artists.<ref name=":2" /> (68)</blockquote> It was "of small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress..., featuring at least 20 engravings mainly of larger size."<ref name=":6">Law, Graham. "The Illustrated London News and The Graphic." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/.</ref> By the late 1890s, it had grown to 32 pages and had a number of supplements.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Graphic'' had a ladies' column in the 1890s and 1900s written by Lady Violet Greville, "Place aux Dames":<blockquote>Lady Violet claimed, when offered the ''Graphic'' job, that all her suggestions for subject-matter — art, literature, theatre, dress — were rejected on the grounds that they already had writers for those topics — and she should just write whatever she liked! She clearly did, earning the compliment from fellow journalist Mary Billington, (who eventually ran the "women's department" at the ''Daily Telegraph'') that as a writer she combined "daring, brilliancy, and romance":. In particular she championed the cause of sports for women.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>See the paragraph under the ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Illustrated London News|Illustrated London News]]'' about Florence Fenwick-Miller and Violet Greville's roles in articulating the subtle differences between the ''Graphic'' and the ''Illustrated London News'' on the topic of the New Woman. ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William Luson Thomas was Managing Director between 1869 and 1900.<ref name=":6" /> E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher between 1869 and 1893; E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher (and at 12, Milford Lane, printer) between 1894 and 1895; G. R. Parker & A. F. Thomas at 190, Strand, were publishers and at 12, Milford Lane printers.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were Arthur Locker (1870–1891) and T. H. Joyce (1891–1906).<ref name=":6" /> (Edmund Yates must not have been a chief editor.) In 1890 William Luson Thomas, the same proprietor, spun off a ''Daily Graphic''.<ref>BM [Brian Maidment]. "Thomas, William Luson (1830–1900)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 623, Col. 2b.</ref> ==== Circulation ==== ''The Graphic'' reported that regular issues in the 1880s occasionally had runs of 250,000, and "Christmas numbers for 1881, 1882 [of] more than 500,000."<ref name=":6" /> ==== ''The Graphic'' Digitized ==== * At the Hathi Trust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000533840 * British Newspaper Archive: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?exactsearch=false&retrievecountrycounts=false&newspapertitle=the%2bgraphic ==== Reading for ''The Graphic'' ==== * Korda, Andrea. ''Printing and Painting the News in Victorian London: The Graphic and Social Realism, 1869–1891''. Ashgate, 2015; Routledge, 2017. ===The Illustrated London News=== The ''Illustrated London News'' was a weekly published on Saturday and costing 6 pence after 1871.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Victorian Fiction Research Guide'' says about the ''Illustrated London News'',<blockquote>by far the most successful of the metropolitan weeklies was a Saturday journal starting up in May 1842, whose most distinctive feature was that it was the first British newspaper to give priority to pictures.<ref name=":4">Law, Graham. "Introduction." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/introduction/.</ref></blockquote>And that by the 1890s it was 32 pages, "small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress," with "over 50 [engravings] from half-column to double-page size.<ref name=":6" /><p></p> Florence Fenwick-Miller wrote a "Ladies Column," later renamed to "Ladies' Page," for the ''Illustrated London News'':<blockquote>Florence Fenwick-Miller’s weekly ‘Ladies Column’ in ''The Illustrated London News'' and its equivalent in ''The Graphic'', Lady Violet Greville’s ‘Place aux Dames’, form a fascinating contrast. In brief, Fenwick-Miller in ''The Illustrated London News'' takes a progressive line on the suffrage and marriage questions, celebrating a victory for women’s rights in the Jackson/Clitheroe judgement (which denied the authority of the husband to hold his wife against her will, 4 April 1891, 452), yet remains an enthusiastic advocate of the latest feminine fashions from Paris. On the death of Emily Faithful, Fenwick-Miller praises her work as a publisher while criticizing the manliness of her costume (15 June 1895, 750). Greville in ''The Graphic'' opposes electoral or marriage reform, but is in favour of paid work, active athleticism, and rational dress for women – she sees the enfranchisement of women in Australia as the ‘thin end of the wedge’ (25 Nov 1893, 659), but demands that ‘where women do equally good work with men their wages should be the same’ (15 Sept 1894, 306).<ref name=":4" /></blockquote> ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William J. Ingram & Charles L. N. Ingram were the proprietors between 1872 and 1905 and the publishers and printers between 1884 and 1905.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were John Lash Latey (1863-1890), C. K. Shorter (1891-1900) and Bruce S. Ingram (1900-1963).<ref name=":6" /> ==== Circulation ==== The circulation was attested at 123,000 in 1854, with larger runs (as reported by the ''Illustrated London News'') of 310,000 for the issue about the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 1863 (''The Illustrated London News,'' 13 May 1967, 42–3) and of more than 500,000 for holiday issues in the 1880s.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Availability ==== The ILN can be found in Google Books: *Vol. 32, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FNFCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 33, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ps9CAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 35, 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=3NNCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 39, 1861 (https://books.google.com/books?id=V4g-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 40, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yIY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 41, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xmQjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 42, Jan–June 1863 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yoVUAAAAcAAJ or https://books.google.com/books?id=PWUjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 45, 1864 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8ok-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 46, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ToY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 47, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=rYk-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 89, 1886 (https://books.google.com/books?id=R4o-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 91, 1887 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JIo-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 92, 1888 (https://books.google.com/books?id=joo-AQAAMAAJ) === The Ladies Field === 1898–1922. The British Newspaper Archive does not have this periodical digitized (as of January 2024). === The Lady === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says ''The Lady'' was composed on a Linotype machine.<ref name=":2" /> (255, Col. 1a) It was published on Wednesdays.<blockquote>LADY. Wednesday. 3''d''. Established February 19, IRRi The ''Lady'' deals with the many subjects in which Iadies are interested fully and completely. Home dress-making, household management, social news, information, hints, and advice, all find place in its pages. It is admirably illustrated with fashions, dresses, &c. Published at 39 & 40, Bedford St., Strand, W.C. (Advt., p. 250.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|71, Col. 1a}}</blockquote> An advertisement in ''Mitchell's'' for ''The Lady'' says,<blockquote>The Best Ladies' Newspaper. The Lady. Weekly, price Three pence. THE LADY has articles in each issue devoted to the Toilet, the Fashions of Dress, Home Decoration, the Accomplishments, the Social and Domestic Life, Travel for Pleasure and Health, the Household in its many aspects; and numerous other interesting features. A large staff of competent writers, artists, and practical administrators are engaged in each department, with the result that THE LADY is admitted to be best, cheapest, and most useful ladies' journal ever produced. The Terms for Advertisements may be had on application. London — THE LADY Offices, 39–40. Bedford-street and Maiden-lane, Strand. W.C.<ref name=":2" /> (250, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Begun in 1885,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-23|title=The Lady (magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_(magazine)&oldid=1171891113|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_(magazine).</ref> the ''Lady'' is still being published, and old issues are not available in a digitized form. The current magazine has a mechanism for getting access to back issues, but they are all 21st-century issues. === The Lady of the House === ''The Lady of the House and Domestic Economist'' began publication on 1 September 1890, the first day of the fall quarter, aimed at educated Irish women and "the Lady Amateur." The first issue says,<blockquote>Introductory. A New Journal which did not claim to fill that time-honoured "long-felt want” which all new Journals seek to occupy would, indeed, show but poor reason for its existence. The Proprietors and Publishers of the “Lady of the House,” although responsible for a new feature in Journalism, have no desire to depart from the traditional custom of the craft. They claim that this Journal distinctly fills a long-felt want, and fills it well. The want has long been felt of a high-class Irish Journal solely devoted to Fashion, the Beautifying of the Home and Person, Scientific Cookery, the Toilet, the Wants and Amusements of Children, the Garden and Conservatory, and the hundred-and-one matters which interest educated women. This want, we repeat, has been felt, but has not hitherto been filled, except by the English Ladies’ Journals, which enjoy an immense circulation in this country. The “Lady of the House” will be issued Quarterly — on the first day of each season — Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. The Autumn Number is now presented, and comprises Fashions for Autumn, Seasonable Descriptions of New Hats, Gowns, Mantles, &. Dishes for Autumn will be found in the "Cookery Section;" a high Art Authority describes the best arrangement of the house in Autumn, and a no less high Authority on Horticulture instructs the Lady Amateur on the management of her Garden at this Season. This, the plan on which the Journal is originated, will be fully and faithfully observed each Quarter, when ''Twenty Thousand Copies'' will be distributed gratuitously. The costliness of such an undertaking must be apparent to everyone. Notwithstanding this, the Proprietors do not seek the Subscriptions of the reading public. The next (Winter Quarter) Number will be issued on the first day of Winter — 23rd December next — and will contain an exhaustive ''résumé'' of the Paris Winter Fashions, and a mass of finely-illustrated Literature, suitable for Christmastide.<ref>"Introductory." ''Lady of the House'' 1 September 1890, Monday: 3 [of 38], Col. 1a–2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004835/18900901/012/0003''.''</ref></blockquote> === Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper === 1842–1931. Edited by Thomas Catling 1884–1906.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-02|title=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper&oldid=1173436602|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper.</ref> "On 16 February 1896, ''Lloyd’s Weekly'' became the only British newspaper in the nineteenth century to sell more than a million copies."<ref name=":7" /> === The London Gazette === An official journal of record for the government of the U.K., the London Gazette has detailed coverage of official social events — like weddings of the royal family, for example, and granting of awards and honors. * Front page: https://www.thegazette.co.uk. * Number 23720, 24 March 1871, is a supplement detailing the wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] and John Campbell, Marquis of Lorne (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23720/) * Number 26869, 2 July 1897, records nothing about the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] because nothing official occurred because of it (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26869/page/3637). === The Man of Ross === Also, ''The Man of Ross, Forest of Dean, and West of England Advertiser''. A conservative newspaper that came out on Saturday, 1d. (one penny).<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}} The 1895 Mitchell's says of Ross, Herefordshire,<blockquote>A market town, with iron and coal-mines in the neighbourhood, and extensive iron and tinplate-works about six miles distant. The district is rural and the population (9,651) is engaged in mining and agricultural pursuits.<ref name=":2" /> (145, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Of the Man of Ross newspaper, Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Gives the local and general news of the week, with a varied, useful, and entertaining miscellany of general information, and original articles. P<small>ROPRIETOR</small> — John Counsell.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ===The (London) Morning Post=== In 1879, Mitchell's Press Directory described the Morning Post as follows: <blockquote>MORNING POST. Daily, 3d. Established 1772. Principles: High Church and Whig. The Post is not merely a political newspaper, it is the fashionable chronicle and journal of the Beau Monde. Few events occur in the higher circles, to which publicity can consistently be given, which are not reported in its columns. Its news department is full and complete; its reports impartial, and well written; and its criticisms on books, music, pictures, and science are considered as authorities. Its correspondents are numerous; and those in the colonies especially are evidently well informed upon all questions that form the subjects of public discussion of government policy. It is an able and consistent advocate of the principles of the "High Church" party, as distinguished from the "Evangelical" section of the Church; but it does not favour the doctrines of the Ritualistic party. Published by F. W. Smith, Wellington Street, W.C. (Gliserman [11])</blockquote> Brake and Demoor say the ''Morning Post'' was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849 and bought by his son Algernon Borthwick, who had been editor as well, in 1879. In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Morning Post'''s politics were conservative, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 10 a.m., and the "Time Published" was 3 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor's ''Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland'' says the following: <blockquote>The editorship was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849, the start of a family connection that was to last until 1924. On Borthwick's death in 1852, the editorship passed to his son Algernon Borthwick, who bought the paper in 1876, and consolidated its imperialist* and conservative tone. He also continued its interest in sporting* matters, particular racing. When he took over the paper, its circulation had declined to under 3,000 (compared to a circulation of The Times of 40,000.) He reduced the price* from 3d to 1d and increased its circulation. During his editorship, leader writers included Andrew Lang* and Alfred Austin*. William E. Henley*, Thomas Hardy* and Rudyard Kipling contributed verse while George Meredith was its special correspondent during the Italian wars* of liberation from Austria. Borthwick, now Lord Glenesk, died in 1908 and his family sold the paper in 1924. It merged* with the Daily Telegraph* in 1937. JRW Sources: Griffiths 1992, Hindle 1937, ODNB. (Brake and Demoor 427; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book)</blockquote> In Mitchell's 1906 ''Newspaper Press Directory'', the ''Morning Post'' is described as follows: <blockquote>Morning Post. Daily, 1d. Established 1772. Principles: Unionist. The Morning Post is the oldest daily newspaper existing in London. It gives special attention to fashionable and foreign news, and is also noted for its full and accurate reports of Parliamentary proceedings. As a medium for announcements which it is desired to bring before the notice of the high and wealthy classes, the Morning Post cannot be surpassed. Published by E. E. Peacock, Aldwych, W.D. (Advt. p. 88.)<br> Tele. Nos.<br> Strand (5432 Gerrard.<br> (13553 P.O. Central<br> Aldwych, 13501 P.O. Central<br> City Office, 5522 Avenue. (NPD 1905: 62; identical description in Mitchell 1896 58)</blockquote> ''Willing's British and Irish Press Guide'' for 1891 describes the Morning Post like this: <blockquote>MORNING POST, 1772. (c) Daily — 3 a.m. 1d. T. L. Coward, 12 Wellington Street, W.C. Political, general, and fashionable newspaper. (Willing's 1891: 79)</blockquote> Willing's also classifies the ''Morning Post'' as a family newspaper.{{rp|135}} <blockquote>Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press says this in 1886: Dating its birth back to the year 1772, this paper can boast of being the oldest political daily newspaper existing in London. Its career has ben a very distinguished and interesting one; and among its contributors it has numbered Southey, Wordsworth, Sir James Mackintosh and others. Coleridge was for some time its editor, and Charles Lamb contributed witty paragraphs. From its commencement it has been most ably conducted, and its criticisms on plays, music, and books are excellent. The special features of the Morning Post are its fashionable and foreign news, to which it gives special [127/128] prominence. Nothing of interest occurs in the upper circles of society that is not recorded in its columns, and everything which can interest the beau monde receives notice. The circulation of the Morning Post, though not so great as some of its contemporaries, is a very good one, being chiefly among fashionable and wealthy circles. This paper is consequently well adapted for the advertising of articles de luxe and good possessing first-class workmanship and artistic merit, the sale of which is almost entirely confined to persons to whom the cost is of secondary importance. Compared with the other "dailies" the advertising charges of the Morning Post are moderate. Till within the last two years this paper was published at threepence, but now its price is the general one of a penny, a reduction which has already increased its sale tenfold.{{rp|127–128}}</blockquote> Advertising prices for the Morning Post from the Newspaper Press Dictionary (NPD 1905: 88), found in Google Books: [IMG] ====The ''Morning Post'' in Fiction==== When Major Pendennis moves to the country in Thackeray's 1864 novel, "he will miss seeing his name in the Morning Post on the day after each of the 'great London entertainments'" (Hampton, Mark. Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850–1950. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004: 23). Gwendolyn in Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' says she will announce her engagement in the ''Morning Post''. In a discussion of parodies of newspaper journalism, Patrick Leary says, "Punch frequently ran such parodies, beginning quite early on in the 1840s. The obsequiousness of the Morning Post (or "The Fawning Post," as Douglas Jerrold liked to call it) was a favorite target." (Leary). ====Some Important Writers, Contributors, Editors, Etc.==== *C. J. (Charles James) Dunphie was art and theatre critic 1856–1908 (Brake and Demoor 186) *William A. Barrett was "chief music* critic on the Morning Post* (1866–1891)" (Brake and Demoor 39) *Algernon Borthwick founded a "society magazine" called The Owl (Brake and Demoor 67) *Florence Caroline Douglas Dixie, war correspondent in the Boer War, 1897 (Brake and Demoor 172) *Rudyard Kipling *Benjamin Disraeli, before Borthwick took over (Brake and Demoor 427) *Andrew Lang, occasional contributor (Brake and Demoor 346) *Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe (Brake and Demoor 270) *William E. Henley (Brake and Demoor 427) *Alfred Austin (Brake and Demoor 427) *Thomas Hardy (Brake and Demoor 427) *George Meredith (Brake and Demoor 427) *Winston Churchill (Brake and Demoor 412) === Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion === ''Internet Archive'' has [[iarchive:myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/1|https://archive.org/details/myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/]]. (1875–1912) === The Pall Mall Gazette === Mitchell's classifies the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' as an evening paper.<ref name=":2" /> (p. 60, Col. 1b) The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' ran a "ladies' column" called the "Wares of Autolycus"<blockquote>from May 1893 to the end of 1898, appearing most days of the week, and drawing on a group of female journalists, notably Alice Maynell, to cover between them literature, gardening, fashion, home decor, good food, and society news. But though constructed in gossip column form, its aesthetic and literary standards lifted it well above the level of the average contemporary gossip column.<ref name=":5">Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." ''Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana'' http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html (accessed April 2017).</ref></blockquote>Both [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] wrote for the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', which was edited by W. T. Stead. Shaw wrote book reviews. Special issues of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' published some investigative journalism Stead did, "The Maiden Tribute to the Modern Babylon," about selling girls for sexual slavery (which lead to the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885). ===The Pictorial World=== The Pictorial World was an illustrated weekly newspaper that published between 7 March 1874 and 9 July 1892, or perhaps a new series began in 1891 (conflicting library records). According to its first issue, <blockquote> The Programme of The Pictorial World may be given in a few words. It is to present to the great middle-class of England, and of all English-speaking countries, a weekly illustrated record of passing events, which shall be pure in tone, amusing in its contents, and graceful to the eye— a paper which will depict faithfully with pen and pencil both "what the world says" and "what the world does." In The Pictorial World authors and artists will work together— each will inspire the other; and the cut-and-dried style of article shall be as much as possible avoided. It will therefore largely depend upon external help and kindnesses, and will open its pages to interesting sketches, far-brought novelties, and hints from friends at home and abroad. Such, in brief outline, is our wish and plan: we offer this first number as an earnest of our desire to carry it out; our succeeding numbers will show a progressive improvement. Appealing for public support, we look confidently to the future. (1884-03-07 Pictorial World) </blockquote> Lady Violet Greville says she wrote anonymously or pseudonymously for the ''Pictorial World'' (1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C), perhaps shortly after it began publication. Mary Elizabeth Braddon published ''The Golden Calf'' in the ''Pictorial World'', 1882–1883. George Robert Sims published a series called "How the Poor Live" beginning in 1883. ===The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper=== The weekly newspaper (published on Saturdays) ''Queen'' was marketed to women in the "upper ten thousand," an expression originally used for American Society but later translated to the U.K. Through a couple of major changes, the last major one of which occurred in 1970, what was the ''Queen'' is now ''Harper's Bazaar''. A column called "The Upper Ten Thousand at Home and Abroad" appeared regularly by the end of the 19th century detailing the movements and social events of the royals, aristocracy, political leaders and plutocrats. Ardern Holt seems to have been the major writer for fashion, at least in 1897, including an advice column for fashion, dress and costumes. Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' has this for its entry for the ''Queen'': <blockquote>Q<small>UEEN</small>. Saturday, 6''d''. Established 1861. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Neutral. It is particularly intended for ladies' reading, as it provides that which ladies have hitherto so much needed in this country; the ''earliest'' colored fashion-plates from Paris, and original work-patterns by the best designers. It has many novel departments, in which ladies communicate useful observations and criticisms. "Pastimes," "Domestic and Rural Economy," and "Domestic Pets," are also included; and a large space is given to "Receipts" for family use. Pastimes for ladies, a charade, a novel, or a sprightly sketch, vary the contents. Court and fashionable news are fully reported and the paper is well illustrated. Published by Horace Cox, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 252.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|75}}</blockquote>The ad for the ''Queen'' in Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' looks like this: <blockquote>Queen, the Lady's Newspaper. This newspaper is the great organ of the ladies of the upper classes in Great Britain. The latest Paris and other fashions are given every week, together with patterns and descriptions of the newest work, illustrated in the best style of art. The following list will show the chief features of the paper: — [what follows is a 2-column list with a vertical rule between the 2 columns, which break after "Society in Paris" and before "Work of all kinds."] :Leaders on interesting and current topics :The Exchange :Dramatic critiques :Paris and other fashions :Gleanings from new books :The boudoir :The housekeeper :The opera, concerts, &c. :Society in Paris :Work of all kinds :Plants and flowers :Recipes of all kind :New music :Natural History :Court news :Pastimes :New books :Literary and artistic gossip. The QUEEN is also the great medium through which tradesmen and others bring their announcements prominently before the upper ten thousand. These advertisements comprise, among other subjects — dress and fashion, country wants, governesses, schools, books, furniture, pastimes, domestic wants, music, toilet requisites, servants, &c. In addition to the above, the QUEEN presents a monthly coloured fashion sheet and monthly coloured work patterns, a monthly cut paper pattern, and illustrations (coloured and plain) of all new fancy work, domestic inventions, fashions, &c. Prince 6c.; stamped 6 1/2d.; yearly subscription, pain in advance, 28s.; half yearly, 14s.; quarterly, 7s. Specimen copy post free for six stamps. Published every Saturday by Horace Cox, Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|252, Col. 3a}}</blockquote> === Society === In a posting on the Victoria listserv, Patrick Leary says,<blockquote>According to the ''Waterloo Directory'', the penny weekly magazine ''Society'' ran from 1878 to 1890.  The editor was George Plant, and it was printed by Unwin Brothers.  The entry lists [illustrator] Phil May as a contributor. I couldn't find the journal online — that generic title is hard to zero in on — but the British Library has a full run of the paper; the Bodleian has a partial one.   <p></p> Fox-Bourne's history of the press has a little bit more about ''Society'' here https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uga1.32108003235689&seq=325.<ref>Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 14 July 2024.</ref></blockquote>In a reply to the same thread on the Victoria listserv, Richard Fulton says,<blockquote>The ''Union List of Victorian Serials'' lists ''Society'' as running under that title from 12 mar 1880 to 31 Aug 1901. It also notes that the magazine started out life in 1879 as the ''Mail Budget''.<ref>Fulton, Richard. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 15 July 2024.</ref></blockquote> === The (London) Standard and Evening Standard === The London ''Standard'' was the first of these two newspapers, founded in 1827.<ref name=":3">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "''Standard'' (1827–1916)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|596, Col. 2c}} An advertisement in Mitchell's for "The Standard, Morning and Evening," says that it is "the leading daily newspaper" and<blockquote>contains full Parliamentary, Law, Police, and Commercial Intelligence, together with Critiques on all noteworthy productions in the worlds of Art, Literature, Music, and the Drama, and a carefully-revised Epitome of the general News of the day.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> Addresses: 103, 104 and 105 Shoe Lane and 23 Bride Street, London, E.C. ==== London Standard ==== The London ''Standard'' became a daily paper in 1857. In the 19th century, the ''Standard'' and the ''Morning Standard'' are the same paper. ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says of the London ''Standard'',<blockquote>in 1878 the paper passed into the control and editorship of William Heseltine Mudford and by the mid-1880's the / Standard had become a powerful force in conservative journalism* with a circulation of 250,000. Its leader* writers included Alfred Austin* and Thomas Escott*. George Alfred Henty, the author of stories for boys, was its war* correspondent*.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}}</blockquote> The 1895 ''Mitchell''<nowiki/>'s says,<blockquote>S<small>TANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d''. Established as a Morning Paper, June 29, 1857. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. While maintaining Conservative principles, ''The Standard'' reserves the right to apply those principles to the questions of the day, without regard to party politics, or special devotion to the views of party leaders. On all political questions it is remarkably impartial in the admission to its columns of letters from any man whose position gives him a right to speak, be his views what they may. In the matter of Parliamentory news ''The Standard'' is the one London Penny Journal that has not adopted the system of very abridged reports. The paper has of late paid great attention to foreign correspondence: more particularly such as is forwarded by telegraph from all parts of the world. In literary and dramatic criticism it exercises a careful selection of productions worthy of notice for praise or blame; but the complete display of '''him''' and foreign news is its chief distinguishing feature. Reports relating to markets, racing, cricket, and boating are very fully given. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81)<ref name=":2">Mitchell, Charles. ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895''. [Hathi Trust via U Wisconsin Madison.] London: C. Mitchell & Co., 1895. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015085486150 (accessed January 2023).</ref>{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ==== London Evening Standard ==== ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says, "The ''Evening Standard'' was issued as a sister newspaper [of the London ''Standard''] in 1860."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c}}. From Brake and Demoor: The ''Pall Mall Gazette'': "only to be dissolved in 1923 into Lord Beaverbrook's ''Evening Standard''" (478, Col. 1c). The ''Standard'': "the paper was acquired by C. Arthur Pearson* in 1904, when its circulation was 80,000. The ''Standard'' ceased publication in 1916, but the ''Evening Standard'' continued"{{rp|597, Col. 1a}}. The 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>E<small>VENING STANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d'', Estab. 1827. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. Under the same management as the Standard published in the morning. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81.)<ref name=":2" /> (60, Col. 1c)</blockquote>An advertisement for the ''Evening Standard'' says that although it was an evening paper, it published 4 editions, the last (or "Latest") must have been very late:<blockquote>Published four times daily, gives the Day's Law, '''Police''', Markets, Commercial Meetings, Stock Exchange Quotations, &c. The Latest or "S<small>PECIAL</small>" Edition contains, in addition, the Day's Racing, and (during the Parliamentary Session) a full Summary of the Debates in both Houses of Parliament.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> === The Star of Guernsey === Not to be confused with the radical paper ''The Star'', the ''Star of Guernsey'', as the 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Is published every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, price 1d., or by post 1¹/₂d. to any part of the United Kingdom, France, and most parts of the Continent.<p></p> The STAR circulates very extensively through the Channel Islands, and large numbers are sent to the United Kingdom, the Colonies, France and America, it is, therefore, an excellent medium for advertisers.<ref name=":2" /> (315, Col. 3a)</blockquote>The proprietors were Marquand & Co. STAR Office, Guernsey. === The St. James's Gazette === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says the ''St. James's Gazette'' was published at 3:00 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56a}}<blockquote>S<small>T. JAMES'S GAZETTE</small>. 1''d''. Established 1880. The ''St. James's Gazette'' is an independent and progressive Conservative newspaper, which, while consistently supporting constitutional principles, the maintenance of the empire, and the supremacy of the law in every portion of the dominions of the Crown, is in favour of moderate and ordered reform. It gives with point, brevity, and accuracy all the most important news of the day, the latest money market reports, racing news, Parliamentary Intelligence, Police News, Foreign Telegrams, &c. Special attention is given to American, Continental, and Indian Intelligence. Published at Dorset Street, Whitefriars.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> ===Sussex Agricultural Express=== The ''Sussex Agricultural Express'', in describing a social event in which the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as Mayor and Mayoress, decorated Devonshire House again, refers to some of the men who worked for the Duke and Duchess in January 1898: "Mr. J. P. Cockerell, the Duke of Devonshire's indefatigable agent called to his aid a willing and competent staff from Compton Place, including Mr. W. S. Lawrence, the house steward, and Mr. May, the gardener."<ref>"Sunday School Festival: Speech by the Duke." ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' 29 January 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5b–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980129/182/0007.</ref> === Vanity Fair === Not the American magazine, a society magazine (7 November 1868 – 5 February 1914).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-26|title=Vanity Fair (British magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)&oldid=1191870176|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine).</ref> The caricature portraits<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-06-01|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures&oldid=1090963973|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures.</ref> of famous men and, occasionally, women were and continue to be an important contribution by this magazine, by people like Spy and Drawl (Leslie Ward) and Max Beerbohm, including other notable artists. ===The Times=== The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' includes the ''Times'' among the morning papers: <blockquote>The Times. Daily, 3d. Established January 1, 1788, (weekly edition, 2d., established January, 1877.) Principles: Church of England in religion; Free Trade in mercantile and commercial transactions. This, the leading journal of Europe, has for the field of its circulation, emphatically, the WORLD, and its influence is co-extensive with civilization. The connection is clear between the circulation and the advertisements. Not so clear is the relation between the circulation and the influence: to some extent the influence may be the effect; but chiefly, we suspect, the cause. The consciousness that thousands upon thousands read, creates some impression, an idea which may be to some extent the source of influence and of power. But there is in the influence of the Times something more substantial, more potent, than can be accounted for by the mere consciousness of its enormous circulation; it is "looked up to" all over Europe, and it is the only paper which men of all parties, and all classes, read and speak of. Other papers may be more preferred by particular classes, but all read the Times, who can; just because it is not possible to predicate its course on any question as regulated by the interest of any party or class: and it is known that it always acts on views of its own. It deals out its denunciations with equal force and freedom on all parties in their turn, with a boldness and decision quite characteristic; but not unfrequently, with great indifference to the consistency of its opinions. Hence all parties are uncertain what next they may exult in, a fiery storm invective against their antagonists or suffer the infliction themselves. It is distinguished for its reports of parliamentary and legal proceedings. It does not devote much of its space to literature and the fine arts; but its reviews and criticisms are forcibly and cleverly written. Published by G. E. Wright Printing House Square, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|57}}</blockquote> Costing 3d. per daily issue, the "Latest Time for Ads." for the ''Times'' was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} === Westminster Gazette === George Newnes founded the ''Westminster Gazette'' in 1893 as the "radical liberal successor" to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', after it had been purchased "by Tory interests."<ref name=":1">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "Westminster Gazette." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 672, Col. 1c.</ref> A "'clubland' 1d evening daily," it was called the "pea-green incorruptible" (the pea-green because of the green paper it was printed on).<ref name=":1" /> The ''Westminster Gazette'' merged with the ''Daily News'' in 1928.<ref name=":1" /> Edward Tays Cook was editor 1893–1895, and John Alfred Spender 1895–1928.<ref name=":1" /> ===The Woman's World=== November 1887 – Editor, [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] (April 1887 – by October 1889) Sub-Editor, Arthur Fish ''The Woman's World'' ceased publication not long after Wilde left it. ''The Queen'' was a competitor. [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] took over the editorship of ''The Lady's World'' in April 1887, changing its title (to ''The Woman's World'') and its mission.<ref name=":8">Fitzsimons, Eleanor. "Entering ''The Woman’s World'': Oscar Wilde as Editor of a Woman’s Magazine." ''The Victorian Web'' 17 September 2015. http://www.victorianweb.org/. Rpt. ''Academia'' https://www.academia.edu/15813341/Entering_The_Woman_s_World_Oscar_Wilde_as_Editor_of_a_Woman_s_Magazine. Rpt.? Eleanor Fitzsimons, ''Wilde's Women: How Oscar Wilde Was Shaped by the Women He Knew'' (Duckworth Overlook, 2015).</ref> ''The Lady's World'' was "a high-end, illustrated monthly magazine produced by Cassell and Company" that focused on fashion.<ref name=":8" /> ''The Woman's World'' was significantly redesigned for its November 1887 first issue:<blockquote>A fresh cover design featured Wilde’s name prominently with key contributors listed below. In a significant departure from convention, each article was attributed to its author by name. Wilde also increased the page count from thirty-six to forty-eight, and relegated fashion to the back while promoting literature, art, travel and social studies. Gone entirely were ‘Fashionable Marriages’, ‘Society Pleasures’, ‘Pastimes for Ladies’ and ‘Five o’clock Tea’. In his ‘Literary and Other Notes’, Wilde demonstrated unequivocal support for the greater participation of women in public life.<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>The "keynote" of ''The Woman's World'', according to Arthur Fish, was "the right of woman to equality of treatment with man."<ref name=":8" /> Wilde wrote to Thomas Wemyss Reid, General Manager of Cassells, that he wanted ''The Woman's World'' to "take a wider range, as well as a high standpoint, and deal not merely with what women wear, but with what they think, and what they feel."{{rp|qtd. in}}<ref name=":8" /> Eleanor Fitzsimons looks at the new way the periodical treated women's fashion under Wilde's editorship: "Although fashion remained a key feature, a conventional round-up of the season’s trends was supplemented with articles on cross-dressing, aesthetic design and rational dress."<ref name=":8" /> An advocate of "rational" or "aesthetic" dress, [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr|Alice Comyns Carr]] published an article in ''The Woman's World'' under Wilde's editorship. ===The World: A Journal for Men and Women=== The first number of the ''World'' was 8 July 1874. Edmund Yates and E. C. Grenville Murray were proprietors until 1874; Yates was editor from the beginning until the end of his life in 1894.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Journalism." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/journalism/.</ref> Yates wrote editorials under the pseudonym Atlas. According to P. D. Edwards, the ''World'' was <blockquote>a weekly newspaper dedicated to the style of ‘personal journalism’ that Yates had been perfecting in his various gossip columns for nearly twenty years. Its appeal was to men and women of the world: clubmen, sportsmen, hangers-on of the literary, theatrical, and artistic worlds, fashionable and would-be fashionable ladies. After a few months it became a conspicuous and continuing success, generating hosts of imitators and inaugurating, it is generally agreed, the most distinctive twentieth-century style of journalism.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Introduction." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/.</ref></blockquote> Some of the people who wrote for the ''World'' during Yates' editorship were [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]], [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]], and so on. It looks like the ''Clifton Society'' reprinted "What the World Says" columns from ''The World''. == Earlier in the Century == === The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts === Google Books has a few volumes of this paper. It was a weekly, 3 columns, 6''d''. per issue, 6''s''. 6''d''. per quarter. Publishing Office: 21, Catherine-street, The Strand. Ads at the end of each issue, ~15 pages. It had a section called "Court and Fashionable Gossip." There's no ''Wikipedia'' page on it, so I'm not certain of the run, but the issue dated 2 April 1853 is No. 1243, No. 264 New Series. Google Books has # 1833 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2KYEo3j3YL8C) # 1835 (https://books.google.com/books?id=LLcRAAAAYAAJ) # 1848 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4pIechTAkPIC) # 1853 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC) # 1854 (https://books.google.com/books?id=naw0BY8lYh8C) # 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JhJ_hI-lxCsC) # 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=1VcG8C2nbv4C) The 1853 volume has 40 issues. # ''The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts'', 2 April 1853 (No. 1243; No. 263 New Series): . https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 April 1853 (No. 1244; No. 264 New Series): 225–240. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 April 1853 (No. 1245; No. 265 New Series): 241–256. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 April 1853 (No. 1246; No. 266 New Series): 257–272. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 May 1853 (No. 1247; No. 267 New Series): 273–288. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 7 May 1853 (No. 1248; No. 268 New Series): 289–304. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 14 May 1853 (No. 1249; No. 269 New Series): 305–320. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 21 May 1853 (No. 1250; No. 270 New Series): 321–336. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 28 May 1853 (No. 1251; No. 271 New Series): 337–352. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 4 June 1853 (No. 1252; No. 272 New Series): 353–376. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 11 June 1853 (No. 1253; No. 273 New Series): 377–392. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 18 June 1853 (No. 1254; No. 274 New Series): 393–416. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 25 June 1854 (No. 1255; No. 275 New Series): 415–440. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 2 July 1854 (No. 1256; No. 276 New Series): 441–456. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 July 1854 (No. 1257; No. 277 New Series): 457–472. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 July 1854 (No. 1258; No. 278 New Series): 473–488. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 July 1854 (No. 1259; No. 279 New Series): 489–504. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 30 July 1854 (No. 1260; No. 280 New Series): 505–520. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 6 August 1854 (No. 1261; No. 281 New Series): 521–536. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 13 August 1854 (No. 1262; No. 282 New Series): 537–552. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 20 August 1854 (No. 1263; No. 283 New Series): 553–568. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 27 August 1854 (No. 1264; No. 284 New Series): 569–584. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 September 1854 (No. 1265; No. 285 New Series): 585–600. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 September 1854 (No. 1266; No. 286 New Series): 601–616. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 September 1854 (No. 1267; No. 287 New Series): 617–632. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 September 1854 (No. 1268; No. 288 New Series): 633–648. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 October 1854 (No. 1269; No. 289 New Series): 649–664. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 8 October 1854 (No. 1270; No. 290 New Series): 665–680. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 15 October 1854 (No. 1271; No. 291 New Series): 681–696. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 22 October 1854 (No. 1272; No. 292 New Series): 697–712. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 29 October 1854 (No. 1273; No. 293 New Series): 713–728. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 5 November 1854 (No. 1274; No. 294 New Series): 729–744. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 12 November '''1853''' (No. 1275; No. 295 New Series): 745–760. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 19 November 1853 (No. 1276; No. 296 New Series): 761–776. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 26 November 1853 (No. 1277; No. 297 New Series): 777–792. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 December 1853 (No. 1278; No. 298 New Series): 793–808. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 December 1853 (No. 1279; No. 299 New Series): 809–824. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 December 1853 (No. 1280; No. 300 New Series): 825–840. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 December 1853 (No. 1281; No. 301 New Series): 841–856. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 31 December 1853 (No. 1282; No. 302 New Series): 857–872. == Magazines and Other Periodicals == === Godey's Lady's Book === An American monthly called ''Godey's Lady's Book'' (1830–1878 or 1830–1892?) and ''Godey's Magazine'' (1878–1898 or 1892–1898?).<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-25|title=Godey's Lady's Book|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godey's_Lady's_Book|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Very influential in American women's and domestic culture, Godey's "was the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War. Its circulation rose from 70,000 in the 1840s to 150,000 in 1860."<ref name=":9" /> Edited by Mrs. Sarah Hale (Sarah Josepha Hale) between 1837 and 1877,<ref name=":9" /> the magazine's popularity and influence began to wane after the Civil War began in 1860, when Southern Women could not get copies, reducing the readership markedly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm|title=Godey's Lady's Book index introduction|date=2011-04-10|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2025-03-11}}</ref> ''Godey's'' always published hand-colored fashion plates that emphasized Parisian couture at the beginning of each issue, but the monthly was more general than strictly a fashion magazine: "Beginning in 1853, almost every issue also included an illustration and pattern with measurements for a garment to be sewn at home. A sheet of music for piano provided the latest waltz, polka or galop."<ref name=":9" /> Copies online: * 1850: https://web.archive.org/web/20070609085951/http://www.history.rochester.edu/godeys/ * 1855–1858: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/godeytitle.html * 1855, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, excerpts related to the project of making Thanksgiving a national celebration: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/shtable/shtable-thanks.html * 1855-1865, index of volumes, no content: https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm * July 1865: https://web.archive.org/web/20070605112136/http://www.unr.edu/sb204/theatre/chittoc.html === The Lady === Founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles (1842–1922) in 1885, ʼ is still in publication. I haven't found any digitized copies of 19th-century issues. === The Lady's Realm: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine === Gossipy, with a focus on the aristocracy and fashionable and news about the Season. Some fiction and poetry, mostly written by women with titles. * 1898, May–October, Vol. IV (): https://books.google.com/books?id=KG8-AAAAYAAJ * 1899, May–October, Vol. VI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=LG4-AAAAYAAJ * 1900, November–April, Vol. IX (): * 1901–1902, November–April, Vol. XI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=94x2MboTkX8C === London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for the Hours of Relaxation === A lot of serialized fiction, but Alexander Henry Wylie seems to have had an article in each issue about Society in one way or another. * 1889, July–December, Vol. LVI (56): https://books.google.com/books?id=oz0ZAAAAYAAJ * 1890, January–June, Vol. LVII (57): https://books.google.com/books?id=tSZKAAAAMAAJ * 1890 July–December, Vol. LVIII (58): https://books.google.com/books?id=-zIZAAAAYAAJ * * 1892 July–December, Vol. LXII (62): https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GAbrVRCDUC * etc. ==== Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614. ==== Anti-Semitism alert; classism alert. <blockquote> SO much has been written by Lady Cork, Lady Jeune, Mr. Mallock, and other writers on "society," that it seems superfluous to add anything to what they have contributed to various magazines; but to an on-looker who does not go to "every lighted candle " the question naturally arises, What is now called "society?" There was a time, say, thirty years ago, when undoubtedly there was such a thing, leaving out, of course, the political ladies, who owed it to their party and their husbands to entertain ''all'' that were "on their side of the House." That we leave entirely alone, although in the case of Lady Palmerston (who stands alone, as a political lady, from an entertaining point of view), she steered clear of receiving any one who was not a friend, a relation, a person of birth and position, a ''great'' luminary in the political world, a celebrated author, or in some way ''entitled'' to an invitation to the best ''salon'' the London world has seen for many generations, and, so far, is ever likely to see again. Frances, Lady Waldegrave had a ''salon'', but of a totally different kind: pleasant, yes, certainly; but cosmopolitan, undoubtedly. A loss she certainly is, not to the "great world," but to those who in every sense almost were her inferiors, and who would like to go out every night of their lives in a frivolous round of what they call "society." But I maintain "society " of thirty years ago does not exist at the present day. One most important cause is, notwithstanding what may be said to the contrary — and there are those who must own it to themselves — "You forget we have daughters to marry." No, I do not forget it, but strongly maintain all the more, considering the ''present'' state of "society," that the fathers and mothers should more than ever protect their sons and daughters from allying themselves with those whose family are in no way suited to their own, and whose only qualification is money. After all, what is money? Surely it is dearly bought if you have to marry it, and it alone; probably there is not an idea in common with the family who possess it, on either side, father or mother; they may never even have had grandfathers, or if so, probably of very humble origin, and in no way can their offspring be suitable companions for your children for life, and very often when married in a much higher sphere they expect that you have married not only themselves, but, also, their families. But to return to "society" as it now is. What is it? A new word has cropped up within the last ten years: "smart" society. Is it recruited from blood? assuredly not. Is it exemplary virtue? assuredly not. Is it exquisite wit? No, it is rich Jews, Americans, and those who must be ''en Evidence'', and that they only can be from entertainments that alone cost far more than the very highest giving of the aristocracy of our country could or would deem it expedient to afford in so poor a cause; but the ''nouveaux riches'' have to buy their way into our present London society, and except by spending large sums this end cannot be attained. Their ostentatious display would in itself prevent, and does prevent, many of the "noble of the land" from ever encouraging their impertinent overtures to induce them to visit them or to recognize them socially in any way; but there are those who "jump" at the invitations the minute they arrive, and a ready response is sent, only too willingly. But in many instances the excuse for going to these houses is, "You know we have ''all'' our daughters to marry and those people "who give these gorgeous feasts are all so colossally rich." Are they? Not always. Ask them in view of marriage to ''settle'' a sum on your son or daughter, as the case may be, and the answer generally is, "Trust to us to make money matters all right." We know in several instances the value of these assurances. While money lasts they probably make a fair allowance to the young couple, but a crash comes, and where is ''the fair allowance'', not to speak of a "settlement,<nowiki>''</nowiki> which of course has never been made. Mothers who take their daughters to the houses of the ''nouveaux riches'', of whatever nationality, have only themselves to thank if misfortune overtakes their children eventually, if it is by marriage that they have allied themselves to such people. I know at present of three ladies in London, but not in what is now termed "society," who would not for one moment admit any one of the "new" people to their houses. Without doubt they are the most exclusive in London. Happily for them, none of them have "daughters to marry." One is the wife of an exLord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the others, two sisters of high birth and of exquisite refinement, the wives of earls and the daughters of earls. But those distinguished ladies are in the minority; the greatest compliment one can pay them is: "You 'never hear of them;' they are not 'advertising ladies.'" Many of our great ladies no longer exist. Lady William Russell, Lady Holland — where are they? Alas! no longer with us. Cleveland House is, through change of hands, no more the home of the Duchess of Cleveland, and several more hostesses, from one cause and another, entertain no longer, and their places filled — how? Why, not at all. Where is the ''grande dame'' of only a few years ago? True, there are the Embassies, and very well done are all entertainments at them. The Russian and Austrian are quite of the very best description. With such hostesses nothing else could be expected, but where are the ladies of Great Britain? Certainly not in London. Our sovereign and princes never for a moment contemplate competing with the ostentatious plutocrats of to-day. Nor even do our highest aristocracy strive to emulate them; but it might effect a change if they would set an example of aristocratic simplicity, so far as is compatible with their great position. What the ''nouveaux riches'' do not seem to understand, is that there is no true distinction in being rich, and that no ''genuine'' reverence is extended to them simply because of their wealth. One of the greatest signs of their vulgarity is the wanton and purposeless display of opulence by people who have no other possession in the whole world to recommend them. They think they are imitating the "great ones of the land," and, were it worth while, "the great ones" could rebuke them by reducing their expenditure, having fewer domestics, fewer carriages, fewer gardeners and gamekeepers; but even were those things done, I believe the lesson would be lost, and the motive be entirely misunderstood. The ducal simplicity would be ascribed either to personal meanness or to a reduced income. I am afraid it would take a great many men of birth and wealth in these days to enter into a compact to make the experiment in question, before the world at large would even observe that any new moral dogma was being put to the test. London "society" at present is immense, but exclusive "society" is small, smaller than ever; because nowadays it is obliged to discriminate more than ever, lest by accident, unawares, a member of the large London "society" finds his way into the smaller and exclusive drawing-rooms; they know their friends, and "are known by them." Many of the hostesses of the present day know not even the name of the guest the servant announces, but the most distinguished men of the day are totally unknown in the houses of the ''nouveaux riches''. A certain set of people may go, of aristocratic birth, but probably they are impecunious (if not daughters to marry), and they think there is sure to be a good cook. A foreign royalty may go, but that is by mistake; H.R.H. may have been misled as to the social status of his host, and on his second visit to London will not again make the mistake he did on first visiting our shores. Let us hope that another season we may still have the exclusive hostesses with us, and that they will entertain in their usual unostentatious and high-bred manner. The last season was broken up by the dissolution of Parliament to a certain extent, but above all by the overwhelming calamity which happened to T.R.H. the Prince and the Princess of Wales, Her Majesty the Queen, the Royal Family, and to the nation at large.<ref>Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614.</ref>{{rp|611–614}} </blockquote> === The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality === Begun by William Ingram and Clement Shorter as an addition to the Illustrated London News, the Sketch was first edited by Clement Shorter (ed. 1893–1900). It focused on "high society and the aristocracy" (Wikipedia. "The Sketch." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sketch). It was printed and published by Ingram Brothers, 198, Strand, London and cost sixpence. The British Library holds a complete run, but as of August 2016, it was not part of the British Newspaper Archive; many of the volumes below were digitized and are probably held at the University of Minnesota. Google Books has some issues; I need Vol. 18, and have found the following: *Wednesday 2 August 1893, No. 27, through 25 October 1893, No. 39, Vol. III: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3w4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 31 October 1894, No. 92, through 23 January 1895, No. 104, Vol. VIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=lnw4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 30 January 1895, No. 105, through 24 April 1895, No. 117, Vol. IX: https://books.google.com/books?id=1304AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 1 May 1895, No. 118, through 24 July 1895, No. 130, Vol. X: https://books.google.com/books?id=A344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 30 October 1895, No. 144, through 22 January 1896, Vol. XII: https://books.google.com/books?id=P344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *1896, Vol. 13: https://books.google.com/books?id=7qI6mzrUr_QC&pg=PA340&dq=the+sketch+a+journal+of+art+and+actuality+volume+18&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifrq-cheDOAhUF1x4KHS1pA4IQ6AEIKDAC *Wednesday 29 April 1896, No. 170, through 22 July 1896, No. 182, Vol. XIV, plus Supplement: https://books.google.com/books?id=fH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 29 July 1896, No. 183, through 21 October 1897, No. 195, Vol. XV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 October 1896, No. 196, Vol. XVI, through 9 December 1896, No. 202, Vol. XVI: https://books.google.com/books?id=uX44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 28 April 1897, No. 222, through 21 July 1897, No. 234, Vol. XVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=fQxIAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 July 1897, No. 235, through 20 October 1897, No. 247, Vol. XIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=JH84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday January 26 1898, No. 261, through 20 April 1898, No. 273, Vol. XXI: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z384AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 27 July 1898, No. 287, through 19 October 1898, No. 299, Vol. XXIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=kn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 26 October 1898, No. 300, through 18 January 1899, No. 312, Vol. XXIV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 25 October 1899, No. 352, through 17 January 1900, No. 364, Vol. XXVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=4n84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 24 January 1900, No. 365, through 18 April 1900, No. 377, Vol. XXIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=G4A4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Vol. XVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 16, 1896-1897.pdf]] *Vol. XVII: *Vol. XVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 18, 1897.pdf]] *Vol. XIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 19, 1897.pdf]] *Vol. XX: *Vol. XXI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 21, 1898.pdf]] * *Vol. XXIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 23, 1898.pdf]] *Vol. XXIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 24, 1898-1899.pdf]] * *Vol. XXVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 27, 1899.pdf]] *Vol. XXVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 28, 1899-1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 29, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 30, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXXI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 31, 1900.pdf *Vol. XXXII *Vol. XXXIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 33, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 34, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 35, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 36, 1901-1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 37, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 38, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 39, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XL: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 40, 1902-1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 41, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 42, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 43, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 44, 1903-1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 45, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 46, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 47, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVIII: *Vol. XLIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 49, 1905.pdf]] *Vol. L: *Vol. LI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 51, 1905.pdf]] * *Vol. LIII *Vol. LVI === Quarterlies === * ''The Fortnightly Review'' (1865–; V. 62-63, 1894-95; V. 64-66, 1895-96) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 4018.340000) === Minor Magazines === * ''The Chameleon,'' an undergraduate literary magazine published by Oxford undergraduates. Lord Alfred Douglas's "Two Loves" was originally published in the December 1894 issue. == Resources for Working with Victorian Periodicals == === Researching the Periodicals, Authors, Etc. === * ''The Curran Index to Nineteenth-Century Periodicals'': https://www.curranindex.org/. Citing: Database: ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. 2017-present. curranindex.org. Entry: ‘[Page Title].’ ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. [URL], [date of access]. The Currran Index builds on the work in the ''Wellesley Index'', below. * ''The Wellesley Index To Victorian Periodicals 1824–1900''. 5 Vols. Ed., Walter E. Houghton. U of Toronto Press, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. *# Volume I ([[iarchive:wellesleyindexto0001unse/|https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0001unse]]) *#* ''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'' *#* ''The Contemporary Review'' *#* ''The Cornhill Magazine'' *#* ''The Edinburgh Review'' (including the years 1802–1823) *#* ''The Home and Foreign Review'' *#* ''Macmillan's Magazine'' *#* ''The North British Review'' *#* ''The Quarterly Review'' *# Volume II (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0002unse) *#* ''Bentley's Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Dublin Review'' *#* ''The Foreign Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Fortnightly Review'' *#* ''Fraser's Magazine'' *#* ''The London Review'' (1829) *#* ''The National Review'' (1883–) *#* ''The New Quarterly Magazine'' *#* ''The Nineteenth Century'' *#* ''The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine'' (1856) *#* ''The Rambler'' (1848–1862) *#* ''The Scottish Review'' (1882–) *#Volume III (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0003unse) *#*''Ainsworth Magazine'' *#*''The Atlantis'' *#*''The British and Foreign Review'' *#*''The London Review'' (1835–1836) *#*''The London and Westminster Review'' (1836–1840) *#*''The Modern Review'' *#*''The Monthly Chronicle'' *#*''The National Review'' (1855–1864) *#*''The New Monthly Magazine'' (1821–1854) *#*''The New Review'' *#*''The Prospective Review'' *#*''Saint Pauls'' *#*''Temple Bar'' *#*''The Theological Review'' *#*''The Westminster Review'' (1824–1836, 1840–1900) *#Volume IV (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0004unse) *#*''Bentley's Miscellany'' *#*''The British Quarterly Review'' *#*''The Dark Blue'' *#*''The Dublin University Magazine'' *#*''The London Quarterly Review'' *#*''Longman's Magazine'' *#*''Tait's Edinburgh Magazine'' (1832–1855) *#*''The University Magazine'' *#Volume V, Ed., Jean Harris Slingerland (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0005unse) *#*Epitome and Index * Directories ** [Mitchell's] Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150&view=1up&seq=250&q1=%22The+Lady%22 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150] * ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides'': https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/ === Sources of Digitized Periodicals === * The ''British Newspaper Archive'': https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/. The page numbering in the BNA does not match the page numbers on the printed page, and the title may not be accurate for that date, either. (e.g., 63 [of 97 in BNA; p. on print page], Col. 2a–3a [3 of 3 cols.]) * ''Google Books'' has some periodicals digitized and still available through them. * The ''Hathi Trust Digital Library'': https://www.hathitrust.org/ (accessed December 2022). * ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:howtodoitordire00unkngoog/page/n68/mode/2up|https://archive.org/details/]] * Library of Congress ''Chronicling America'' (for American newspapers): https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ * The London ''Times'' * The ''Newspaper Archive'': https://newspaperarchive.com/ * ''The Online Books Page'' University of Pennsylvania Libraries: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/ (accessed December 2022) * ''Open Access Nineteenth-century Periodicals'', at The Victorian Web: https://victorianweb.org/periodicals/openaccess.html ==Bibliography== *[1884-03-07 Pictorial World] The Pictorial World 7 March 1874 (1:1). Old Pictorial: Press from Our Past. Online http://www.oldpictorial.com/publishedby/pictorial-world/. *[1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C] "L. E." "A Chat with Lady Violet Greville." The Sketch 4 April 1894, Wednesday: 5, Col. 1A. (Behind paywall: http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001860/18940404/007/0005) Accessed December 2016. *Beetham, Margaret, and Kay Boardman, eds. Victorian Women's Magazines: An Anthology. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001. Google Books. *Gliserman, Susan. "Mitchell's 'Newspaper Press Directory': 1846–1907." Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, No. 4 April 1969 (2: 1): 10–29. *Hindle, Wilfred. The Morning Post: 1772–1937, Portrait of a Newspaper. London: Rutledge, 1937. *Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Victorian news parody." Reply to a posting on the Victoria listserv (victoria@list.indiana.edu). Monday, January 21, 2019 at 9:25 AM. *Miliband, Marion, ed. ''The [London] Observer of the Nineteenth Century, 1791-1901.'' London: Longmans, 1966. DA530.O2. *[Mitchell]. Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897. *[NPD 1905] Newspaper Press Directory: And Advertisers' Guide, Containing Full Particulars of Every Newspaper, Magazine, Review, and Periodical Published in the United Kingdom and the British Isles. The Newspaper Map of the United Kingdom, the Continental, American, Indian and Colonial Papers, and a Directory of the Class Papers and Periodicals. Diamond Jubilee Issue. 60th annual issue. London: C. Mitchell and Co., 1905. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=mGMLAAAAYAAJ. *Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana. Web. Accessed April 2017. http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html *Sell, Henry. Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press. London, Sell's: 1886. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=SEsCAAAAYAAJ. *Thomas, Frederick Moy, ed. Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson. London: Macmillan, 1904. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=-mMLAAAAYAAJ. *Thorold, Algar Labouchere. The Life of Henry Labouchere. New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1913. *[Who's Who 55] Addison, Henry Robert, and Charles Henry Oakes, William John Lawson, Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen, eds. Who's Who, 1903. 55th edition. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1903. Google Books. *Willing's British and Irish Press Guide and Advertiser's Directory and Handbook. ["Late May's."] 18th ed. n.p., 1891. Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=104CAAAAYAAJ. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Newspapers]] h37pwdq6b21nn4keitvqm1twoni9mav 2818157 2818156 2026-07-12T11:56:20Z ~2026-39254-40 3100486 /* The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality */ more volumes on Commons 2818157 wikitext text/x-wiki = Newspapers and Magazines = See also the page collecting [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing|people who worked in publishing and journalism]]: publishers, journalists (including "[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Aristocratic Lady Journalists]]"), illustrators, editors, proprietors, and so on. Magazines and less-frequently published periodicals are [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Magazines and Other Periodicals|later on this page]]. == Periodicals That Published Society and London Gossip (Mitchell's) == *The Argus *The Bookman *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts|The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The (London) Echo|The (London) Echo]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies|Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen|The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen]] *Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle *The Isle of Wight Guardian *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Lady|The Lady]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lady of the House|The Lady of the House]] *The Lady's Magazine (La Moniteur de la Mode) [about class rather than gossip] *The Lady's World (see [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]]) *The Licensed Victualler's Mirror *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion|Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion]] *Observer *The Owl *The People *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper|The Queen, the Lady's Newspaper]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality|The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Society|Society]] *St. James's Budget *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The St. James's Gazette|The St. James's Gazette]] *The Stage *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Vanity Fair|Vanity Fair]] *Warder and Dublin Weekly Mail *Waverley *The Weekly Sun *The Western Weekly Mercury *Whitehall Review *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]] *Wrexham Argus and North Wales Athlete The Central Press, a press agency, says it provides "Lobby Gossip" (Mitchell's 188) and "Society Gossip" (Mitchell's 304). === Fashion Writers and Illustrators === * [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Clara Rook]] == Papers from Outside the U.K. That Played a Role == *''The Beacon'' (in Poona, India) *''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) *''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' *''India'' *''Mercure de France'' *''Overland Mail'' (written for India; special edition for China) *The New York ''Herald'' (9 March 1858–31 January 1920; British Library DSC Shelfmark 6089.303000n) *The Paris ''Temps'' (British Library DSC Shelfmark 8790.050000) == Other Newspapers == * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Belfast News-Letter|The Belfast News-Letter]] * ''The Echo'' (1868–) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 3647.367450n) * ''The Glasgow Herald'' (26 August 1805–) * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper]] * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The London Daily News|The London Daily News]] * London ''Daily Telegraph'' (1855–),<blockquote>founded by Joseph Moses Levy in a market in which there were ten newspapers, so he made his paper less expensive than the rest. Very quickly it was outselling the ''Times.'' In its early days, under the editorship of Levy and his employees, the paper supported liberal causes and governmental reform. It also sensationalized its stories. Some headlines from the 1850s included the following: "A Child Devoured by Pigs," "Extraordinary Discovery of Man-Woman in Birmingham," "Shocking Occurrence: Five Men Smothered in a Gin Vat." In keeping with its sensationalistic approach, the paper focused on crime and court reporting. In the 1870s, the leadership on the paper was politically conservative. Edwin Arnold was editor, and he was not replaced until 1899. In the early 1880s a reporter on the paper helped solve a murder on a train. The murderer was identified by the first portrait block published in a newspaper, and he was subsequently convicted and executed. The paper would have been associated with investigative journalism. (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone) (ISSN 03071235. British Library DSC Shelfmark 3512.450000f)</blockquote>In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily Telegraph''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} <blockquote>DAILY TELEGRAPH. I''d''. Established June, 20, 1855. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal. The ''Daily Telegraph'', a morning journal which, while thoroughly devoted to the large interests of the Liberal cause, has not unfrequently taken an independent course on the merits of particular questions. Over and above its recognized political position as the popular exponent of Liberal views, it has acquired an unequalled celebrity through the promptitude, the fulness, and the variety of its telegraphic advices; the enterprise which its conductors have shown when events of great national or international interest demanded early and ample description; and the novelty and freshness of the social articles, which are a constant feature of the paper, both in its leading columns and elsewhere. The popularity and influence of the ''Daily Telegraph'' are alike very great. Published by Archibald Johnstone, 135, Fleet Street, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|59}}</blockquote> * The London ''Evening News''.<blockquote>The ''Evening News'' joined the highly competitive group of London daily newspapers in 1894 when it was purchased by journalist Alfred Harmsworth. Under Harmsworth the newspaper was successful and rather sensationalistic, with illustrations and headlines like "Was It Suicide or Apoplexy?, Another Battersea Scandal, Bones in Bishopgate, Hypnotism and Lunacy and Killed by a Grindstone" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/Jevening.htm [link no longer works, server gone]). Harmsworth claimed in November 1894 that his newpaper had the largest circulation in the world — 394,447 — and that the only reason the sales were below half a million copies was the number of printing presses he owned. When his daughter was born in January 1889, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] put the announcement in the ''Evening News'': "CONAN DOYLE. On the 28th instant, at Bush Villa, Elm Grove, Mrs Conan Doyle, wife of A. Conan Doyle MD, of a daughter" (Stavert 136).</blockquote> * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#London Standard and the London Evening Standard|The London Standard and Evening Standard]] * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Man of Ross|Man of Ross]] * ''The National Observer'' * ''Reynold's Weekly Newspaper'' <blockquote>had, by the end of the century, been a fixture in London journalism for many years and was, in its own words, "devoted to the cause of freedom and in the interests of the enslaved masses." Founded in 1850, it owed some of its very large circulation to its price — George William Reynolds lowered the price from 4 shillings to a penny in 1864, and by 1875 its circulation was 350,000 a week. When Reynolds died in 1894, the paper was taken over by liberal M.P. James Henry Dalziel, who "brought in several new features including a women's page, serial stories, words and music of popular songs and help finding missing relatives and friends" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * ''The Scottish Leader'' (3 January 1887 – 4 July 1894?) * ''The Star'', <blockquote>founded in 1887 by politically radical journalist and Irish nationalist T. P. O'Connor. ''The Star'' hired writers for their radical beliefs. Assistant editor H. W. Massingham also hired well-known writers for their talents and names. He knew [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and hired him to be an assistant leader-writer. Reporter Ernest Clarke is remembered by O'Connor in his ''Memoirs'' like this: "He might be trusted to work up any sensational news of the day, and helped, with [his coverage of] Jack the Ripper, to make gigantic circulations hitherto unparalleled in evening journalism" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Star of Guernsey|Star of Guernsey]] * The ''St. James's Gazette'' * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Westminster Gazette|Westminster Gazette]] === The Belfast News-Letter === The ''Belfast News-Letter'' began publication in 1737<ref name=":0">MJH/MaT [Matthew James Huggins/Matthew Taunton]. "Belfast News-Letter (1737–)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 44, Col. 2b – 45, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|44, Col. 2b}}; by the second half of the 19th century it reported local news and "dedicated an unusual amount of column inches to literary* matters for a newspaper and printed sports'* reports, articles on horticulture and gardening*, and pieces detailing the latest developments in ladies' fashion."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|45, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}} It came out on Wednesday and Saturdays and cost 4d.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|44, Col. 2b}} ===The (London) Daily News=== In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily News''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. <blockquote>Daily News. 1d. Established Jan. 21, 1846. Principles: Liberal and Independent. It is very ably conducted in every department; and neither in its politics or literature, its domestic or foreign news, its English, American, or Continental correspondence and telegrams, yields the palm to any of its contemporaries. Its literary, dramatic, and musical articles are distinguished by great ability. Published by T. Britton, 19, 20, 21, Bouverie Street; (Office for Advertisements) 67, Fleet Street, W.C. (Advt. p. 32.)<ref name=":2" /> (58)</blockquote> ''Daily News'' ad in ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'', 1895: <blockquote>Daily News Office,<br> 67, Fleet Street, London.<br> 1895.<br> Important to Advertisers.<br> The Daily News<br> Has<br> The Largest Circulation<br> Of Any Liberal Paper in the World.<br> The Daily News is now the leading Liberal organ. It has the largest circulation of any liberal paper in the world, and is, therefore, the best channel for Advertisements of every description.<br> [C. Mitchell & Co., Advertising Agents and Contractors, 12 and 13, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.] (32).</blockquote> The ''Daily News'' was edited by Charles Dickens early on. Editor William Black "retired from journalism" in 1876 (Brake Demoor 57 a–b). Conservative Edward Tyas Cook was editor between 1895 and 1901, when he was dismissed by the new owners, the Cadbury family. Henry Labouchere was part-proprietor beginning in 1868 (Brake Demoor 338a). According to ''The Life of Henry Labouchere'', which is quoting ''Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson'', <blockquote> Sir John Robinson thus describes the syndicate of which Mr. Labouchere became a member: "The proprietors of the Daily News, a small syndicate which never exceeded ten men, were a mixed body, hardly any two of whom had anything in common. The supreme control in the ultimate resort rested with three of them, Mr. Henry Oppenheim, the well-known financier, with politics of no very decided kind; Mr. Arnold Morley, a Right Honourable, an ex-party Whip, / and a typical ministerial Liberal; and Mr. Labouchere, the Radical, financier, freelance. Others had but a small holding, and practically did not count, save as regards any moral influence they might bring to brea on their colleagues at Board meetings."{{rp|Thorold 95–96}}</blockquote> Labouchere sold his share in 1895 (Thorold 96): <blockquote>On Mr. Gladstone's withdrawal from public life," he wrote in ''Truth'', "the party, or rather a majority of the officialdom of the party became tainted with Birmingham imperialism. My convictions did not allow me to be connected with a newspaper which supported a clique of intriguers that had captured the Liberal ship, and that accepted blindly these intriguers as the representatives of Liberalism in regard to our foreign policy.</blockquote> It looks like when Robinson stepped down, the proprietors were Oppenheim and Morley until the paper was sold to the next syndicate, which included George Cadbury{{rp|Thomas 380}}. === The (London) Echo === According to the 1895 Mitchell's, the ''Echo'' was an evening paper and in its quick overview says,<blockquote>ECHO. Daily, 1''d''. Established December, 1868. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal Unionist. It contains, in a condensed form, all the news of the day — devoting much space to "city matters," and giving details of all "business done" on the Stock Exchange. The ''Echo'' comments fearlessly on politics and statesmen. It endeavours to promote the national welfare. It strives to secure peace, to enforce economy, and to uphold a national policy enlightened by universal education. Published at 22, Catherine Street. W.C. (Advt., p. 247.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> The advertisement says,<blockquote>Echo. Established Quarter of a Century. <small>FAVOURITE EVENING PAPER FOR FAMILY READING</small>. Largest London Circulation. The <small>ECHO</small> is a daily newspaper and review, containing, in a condensed form, all the news of the day, in anticipation of the following day's morning paper. The <small>ECHO</small> is now acknowledged to be one of the best mediums for advertisers. In addition to its having the largest London circulation, (which on occasions reaches almost 300,000 [? the 3 is not clear]), its convenient size, and the excellent arrangement of its advertisements, ensure all the announcements appearing in its columns being brought directly under the notice of its very large number of readers. The <small>ECHO</small>, price One Halfpenny, can be obtained of any news agents in town or country, or a copy will be sent post-free to any address in the United Kingdom, at the rate of One Penny daily, viz., 26s. for twelve months; 13s. for six months; or 6.6d. for three months. P.O. Orders to be made payable to J. Passmore Edwards, 22, Catherine-st., Strand, London, W.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|246, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> === Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies === 1892–? The British Library may have a run; the Bodleian seems to as well. ===The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's, ''The Gentlewoman''<blockquote>Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very Iarge and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the continent, in America and the colonies tinent, in America and the colonies, amongst the best and public most wealthy class.</blockquote> *According to an ad in the 1905 Newspaper Press Directory, the Gentlewoman was a weekly published on Thursday (NPD 1905 94). *It was a women's (ladies') magazine. *1890–1926 *The address was 70–76 Long Acre, London, W.C. (NPD 1905 94). *It carried illustrated interviews: <quote>the subject was often an aristocratic woman and the interview was as much about the decor and furnishings of her home as about her own achievements. These interviews blended with the advice on furnishing and house decoration which became increasingly popular feature in all kinds of magazines for women at this time. They also exploited the techniques of the new journalism to suggest an intimacy with the great and famous into whose most private rooms the reader was allowed to look</quote> (Beetham and Boardman 59). <blockquote>Gentlewoman (The). Thursday, 6d.<br> Established 1890. Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very large and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the Continent, in America and the Colonies, amongst the best and most wealthy class.<br> Published at 70–76, Long Acre, W.C. (Advt., p. 96.)</blockquote>{{rp|NPD 1905 71}}. [IMG] (Who's Who 55 31) ===The Graphic=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's Newspaper Directory, ''The Graphic'' was a weekly, published on Fridays, which sold for 6d. Its description read as follows: <blockquote>Principles: Independent. An admirably illustrated journal, combining "Literary excellence with artistic beauty." The illustrations are in the first style of art. The literary portion of the paper is admirable in its arrangement, and a series of essays and notices on the topics of the day add greatly to its attractive character. Stories by popular authors appear weekly, illustrated by eminent artists.<ref name=":2" /> (68)</blockquote> It was "of small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress..., featuring at least 20 engravings mainly of larger size."<ref name=":6">Law, Graham. "The Illustrated London News and The Graphic." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/.</ref> By the late 1890s, it had grown to 32 pages and had a number of supplements.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Graphic'' had a ladies' column in the 1890s and 1900s written by Lady Violet Greville, "Place aux Dames":<blockquote>Lady Violet claimed, when offered the ''Graphic'' job, that all her suggestions for subject-matter — art, literature, theatre, dress — were rejected on the grounds that they already had writers for those topics — and she should just write whatever she liked! She clearly did, earning the compliment from fellow journalist Mary Billington, (who eventually ran the "women's department" at the ''Daily Telegraph'') that as a writer she combined "daring, brilliancy, and romance":. In particular she championed the cause of sports for women.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>See the paragraph under the ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Illustrated London News|Illustrated London News]]'' about Florence Fenwick-Miller and Violet Greville's roles in articulating the subtle differences between the ''Graphic'' and the ''Illustrated London News'' on the topic of the New Woman. ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William Luson Thomas was Managing Director between 1869 and 1900.<ref name=":6" /> E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher between 1869 and 1893; E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher (and at 12, Milford Lane, printer) between 1894 and 1895; G. R. Parker & A. F. Thomas at 190, Strand, were publishers and at 12, Milford Lane printers.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were Arthur Locker (1870–1891) and T. H. Joyce (1891–1906).<ref name=":6" /> (Edmund Yates must not have been a chief editor.) In 1890 William Luson Thomas, the same proprietor, spun off a ''Daily Graphic''.<ref>BM [Brian Maidment]. "Thomas, William Luson (1830–1900)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 623, Col. 2b.</ref> ==== Circulation ==== ''The Graphic'' reported that regular issues in the 1880s occasionally had runs of 250,000, and "Christmas numbers for 1881, 1882 [of] more than 500,000."<ref name=":6" /> ==== ''The Graphic'' Digitized ==== * At the Hathi Trust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000533840 * British Newspaper Archive: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?exactsearch=false&retrievecountrycounts=false&newspapertitle=the%2bgraphic ==== Reading for ''The Graphic'' ==== * Korda, Andrea. ''Printing and Painting the News in Victorian London: The Graphic and Social Realism, 1869–1891''. Ashgate, 2015; Routledge, 2017. ===The Illustrated London News=== The ''Illustrated London News'' was a weekly published on Saturday and costing 6 pence after 1871.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Victorian Fiction Research Guide'' says about the ''Illustrated London News'',<blockquote>by far the most successful of the metropolitan weeklies was a Saturday journal starting up in May 1842, whose most distinctive feature was that it was the first British newspaper to give priority to pictures.<ref name=":4">Law, Graham. "Introduction." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/introduction/.</ref></blockquote>And that by the 1890s it was 32 pages, "small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress," with "over 50 [engravings] from half-column to double-page size.<ref name=":6" /><p></p> Florence Fenwick-Miller wrote a "Ladies Column," later renamed to "Ladies' Page," for the ''Illustrated London News'':<blockquote>Florence Fenwick-Miller’s weekly ‘Ladies Column’ in ''The Illustrated London News'' and its equivalent in ''The Graphic'', Lady Violet Greville’s ‘Place aux Dames’, form a fascinating contrast. In brief, Fenwick-Miller in ''The Illustrated London News'' takes a progressive line on the suffrage and marriage questions, celebrating a victory for women’s rights in the Jackson/Clitheroe judgement (which denied the authority of the husband to hold his wife against her will, 4 April 1891, 452), yet remains an enthusiastic advocate of the latest feminine fashions from Paris. On the death of Emily Faithful, Fenwick-Miller praises her work as a publisher while criticizing the manliness of her costume (15 June 1895, 750). Greville in ''The Graphic'' opposes electoral or marriage reform, but is in favour of paid work, active athleticism, and rational dress for women – she sees the enfranchisement of women in Australia as the ‘thin end of the wedge’ (25 Nov 1893, 659), but demands that ‘where women do equally good work with men their wages should be the same’ (15 Sept 1894, 306).<ref name=":4" /></blockquote> ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William J. Ingram & Charles L. N. Ingram were the proprietors between 1872 and 1905 and the publishers and printers between 1884 and 1905.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were John Lash Latey (1863-1890), C. K. Shorter (1891-1900) and Bruce S. Ingram (1900-1963).<ref name=":6" /> ==== Circulation ==== The circulation was attested at 123,000 in 1854, with larger runs (as reported by the ''Illustrated London News'') of 310,000 for the issue about the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 1863 (''The Illustrated London News,'' 13 May 1967, 42–3) and of more than 500,000 for holiday issues in the 1880s.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Availability ==== The ILN can be found in Google Books: *Vol. 32, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FNFCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 33, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ps9CAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 35, 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=3NNCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 39, 1861 (https://books.google.com/books?id=V4g-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 40, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yIY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 41, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xmQjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 42, Jan–June 1863 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yoVUAAAAcAAJ or https://books.google.com/books?id=PWUjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 45, 1864 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8ok-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 46, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ToY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 47, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=rYk-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 89, 1886 (https://books.google.com/books?id=R4o-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 91, 1887 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JIo-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 92, 1888 (https://books.google.com/books?id=joo-AQAAMAAJ) === The Ladies Field === 1898–1922. The British Newspaper Archive does not have this periodical digitized (as of January 2024). === The Lady === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says ''The Lady'' was composed on a Linotype machine.<ref name=":2" /> (255, Col. 1a) It was published on Wednesdays.<blockquote>LADY. Wednesday. 3''d''. Established February 19, IRRi The ''Lady'' deals with the many subjects in which Iadies are interested fully and completely. Home dress-making, household management, social news, information, hints, and advice, all find place in its pages. It is admirably illustrated with fashions, dresses, &c. Published at 39 & 40, Bedford St., Strand, W.C. (Advt., p. 250.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|71, Col. 1a}}</blockquote> An advertisement in ''Mitchell's'' for ''The Lady'' says,<blockquote>The Best Ladies' Newspaper. The Lady. Weekly, price Three pence. THE LADY has articles in each issue devoted to the Toilet, the Fashions of Dress, Home Decoration, the Accomplishments, the Social and Domestic Life, Travel for Pleasure and Health, the Household in its many aspects; and numerous other interesting features. A large staff of competent writers, artists, and practical administrators are engaged in each department, with the result that THE LADY is admitted to be best, cheapest, and most useful ladies' journal ever produced. The Terms for Advertisements may be had on application. London — THE LADY Offices, 39–40. Bedford-street and Maiden-lane, Strand. W.C.<ref name=":2" /> (250, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Begun in 1885,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-23|title=The Lady (magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_(magazine)&oldid=1171891113|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_(magazine).</ref> the ''Lady'' is still being published, and old issues are not available in a digitized form. The current magazine has a mechanism for getting access to back issues, but they are all 21st-century issues. === The Lady of the House === ''The Lady of the House and Domestic Economist'' began publication on 1 September 1890, the first day of the fall quarter, aimed at educated Irish women and "the Lady Amateur." The first issue says,<blockquote>Introductory. A New Journal which did not claim to fill that time-honoured "long-felt want” which all new Journals seek to occupy would, indeed, show but poor reason for its existence. The Proprietors and Publishers of the “Lady of the House,” although responsible for a new feature in Journalism, have no desire to depart from the traditional custom of the craft. They claim that this Journal distinctly fills a long-felt want, and fills it well. The want has long been felt of a high-class Irish Journal solely devoted to Fashion, the Beautifying of the Home and Person, Scientific Cookery, the Toilet, the Wants and Amusements of Children, the Garden and Conservatory, and the hundred-and-one matters which interest educated women. This want, we repeat, has been felt, but has not hitherto been filled, except by the English Ladies’ Journals, which enjoy an immense circulation in this country. The “Lady of the House” will be issued Quarterly — on the first day of each season — Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. The Autumn Number is now presented, and comprises Fashions for Autumn, Seasonable Descriptions of New Hats, Gowns, Mantles, &. Dishes for Autumn will be found in the "Cookery Section;" a high Art Authority describes the best arrangement of the house in Autumn, and a no less high Authority on Horticulture instructs the Lady Amateur on the management of her Garden at this Season. This, the plan on which the Journal is originated, will be fully and faithfully observed each Quarter, when ''Twenty Thousand Copies'' will be distributed gratuitously. The costliness of such an undertaking must be apparent to everyone. Notwithstanding this, the Proprietors do not seek the Subscriptions of the reading public. The next (Winter Quarter) Number will be issued on the first day of Winter — 23rd December next — and will contain an exhaustive ''résumé'' of the Paris Winter Fashions, and a mass of finely-illustrated Literature, suitable for Christmastide.<ref>"Introductory." ''Lady of the House'' 1 September 1890, Monday: 3 [of 38], Col. 1a–2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004835/18900901/012/0003''.''</ref></blockquote> === Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper === 1842–1931. Edited by Thomas Catling 1884–1906.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-02|title=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper&oldid=1173436602|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper.</ref> "On 16 February 1896, ''Lloyd’s Weekly'' became the only British newspaper in the nineteenth century to sell more than a million copies."<ref name=":7" /> === The London Gazette === An official journal of record for the government of the U.K., the London Gazette has detailed coverage of official social events — like weddings of the royal family, for example, and granting of awards and honors. * Front page: https://www.thegazette.co.uk. * Number 23720, 24 March 1871, is a supplement detailing the wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] and John Campbell, Marquis of Lorne (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23720/) * Number 26869, 2 July 1897, records nothing about the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] because nothing official occurred because of it (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26869/page/3637). === The Man of Ross === Also, ''The Man of Ross, Forest of Dean, and West of England Advertiser''. A conservative newspaper that came out on Saturday, 1d. (one penny).<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}} The 1895 Mitchell's says of Ross, Herefordshire,<blockquote>A market town, with iron and coal-mines in the neighbourhood, and extensive iron and tinplate-works about six miles distant. The district is rural and the population (9,651) is engaged in mining and agricultural pursuits.<ref name=":2" /> (145, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Of the Man of Ross newspaper, Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Gives the local and general news of the week, with a varied, useful, and entertaining miscellany of general information, and original articles. P<small>ROPRIETOR</small> — John Counsell.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ===The (London) Morning Post=== In 1879, Mitchell's Press Directory described the Morning Post as follows: <blockquote>MORNING POST. Daily, 3d. Established 1772. Principles: High Church and Whig. The Post is not merely a political newspaper, it is the fashionable chronicle and journal of the Beau Monde. Few events occur in the higher circles, to which publicity can consistently be given, which are not reported in its columns. Its news department is full and complete; its reports impartial, and well written; and its criticisms on books, music, pictures, and science are considered as authorities. Its correspondents are numerous; and those in the colonies especially are evidently well informed upon all questions that form the subjects of public discussion of government policy. It is an able and consistent advocate of the principles of the "High Church" party, as distinguished from the "Evangelical" section of the Church; but it does not favour the doctrines of the Ritualistic party. Published by F. W. Smith, Wellington Street, W.C. (Gliserman [11])</blockquote> Brake and Demoor say the ''Morning Post'' was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849 and bought by his son Algernon Borthwick, who had been editor as well, in 1879. In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Morning Post'''s politics were conservative, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 10 a.m., and the "Time Published" was 3 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor's ''Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland'' says the following: <blockquote>The editorship was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849, the start of a family connection that was to last until 1924. On Borthwick's death in 1852, the editorship passed to his son Algernon Borthwick, who bought the paper in 1876, and consolidated its imperialist* and conservative tone. He also continued its interest in sporting* matters, particular racing. When he took over the paper, its circulation had declined to under 3,000 (compared to a circulation of The Times of 40,000.) He reduced the price* from 3d to 1d and increased its circulation. During his editorship, leader writers included Andrew Lang* and Alfred Austin*. William E. Henley*, Thomas Hardy* and Rudyard Kipling contributed verse while George Meredith was its special correspondent during the Italian wars* of liberation from Austria. Borthwick, now Lord Glenesk, died in 1908 and his family sold the paper in 1924. It merged* with the Daily Telegraph* in 1937. JRW Sources: Griffiths 1992, Hindle 1937, ODNB. (Brake and Demoor 427; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book)</blockquote> In Mitchell's 1906 ''Newspaper Press Directory'', the ''Morning Post'' is described as follows: <blockquote>Morning Post. Daily, 1d. Established 1772. Principles: Unionist. The Morning Post is the oldest daily newspaper existing in London. It gives special attention to fashionable and foreign news, and is also noted for its full and accurate reports of Parliamentary proceedings. As a medium for announcements which it is desired to bring before the notice of the high and wealthy classes, the Morning Post cannot be surpassed. Published by E. E. Peacock, Aldwych, W.D. (Advt. p. 88.)<br> Tele. Nos.<br> Strand (5432 Gerrard.<br> (13553 P.O. Central<br> Aldwych, 13501 P.O. Central<br> City Office, 5522 Avenue. (NPD 1905: 62; identical description in Mitchell 1896 58)</blockquote> ''Willing's British and Irish Press Guide'' for 1891 describes the Morning Post like this: <blockquote>MORNING POST, 1772. (c) Daily — 3 a.m. 1d. T. L. Coward, 12 Wellington Street, W.C. Political, general, and fashionable newspaper. (Willing's 1891: 79)</blockquote> Willing's also classifies the ''Morning Post'' as a family newspaper.{{rp|135}} <blockquote>Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press says this in 1886: Dating its birth back to the year 1772, this paper can boast of being the oldest political daily newspaper existing in London. Its career has ben a very distinguished and interesting one; and among its contributors it has numbered Southey, Wordsworth, Sir James Mackintosh and others. Coleridge was for some time its editor, and Charles Lamb contributed witty paragraphs. From its commencement it has been most ably conducted, and its criticisms on plays, music, and books are excellent. The special features of the Morning Post are its fashionable and foreign news, to which it gives special [127/128] prominence. Nothing of interest occurs in the upper circles of society that is not recorded in its columns, and everything which can interest the beau monde receives notice. The circulation of the Morning Post, though not so great as some of its contemporaries, is a very good one, being chiefly among fashionable and wealthy circles. This paper is consequently well adapted for the advertising of articles de luxe and good possessing first-class workmanship and artistic merit, the sale of which is almost entirely confined to persons to whom the cost is of secondary importance. Compared with the other "dailies" the advertising charges of the Morning Post are moderate. Till within the last two years this paper was published at threepence, but now its price is the general one of a penny, a reduction which has already increased its sale tenfold.{{rp|127–128}}</blockquote> Advertising prices for the Morning Post from the Newspaper Press Dictionary (NPD 1905: 88), found in Google Books: [IMG] ====The ''Morning Post'' in Fiction==== When Major Pendennis moves to the country in Thackeray's 1864 novel, "he will miss seeing his name in the Morning Post on the day after each of the 'great London entertainments'" (Hampton, Mark. Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850–1950. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004: 23). Gwendolyn in Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' says she will announce her engagement in the ''Morning Post''. In a discussion of parodies of newspaper journalism, Patrick Leary says, "Punch frequently ran such parodies, beginning quite early on in the 1840s. The obsequiousness of the Morning Post (or "The Fawning Post," as Douglas Jerrold liked to call it) was a favorite target." (Leary). ====Some Important Writers, Contributors, Editors, Etc.==== *C. J. (Charles James) Dunphie was art and theatre critic 1856–1908 (Brake and Demoor 186) *William A. Barrett was "chief music* critic on the Morning Post* (1866–1891)" (Brake and Demoor 39) *Algernon Borthwick founded a "society magazine" called The Owl (Brake and Demoor 67) *Florence Caroline Douglas Dixie, war correspondent in the Boer War, 1897 (Brake and Demoor 172) *Rudyard Kipling *Benjamin Disraeli, before Borthwick took over (Brake and Demoor 427) *Andrew Lang, occasional contributor (Brake and Demoor 346) *Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe (Brake and Demoor 270) *William E. Henley (Brake and Demoor 427) *Alfred Austin (Brake and Demoor 427) *Thomas Hardy (Brake and Demoor 427) *George Meredith (Brake and Demoor 427) *Winston Churchill (Brake and Demoor 412) === Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion === ''Internet Archive'' has [[iarchive:myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/1|https://archive.org/details/myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/]]. (1875–1912) === The Pall Mall Gazette === Mitchell's classifies the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' as an evening paper.<ref name=":2" /> (p. 60, Col. 1b) The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' ran a "ladies' column" called the "Wares of Autolycus"<blockquote>from May 1893 to the end of 1898, appearing most days of the week, and drawing on a group of female journalists, notably Alice Maynell, to cover between them literature, gardening, fashion, home decor, good food, and society news. But though constructed in gossip column form, its aesthetic and literary standards lifted it well above the level of the average contemporary gossip column.<ref name=":5">Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." ''Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana'' http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html (accessed April 2017).</ref></blockquote>Both [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] wrote for the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', which was edited by W. T. Stead. Shaw wrote book reviews. Special issues of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' published some investigative journalism Stead did, "The Maiden Tribute to the Modern Babylon," about selling girls for sexual slavery (which lead to the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885). ===The Pictorial World=== The Pictorial World was an illustrated weekly newspaper that published between 7 March 1874 and 9 July 1892, or perhaps a new series began in 1891 (conflicting library records). According to its first issue, <blockquote> The Programme of The Pictorial World may be given in a few words. It is to present to the great middle-class of England, and of all English-speaking countries, a weekly illustrated record of passing events, which shall be pure in tone, amusing in its contents, and graceful to the eye— a paper which will depict faithfully with pen and pencil both "what the world says" and "what the world does." In The Pictorial World authors and artists will work together— each will inspire the other; and the cut-and-dried style of article shall be as much as possible avoided. It will therefore largely depend upon external help and kindnesses, and will open its pages to interesting sketches, far-brought novelties, and hints from friends at home and abroad. Such, in brief outline, is our wish and plan: we offer this first number as an earnest of our desire to carry it out; our succeeding numbers will show a progressive improvement. Appealing for public support, we look confidently to the future. (1884-03-07 Pictorial World) </blockquote> Lady Violet Greville says she wrote anonymously or pseudonymously for the ''Pictorial World'' (1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C), perhaps shortly after it began publication. Mary Elizabeth Braddon published ''The Golden Calf'' in the ''Pictorial World'', 1882–1883. George Robert Sims published a series called "How the Poor Live" beginning in 1883. ===The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper=== The weekly newspaper (published on Saturdays) ''Queen'' was marketed to women in the "upper ten thousand," an expression originally used for American Society but later translated to the U.K. Through a couple of major changes, the last major one of which occurred in 1970, what was the ''Queen'' is now ''Harper's Bazaar''. A column called "The Upper Ten Thousand at Home and Abroad" appeared regularly by the end of the 19th century detailing the movements and social events of the royals, aristocracy, political leaders and plutocrats. Ardern Holt seems to have been the major writer for fashion, at least in 1897, including an advice column for fashion, dress and costumes. Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' has this for its entry for the ''Queen'': <blockquote>Q<small>UEEN</small>. Saturday, 6''d''. Established 1861. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Neutral. It is particularly intended for ladies' reading, as it provides that which ladies have hitherto so much needed in this country; the ''earliest'' colored fashion-plates from Paris, and original work-patterns by the best designers. It has many novel departments, in which ladies communicate useful observations and criticisms. "Pastimes," "Domestic and Rural Economy," and "Domestic Pets," are also included; and a large space is given to "Receipts" for family use. Pastimes for ladies, a charade, a novel, or a sprightly sketch, vary the contents. Court and fashionable news are fully reported and the paper is well illustrated. Published by Horace Cox, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 252.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|75}}</blockquote>The ad for the ''Queen'' in Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' looks like this: <blockquote>Queen, the Lady's Newspaper. This newspaper is the great organ of the ladies of the upper classes in Great Britain. The latest Paris and other fashions are given every week, together with patterns and descriptions of the newest work, illustrated in the best style of art. The following list will show the chief features of the paper: — [what follows is a 2-column list with a vertical rule between the 2 columns, which break after "Society in Paris" and before "Work of all kinds."] :Leaders on interesting and current topics :The Exchange :Dramatic critiques :Paris and other fashions :Gleanings from new books :The boudoir :The housekeeper :The opera, concerts, &c. :Society in Paris :Work of all kinds :Plants and flowers :Recipes of all kind :New music :Natural History :Court news :Pastimes :New books :Literary and artistic gossip. The QUEEN is also the great medium through which tradesmen and others bring their announcements prominently before the upper ten thousand. These advertisements comprise, among other subjects — dress and fashion, country wants, governesses, schools, books, furniture, pastimes, domestic wants, music, toilet requisites, servants, &c. In addition to the above, the QUEEN presents a monthly coloured fashion sheet and monthly coloured work patterns, a monthly cut paper pattern, and illustrations (coloured and plain) of all new fancy work, domestic inventions, fashions, &c. Prince 6c.; stamped 6 1/2d.; yearly subscription, pain in advance, 28s.; half yearly, 14s.; quarterly, 7s. Specimen copy post free for six stamps. Published every Saturday by Horace Cox, Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|252, Col. 3a}}</blockquote> === Society === In a posting on the Victoria listserv, Patrick Leary says,<blockquote>According to the ''Waterloo Directory'', the penny weekly magazine ''Society'' ran from 1878 to 1890.  The editor was George Plant, and it was printed by Unwin Brothers.  The entry lists [illustrator] Phil May as a contributor. I couldn't find the journal online — that generic title is hard to zero in on — but the British Library has a full run of the paper; the Bodleian has a partial one.   <p></p> Fox-Bourne's history of the press has a little bit more about ''Society'' here https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uga1.32108003235689&seq=325.<ref>Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 14 July 2024.</ref></blockquote>In a reply to the same thread on the Victoria listserv, Richard Fulton says,<blockquote>The ''Union List of Victorian Serials'' lists ''Society'' as running under that title from 12 mar 1880 to 31 Aug 1901. It also notes that the magazine started out life in 1879 as the ''Mail Budget''.<ref>Fulton, Richard. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 15 July 2024.</ref></blockquote> === The (London) Standard and Evening Standard === The London ''Standard'' was the first of these two newspapers, founded in 1827.<ref name=":3">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "''Standard'' (1827–1916)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|596, Col. 2c}} An advertisement in Mitchell's for "The Standard, Morning and Evening," says that it is "the leading daily newspaper" and<blockquote>contains full Parliamentary, Law, Police, and Commercial Intelligence, together with Critiques on all noteworthy productions in the worlds of Art, Literature, Music, and the Drama, and a carefully-revised Epitome of the general News of the day.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> Addresses: 103, 104 and 105 Shoe Lane and 23 Bride Street, London, E.C. ==== London Standard ==== The London ''Standard'' became a daily paper in 1857. In the 19th century, the ''Standard'' and the ''Morning Standard'' are the same paper. ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says of the London ''Standard'',<blockquote>in 1878 the paper passed into the control and editorship of William Heseltine Mudford and by the mid-1880's the / Standard had become a powerful force in conservative journalism* with a circulation of 250,000. Its leader* writers included Alfred Austin* and Thomas Escott*. George Alfred Henty, the author of stories for boys, was its war* correspondent*.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}}</blockquote> The 1895 ''Mitchell''<nowiki/>'s says,<blockquote>S<small>TANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d''. Established as a Morning Paper, June 29, 1857. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. While maintaining Conservative principles, ''The Standard'' reserves the right to apply those principles to the questions of the day, without regard to party politics, or special devotion to the views of party leaders. On all political questions it is remarkably impartial in the admission to its columns of letters from any man whose position gives him a right to speak, be his views what they may. In the matter of Parliamentory news ''The Standard'' is the one London Penny Journal that has not adopted the system of very abridged reports. The paper has of late paid great attention to foreign correspondence: more particularly such as is forwarded by telegraph from all parts of the world. In literary and dramatic criticism it exercises a careful selection of productions worthy of notice for praise or blame; but the complete display of '''him''' and foreign news is its chief distinguishing feature. Reports relating to markets, racing, cricket, and boating are very fully given. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81)<ref name=":2">Mitchell, Charles. ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895''. [Hathi Trust via U Wisconsin Madison.] London: C. Mitchell & Co., 1895. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015085486150 (accessed January 2023).</ref>{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ==== London Evening Standard ==== ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says, "The ''Evening Standard'' was issued as a sister newspaper [of the London ''Standard''] in 1860."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c}}. From Brake and Demoor: The ''Pall Mall Gazette'': "only to be dissolved in 1923 into Lord Beaverbrook's ''Evening Standard''" (478, Col. 1c). The ''Standard'': "the paper was acquired by C. Arthur Pearson* in 1904, when its circulation was 80,000. The ''Standard'' ceased publication in 1916, but the ''Evening Standard'' continued"{{rp|597, Col. 1a}}. The 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>E<small>VENING STANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d'', Estab. 1827. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. Under the same management as the Standard published in the morning. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81.)<ref name=":2" /> (60, Col. 1c)</blockquote>An advertisement for the ''Evening Standard'' says that although it was an evening paper, it published 4 editions, the last (or "Latest") must have been very late:<blockquote>Published four times daily, gives the Day's Law, '''Police''', Markets, Commercial Meetings, Stock Exchange Quotations, &c. The Latest or "S<small>PECIAL</small>" Edition contains, in addition, the Day's Racing, and (during the Parliamentary Session) a full Summary of the Debates in both Houses of Parliament.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> === The Star of Guernsey === Not to be confused with the radical paper ''The Star'', the ''Star of Guernsey'', as the 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Is published every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, price 1d., or by post 1¹/₂d. to any part of the United Kingdom, France, and most parts of the Continent.<p></p> The STAR circulates very extensively through the Channel Islands, and large numbers are sent to the United Kingdom, the Colonies, France and America, it is, therefore, an excellent medium for advertisers.<ref name=":2" /> (315, Col. 3a)</blockquote>The proprietors were Marquand & Co. STAR Office, Guernsey. === The St. James's Gazette === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says the ''St. James's Gazette'' was published at 3:00 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56a}}<blockquote>S<small>T. JAMES'S GAZETTE</small>. 1''d''. Established 1880. The ''St. James's Gazette'' is an independent and progressive Conservative newspaper, which, while consistently supporting constitutional principles, the maintenance of the empire, and the supremacy of the law in every portion of the dominions of the Crown, is in favour of moderate and ordered reform. It gives with point, brevity, and accuracy all the most important news of the day, the latest money market reports, racing news, Parliamentary Intelligence, Police News, Foreign Telegrams, &c. Special attention is given to American, Continental, and Indian Intelligence. Published at Dorset Street, Whitefriars.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> ===Sussex Agricultural Express=== The ''Sussex Agricultural Express'', in describing a social event in which the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as Mayor and Mayoress, decorated Devonshire House again, refers to some of the men who worked for the Duke and Duchess in January 1898: "Mr. J. P. Cockerell, the Duke of Devonshire's indefatigable agent called to his aid a willing and competent staff from Compton Place, including Mr. W. S. Lawrence, the house steward, and Mr. May, the gardener."<ref>"Sunday School Festival: Speech by the Duke." ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' 29 January 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5b–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980129/182/0007.</ref> === Vanity Fair === Not the American magazine, a society magazine (7 November 1868 – 5 February 1914).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-26|title=Vanity Fair (British magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)&oldid=1191870176|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine).</ref> The caricature portraits<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-06-01|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures&oldid=1090963973|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures.</ref> of famous men and, occasionally, women were and continue to be an important contribution by this magazine, by people like Spy and Drawl (Leslie Ward) and Max Beerbohm, including other notable artists. ===The Times=== The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' includes the ''Times'' among the morning papers: <blockquote>The Times. Daily, 3d. Established January 1, 1788, (weekly edition, 2d., established January, 1877.) Principles: Church of England in religion; Free Trade in mercantile and commercial transactions. This, the leading journal of Europe, has for the field of its circulation, emphatically, the WORLD, and its influence is co-extensive with civilization. The connection is clear between the circulation and the advertisements. Not so clear is the relation between the circulation and the influence: to some extent the influence may be the effect; but chiefly, we suspect, the cause. The consciousness that thousands upon thousands read, creates some impression, an idea which may be to some extent the source of influence and of power. But there is in the influence of the Times something more substantial, more potent, than can be accounted for by the mere consciousness of its enormous circulation; it is "looked up to" all over Europe, and it is the only paper which men of all parties, and all classes, read and speak of. Other papers may be more preferred by particular classes, but all read the Times, who can; just because it is not possible to predicate its course on any question as regulated by the interest of any party or class: and it is known that it always acts on views of its own. It deals out its denunciations with equal force and freedom on all parties in their turn, with a boldness and decision quite characteristic; but not unfrequently, with great indifference to the consistency of its opinions. Hence all parties are uncertain what next they may exult in, a fiery storm invective against their antagonists or suffer the infliction themselves. It is distinguished for its reports of parliamentary and legal proceedings. It does not devote much of its space to literature and the fine arts; but its reviews and criticisms are forcibly and cleverly written. Published by G. E. Wright Printing House Square, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|57}}</blockquote> Costing 3d. per daily issue, the "Latest Time for Ads." for the ''Times'' was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} === Westminster Gazette === George Newnes founded the ''Westminster Gazette'' in 1893 as the "radical liberal successor" to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', after it had been purchased "by Tory interests."<ref name=":1">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "Westminster Gazette." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 672, Col. 1c.</ref> A "'clubland' 1d evening daily," it was called the "pea-green incorruptible" (the pea-green because of the green paper it was printed on).<ref name=":1" /> The ''Westminster Gazette'' merged with the ''Daily News'' in 1928.<ref name=":1" /> Edward Tays Cook was editor 1893–1895, and John Alfred Spender 1895–1928.<ref name=":1" /> ===The Woman's World=== November 1887 – Editor, [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] (April 1887 – by October 1889) Sub-Editor, Arthur Fish ''The Woman's World'' ceased publication not long after Wilde left it. ''The Queen'' was a competitor. [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] took over the editorship of ''The Lady's World'' in April 1887, changing its title (to ''The Woman's World'') and its mission.<ref name=":8">Fitzsimons, Eleanor. "Entering ''The Woman’s World'': Oscar Wilde as Editor of a Woman’s Magazine." ''The Victorian Web'' 17 September 2015. http://www.victorianweb.org/. Rpt. ''Academia'' https://www.academia.edu/15813341/Entering_The_Woman_s_World_Oscar_Wilde_as_Editor_of_a_Woman_s_Magazine. Rpt.? Eleanor Fitzsimons, ''Wilde's Women: How Oscar Wilde Was Shaped by the Women He Knew'' (Duckworth Overlook, 2015).</ref> ''The Lady's World'' was "a high-end, illustrated monthly magazine produced by Cassell and Company" that focused on fashion.<ref name=":8" /> ''The Woman's World'' was significantly redesigned for its November 1887 first issue:<blockquote>A fresh cover design featured Wilde’s name prominently with key contributors listed below. In a significant departure from convention, each article was attributed to its author by name. Wilde also increased the page count from thirty-six to forty-eight, and relegated fashion to the back while promoting literature, art, travel and social studies. Gone entirely were ‘Fashionable Marriages’, ‘Society Pleasures’, ‘Pastimes for Ladies’ and ‘Five o’clock Tea’. In his ‘Literary and Other Notes’, Wilde demonstrated unequivocal support for the greater participation of women in public life.<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>The "keynote" of ''The Woman's World'', according to Arthur Fish, was "the right of woman to equality of treatment with man."<ref name=":8" /> Wilde wrote to Thomas Wemyss Reid, General Manager of Cassells, that he wanted ''The Woman's World'' to "take a wider range, as well as a high standpoint, and deal not merely with what women wear, but with what they think, and what they feel."{{rp|qtd. in}}<ref name=":8" /> Eleanor Fitzsimons looks at the new way the periodical treated women's fashion under Wilde's editorship: "Although fashion remained a key feature, a conventional round-up of the season’s trends was supplemented with articles on cross-dressing, aesthetic design and rational dress."<ref name=":8" /> An advocate of "rational" or "aesthetic" dress, [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr|Alice Comyns Carr]] published an article in ''The Woman's World'' under Wilde's editorship. ===The World: A Journal for Men and Women=== The first number of the ''World'' was 8 July 1874. Edmund Yates and E. C. Grenville Murray were proprietors until 1874; Yates was editor from the beginning until the end of his life in 1894.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Journalism." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/journalism/.</ref> Yates wrote editorials under the pseudonym Atlas. According to P. D. Edwards, the ''World'' was <blockquote>a weekly newspaper dedicated to the style of ‘personal journalism’ that Yates had been perfecting in his various gossip columns for nearly twenty years. Its appeal was to men and women of the world: clubmen, sportsmen, hangers-on of the literary, theatrical, and artistic worlds, fashionable and would-be fashionable ladies. After a few months it became a conspicuous and continuing success, generating hosts of imitators and inaugurating, it is generally agreed, the most distinctive twentieth-century style of journalism.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Introduction." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/.</ref></blockquote> Some of the people who wrote for the ''World'' during Yates' editorship were [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]], [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]], and so on. It looks like the ''Clifton Society'' reprinted "What the World Says" columns from ''The World''. == Earlier in the Century == === The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts === Google Books has a few volumes of this paper. It was a weekly, 3 columns, 6''d''. per issue, 6''s''. 6''d''. per quarter. Publishing Office: 21, Catherine-street, The Strand. Ads at the end of each issue, ~15 pages. It had a section called "Court and Fashionable Gossip." There's no ''Wikipedia'' page on it, so I'm not certain of the run, but the issue dated 2 April 1853 is No. 1243, No. 264 New Series. Google Books has # 1833 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2KYEo3j3YL8C) # 1835 (https://books.google.com/books?id=LLcRAAAAYAAJ) # 1848 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4pIechTAkPIC) # 1853 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC) # 1854 (https://books.google.com/books?id=naw0BY8lYh8C) # 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JhJ_hI-lxCsC) # 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=1VcG8C2nbv4C) The 1853 volume has 40 issues. # ''The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts'', 2 April 1853 (No. 1243; No. 263 New Series): . https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 April 1853 (No. 1244; No. 264 New Series): 225–240. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 April 1853 (No. 1245; No. 265 New Series): 241–256. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 April 1853 (No. 1246; No. 266 New Series): 257–272. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 May 1853 (No. 1247; No. 267 New Series): 273–288. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 7 May 1853 (No. 1248; No. 268 New Series): 289–304. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 14 May 1853 (No. 1249; No. 269 New Series): 305–320. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 21 May 1853 (No. 1250; No. 270 New Series): 321–336. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 28 May 1853 (No. 1251; No. 271 New Series): 337–352. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 4 June 1853 (No. 1252; No. 272 New Series): 353–376. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 11 June 1853 (No. 1253; No. 273 New Series): 377–392. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 18 June 1853 (No. 1254; No. 274 New Series): 393–416. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 25 June 1854 (No. 1255; No. 275 New Series): 415–440. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 2 July 1854 (No. 1256; No. 276 New Series): 441–456. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 July 1854 (No. 1257; No. 277 New Series): 457–472. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 July 1854 (No. 1258; No. 278 New Series): 473–488. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 July 1854 (No. 1259; No. 279 New Series): 489–504. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 30 July 1854 (No. 1260; No. 280 New Series): 505–520. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 6 August 1854 (No. 1261; No. 281 New Series): 521–536. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 13 August 1854 (No. 1262; No. 282 New Series): 537–552. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 20 August 1854 (No. 1263; No. 283 New Series): 553–568. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 27 August 1854 (No. 1264; No. 284 New Series): 569–584. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 September 1854 (No. 1265; No. 285 New Series): 585–600. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 September 1854 (No. 1266; No. 286 New Series): 601–616. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 September 1854 (No. 1267; No. 287 New Series): 617–632. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 September 1854 (No. 1268; No. 288 New Series): 633–648. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 October 1854 (No. 1269; No. 289 New Series): 649–664. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 8 October 1854 (No. 1270; No. 290 New Series): 665–680. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 15 October 1854 (No. 1271; No. 291 New Series): 681–696. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 22 October 1854 (No. 1272; No. 292 New Series): 697–712. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 29 October 1854 (No. 1273; No. 293 New Series): 713–728. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 5 November 1854 (No. 1274; No. 294 New Series): 729–744. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 12 November '''1853''' (No. 1275; No. 295 New Series): 745–760. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 19 November 1853 (No. 1276; No. 296 New Series): 761–776. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 26 November 1853 (No. 1277; No. 297 New Series): 777–792. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 December 1853 (No. 1278; No. 298 New Series): 793–808. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 December 1853 (No. 1279; No. 299 New Series): 809–824. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 December 1853 (No. 1280; No. 300 New Series): 825–840. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 December 1853 (No. 1281; No. 301 New Series): 841–856. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 31 December 1853 (No. 1282; No. 302 New Series): 857–872. == Magazines and Other Periodicals == === Godey's Lady's Book === An American monthly called ''Godey's Lady's Book'' (1830–1878 or 1830–1892?) and ''Godey's Magazine'' (1878–1898 or 1892–1898?).<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-25|title=Godey's Lady's Book|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godey's_Lady's_Book|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Very influential in American women's and domestic culture, Godey's "was the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War. Its circulation rose from 70,000 in the 1840s to 150,000 in 1860."<ref name=":9" /> Edited by Mrs. Sarah Hale (Sarah Josepha Hale) between 1837 and 1877,<ref name=":9" /> the magazine's popularity and influence began to wane after the Civil War began in 1860, when Southern Women could not get copies, reducing the readership markedly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm|title=Godey's Lady's Book index introduction|date=2011-04-10|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2025-03-11}}</ref> ''Godey's'' always published hand-colored fashion plates that emphasized Parisian couture at the beginning of each issue, but the monthly was more general than strictly a fashion magazine: "Beginning in 1853, almost every issue also included an illustration and pattern with measurements for a garment to be sewn at home. A sheet of music for piano provided the latest waltz, polka or galop."<ref name=":9" /> Copies online: * 1850: https://web.archive.org/web/20070609085951/http://www.history.rochester.edu/godeys/ * 1855–1858: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/godeytitle.html * 1855, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, excerpts related to the project of making Thanksgiving a national celebration: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/shtable/shtable-thanks.html * 1855-1865, index of volumes, no content: https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm * July 1865: https://web.archive.org/web/20070605112136/http://www.unr.edu/sb204/theatre/chittoc.html === The Lady === Founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles (1842–1922) in 1885, ʼ is still in publication. I haven't found any digitized copies of 19th-century issues. === The Lady's Realm: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine === Gossipy, with a focus on the aristocracy and fashionable and news about the Season. Some fiction and poetry, mostly written by women with titles. * 1898, May–October, Vol. IV (): https://books.google.com/books?id=KG8-AAAAYAAJ * 1899, May–October, Vol. VI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=LG4-AAAAYAAJ * 1900, November–April, Vol. IX (): * 1901–1902, November–April, Vol. XI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=94x2MboTkX8C === London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for the Hours of Relaxation === A lot of serialized fiction, but Alexander Henry Wylie seems to have had an article in each issue about Society in one way or another. * 1889, July–December, Vol. LVI (56): https://books.google.com/books?id=oz0ZAAAAYAAJ * 1890, January–June, Vol. LVII (57): https://books.google.com/books?id=tSZKAAAAMAAJ * 1890 July–December, Vol. LVIII (58): https://books.google.com/books?id=-zIZAAAAYAAJ * * 1892 July–December, Vol. LXII (62): https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GAbrVRCDUC * etc. ==== Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614. ==== Anti-Semitism alert; classism alert. <blockquote> SO much has been written by Lady Cork, Lady Jeune, Mr. Mallock, and other writers on "society," that it seems superfluous to add anything to what they have contributed to various magazines; but to an on-looker who does not go to "every lighted candle " the question naturally arises, What is now called "society?" There was a time, say, thirty years ago, when undoubtedly there was such a thing, leaving out, of course, the political ladies, who owed it to their party and their husbands to entertain ''all'' that were "on their side of the House." That we leave entirely alone, although in the case of Lady Palmerston (who stands alone, as a political lady, from an entertaining point of view), she steered clear of receiving any one who was not a friend, a relation, a person of birth and position, a ''great'' luminary in the political world, a celebrated author, or in some way ''entitled'' to an invitation to the best ''salon'' the London world has seen for many generations, and, so far, is ever likely to see again. Frances, Lady Waldegrave had a ''salon'', but of a totally different kind: pleasant, yes, certainly; but cosmopolitan, undoubtedly. A loss she certainly is, not to the "great world," but to those who in every sense almost were her inferiors, and who would like to go out every night of their lives in a frivolous round of what they call "society." But I maintain "society " of thirty years ago does not exist at the present day. One most important cause is, notwithstanding what may be said to the contrary — and there are those who must own it to themselves — "You forget we have daughters to marry." No, I do not forget it, but strongly maintain all the more, considering the ''present'' state of "society," that the fathers and mothers should more than ever protect their sons and daughters from allying themselves with those whose family are in no way suited to their own, and whose only qualification is money. After all, what is money? Surely it is dearly bought if you have to marry it, and it alone; probably there is not an idea in common with the family who possess it, on either side, father or mother; they may never even have had grandfathers, or if so, probably of very humble origin, and in no way can their offspring be suitable companions for your children for life, and very often when married in a much higher sphere they expect that you have married not only themselves, but, also, their families. But to return to "society" as it now is. What is it? A new word has cropped up within the last ten years: "smart" society. Is it recruited from blood? assuredly not. Is it exemplary virtue? assuredly not. Is it exquisite wit? No, it is rich Jews, Americans, and those who must be ''en Evidence'', and that they only can be from entertainments that alone cost far more than the very highest giving of the aristocracy of our country could or would deem it expedient to afford in so poor a cause; but the ''nouveaux riches'' have to buy their way into our present London society, and except by spending large sums this end cannot be attained. Their ostentatious display would in itself prevent, and does prevent, many of the "noble of the land" from ever encouraging their impertinent overtures to induce them to visit them or to recognize them socially in any way; but there are those who "jump" at the invitations the minute they arrive, and a ready response is sent, only too willingly. But in many instances the excuse for going to these houses is, "You know we have ''all'' our daughters to marry and those people "who give these gorgeous feasts are all so colossally rich." Are they? Not always. Ask them in view of marriage to ''settle'' a sum on your son or daughter, as the case may be, and the answer generally is, "Trust to us to make money matters all right." We know in several instances the value of these assurances. While money lasts they probably make a fair allowance to the young couple, but a crash comes, and where is ''the fair allowance'', not to speak of a "settlement,<nowiki>''</nowiki> which of course has never been made. Mothers who take their daughters to the houses of the ''nouveaux riches'', of whatever nationality, have only themselves to thank if misfortune overtakes their children eventually, if it is by marriage that they have allied themselves to such people. I know at present of three ladies in London, but not in what is now termed "society," who would not for one moment admit any one of the "new" people to their houses. Without doubt they are the most exclusive in London. Happily for them, none of them have "daughters to marry." One is the wife of an exLord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the others, two sisters of high birth and of exquisite refinement, the wives of earls and the daughters of earls. But those distinguished ladies are in the minority; the greatest compliment one can pay them is: "You 'never hear of them;' they are not 'advertising ladies.'" Many of our great ladies no longer exist. Lady William Russell, Lady Holland — where are they? Alas! no longer with us. Cleveland House is, through change of hands, no more the home of the Duchess of Cleveland, and several more hostesses, from one cause and another, entertain no longer, and their places filled — how? Why, not at all. Where is the ''grande dame'' of only a few years ago? True, there are the Embassies, and very well done are all entertainments at them. The Russian and Austrian are quite of the very best description. With such hostesses nothing else could be expected, but where are the ladies of Great Britain? Certainly not in London. Our sovereign and princes never for a moment contemplate competing with the ostentatious plutocrats of to-day. Nor even do our highest aristocracy strive to emulate them; but it might effect a change if they would set an example of aristocratic simplicity, so far as is compatible with their great position. What the ''nouveaux riches'' do not seem to understand, is that there is no true distinction in being rich, and that no ''genuine'' reverence is extended to them simply because of their wealth. One of the greatest signs of their vulgarity is the wanton and purposeless display of opulence by people who have no other possession in the whole world to recommend them. They think they are imitating the "great ones of the land," and, were it worth while, "the great ones" could rebuke them by reducing their expenditure, having fewer domestics, fewer carriages, fewer gardeners and gamekeepers; but even were those things done, I believe the lesson would be lost, and the motive be entirely misunderstood. The ducal simplicity would be ascribed either to personal meanness or to a reduced income. I am afraid it would take a great many men of birth and wealth in these days to enter into a compact to make the experiment in question, before the world at large would even observe that any new moral dogma was being put to the test. London "society" at present is immense, but exclusive "society" is small, smaller than ever; because nowadays it is obliged to discriminate more than ever, lest by accident, unawares, a member of the large London "society" finds his way into the smaller and exclusive drawing-rooms; they know their friends, and "are known by them." Many of the hostesses of the present day know not even the name of the guest the servant announces, but the most distinguished men of the day are totally unknown in the houses of the ''nouveaux riches''. A certain set of people may go, of aristocratic birth, but probably they are impecunious (if not daughters to marry), and they think there is sure to be a good cook. A foreign royalty may go, but that is by mistake; H.R.H. may have been misled as to the social status of his host, and on his second visit to London will not again make the mistake he did on first visiting our shores. Let us hope that another season we may still have the exclusive hostesses with us, and that they will entertain in their usual unostentatious and high-bred manner. The last season was broken up by the dissolution of Parliament to a certain extent, but above all by the overwhelming calamity which happened to T.R.H. the Prince and the Princess of Wales, Her Majesty the Queen, the Royal Family, and to the nation at large.<ref>Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614.</ref>{{rp|611–614}} </blockquote> === The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality === Begun by William Ingram and Clement Shorter as an addition to the Illustrated London News, the Sketch was first edited by Clement Shorter (ed. 1893–1900). It focused on "high society and the aristocracy" (Wikipedia. "The Sketch." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sketch). It was printed and published by Ingram Brothers, 198, Strand, London and cost sixpence. The British Library holds a complete run, but as of August 2016, it was not part of the British Newspaper Archive; many of the volumes below were digitized and are probably held at the University of Minnesota. Google Books has some issues; I need Vol. 18, and have found the following: *Wednesday 2 August 1893, No. 27, through 25 October 1893, No. 39, Vol. III: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3w4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 31 October 1894, No. 92, through 23 January 1895, No. 104, Vol. VIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=lnw4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 30 January 1895, No. 105, through 24 April 1895, No. 117, Vol. IX: https://books.google.com/books?id=1304AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 1 May 1895, No. 118, through 24 July 1895, No. 130, Vol. X: https://books.google.com/books?id=A344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 30 October 1895, No. 144, through 22 January 1896, Vol. XII: https://books.google.com/books?id=P344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *1896, Vol. 13: https://books.google.com/books?id=7qI6mzrUr_QC&pg=PA340&dq=the+sketch+a+journal+of+art+and+actuality+volume+18&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifrq-cheDOAhUF1x4KHS1pA4IQ6AEIKDAC *Wednesday 29 April 1896, No. 170, through 22 July 1896, No. 182, Vol. XIV, plus Supplement: https://books.google.com/books?id=fH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 29 July 1896, No. 183, through 21 October 1897, No. 195, Vol. XV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 October 1896, No. 196, Vol. XVI, through 9 December 1896, No. 202, Vol. XVI: https://books.google.com/books?id=uX44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 28 April 1897, No. 222, through 21 July 1897, No. 234, Vol. XVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=fQxIAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 July 1897, No. 235, through 20 October 1897, No. 247, Vol. XIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=JH84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday January 26 1898, No. 261, through 20 April 1898, No. 273, Vol. XXI: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z384AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 27 July 1898, No. 287, through 19 October 1898, No. 299, Vol. XXIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=kn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 26 October 1898, No. 300, through 18 January 1899, No. 312, Vol. XXIV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 25 October 1899, No. 352, through 17 January 1900, No. 364, Vol. XXVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=4n84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 24 January 1900, No. 365, through 18 April 1900, No. 377, Vol. XXIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=G4A4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Vol. III: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 3, 1893.pdf]] * *Vol. VIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 8, 1894-1895.pdf]] *Vol. IX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 9, 1895.pdf]] *Vol. X: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 10, 1895.pdf]] *Vol. XI: *Vol. XII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 12, 1895-1896.pdf]] *Vol. XIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 13, 1896.pdf]] *Vol. XIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 14, 1896.pdf]] *Vol. XV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 15, 1896.pdf]] *Vol. XVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 16, 1896-1897.pdf]] *Vol. XVII: *Vol. XVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 18, 1897.pdf]] *Vol. XIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 19, 1897.pdf]] *Vol. XX: *Vol. XXI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 21, 1898.pdf]] * *Vol. XXIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 23, 1898.pdf]] *Vol. XXIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 24, 1898-1899.pdf]] * *Vol. XXVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 27, 1899.pdf]] *Vol. XXVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 28, 1899-1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 29, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 30, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXXI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 31, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXXII *Vol. XXXIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 33, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 34, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 35, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 36, 1901-1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 37, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 38, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 39, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XL: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 40, 1902-1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 41, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 42, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 43, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 44, 1903-1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 45, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 46, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 47, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVIII: *Vol. XLIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 49, 1905.pdf]] *Vol. L: *Vol. LI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 51, 1905.pdf]] * *Vol. LIII *Vol. LVI === Quarterlies === * ''The Fortnightly Review'' (1865–; V. 62-63, 1894-95; V. 64-66, 1895-96) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 4018.340000) === Minor Magazines === * ''The Chameleon,'' an undergraduate literary magazine published by Oxford undergraduates. Lord Alfred Douglas's "Two Loves" was originally published in the December 1894 issue. == Resources for Working with Victorian Periodicals == === Researching the Periodicals, Authors, Etc. === * ''The Curran Index to Nineteenth-Century Periodicals'': https://www.curranindex.org/. Citing: Database: ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. 2017-present. curranindex.org. Entry: ‘[Page Title].’ ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. [URL], [date of access]. The Currran Index builds on the work in the ''Wellesley Index'', below. * ''The Wellesley Index To Victorian Periodicals 1824–1900''. 5 Vols. Ed., Walter E. Houghton. U of Toronto Press, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. *# Volume I ([[iarchive:wellesleyindexto0001unse/|https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0001unse]]) *#* ''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'' *#* ''The Contemporary Review'' *#* ''The Cornhill Magazine'' *#* ''The Edinburgh Review'' (including the years 1802–1823) *#* ''The Home and Foreign Review'' *#* ''Macmillan's Magazine'' *#* ''The North British Review'' *#* ''The Quarterly Review'' *# Volume II (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0002unse) *#* ''Bentley's Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Dublin Review'' *#* ''The Foreign Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Fortnightly Review'' *#* ''Fraser's Magazine'' *#* ''The London Review'' (1829) *#* ''The National Review'' (1883–) *#* ''The New Quarterly Magazine'' *#* ''The Nineteenth Century'' *#* ''The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine'' (1856) *#* ''The Rambler'' (1848–1862) *#* ''The Scottish Review'' (1882–) *#Volume III (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0003unse) *#*''Ainsworth Magazine'' *#*''The Atlantis'' *#*''The British and Foreign Review'' *#*''The London Review'' (1835–1836) *#*''The London and Westminster Review'' (1836–1840) *#*''The Modern Review'' *#*''The Monthly Chronicle'' *#*''The National Review'' (1855–1864) *#*''The New Monthly Magazine'' (1821–1854) *#*''The New Review'' *#*''The Prospective Review'' *#*''Saint Pauls'' *#*''Temple Bar'' *#*''The Theological Review'' *#*''The Westminster Review'' (1824–1836, 1840–1900) *#Volume IV (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0004unse) *#*''Bentley's Miscellany'' *#*''The British Quarterly Review'' *#*''The Dark Blue'' *#*''The Dublin University Magazine'' *#*''The London Quarterly Review'' *#*''Longman's Magazine'' *#*''Tait's Edinburgh Magazine'' (1832–1855) *#*''The University Magazine'' *#Volume V, Ed., Jean Harris Slingerland (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0005unse) *#*Epitome and Index * Directories ** [Mitchell's] Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150&view=1up&seq=250&q1=%22The+Lady%22 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150] * ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides'': https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/ === Sources of Digitized Periodicals === * The ''British Newspaper Archive'': https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/. The page numbering in the BNA does not match the page numbers on the printed page, and the title may not be accurate for that date, either. (e.g., 63 [of 97 in BNA; p. on print page], Col. 2a–3a [3 of 3 cols.]) * ''Google Books'' has some periodicals digitized and still available through them. * The ''Hathi Trust Digital Library'': https://www.hathitrust.org/ (accessed December 2022). * ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:howtodoitordire00unkngoog/page/n68/mode/2up|https://archive.org/details/]] * Library of Congress ''Chronicling America'' (for American newspapers): https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ * The London ''Times'' * The ''Newspaper Archive'': https://newspaperarchive.com/ * ''The Online Books Page'' University of Pennsylvania Libraries: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/ (accessed December 2022) * ''Open Access Nineteenth-century Periodicals'', at The Victorian Web: https://victorianweb.org/periodicals/openaccess.html ==Bibliography== *[1884-03-07 Pictorial World] The Pictorial World 7 March 1874 (1:1). Old Pictorial: Press from Our Past. Online http://www.oldpictorial.com/publishedby/pictorial-world/. *[1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C] "L. E." "A Chat with Lady Violet Greville." The Sketch 4 April 1894, Wednesday: 5, Col. 1A. (Behind paywall: http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001860/18940404/007/0005) Accessed December 2016. *Beetham, Margaret, and Kay Boardman, eds. Victorian Women's Magazines: An Anthology. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001. Google Books. *Gliserman, Susan. "Mitchell's 'Newspaper Press Directory': 1846–1907." Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, No. 4 April 1969 (2: 1): 10–29. *Hindle, Wilfred. The Morning Post: 1772–1937, Portrait of a Newspaper. London: Rutledge, 1937. *Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Victorian news parody." Reply to a posting on the Victoria listserv (victoria@list.indiana.edu). Monday, January 21, 2019 at 9:25 AM. *Miliband, Marion, ed. ''The [London] Observer of the Nineteenth Century, 1791-1901.'' London: Longmans, 1966. DA530.O2. *[Mitchell]. Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897. *[NPD 1905] Newspaper Press Directory: And Advertisers' Guide, Containing Full Particulars of Every Newspaper, Magazine, Review, and Periodical Published in the United Kingdom and the British Isles. The Newspaper Map of the United Kingdom, the Continental, American, Indian and Colonial Papers, and a Directory of the Class Papers and Periodicals. Diamond Jubilee Issue. 60th annual issue. London: C. Mitchell and Co., 1905. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=mGMLAAAAYAAJ. *Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana. Web. Accessed April 2017. http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html *Sell, Henry. Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press. London, Sell's: 1886. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=SEsCAAAAYAAJ. *Thomas, Frederick Moy, ed. Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson. London: Macmillan, 1904. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=-mMLAAAAYAAJ. *Thorold, Algar Labouchere. The Life of Henry Labouchere. New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1913. *[Who's Who 55] Addison, Henry Robert, and Charles Henry Oakes, William John Lawson, Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen, eds. Who's Who, 1903. 55th edition. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1903. Google Books. *Willing's British and Irish Press Guide and Advertiser's Directory and Handbook. ["Late May's."] 18th ed. n.p., 1891. Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=104CAAAAYAAJ. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Newspapers]] chp3nz56squljubjqgwn3uuxwzpzry9 2818158 2818157 2026-07-12T11:57:34Z ~2026-39254-40 3100486 /* The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality */ 2818158 wikitext text/x-wiki = Newspapers and Magazines = See also the page collecting [[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing|people who worked in publishing and journalism]]: publishers, journalists (including "[[Social Victorians/People/Working in Publishing#Journalists|Aristocratic Lady Journalists]]"), illustrators, editors, proprietors, and so on. Magazines and less-frequently published periodicals are [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Magazines and Other Periodicals|later on this page]]. == Periodicals That Published Society and London Gossip (Mitchell's) == *The Argus *The Bookman *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts|The Court Journal: Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The (London) Echo|The (London) Echo]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies|Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen|The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen]] *Hampshire Telegraph and Sussex Chronicle *The Isle of Wight Guardian *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Lady|The Lady]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lady of the House|The Lady of the House]] *The Lady's Magazine (La Moniteur de la Mode) [about class rather than gossip] *The Lady's World (see [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]]) *The Licensed Victualler's Mirror *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion|Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion]] *Observer *The Owl *The People *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper|The Queen, the Lady's Newspaper]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality|The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality]] *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Society|Society]] *St. James's Budget *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The St. James's Gazette|The St. James's Gazette]] *The Stage *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Vanity Fair|Vanity Fair]] *Warder and Dublin Weekly Mail *Waverley *The Weekly Sun *The Western Weekly Mercury *Whitehall Review *[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Woman's World|The Woman's World]] *Wrexham Argus and North Wales Athlete The Central Press, a press agency, says it provides "Lobby Gossip" (Mitchell's 188) and "Society Gossip" (Mitchell's 304). === Fashion Writers and Illustrators === * [[Social Victorians/People/Ardern Holt|Ardern Holt]] * [[Social Victorians/People/Rook|Clara Rook]] == Papers from Outside the U.K. That Played a Role == *''The Beacon'' (in Poona, India) *''Civil & Military Gazette'' (Lahore) *''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Godey's Lady's Book|Godey's Lady's Book]]'' *''India'' *''Mercure de France'' *''Overland Mail'' (written for India; special edition for China) *The New York ''Herald'' (9 March 1858–31 January 1920; British Library DSC Shelfmark 6089.303000n) *The Paris ''Temps'' (British Library DSC Shelfmark 8790.050000) == Other Newspapers == * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Belfast News-Letter|The Belfast News-Letter]] * ''The Echo'' (1868–) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 3647.367450n) * ''The Glasgow Herald'' (26 August 1805–) * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper]] * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The London Daily News|The London Daily News]] * London ''Daily Telegraph'' (1855–),<blockquote>founded by Joseph Moses Levy in a market in which there were ten newspapers, so he made his paper less expensive than the rest. Very quickly it was outselling the ''Times.'' In its early days, under the editorship of Levy and his employees, the paper supported liberal causes and governmental reform. It also sensationalized its stories. Some headlines from the 1850s included the following: "A Child Devoured by Pigs," "Extraordinary Discovery of Man-Woman in Birmingham," "Shocking Occurrence: Five Men Smothered in a Gin Vat." In keeping with its sensationalistic approach, the paper focused on crime and court reporting. In the 1870s, the leadership on the paper was politically conservative. Edwin Arnold was editor, and he was not replaced until 1899. In the early 1880s a reporter on the paper helped solve a murder on a train. The murderer was identified by the first portrait block published in a newspaper, and he was subsequently convicted and executed. The paper would have been associated with investigative journalism. (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone) (ISSN 03071235. British Library DSC Shelfmark 3512.450000f)</blockquote>In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily Telegraph''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} <blockquote>DAILY TELEGRAPH. I''d''. Established June, 20, 1855. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal. The ''Daily Telegraph'', a morning journal which, while thoroughly devoted to the large interests of the Liberal cause, has not unfrequently taken an independent course on the merits of particular questions. Over and above its recognized political position as the popular exponent of Liberal views, it has acquired an unequalled celebrity through the promptitude, the fulness, and the variety of its telegraphic advices; the enterprise which its conductors have shown when events of great national or international interest demanded early and ample description; and the novelty and freshness of the social articles, which are a constant feature of the paper, both in its leading columns and elsewhere. The popularity and influence of the ''Daily Telegraph'' are alike very great. Published by Archibald Johnstone, 135, Fleet Street, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|59}}</blockquote> * The London ''Evening News''.<blockquote>The ''Evening News'' joined the highly competitive group of London daily newspapers in 1894 when it was purchased by journalist Alfred Harmsworth. Under Harmsworth the newspaper was successful and rather sensationalistic, with illustrations and headlines like "Was It Suicide or Apoplexy?, Another Battersea Scandal, Bones in Bishopgate, Hypnotism and Lunacy and Killed by a Grindstone" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/Jevening.htm [link no longer works, server gone]). Harmsworth claimed in November 1894 that his newpaper had the largest circulation in the world — 394,447 — and that the only reason the sales were below half a million copies was the number of printing presses he owned. When his daughter was born in January 1889, [[Social Victorians/People/Arthur Conan Doyle|Arthur Conan Doyle]] put the announcement in the ''Evening News'': "CONAN DOYLE. On the 28th instant, at Bush Villa, Elm Grove, Mrs Conan Doyle, wife of A. Conan Doyle MD, of a daughter" (Stavert 136).</blockquote> * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#London Standard and the London Evening Standard|The London Standard and Evening Standard]] * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Man of Ross|Man of Ross]] * ''The National Observer'' * ''Reynold's Weekly Newspaper'' <blockquote>had, by the end of the century, been a fixture in London journalism for many years and was, in its own words, "devoted to the cause of freedom and in the interests of the enslaved masses." Founded in 1850, it owed some of its very large circulation to its price — George William Reynolds lowered the price from 4 shillings to a penny in 1864, and by 1875 its circulation was 350,000 a week. When Reynolds died in 1894, the paper was taken over by liberal M.P. James Henry Dalziel, who "brought in several new features including a women's page, serial stories, words and music of popular songs and help finding missing relatives and friends" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.ul/JreynoldsN.htm; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * ''The Scottish Leader'' (3 January 1887 – 4 July 1894?) * ''The Star'', <blockquote>founded in 1887 by politically radical journalist and Irish nationalist T. P. O'Connor. ''The Star'' hired writers for their radical beliefs. Assistant editor H. W. Massingham also hired well-known writers for their talents and names. He knew [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and hired him to be an assistant leader-writer. Reporter Ernest Clarke is remembered by O'Connor in his ''Memoirs'' like this: "He might be trusted to work up any sensational news of the day, and helped, with [his coverage of] Jack the Ripper, to make gigantic circulations hitherto unparalleled in evening journalism" (http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/; link no longer works, server gone).</blockquote> * The [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Star of Guernsey|Star of Guernsey]] * The ''St. James's Gazette'' * [[Social Victorians/Newspapers#Westminster Gazette|Westminster Gazette]] === The Belfast News-Letter === The ''Belfast News-Letter'' began publication in 1737<ref name=":0">MJH/MaT [Matthew James Huggins/Matthew Taunton]. "Belfast News-Letter (1737–)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 44, Col. 2b – 45, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|44, Col. 2b}}; by the second half of the 19th century it reported local news and "dedicated an unusual amount of column inches to literary* matters for a newspaper and printed sports'* reports, articles on horticulture and gardening*, and pieces detailing the latest developments in ladies' fashion."<ref name=":0" />{{rp|45, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}} It came out on Wednesday and Saturdays and cost 4d.<ref name=":0" />{{rp|44, Col. 2b}} ===The (London) Daily News=== In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Daily News''<nowiki/>'s politics were liberal, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. <blockquote>Daily News. 1d. Established Jan. 21, 1846. Principles: Liberal and Independent. It is very ably conducted in every department; and neither in its politics or literature, its domestic or foreign news, its English, American, or Continental correspondence and telegrams, yields the palm to any of its contemporaries. Its literary, dramatic, and musical articles are distinguished by great ability. Published by T. Britton, 19, 20, 21, Bouverie Street; (Office for Advertisements) 67, Fleet Street, W.C. (Advt. p. 32.)<ref name=":2" /> (58)</blockquote> ''Daily News'' ad in ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'', 1895: <blockquote>Daily News Office,<br> 67, Fleet Street, London.<br> 1895.<br> Important to Advertisers.<br> The Daily News<br> Has<br> The Largest Circulation<br> Of Any Liberal Paper in the World.<br> The Daily News is now the leading Liberal organ. It has the largest circulation of any liberal paper in the world, and is, therefore, the best channel for Advertisements of every description.<br> [C. Mitchell & Co., Advertising Agents and Contractors, 12 and 13, Red Lion Court, Fleet Street, London, E.C.] (32).</blockquote> The ''Daily News'' was edited by Charles Dickens early on. Editor William Black "retired from journalism" in 1876 (Brake Demoor 57 a–b). Conservative Edward Tyas Cook was editor between 1895 and 1901, when he was dismissed by the new owners, the Cadbury family. Henry Labouchere was part-proprietor beginning in 1868 (Brake Demoor 338a). According to ''The Life of Henry Labouchere'', which is quoting ''Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson'', <blockquote> Sir John Robinson thus describes the syndicate of which Mr. Labouchere became a member: "The proprietors of the Daily News, a small syndicate which never exceeded ten men, were a mixed body, hardly any two of whom had anything in common. The supreme control in the ultimate resort rested with three of them, Mr. Henry Oppenheim, the well-known financier, with politics of no very decided kind; Mr. Arnold Morley, a Right Honourable, an ex-party Whip, / and a typical ministerial Liberal; and Mr. Labouchere, the Radical, financier, freelance. Others had but a small holding, and practically did not count, save as regards any moral influence they might bring to brea on their colleagues at Board meetings."{{rp|Thorold 95–96}}</blockquote> Labouchere sold his share in 1895 (Thorold 96): <blockquote>On Mr. Gladstone's withdrawal from public life," he wrote in ''Truth'', "the party, or rather a majority of the officialdom of the party became tainted with Birmingham imperialism. My convictions did not allow me to be connected with a newspaper which supported a clique of intriguers that had captured the Liberal ship, and that accepted blindly these intriguers as the representatives of Liberalism in regard to our foreign policy.</blockquote> It looks like when Robinson stepped down, the proprietors were Oppenheim and Morley until the paper was sold to the next syndicate, which included George Cadbury{{rp|Thomas 380}}. === The (London) Echo === According to the 1895 Mitchell's, the ''Echo'' was an evening paper and in its quick overview says,<blockquote>ECHO. Daily, 1''d''. Established December, 1868. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Liberal Unionist. It contains, in a condensed form, all the news of the day — devoting much space to "city matters," and giving details of all "business done" on the Stock Exchange. The ''Echo'' comments fearlessly on politics and statesmen. It endeavours to promote the national welfare. It strives to secure peace, to enforce economy, and to uphold a national policy enlightened by universal education. Published at 22, Catherine Street. W.C. (Advt., p. 247.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> The advertisement says,<blockquote>Echo. Established Quarter of a Century. <small>FAVOURITE EVENING PAPER FOR FAMILY READING</small>. Largest London Circulation. The <small>ECHO</small> is a daily newspaper and review, containing, in a condensed form, all the news of the day, in anticipation of the following day's morning paper. The <small>ECHO</small> is now acknowledged to be one of the best mediums for advertisers. In addition to its having the largest London circulation, (which on occasions reaches almost 300,000 [? the 3 is not clear]), its convenient size, and the excellent arrangement of its advertisements, ensure all the announcements appearing in its columns being brought directly under the notice of its very large number of readers. The <small>ECHO</small>, price One Halfpenny, can be obtained of any news agents in town or country, or a copy will be sent post-free to any address in the United Kingdom, at the rate of One Penny daily, viz., 26s. for twelve months; 13s. for six months; or 6.6d. for three months. P.O. Orders to be made payable to J. Passmore Edwards, 22, Catherine-st., Strand, London, W.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|246, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> === Fashionable London: An Illustrated Journal for Ladies === 1892–? The British Library may have a run; the Bodleian seems to as well. ===The Gentlewoman: The Illustrated Weekly Journal for Gentlewomen=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's, ''The Gentlewoman''<blockquote>Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very Iarge and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the continent, in America and the colonies tinent, in America and the colonies, amongst the best and public most wealthy class.</blockquote> *According to an ad in the 1905 Newspaper Press Directory, the Gentlewoman was a weekly published on Thursday (NPD 1905 94). *It was a women's (ladies') magazine. *1890–1926 *The address was 70–76 Long Acre, London, W.C. (NPD 1905 94). *It carried illustrated interviews: <quote>the subject was often an aristocratic woman and the interview was as much about the decor and furnishings of her home as about her own achievements. These interviews blended with the advice on furnishing and house decoration which became increasingly popular feature in all kinds of magazines for women at this time. They also exploited the techniques of the new journalism to suggest an intimacy with the great and famous into whose most private rooms the reader was allowed to look</quote> (Beetham and Boardman 59). <blockquote>Gentlewoman (The). Thursday, 6d.<br> Established 1890. Illustrated weekly newspaper for ladies, with a very large and increasing circulation all over the kingdom, on the Continent, in America and the Colonies, amongst the best and most wealthy class.<br> Published at 70–76, Long Acre, W.C. (Advt., p. 96.)</blockquote>{{rp|NPD 1905 71}}. [IMG] (Who's Who 55 31) ===The Graphic=== According to the 1895 Mitchell's Newspaper Directory, ''The Graphic'' was a weekly, published on Fridays, which sold for 6d. Its description read as follows: <blockquote>Principles: Independent. An admirably illustrated journal, combining "Literary excellence with artistic beauty." The illustrations are in the first style of art. The literary portion of the paper is admirable in its arrangement, and a series of essays and notices on the topics of the day add greatly to its attractive character. Stories by popular authors appear weekly, illustrated by eminent artists.<ref name=":2" /> (68)</blockquote> It was "of small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress..., featuring at least 20 engravings mainly of larger size."<ref name=":6">Law, Graham. "The Illustrated London News and The Graphic." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/.</ref> By the late 1890s, it had grown to 32 pages and had a number of supplements.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Graphic'' had a ladies' column in the 1890s and 1900s written by Lady Violet Greville, "Place aux Dames":<blockquote>Lady Violet claimed, when offered the ''Graphic'' job, that all her suggestions for subject-matter — art, literature, theatre, dress — were rejected on the grounds that they already had writers for those topics — and she should just write whatever she liked! She clearly did, earning the compliment from fellow journalist Mary Billington, (who eventually ran the "women's department" at the ''Daily Telegraph'') that as a writer she combined "daring, brilliancy, and romance":. In particular she championed the cause of sports for women.<ref name=":5" /></blockquote>See the paragraph under the ''[[Social Victorians/Newspapers#The Illustrated London News|Illustrated London News]]'' about Florence Fenwick-Miller and Violet Greville's roles in articulating the subtle differences between the ''Graphic'' and the ''Illustrated London News'' on the topic of the New Woman. ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William Luson Thomas was Managing Director between 1869 and 1900.<ref name=":6" /> E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher between 1869 and 1893; E. J. Mansfield at 190, Strand, was publisher (and at 12, Milford Lane, printer) between 1894 and 1895; G. R. Parker & A. F. Thomas at 190, Strand, were publishers and at 12, Milford Lane printers.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were Arthur Locker (1870–1891) and T. H. Joyce (1891–1906).<ref name=":6" /> (Edmund Yates must not have been a chief editor.) In 1890 William Luson Thomas, the same proprietor, spun off a ''Daily Graphic''.<ref>BM [Brian Maidment]. "Thomas, William Luson (1830–1900)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 623, Col. 2b.</ref> ==== Circulation ==== ''The Graphic'' reported that regular issues in the 1880s occasionally had runs of 250,000, and "Christmas numbers for 1881, 1882 [of] more than 500,000."<ref name=":6" /> ==== ''The Graphic'' Digitized ==== * At the Hathi Trust: https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000533840 * British Newspaper Archive: https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/search/results?exactsearch=false&retrievecountrycounts=false&newspapertitle=the%2bgraphic ==== Reading for ''The Graphic'' ==== * Korda, Andrea. ''Printing and Painting the News in Victorian London: The Graphic and Social Realism, 1869–1891''. Ashgate, 2015; Routledge, 2017. ===The Illustrated London News=== The ''Illustrated London News'' was a weekly published on Saturday and costing 6 pence after 1871.<ref name=":6" /> The ''Victorian Fiction Research Guide'' says about the ''Illustrated London News'',<blockquote>by far the most successful of the metropolitan weeklies was a Saturday journal starting up in May 1842, whose most distinctive feature was that it was the first British newspaper to give priority to pictures.<ref name=":4">Law, Graham. "Introduction." ''The Illustrated London News (1842-1901) and The Graphic (1869-1901)''. Retrieved September 2023. https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/the-illustrated-london-news-and-the-graphic/introduction/.</ref></blockquote>And that by the 1890s it was 32 pages, "small folio size (15.5in x 11.5in), with 3 cols of letterpress," with "over 50 [engravings] from half-column to double-page size.<ref name=":6" /><p></p> Florence Fenwick-Miller wrote a "Ladies Column," later renamed to "Ladies' Page," for the ''Illustrated London News'':<blockquote>Florence Fenwick-Miller’s weekly ‘Ladies Column’ in ''The Illustrated London News'' and its equivalent in ''The Graphic'', Lady Violet Greville’s ‘Place aux Dames’, form a fascinating contrast. In brief, Fenwick-Miller in ''The Illustrated London News'' takes a progressive line on the suffrage and marriage questions, celebrating a victory for women’s rights in the Jackson/Clitheroe judgement (which denied the authority of the husband to hold his wife against her will, 4 April 1891, 452), yet remains an enthusiastic advocate of the latest feminine fashions from Paris. On the death of Emily Faithful, Fenwick-Miller praises her work as a publisher while criticizing the manliness of her costume (15 June 1895, 750). Greville in ''The Graphic'' opposes electoral or marriage reform, but is in favour of paid work, active athleticism, and rational dress for women – she sees the enfranchisement of women in Australia as the ‘thin end of the wedge’ (25 Nov 1893, 659), but demands that ‘where women do equally good work with men their wages should be the same’ (15 Sept 1894, 306).<ref name=":4" /></blockquote> ==== Proprietors, Publishers, Printers, Editors ==== William J. Ingram & Charles L. N. Ingram were the proprietors between 1872 and 1905 and the publishers and printers between 1884 and 1905.<ref name=":6" /> Chief editors were John Lash Latey (1863-1890), C. K. Shorter (1891-1900) and Bruce S. Ingram (1900-1963).<ref name=":6" /> ==== Circulation ==== The circulation was attested at 123,000 in 1854, with larger runs (as reported by the ''Illustrated London News'') of 310,000 for the issue about the marriage of the Prince of Wales in 1863 (''The Illustrated London News,'' 13 May 1967, 42–3) and of more than 500,000 for holiday issues in the 1880s.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Availability ==== The ILN can be found in Google Books: *Vol. 32, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=FNFCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 33, 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ps9CAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 35, 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=3NNCAQAAIAAJ) *Vol. 39, 1861 (https://books.google.com/books?id=V4g-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 40, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yIY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 41, 1862 (https://books.google.com/books?id=xmQjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 42, Jan–June 1863 (https://books.google.com/books?id=yoVUAAAAcAAJ or https://books.google.com/books?id=PWUjAQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 45, 1864 (https://books.google.com/books?id=8ok-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 46, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=ToY-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 47, 1865 (https://books.google.com/books?id=rYk-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 89, 1886 (https://books.google.com/books?id=R4o-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 91, 1887 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JIo-AQAAMAAJ) *Vol. 92, 1888 (https://books.google.com/books?id=joo-AQAAMAAJ) === The Ladies Field === 1898–1922. The British Newspaper Archive does not have this periodical digitized (as of January 2024). === The Lady === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says ''The Lady'' was composed on a Linotype machine.<ref name=":2" /> (255, Col. 1a) It was published on Wednesdays.<blockquote>LADY. Wednesday. 3''d''. Established February 19, IRRi The ''Lady'' deals with the many subjects in which Iadies are interested fully and completely. Home dress-making, household management, social news, information, hints, and advice, all find place in its pages. It is admirably illustrated with fashions, dresses, &c. Published at 39 & 40, Bedford St., Strand, W.C. (Advt., p. 250.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|71, Col. 1a}}</blockquote> An advertisement in ''Mitchell's'' for ''The Lady'' says,<blockquote>The Best Ladies' Newspaper. The Lady. Weekly, price Three pence. THE LADY has articles in each issue devoted to the Toilet, the Fashions of Dress, Home Decoration, the Accomplishments, the Social and Domestic Life, Travel for Pleasure and Health, the Household in its many aspects; and numerous other interesting features. A large staff of competent writers, artists, and practical administrators are engaged in each department, with the result that THE LADY is admitted to be best, cheapest, and most useful ladies' journal ever produced. The Terms for Advertisements may be had on application. London — THE LADY Offices, 39–40. Bedford-street and Maiden-lane, Strand. W.C.<ref name=":2" /> (250, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Begun in 1885,<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-08-23|title=The Lady (magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_(magazine)&oldid=1171891113|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_(magazine).</ref> the ''Lady'' is still being published, and old issues are not available in a digitized form. The current magazine has a mechanism for getting access to back issues, but they are all 21st-century issues. === The Lady of the House === ''The Lady of the House and Domestic Economist'' began publication on 1 September 1890, the first day of the fall quarter, aimed at educated Irish women and "the Lady Amateur." The first issue says,<blockquote>Introductory. A New Journal which did not claim to fill that time-honoured "long-felt want” which all new Journals seek to occupy would, indeed, show but poor reason for its existence. The Proprietors and Publishers of the “Lady of the House,” although responsible for a new feature in Journalism, have no desire to depart from the traditional custom of the craft. They claim that this Journal distinctly fills a long-felt want, and fills it well. The want has long been felt of a high-class Irish Journal solely devoted to Fashion, the Beautifying of the Home and Person, Scientific Cookery, the Toilet, the Wants and Amusements of Children, the Garden and Conservatory, and the hundred-and-one matters which interest educated women. This want, we repeat, has been felt, but has not hitherto been filled, except by the English Ladies’ Journals, which enjoy an immense circulation in this country. The “Lady of the House” will be issued Quarterly — on the first day of each season — Autumn, Winter, Spring, and Summer. The Autumn Number is now presented, and comprises Fashions for Autumn, Seasonable Descriptions of New Hats, Gowns, Mantles, &. Dishes for Autumn will be found in the "Cookery Section;" a high Art Authority describes the best arrangement of the house in Autumn, and a no less high Authority on Horticulture instructs the Lady Amateur on the management of her Garden at this Season. This, the plan on which the Journal is originated, will be fully and faithfully observed each Quarter, when ''Twenty Thousand Copies'' will be distributed gratuitously. The costliness of such an undertaking must be apparent to everyone. Notwithstanding this, the Proprietors do not seek the Subscriptions of the reading public. The next (Winter Quarter) Number will be issued on the first day of Winter — 23rd December next — and will contain an exhaustive ''résumé'' of the Paris Winter Fashions, and a mass of finely-illustrated Literature, suitable for Christmastide.<ref>"Introductory." ''Lady of the House'' 1 September 1890, Monday: 3 [of 38], Col. 1a–2c [of 2]. ''British Newspaper Archive'' https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/BL/0004835/18900901/012/0003''.''</ref></blockquote> === Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper === 1842–1931. Edited by Thomas Catling 1884–1906.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|date=2023-09-02|title=Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper&oldid=1173436602|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Weekly_Newspaper.</ref> "On 16 February 1896, ''Lloyd’s Weekly'' became the only British newspaper in the nineteenth century to sell more than a million copies."<ref name=":7" /> === The London Gazette === An official journal of record for the government of the U.K., the London Gazette has detailed coverage of official social events — like weddings of the royal family, for example, and granting of awards and honors. * Front page: https://www.thegazette.co.uk. * Number 23720, 24 March 1871, is a supplement detailing the wedding of [[Social Victorians/People/Princess Louise|Princess Louise]] and John Campbell, Marquis of Lorne (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23720/) * Number 26869, 2 July 1897, records nothing about the [[Social Victorians/1897 Fancy Dress Ball|Duchess of Devonshire's fancy-dress ball]] because nothing official occurred because of it (https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26869/page/3637). === The Man of Ross === Also, ''The Man of Ross, Forest of Dean, and West of England Advertiser''. A conservative newspaper that came out on Saturday, 1d. (one penny).<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}} The 1895 Mitchell's says of Ross, Herefordshire,<blockquote>A market town, with iron and coal-mines in the neighbourhood, and extensive iron and tinplate-works about six miles distant. The district is rural and the population (9,651) is engaged in mining and agricultural pursuits.<ref name=":2" /> (145, Col. 1b)</blockquote>Of the Man of Ross newspaper, Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Gives the local and general news of the week, with a varied, useful, and entertaining miscellany of general information, and original articles. P<small>ROPRIETOR</small> — John Counsell.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|145, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ===The (London) Morning Post=== In 1879, Mitchell's Press Directory described the Morning Post as follows: <blockquote>MORNING POST. Daily, 3d. Established 1772. Principles: High Church and Whig. The Post is not merely a political newspaper, it is the fashionable chronicle and journal of the Beau Monde. Few events occur in the higher circles, to which publicity can consistently be given, which are not reported in its columns. Its news department is full and complete; its reports impartial, and well written; and its criticisms on books, music, pictures, and science are considered as authorities. Its correspondents are numerous; and those in the colonies especially are evidently well informed upon all questions that form the subjects of public discussion of government policy. It is an able and consistent advocate of the principles of the "High Church" party, as distinguished from the "Evangelical" section of the Church; but it does not favour the doctrines of the Ritualistic party. Published by F. W. Smith, Wellington Street, W.C. (Gliserman [11])</blockquote> Brake and Demoor say the ''Morning Post'' was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849 and bought by his son Algernon Borthwick, who had been editor as well, in 1879. In 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says that the ''Morning Post'''s politics were conservative, the "Latest Time for Ads." was 10 a.m., and the "Time Published" was 3 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|55}}. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor's ''Dictionary of Nineteenth-Century Journalism in Great Britain and Ireland'' says the following: <blockquote>The editorship was taken over by Peter Borthwick in 1849, the start of a family connection that was to last until 1924. On Borthwick's death in 1852, the editorship passed to his son Algernon Borthwick, who bought the paper in 1876, and consolidated its imperialist* and conservative tone. He also continued its interest in sporting* matters, particular racing. When he took over the paper, its circulation had declined to under 3,000 (compared to a circulation of The Times of 40,000.) He reduced the price* from 3d to 1d and increased its circulation. During his editorship, leader writers included Andrew Lang* and Alfred Austin*. William E. Henley*, Thomas Hardy* and Rudyard Kipling contributed verse while George Meredith was its special correspondent during the Italian wars* of liberation from Austria. Borthwick, now Lord Glenesk, died in 1908 and his family sold the paper in 1924. It merged* with the Daily Telegraph* in 1937. JRW Sources: Griffiths 1992, Hindle 1937, ODNB. (Brake and Demoor 427; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book)</blockquote> In Mitchell's 1906 ''Newspaper Press Directory'', the ''Morning Post'' is described as follows: <blockquote>Morning Post. Daily, 1d. Established 1772. Principles: Unionist. The Morning Post is the oldest daily newspaper existing in London. It gives special attention to fashionable and foreign news, and is also noted for its full and accurate reports of Parliamentary proceedings. As a medium for announcements which it is desired to bring before the notice of the high and wealthy classes, the Morning Post cannot be surpassed. Published by E. E. Peacock, Aldwych, W.D. (Advt. p. 88.)<br> Tele. Nos.<br> Strand (5432 Gerrard.<br> (13553 P.O. Central<br> Aldwych, 13501 P.O. Central<br> City Office, 5522 Avenue. (NPD 1905: 62; identical description in Mitchell 1896 58)</blockquote> ''Willing's British and Irish Press Guide'' for 1891 describes the Morning Post like this: <blockquote>MORNING POST, 1772. (c) Daily — 3 a.m. 1d. T. L. Coward, 12 Wellington Street, W.C. Political, general, and fashionable newspaper. (Willing's 1891: 79)</blockquote> Willing's also classifies the ''Morning Post'' as a family newspaper.{{rp|135}} <blockquote>Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press says this in 1886: Dating its birth back to the year 1772, this paper can boast of being the oldest political daily newspaper existing in London. Its career has ben a very distinguished and interesting one; and among its contributors it has numbered Southey, Wordsworth, Sir James Mackintosh and others. Coleridge was for some time its editor, and Charles Lamb contributed witty paragraphs. From its commencement it has been most ably conducted, and its criticisms on plays, music, and books are excellent. The special features of the Morning Post are its fashionable and foreign news, to which it gives special [127/128] prominence. Nothing of interest occurs in the upper circles of society that is not recorded in its columns, and everything which can interest the beau monde receives notice. The circulation of the Morning Post, though not so great as some of its contemporaries, is a very good one, being chiefly among fashionable and wealthy circles. This paper is consequently well adapted for the advertising of articles de luxe and good possessing first-class workmanship and artistic merit, the sale of which is almost entirely confined to persons to whom the cost is of secondary importance. Compared with the other "dailies" the advertising charges of the Morning Post are moderate. Till within the last two years this paper was published at threepence, but now its price is the general one of a penny, a reduction which has already increased its sale tenfold.{{rp|127–128}}</blockquote> Advertising prices for the Morning Post from the Newspaper Press Dictionary (NPD 1905: 88), found in Google Books: [IMG] ====The ''Morning Post'' in Fiction==== When Major Pendennis moves to the country in Thackeray's 1864 novel, "he will miss seeing his name in the Morning Post on the day after each of the 'great London entertainments'" (Hampton, Mark. Visions of the Press in Britain, 1850–1950. Urbana and Chicago, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2004: 23). Gwendolyn in Wilde's ''The Importance of Being Earnest'' says she will announce her engagement in the ''Morning Post''. In a discussion of parodies of newspaper journalism, Patrick Leary says, "Punch frequently ran such parodies, beginning quite early on in the 1840s. The obsequiousness of the Morning Post (or "The Fawning Post," as Douglas Jerrold liked to call it) was a favorite target." (Leary). ====Some Important Writers, Contributors, Editors, Etc.==== *C. J. (Charles James) Dunphie was art and theatre critic 1856–1908 (Brake and Demoor 186) *William A. Barrett was "chief music* critic on the Morning Post* (1866–1891)" (Brake and Demoor 39) *Algernon Borthwick founded a "society magazine" called The Owl (Brake and Demoor 67) *Florence Caroline Douglas Dixie, war correspondent in the Boer War, 1897 (Brake and Demoor 172) *Rudyard Kipling *Benjamin Disraeli, before Borthwick took over (Brake and Demoor 427) *Andrew Lang, occasional contributor (Brake and Demoor 346) *Alfred Charles William Harmsworth, Viscount Northcliffe (Brake and Demoor 270) *William E. Henley (Brake and Demoor 427) *Alfred Austin (Brake and Demoor 427) *Thomas Hardy (Brake and Demoor 427) *George Meredith (Brake and Demoor 427) *Winston Churchill (Brake and Demoor 412) === Myra's Journal Of Dress And Fashion === ''Internet Archive'' has [[iarchive:myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/1|https://archive.org/details/myras-journal-of-dress-and-fashion-1875-1912/]]. (1875–1912) === The Pall Mall Gazette === Mitchell's classifies the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' as an evening paper.<ref name=":2" /> (p. 60, Col. 1b) The ''Pall Mall Gazette'' ran a "ladies' column" called the "Wares of Autolycus"<blockquote>from May 1893 to the end of 1898, appearing most days of the week, and drawing on a group of female journalists, notably Alice Maynell, to cover between them literature, gardening, fashion, home decor, good food, and society news. But though constructed in gossip column form, its aesthetic and literary standards lifted it well above the level of the average contemporary gossip column.<ref name=":5">Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." ''Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana'' http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html (accessed April 2017).</ref></blockquote>Both [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|George Bernard Shaw]] and [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] wrote for the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', which was edited by W. T. Stead. Shaw wrote book reviews. Special issues of the ''Pall Mall Gazette'' published some investigative journalism Stead did, "The Maiden Tribute to the Modern Babylon," about selling girls for sexual slavery (which lead to the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1885). ===The Pictorial World=== The Pictorial World was an illustrated weekly newspaper that published between 7 March 1874 and 9 July 1892, or perhaps a new series began in 1891 (conflicting library records). According to its first issue, <blockquote> The Programme of The Pictorial World may be given in a few words. It is to present to the great middle-class of England, and of all English-speaking countries, a weekly illustrated record of passing events, which shall be pure in tone, amusing in its contents, and graceful to the eye— a paper which will depict faithfully with pen and pencil both "what the world says" and "what the world does." In The Pictorial World authors and artists will work together— each will inspire the other; and the cut-and-dried style of article shall be as much as possible avoided. It will therefore largely depend upon external help and kindnesses, and will open its pages to interesting sketches, far-brought novelties, and hints from friends at home and abroad. Such, in brief outline, is our wish and plan: we offer this first number as an earnest of our desire to carry it out; our succeeding numbers will show a progressive improvement. Appealing for public support, we look confidently to the future. (1884-03-07 Pictorial World) </blockquote> Lady Violet Greville says she wrote anonymously or pseudonymously for the ''Pictorial World'' (1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C), perhaps shortly after it began publication. Mary Elizabeth Braddon published ''The Golden Calf'' in the ''Pictorial World'', 1882–1883. George Robert Sims published a series called "How the Poor Live" beginning in 1883. ===The Queen, The Lady's Newspaper=== The weekly newspaper (published on Saturdays) ''Queen'' was marketed to women in the "upper ten thousand," an expression originally used for American Society but later translated to the U.K. Through a couple of major changes, the last major one of which occurred in 1970, what was the ''Queen'' is now ''Harper's Bazaar''. A column called "The Upper Ten Thousand at Home and Abroad" appeared regularly by the end of the 19th century detailing the movements and social events of the royals, aristocracy, political leaders and plutocrats. Ardern Holt seems to have been the major writer for fashion, at least in 1897, including an advice column for fashion, dress and costumes. Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' has this for its entry for the ''Queen'': <blockquote>Q<small>UEEN</small>. Saturday, 6''d''. Established 1861. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Neutral. It is particularly intended for ladies' reading, as it provides that which ladies have hitherto so much needed in this country; the ''earliest'' colored fashion-plates from Paris, and original work-patterns by the best designers. It has many novel departments, in which ladies communicate useful observations and criticisms. "Pastimes," "Domestic and Rural Economy," and "Domestic Pets," are also included; and a large space is given to "Receipts" for family use. Pastimes for ladies, a charade, a novel, or a sprightly sketch, vary the contents. Court and fashionable news are fully reported and the paper is well illustrated. Published by Horace Cox, Bream's Buildings, Chancery Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 252.)<ref name=":2" />{{rp|75}}</blockquote>The ad for the ''Queen'' in Mitchell's ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895'' looks like this: <blockquote>Queen, the Lady's Newspaper. This newspaper is the great organ of the ladies of the upper classes in Great Britain. The latest Paris and other fashions are given every week, together with patterns and descriptions of the newest work, illustrated in the best style of art. The following list will show the chief features of the paper: — [what follows is a 2-column list with a vertical rule between the 2 columns, which break after "Society in Paris" and before "Work of all kinds."] :Leaders on interesting and current topics :The Exchange :Dramatic critiques :Paris and other fashions :Gleanings from new books :The boudoir :The housekeeper :The opera, concerts, &c. :Society in Paris :Work of all kinds :Plants and flowers :Recipes of all kind :New music :Natural History :Court news :Pastimes :New books :Literary and artistic gossip. The QUEEN is also the great medium through which tradesmen and others bring their announcements prominently before the upper ten thousand. These advertisements comprise, among other subjects — dress and fashion, country wants, governesses, schools, books, furniture, pastimes, domestic wants, music, toilet requisites, servants, &c. In addition to the above, the QUEEN presents a monthly coloured fashion sheet and monthly coloured work patterns, a monthly cut paper pattern, and illustrations (coloured and plain) of all new fancy work, domestic inventions, fashions, &c. Prince 6c.; stamped 6 1/2d.; yearly subscription, pain in advance, 28s.; half yearly, 14s.; quarterly, 7s. Specimen copy post free for six stamps. Published every Saturday by Horace Cox, Bream's-buildings, Chancery-lane.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|252, Col. 3a}}</blockquote> === Society === In a posting on the Victoria listserv, Patrick Leary says,<blockquote>According to the ''Waterloo Directory'', the penny weekly magazine ''Society'' ran from 1878 to 1890.  The editor was George Plant, and it was printed by Unwin Brothers.  The entry lists [illustrator] Phil May as a contributor. I couldn't find the journal online — that generic title is hard to zero in on — but the British Library has a full run of the paper; the Bodleian has a partial one.   <p></p> Fox-Bourne's history of the press has a little bit more about ''Society'' here https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uga1.32108003235689&seq=325.<ref>Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 14 July 2024.</ref></blockquote>In a reply to the same thread on the Victoria listserv, Richard Fulton says,<blockquote>The ''Union List of Victorian Serials'' lists ''Society'' as running under that title from 12 mar 1880 to 31 Aug 1901. It also notes that the magazine started out life in 1879 as the ''Mail Budget''.<ref>Fulton, Richard. "Re: [VICTORIA] Phil May." ''Victoria: The Online Discussion Forum for Victorian Studies.'' 15 July 2024.</ref></blockquote> === The (London) Standard and Evening Standard === The London ''Standard'' was the first of these two newspapers, founded in 1827.<ref name=":3">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "''Standard'' (1827–1916)." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a.</ref>{{rp|596, Col. 2c}} An advertisement in Mitchell's for "The Standard, Morning and Evening," says that it is "the leading daily newspaper" and<blockquote>contains full Parliamentary, Law, Police, and Commercial Intelligence, together with Critiques on all noteworthy productions in the worlds of Art, Literature, Music, and the Drama, and a carefully-revised Epitome of the general News of the day.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> Addresses: 103, 104 and 105 Shoe Lane and 23 Bride Street, London, E.C. ==== London Standard ==== The London ''Standard'' became a daily paper in 1857. In the 19th century, the ''Standard'' and the ''Morning Standard'' are the same paper. ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says of the London ''Standard'',<blockquote>in 1878 the paper passed into the control and editorship of William Heseltine Mudford and by the mid-1880's the / Standard had become a powerful force in conservative journalism* with a circulation of 250,000. Its leader* writers included Alfred Austin* and Thomas Escott*. George Alfred Henty, the author of stories for boys, was its war* correspondent*.<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c – 597, Col. 1a; asterisks sic, references to articles in the book}}</blockquote> The 1895 ''Mitchell''<nowiki/>'s says,<blockquote>S<small>TANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d''. Established as a Morning Paper, June 29, 1857. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. While maintaining Conservative principles, ''The Standard'' reserves the right to apply those principles to the questions of the day, without regard to party politics, or special devotion to the views of party leaders. On all political questions it is remarkably impartial in the admission to its columns of letters from any man whose position gives him a right to speak, be his views what they may. In the matter of Parliamentory news ''The Standard'' is the one London Penny Journal that has not adopted the system of very abridged reports. The paper has of late paid great attention to foreign correspondence: more particularly such as is forwarded by telegraph from all parts of the world. In literary and dramatic criticism it exercises a careful selection of productions worthy of notice for praise or blame; but the complete display of '''him''' and foreign news is its chief distinguishing feature. Reports relating to markets, racing, cricket, and boating are very fully given. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81)<ref name=":2">Mitchell, Charles. ''Newspaper Press Directory, 1895''. [Hathi Trust via U Wisconsin Madison.] London: C. Mitchell & Co., 1895. http://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015085486150 (accessed January 2023).</ref>{{rp|60, Col. 1b}}</blockquote> ==== London Evening Standard ==== ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland'' says, "The ''Evening Standard'' was issued as a sister newspaper [of the London ''Standard''] in 1860."<ref name=":3" />{{rp|596, Col. 2c}}. From Brake and Demoor: The ''Pall Mall Gazette'': "only to be dissolved in 1923 into Lord Beaverbrook's ''Evening Standard''" (478, Col. 1c). The ''Standard'': "the paper was acquired by C. Arthur Pearson* in 1904, when its circulation was 80,000. The ''Standard'' ceased publication in 1916, but the ''Evening Standard'' continued"{{rp|597, Col. 1a}}. The 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>E<small>VENING STANDARD</small>. Daily, 1''d'', Estab. 1827. P<small>RINCIPLES</small>: Conservative. Under the same management as the Standard published in the morning. Published by A. Gibbs, 104, Shoe Lane, E.C. (Advt., p. 81.)<ref name=":2" /> (60, Col. 1c)</blockquote>An advertisement for the ''Evening Standard'' says that although it was an evening paper, it published 4 editions, the last (or "Latest") must have been very late:<blockquote>Published four times daily, gives the Day's Law, '''Police''', Markets, Commercial Meetings, Stock Exchange Quotations, &c. The Latest or "S<small>PECIAL</small>" Edition contains, in addition, the Day's Racing, and (during the Parliamentary Session) a full Summary of the Debates in both Houses of Parliament.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|81}}</blockquote> === The Star of Guernsey === Not to be confused with the radical paper ''The Star'', the ''Star of Guernsey'', as the 1895 Mitchell's says,<blockquote>Is published every Tuesday, Thursday, and Saturday, price 1d., or by post 1¹/₂d. to any part of the United Kingdom, France, and most parts of the Continent.<p></p> The STAR circulates very extensively through the Channel Islands, and large numbers are sent to the United Kingdom, the Colonies, France and America, it is, therefore, an excellent medium for advertisers.<ref name=":2" /> (315, Col. 3a)</blockquote>The proprietors were Marquand & Co. STAR Office, Guernsey. === The St. James's Gazette === The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' says the ''St. James's Gazette'' was published at 3:00 p.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56a}}<blockquote>S<small>T. JAMES'S GAZETTE</small>. 1''d''. Established 1880. The ''St. James's Gazette'' is an independent and progressive Conservative newspaper, which, while consistently supporting constitutional principles, the maintenance of the empire, and the supremacy of the law in every portion of the dominions of the Crown, is in favour of moderate and ordered reform. It gives with point, brevity, and accuracy all the most important news of the day, the latest money market reports, racing news, Parliamentary Intelligence, Police News, Foreign Telegrams, &c. Special attention is given to American, Continental, and Indian Intelligence. Published at Dorset Street, Whitefriars.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|60, Col. 2b}}</blockquote> ===Sussex Agricultural Express=== The ''Sussex Agricultural Express'', in describing a social event in which the Duke and Duchess of Devonshire, as Mayor and Mayoress, decorated Devonshire House again, refers to some of the men who worked for the Duke and Duchess in January 1898: "Mr. J. P. Cockerell, the Duke of Devonshire's indefatigable agent called to his aid a willing and competent staff from Compton Place, including Mr. W. S. Lawrence, the house steward, and Mr. May, the gardener."<ref>"Sunday School Festival: Speech by the Duke." ''Sussex Agricultural Express'' 29 January 1898, Saturday: 7 [of 12], Col. 5b–6a. ''British Newspaper Archive'' http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000654/18980129/182/0007.</ref> === Vanity Fair === Not the American magazine, a society magazine (7 November 1868 – 5 February 1914).<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2023-12-26|title=Vanity Fair (British magazine)|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)&oldid=1191870176|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine).</ref> The caricature portraits<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2022-06-01|title=List of Vanity Fair (British magazine) caricatures|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures&oldid=1090963973|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}} https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)_caricatures.</ref> of famous men and, occasionally, women were and continue to be an important contribution by this magazine, by people like Spy and Drawl (Leslie Ward) and Max Beerbohm, including other notable artists. ===The Times=== The 1895 ''Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory'' includes the ''Times'' among the morning papers: <blockquote>The Times. Daily, 3d. Established January 1, 1788, (weekly edition, 2d., established January, 1877.) Principles: Church of England in religion; Free Trade in mercantile and commercial transactions. This, the leading journal of Europe, has for the field of its circulation, emphatically, the WORLD, and its influence is co-extensive with civilization. The connection is clear between the circulation and the advertisements. Not so clear is the relation between the circulation and the influence: to some extent the influence may be the effect; but chiefly, we suspect, the cause. The consciousness that thousands upon thousands read, creates some impression, an idea which may be to some extent the source of influence and of power. But there is in the influence of the Times something more substantial, more potent, than can be accounted for by the mere consciousness of its enormous circulation; it is "looked up to" all over Europe, and it is the only paper which men of all parties, and all classes, read and speak of. Other papers may be more preferred by particular classes, but all read the Times, who can; just because it is not possible to predicate its course on any question as regulated by the interest of any party or class: and it is known that it always acts on views of its own. It deals out its denunciations with equal force and freedom on all parties in their turn, with a boldness and decision quite characteristic; but not unfrequently, with great indifference to the consistency of its opinions. Hence all parties are uncertain what next they may exult in, a fiery storm invective against their antagonists or suffer the infliction themselves. It is distinguished for its reports of parliamentary and legal proceedings. It does not devote much of its space to literature and the fine arts; but its reviews and criticisms are forcibly and cleverly written. Published by G. E. Wright Printing House Square, E.C.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|57}}</blockquote> Costing 3d. per daily issue, the "Latest Time for Ads." for the ''Times'' was 7 p.m., and the "Time Published" was 5 a.m.<ref name=":2" />{{rp|56}} === Westminster Gazette === George Newnes founded the ''Westminster Gazette'' in 1893 as the "radical liberal successor" to the ''Pall Mall Gazette'', after it had been purchased "by Tory interests."<ref name=":1">JRW [John Richard Wood]. "Westminster Gazette." ''The Dictionary of Nineteenth Century Journalism in Great Britain and Northern Ireland''. Laurel Brake and Marysa Demoor, gen. eds. Gent: Academia Press; London: The British Library, 2009: 672, Col. 1c.</ref> A "'clubland' 1d evening daily," it was called the "pea-green incorruptible" (the pea-green because of the green paper it was printed on).<ref name=":1" /> The ''Westminster Gazette'' merged with the ''Daily News'' in 1928.<ref name=":1" /> Edward Tays Cook was editor 1893–1895, and John Alfred Spender 1895–1928.<ref name=":1" /> ===The Woman's World=== November 1887 – Editor, [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] (April 1887 – by October 1889) Sub-Editor, Arthur Fish ''The Woman's World'' ceased publication not long after Wilde left it. ''The Queen'' was a competitor. [[Social Victorians/People/Oscar Wilde|Oscar Wilde]] took over the editorship of ''The Lady's World'' in April 1887, changing its title (to ''The Woman's World'') and its mission.<ref name=":8">Fitzsimons, Eleanor. "Entering ''The Woman’s World'': Oscar Wilde as Editor of a Woman’s Magazine." ''The Victorian Web'' 17 September 2015. http://www.victorianweb.org/. Rpt. ''Academia'' https://www.academia.edu/15813341/Entering_The_Woman_s_World_Oscar_Wilde_as_Editor_of_a_Woman_s_Magazine. Rpt.? Eleanor Fitzsimons, ''Wilde's Women: How Oscar Wilde Was Shaped by the Women He Knew'' (Duckworth Overlook, 2015).</ref> ''The Lady's World'' was "a high-end, illustrated monthly magazine produced by Cassell and Company" that focused on fashion.<ref name=":8" /> ''The Woman's World'' was significantly redesigned for its November 1887 first issue:<blockquote>A fresh cover design featured Wilde’s name prominently with key contributors listed below. In a significant departure from convention, each article was attributed to its author by name. Wilde also increased the page count from thirty-six to forty-eight, and relegated fashion to the back while promoting literature, art, travel and social studies. Gone entirely were ‘Fashionable Marriages’, ‘Society Pleasures’, ‘Pastimes for Ladies’ and ‘Five o’clock Tea’. In his ‘Literary and Other Notes’, Wilde demonstrated unequivocal support for the greater participation of women in public life.<ref name=":8" /></blockquote>The "keynote" of ''The Woman's World'', according to Arthur Fish, was "the right of woman to equality of treatment with man."<ref name=":8" /> Wilde wrote to Thomas Wemyss Reid, General Manager of Cassells, that he wanted ''The Woman's World'' to "take a wider range, as well as a high standpoint, and deal not merely with what women wear, but with what they think, and what they feel."{{rp|qtd. in}}<ref name=":8" /> Eleanor Fitzsimons looks at the new way the periodical treated women's fashion under Wilde's editorship: "Although fashion remained a key feature, a conventional round-up of the season’s trends was supplemented with articles on cross-dressing, aesthetic design and rational dress."<ref name=":8" /> An advocate of "rational" or "aesthetic" dress, [[Social Victorians/People/Dressmakers and Costumiers#Alice Comyns Carr|Alice Comyns Carr]] published an article in ''The Woman's World'' under Wilde's editorship. ===The World: A Journal for Men and Women=== The first number of the ''World'' was 8 July 1874. Edmund Yates and E. C. Grenville Murray were proprietors until 1874; Yates was editor from the beginning until the end of his life in 1894.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Journalism." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/journalism/.</ref> Yates wrote editorials under the pseudonym Atlas. According to P. D. Edwards, the ''World'' was <blockquote>a weekly newspaper dedicated to the style of ‘personal journalism’ that Yates had been perfecting in his various gossip columns for nearly twenty years. Its appeal was to men and women of the world: clubmen, sportsmen, hangers-on of the literary, theatrical, and artistic worlds, fashionable and would-be fashionable ladies. After a few months it became a conspicuous and continuing success, generating hosts of imitators and inaugurating, it is generally agreed, the most distinctive twentieth-century style of journalism.<ref>Edwards, P. D. "Introduction." "Edmund Yates." ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides''. No. 3. Online. Accessed April 2017: http://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/edmund-yates/.</ref></blockquote> Some of the people who wrote for the ''World'' during Yates' editorship were [[Social Victorians/People/George Bernard Shaw|G. B. Shaw]], [[Social Victorians/People/Lady Violet Greville|Lady Violet Greville]], and so on. It looks like the ''Clifton Society'' reprinted "What the World Says" columns from ''The World''. == Earlier in the Century == === The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts === Google Books has a few volumes of this paper. It was a weekly, 3 columns, 6''d''. per issue, 6''s''. 6''d''. per quarter. Publishing Office: 21, Catherine-street, The Strand. Ads at the end of each issue, ~15 pages. It had a section called "Court and Fashionable Gossip." There's no ''Wikipedia'' page on it, so I'm not certain of the run, but the issue dated 2 April 1853 is No. 1243, No. 264 New Series. Google Books has # 1833 (https://books.google.com/books?id=2KYEo3j3YL8C) # 1835 (https://books.google.com/books?id=LLcRAAAAYAAJ) # 1848 (https://books.google.com/books?id=4pIechTAkPIC) # 1853 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC) # 1854 (https://books.google.com/books?id=naw0BY8lYh8C) # 1858 (https://books.google.com/books?id=JhJ_hI-lxCsC) # 1859 (https://books.google.com/books?id=1VcG8C2nbv4C) The 1853 volume has 40 issues. # ''The Court Journal, and Gazette of the Fashionable World, Literature, Music and the Fine Arts'', 2 April 1853 (No. 1243; No. 263 New Series): . https://books.google.com/books?id=JKhUGEnNVTwC # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 April 1853 (No. 1244; No. 264 New Series): 225–240. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 April 1853 (No. 1245; No. 265 New Series): 241–256. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 April 1853 (No. 1246; No. 266 New Series): 257–272. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 May 1853 (No. 1247; No. 267 New Series): 273–288. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 7 May 1853 (No. 1248; No. 268 New Series): 289–304. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 14 May 1853 (No. 1249; No. 269 New Series): 305–320. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 21 May 1853 (No. 1250; No. 270 New Series): 321–336. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 28 May 1853 (No. 1251; No. 271 New Series): 337–352. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 4 June 1853 (No. 1252; No. 272 New Series): 353–376. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 11 June 1853 (No. 1253; No. 273 New Series): 377–392. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 18 June 1853 (No. 1254; No. 274 New Series): 393–416. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 25 June 1854 (No. 1255; No. 275 New Series): 415–440. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 2 July 1854 (No. 1256; No. 276 New Series): 441–456. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 9 July 1854 (No. 1257; No. 277 New Series): 457–472. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 16 July 1854 (No. 1258; No. 278 New Series): 473–488. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 23 July 1854 (No. 1259; No. 279 New Series): 489–504. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 30 July 1854 (No. 1260; No. 280 New Series): 505–520. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 6 August 1854 (No. 1261; No. 281 New Series): 521–536. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 13 August 1854 (No. 1262; No. 282 New Series): 537–552. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 20 August 1854 (No. 1263; No. 283 New Series): 553–568. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 27 August 1854 (No. 1264; No. 284 New Series): 569–584. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 September 1854 (No. 1265; No. 285 New Series): 585–600. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 September 1854 (No. 1266; No. 286 New Series): 601–616. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 September 1854 (No. 1267; No. 287 New Series): 617–632. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 September 1854 (No. 1268; No. 288 New Series): 633–648. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 1 October 1854 (No. 1269; No. 289 New Series): 649–664. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 8 October 1854 (No. 1270; No. 290 New Series): 665–680. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 15 October 1854 (No. 1271; No. 291 New Series): 681–696. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 22 October 1854 (No. 1272; No. 292 New Series): 697–712. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 29 October 1854 (No. 1273; No. 293 New Series): 713–728. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 5 November 1854 (No. 1274; No. 294 New Series): 729–744. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 12 November '''1853''' (No. 1275; No. 295 New Series): 745–760. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 19 November 1853 (No. 1276; No. 296 New Series): 761–776. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 26 November 1853 (No. 1277; No. 297 New Series): 777–792. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 3 December 1853 (No. 1278; No. 298 New Series): 793–808. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 10 December 1853 (No. 1279; No. 299 New Series): 809–824. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 17 December 1853 (No. 1280; No. 300 New Series): 825–840. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 24 December 1853 (No. 1281; No. 301 New Series): 841–856. # ''The Court Journal ...'', 31 December 1853 (No. 1282; No. 302 New Series): 857–872. == Magazines and Other Periodicals == === Godey's Lady's Book === An American monthly called ''Godey's Lady's Book'' (1830–1878 or 1830–1892?) and ''Godey's Magazine'' (1878–1898 or 1892–1898?).<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|date=2025-02-25|title=Godey's Lady's Book|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godey's_Lady's_Book|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}</ref> Very influential in American women's and domestic culture, Godey's "was the most widely circulated magazine in the period before the Civil War. Its circulation rose from 70,000 in the 1840s to 150,000 in 1860."<ref name=":9" /> Edited by Mrs. Sarah Hale (Sarah Josepha Hale) between 1837 and 1877,<ref name=":9" /> the magazine's popularity and influence began to wane after the Civil War began in 1860, when Southern Women could not get copies, reducing the readership markedly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm|title=Godey's Lady's Book index introduction|date=2011-04-10|website=web.archive.org|access-date=2025-03-11}}</ref> ''Godey's'' always published hand-colored fashion plates that emphasized Parisian couture at the beginning of each issue, but the monthly was more general than strictly a fashion magazine: "Beginning in 1853, almost every issue also included an illustration and pattern with measurements for a garment to be sewn at home. A sheet of music for piano provided the latest waltz, polka or galop."<ref name=":9" /> Copies online: * 1850: https://web.archive.org/web/20070609085951/http://www.history.rochester.edu/godeys/ * 1855–1858: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/godeytitle.html * 1855, 1857, 1858, 1859, 1860, excerpts related to the project of making Thanksgiving a national celebration: https://www.uvm.edu/~hag/godey/shtable/shtable-thanks.html * 1855-1865, index of volumes, no content: https://web.archive.org/web/20110410175223/http://www.uttyler.edu/vbetts/godey_intro.htm * July 1865: https://web.archive.org/web/20070605112136/http://www.unr.edu/sb204/theatre/chittoc.html === The Lady === Founded by Thomas Gibson Bowles (1842–1922) in 1885, ʼ is still in publication. I haven't found any digitized copies of 19th-century issues. === The Lady's Realm: An Illustrated Monthly Magazine === Gossipy, with a focus on the aristocracy and fashionable and news about the Season. Some fiction and poetry, mostly written by women with titles. * 1898, May–October, Vol. IV (): https://books.google.com/books?id=KG8-AAAAYAAJ * 1899, May–October, Vol. VI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=LG4-AAAAYAAJ * 1900, November–April, Vol. IX (): * 1901–1902, November–April, Vol. XI (): https://books.google.com/books?id=94x2MboTkX8C === London Society: A Monthly Magazine of Light and Amusing Literature for the Hours of Relaxation === A lot of serialized fiction, but Alexander Henry Wylie seems to have had an article in each issue about Society in one way or another. * 1889, July–December, Vol. LVI (56): https://books.google.com/books?id=oz0ZAAAAYAAJ * 1890, January–June, Vol. LVII (57): https://books.google.com/books?id=tSZKAAAAMAAJ * 1890 July–December, Vol. LVIII (58): https://books.google.com/books?id=-zIZAAAAYAAJ * * 1892 July–December, Vol. LXII (62): https://books.google.com/books?id=A1GAbrVRCDUC * etc. ==== Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614. ==== Anti-Semitism alert; classism alert. <blockquote> SO much has been written by Lady Cork, Lady Jeune, Mr. Mallock, and other writers on "society," that it seems superfluous to add anything to what they have contributed to various magazines; but to an on-looker who does not go to "every lighted candle " the question naturally arises, What is now called "society?" There was a time, say, thirty years ago, when undoubtedly there was such a thing, leaving out, of course, the political ladies, who owed it to their party and their husbands to entertain ''all'' that were "on their side of the House." That we leave entirely alone, although in the case of Lady Palmerston (who stands alone, as a political lady, from an entertaining point of view), she steered clear of receiving any one who was not a friend, a relation, a person of birth and position, a ''great'' luminary in the political world, a celebrated author, or in some way ''entitled'' to an invitation to the best ''salon'' the London world has seen for many generations, and, so far, is ever likely to see again. Frances, Lady Waldegrave had a ''salon'', but of a totally different kind: pleasant, yes, certainly; but cosmopolitan, undoubtedly. A loss she certainly is, not to the "great world," but to those who in every sense almost were her inferiors, and who would like to go out every night of their lives in a frivolous round of what they call "society." But I maintain "society " of thirty years ago does not exist at the present day. One most important cause is, notwithstanding what may be said to the contrary — and there are those who must own it to themselves — "You forget we have daughters to marry." No, I do not forget it, but strongly maintain all the more, considering the ''present'' state of "society," that the fathers and mothers should more than ever protect their sons and daughters from allying themselves with those whose family are in no way suited to their own, and whose only qualification is money. After all, what is money? Surely it is dearly bought if you have to marry it, and it alone; probably there is not an idea in common with the family who possess it, on either side, father or mother; they may never even have had grandfathers, or if so, probably of very humble origin, and in no way can their offspring be suitable companions for your children for life, and very often when married in a much higher sphere they expect that you have married not only themselves, but, also, their families. But to return to "society" as it now is. What is it? A new word has cropped up within the last ten years: "smart" society. Is it recruited from blood? assuredly not. Is it exemplary virtue? assuredly not. Is it exquisite wit? No, it is rich Jews, Americans, and those who must be ''en Evidence'', and that they only can be from entertainments that alone cost far more than the very highest giving of the aristocracy of our country could or would deem it expedient to afford in so poor a cause; but the ''nouveaux riches'' have to buy their way into our present London society, and except by spending large sums this end cannot be attained. Their ostentatious display would in itself prevent, and does prevent, many of the "noble of the land" from ever encouraging their impertinent overtures to induce them to visit them or to recognize them socially in any way; but there are those who "jump" at the invitations the minute they arrive, and a ready response is sent, only too willingly. But in many instances the excuse for going to these houses is, "You know we have ''all'' our daughters to marry and those people "who give these gorgeous feasts are all so colossally rich." Are they? Not always. Ask them in view of marriage to ''settle'' a sum on your son or daughter, as the case may be, and the answer generally is, "Trust to us to make money matters all right." We know in several instances the value of these assurances. While money lasts they probably make a fair allowance to the young couple, but a crash comes, and where is ''the fair allowance'', not to speak of a "settlement,<nowiki>''</nowiki> which of course has never been made. Mothers who take their daughters to the houses of the ''nouveaux riches'', of whatever nationality, have only themselves to thank if misfortune overtakes their children eventually, if it is by marriage that they have allied themselves to such people. I know at present of three ladies in London, but not in what is now termed "society," who would not for one moment admit any one of the "new" people to their houses. Without doubt they are the most exclusive in London. Happily for them, none of them have "daughters to marry." One is the wife of an exLord Lieutenant of Ireland, and the others, two sisters of high birth and of exquisite refinement, the wives of earls and the daughters of earls. But those distinguished ladies are in the minority; the greatest compliment one can pay them is: "You 'never hear of them;' they are not 'advertising ladies.'" Many of our great ladies no longer exist. Lady William Russell, Lady Holland — where are they? Alas! no longer with us. Cleveland House is, through change of hands, no more the home of the Duchess of Cleveland, and several more hostesses, from one cause and another, entertain no longer, and their places filled — how? Why, not at all. Where is the ''grande dame'' of only a few years ago? True, there are the Embassies, and very well done are all entertainments at them. The Russian and Austrian are quite of the very best description. With such hostesses nothing else could be expected, but where are the ladies of Great Britain? Certainly not in London. Our sovereign and princes never for a moment contemplate competing with the ostentatious plutocrats of to-day. Nor even do our highest aristocracy strive to emulate them; but it might effect a change if they would set an example of aristocratic simplicity, so far as is compatible with their great position. What the ''nouveaux riches'' do not seem to understand, is that there is no true distinction in being rich, and that no ''genuine'' reverence is extended to them simply because of their wealth. One of the greatest signs of their vulgarity is the wanton and purposeless display of opulence by people who have no other possession in the whole world to recommend them. They think they are imitating the "great ones of the land," and, were it worth while, "the great ones" could rebuke them by reducing their expenditure, having fewer domestics, fewer carriages, fewer gardeners and gamekeepers; but even were those things done, I believe the lesson would be lost, and the motive be entirely misunderstood. The ducal simplicity would be ascribed either to personal meanness or to a reduced income. I am afraid it would take a great many men of birth and wealth in these days to enter into a compact to make the experiment in question, before the world at large would even observe that any new moral dogma was being put to the test. London "society" at present is immense, but exclusive "society" is small, smaller than ever; because nowadays it is obliged to discriminate more than ever, lest by accident, unawares, a member of the large London "society" finds his way into the smaller and exclusive drawing-rooms; they know their friends, and "are known by them." Many of the hostesses of the present day know not even the name of the guest the servant announces, but the most distinguished men of the day are totally unknown in the houses of the ''nouveaux riches''. A certain set of people may go, of aristocratic birth, but probably they are impecunious (if not daughters to marry), and they think there is sure to be a good cook. A foreign royalty may go, but that is by mistake; H.R.H. may have been misled as to the social status of his host, and on his second visit to London will not again make the mistake he did on first visiting our shores. Let us hope that another season we may still have the exclusive hostesses with us, and that they will entertain in their usual unostentatious and high-bred manner. The last season was broken up by the dissolution of Parliament to a certain extent, but above all by the overwhelming calamity which happened to T.R.H. the Prince and the Princess of Wales, Her Majesty the Queen, the Royal Family, and to the nation at large.<ref>Alexander Henry Wylie, "Society in 1892." ''London Society'' December 1892 (Vol. LXII): 611–614.</ref>{{rp|611–614}} </blockquote> === The Sketch: A Journal of Art and Actuality === Begun by William Ingram and Clement Shorter as an addition to the Illustrated London News, the Sketch was first edited by Clement Shorter (ed. 1893–1900). It focused on "high society and the aristocracy" (Wikipedia. "The Sketch." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sketch). It was printed and published by Ingram Brothers, 198, Strand, London and cost sixpence. The British Library holds a complete run, but as of August 2016, it was not part of the British Newspaper Archive; many of the volumes below were digitized and are probably held at the University of Minnesota. Google Books has some issues; I need Vol. 18, and have found the following: *Wednesday 2 August 1893, No. 27, through 25 October 1893, No. 39, Vol. III: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3w4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 31 October 1894, No. 92, through 23 January 1895, No. 104, Vol. VIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=lnw4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 30 January 1895, No. 105, through 24 April 1895, No. 117, Vol. IX: https://books.google.com/books?id=1304AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 1 May 1895, No. 118, through 24 July 1895, No. 130, Vol. X: https://books.google.com/books?id=A344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 30 October 1895, No. 144, through 22 January 1896, Vol. XII: https://books.google.com/books?id=P344AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *1896, Vol. 13: https://books.google.com/books?id=7qI6mzrUr_QC&pg=PA340&dq=the+sketch+a+journal+of+art+and+actuality+volume+18&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwifrq-cheDOAhUF1x4KHS1pA4IQ6AEIKDAC *Wednesday 29 April 1896, No. 170, through 22 July 1896, No. 182, Vol. XIV, plus Supplement: https://books.google.com/books?id=fH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 29 July 1896, No. 183, through 21 October 1897, No. 195, Vol. XV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sH44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 October 1896, No. 196, Vol. XVI, through 9 December 1896, No. 202, Vol. XVI: https://books.google.com/books?id=uX44AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 28 April 1897, No. 222, through 21 July 1897, No. 234, Vol. XVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=fQxIAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 28 July 1897, No. 235, through 20 October 1897, No. 247, Vol. XIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=JH84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday January 26 1898, No. 261, through 20 April 1898, No. 273, Vol. XXI: https://books.google.com/books?id=Z384AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 27 July 1898, No. 287, through 19 October 1898, No. 299, Vol. XXIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=kn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 26 October 1898, No. 300, through 18 January 1899, No. 312, Vol. XXIV: https://books.google.com/books?id=sn84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false * *Wednesday 25 October 1899, No. 352, through 17 January 1900, No. 364, Vol. XXVIII: https://books.google.com/books?id=4n84AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Wednesday 24 January 1900, No. 365, through 18 April 1900, No. 377, Vol. XXIX: https://books.google.com/books?id=G4A4AQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false *Vol. III: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 3, 1893.pdf]] *Vol. *Vol. VIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 8, 1894-1895.pdf]] *Vol. IX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 9, 1895.pdf]] *Vol. X: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 10, 1895.pdf]] *Vol. XI: *Vol. XII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 12, 1895-1896.pdf]] *Vol. XIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 13, 1896.pdf]] *Vol. XIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 14, 1896.pdf]] *Vol. XV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 15, 1896.pdf]] *Vol. XVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 16, 1896-1897.pdf]] *Vol. XVII: *Vol. XVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 18, 1897.pdf]] *Vol. XIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 19, 1897.pdf]] *Vol. XX: *Vol. XXI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 21, 1898.pdf]] *Vol. XXII: *Vol. XXIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 23, 1898.pdf]] *Vol. XXIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 24, 1898-1899.pdf]] *Vol. *Vol. XXVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 27, 1899.pdf]] *Vol. XXVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 28, 1899-1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 29, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 30, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXXI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 31, 1900.pdf]] *Vol. XXXII *Vol. XXXIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 33, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 34, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 35, 1901.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 36, 1901-1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 37, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXVIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 38, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XXXIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 39, 1902.pdf]] *Vol. XL: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 40, 1902-1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 41, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 42, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 43, 1903.pdf]] *Vol. XLIV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 44, 1903-1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLV: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 45, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 46, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVII: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 47, 1904.pdf]] *Vol. XLVIII: *Vol. XLIX: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 49, 1905.pdf]] *Vol. L: *Vol. LI: [[:File:The Sketch - A journal of art and actuality, vol. 51, 1905.pdf]] * *Vol. LIII *Vol. LVI === Quarterlies === * ''The Fortnightly Review'' (1865–; V. 62-63, 1894-95; V. 64-66, 1895-96) (British Library DSC Shelfmark 4018.340000) === Minor Magazines === * ''The Chameleon,'' an undergraduate literary magazine published by Oxford undergraduates. Lord Alfred Douglas's "Two Loves" was originally published in the December 1894 issue. == Resources for Working with Victorian Periodicals == === Researching the Periodicals, Authors, Etc. === * ''The Curran Index to Nineteenth-Century Periodicals'': https://www.curranindex.org/. Citing: Database: ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. 2017-present. curranindex.org. Entry: ‘[Page Title].’ ''The Curran Index'', eds. Lars Atkin and Emily Bell. [URL], [date of access]. The Currran Index builds on the work in the ''Wellesley Index'', below. * ''The Wellesley Index To Victorian Periodicals 1824–1900''. 5 Vols. Ed., Walter E. Houghton. U of Toronto Press, Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1966. *# Volume I ([[iarchive:wellesleyindexto0001unse/|https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0001unse]]) *#* ''Blackwood's Edinburgh Magazine'' *#* ''The Contemporary Review'' *#* ''The Cornhill Magazine'' *#* ''The Edinburgh Review'' (including the years 1802–1823) *#* ''The Home and Foreign Review'' *#* ''Macmillan's Magazine'' *#* ''The North British Review'' *#* ''The Quarterly Review'' *# Volume II (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0002unse) *#* ''Bentley's Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Dublin Review'' *#* ''The Foreign Quarterly Review'' *#* ''The Fortnightly Review'' *#* ''Fraser's Magazine'' *#* ''The London Review'' (1829) *#* ''The National Review'' (1883–) *#* ''The New Quarterly Magazine'' *#* ''The Nineteenth Century'' *#* ''The Oxford and Cambridge Magazine'' (1856) *#* ''The Rambler'' (1848–1862) *#* ''The Scottish Review'' (1882–) *#Volume III (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0003unse) *#*''Ainsworth Magazine'' *#*''The Atlantis'' *#*''The British and Foreign Review'' *#*''The London Review'' (1835–1836) *#*''The London and Westminster Review'' (1836–1840) *#*''The Modern Review'' *#*''The Monthly Chronicle'' *#*''The National Review'' (1855–1864) *#*''The New Monthly Magazine'' (1821–1854) *#*''The New Review'' *#*''The Prospective Review'' *#*''Saint Pauls'' *#*''Temple Bar'' *#*''The Theological Review'' *#*''The Westminster Review'' (1824–1836, 1840–1900) *#Volume IV (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0004unse) *#*''Bentley's Miscellany'' *#*''The British Quarterly Review'' *#*''The Dark Blue'' *#*''The Dublin University Magazine'' *#*''The London Quarterly Review'' *#*''Longman's Magazine'' *#*''Tait's Edinburgh Magazine'' (1832–1855) *#*''The University Magazine'' *#Volume V, Ed., Jean Harris Slingerland (https://archive.org/details/wellesleyindexto0005unse) *#*Epitome and Index * Directories ** [Mitchell's] Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897: [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150&view=1up&seq=250&q1=%22The+Lady%22 https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015085486150] * ''Victorian Fiction Research Guides'': https://victorianfictionresearchguides.org/ === Sources of Digitized Periodicals === * The ''British Newspaper Archive'': https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/. The page numbering in the BNA does not match the page numbers on the printed page, and the title may not be accurate for that date, either. (e.g., 63 [of 97 in BNA; p. on print page], Col. 2a–3a [3 of 3 cols.]) * ''Google Books'' has some periodicals digitized and still available through them. * The ''Hathi Trust Digital Library'': https://www.hathitrust.org/ (accessed December 2022). * ''Internet Archive'': [[iarchive:howtodoitordire00unkngoog/page/n68/mode/2up|https://archive.org/details/]] * Library of Congress ''Chronicling America'' (for American newspapers): https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/ * The London ''Times'' * The ''Newspaper Archive'': https://newspaperarchive.com/ * ''The Online Books Page'' University of Pennsylvania Libraries: https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/ (accessed December 2022) * ''Open Access Nineteenth-century Periodicals'', at The Victorian Web: https://victorianweb.org/periodicals/openaccess.html ==Bibliography== *[1884-03-07 Pictorial World] The Pictorial World 7 March 1874 (1:1). Old Pictorial: Press from Our Past. Online http://www.oldpictorial.com/publishedby/pictorial-world/. *[1894-04-04 Sketch 5, Col. 1C] "L. E." "A Chat with Lady Violet Greville." The Sketch 4 April 1894, Wednesday: 5, Col. 1A. (Behind paywall: http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001860/18940404/007/0005) Accessed December 2016. *Beetham, Margaret, and Kay Boardman, eds. Victorian Women's Magazines: An Anthology. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press, 2001. Google Books. *Gliserman, Susan. "Mitchell's 'Newspaper Press Directory': 1846–1907." Victorian Periodicals Newsletter, No. 4 April 1969 (2: 1): 10–29. *Hindle, Wilfred. The Morning Post: 1772–1937, Portrait of a Newspaper. London: Rutledge, 1937. *Leary, Patrick. "Re: [VICTORIA] Victorian news parody." Reply to a posting on the Victoria listserv (victoria@list.indiana.edu). Monday, January 21, 2019 at 9:25 AM. *Miliband, Marion, ed. ''The [London] Observer of the Nineteenth Century, 1791-1901.'' London: Longmans, 1966. DA530.O2. *[Mitchell]. Newspaper Press Directory, Vol. 52. London: Messrs C. Mitchell & Co., 1897. *[NPD 1905] Newspaper Press Directory: And Advertisers' Guide, Containing Full Particulars of Every Newspaper, Magazine, Review, and Periodical Published in the United Kingdom and the British Isles. The Newspaper Map of the United Kingdom, the Continental, American, Indian and Colonial Papers, and a Directory of the Class Papers and Periodicals. Diamond Jubilee Issue. 60th annual issue. London: C. Mitchell and Co., 1905. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=mGMLAAAAYAAJ. *Onslow, Barbara. "The Ladies' Page." Victorian Page: The Web Magazine of Victoriana. Web. Accessed April 2017. http://www.victorianpage.com/VictorianPage-Ladiespage-womensmagazines.html *Sell, Henry. Sell's Dictionary of the World's Press. London, Sell's: 1886. ''Google Books''. https://books.google.com/books?id=SEsCAAAAYAAJ. *Thomas, Frederick Moy, ed. Fifty Years of Fleet Street: The Life and Recollections of Sir John Robinson. London: Macmillan, 1904. Google Books: https://books.google.com/books?id=-mMLAAAAYAAJ. *Thorold, Algar Labouchere. The Life of Henry Labouchere. New York: G. P. Putnam's, 1913. *[Who's Who 55] Addison, Henry Robert, and Charles Henry Oakes, William John Lawson, Douglas Brooke Wheelton Sladen, eds. Who's Who, 1903. 55th edition. London, Adam and Charles Black, 1903. Google Books. *Willing's British and Irish Press Guide and Advertiser's Directory and Handbook. ["Late May's."] 18th ed. n.p., 1891. Google Books. https://books.google.com/books?id=104CAAAAYAAJ. == References == {{reflist}} [[Category:Newspapers]] 296p17gq1v0syiawfwn4cg1qtbizsqs 14 273009 2818109 2817820 2026-07-11T13:51:50Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* Table of episodes */ typo 2818109 wikitext text/x-wiki A number of seemingly credible sources are describing an increase in political polarization worldwide. [[w:Maria Ressa|Maria Ressa]] describes how [[w:Rodrigo Duterte|Rodrigo Duterte]], former President of the [[w:Philippines|Philippines]] "started ... with five hundred volunteers<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 147-8).</ref> (1) creating “sock puppets,” or fake accounts that attack or praise; (2) “mass reporting,” or organizing to negatively impact a targeted account; and (3) “astroturfing,” or fake posts or lies designed to look like grassroots support or interest.<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3).</ref> These actions tricked the algorithms of social media companies like Facebook and Twitter into amplifying fraudulent messages including incitements to violence and criminal prosecutions based on trumped up charges. The results easily overwhelmed honest media. [[w:Leila de Lima|Leila de Lima]], a Senator and former Secretary of Justice of the Philippines, spent years in pretrial detention before the charges were dropped for lack of evidence.<ref>Ressa (2022, p. 158ff) and Wikipedia, "[[w:Leila de Lima|Leila de Lima]]", accessed 2024-07-22.</ref> Ressa's news organization, [[w:Rappler|Rappler]].com, was ordered to close. Ressa herself was convicted on questionable charges. Both continued operating while the legal procedures against them were appealed.<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3) and Wikipedia, "[[w:Maria Ressa|Maria Ressa]]", accessed 2024-07-22.</ref> Ressa says similar procedures are making major contributions to the rise of fascism and far-right nationalist populists in the US, Europe, Turkey, India, Russia, and elsewhere.<ref>Ressa (2022, pp. 152-3).</ref> [[w:H. R. McMaster|H. R. McMaster]], former President Trump's second National Security advisor, said that "The internet and social media thus provided [Russia] with a low-cost, easy way to divide and weaken America from within."<ref>McMaster (2020, pp. 47-48).</ref> The [[w:2021 Facebook leak|2021 Facebook leak]] documented how executives of [[w:Facebook|Facebook]] and [[w:Meta Platforms|Meta]] knowingly prioritized profits over action to limit incitements to violence, even facilitating the [[w:Rohingya genocide|Rohingya genocide]] in [[w:Myanmar|Myanmar]], because doing otherwise would have reduced their profits. This "Category:Media reform to improve democracy" include videos of experts and activists working this issue along with 29:00 mm:ss audio files submitted to a ''Media & Democracy'' series syndicated on the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Pacifica radio network]]<ref><!--Media & Democracy on Audioport-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> plus text and space for moderated discussions. Some of this work is cited in the book on ''[[Media Literacy and You]]'', which is being written -- [[w:Crowdsourcing|crowdsourced]] -- to help humans better understand how they can counter the trend toward increasing political polarization and violence by talking politics, calmly, with respect and humility, with others with whom they may vehemently disagree, because the alternative is killing humans over misunderstanding. The goal is ''not'' to convince anyone that they are wrong. Rather it is to build relationships where humans can agree to disagree agreeably and collaborate to improve issues of common concern. == Table of episodes == {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ Episodes of "Media & Democracy" for the [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|Pacifica Radio Network]] |- ! !! colspan=3 | Date !! |- ! no. || recorded !! broadcasted on [[w:KKFI|KKFI]] !! released to Pacifica !! Episode |- | 56 || || 2026-07-21 || 2026-07-25 || [[Wikimedia concerns with European copyright rules including AI and scientific research]] |- | 55 || 2026-07-02 || 2026-07-14 || 2026-07-11 || [[Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression]] |- | 54 || 2026-06-20 || 2026-06-23 || 2026-06-27 || [[Peace Economy Project]] |- | 53 || 2026-05-29 || 2026-06-09 || 2026-06-13 || [[Let's agree to disagree and seek common ground]] |- | 52 || 2026-05-14 || 2026-05-26 ||2026-05-30 || [[How women are centered and silenced in the major media]] |- | 51 || 2026-05-06 || 2026-05-12 || 2026-05-16 || [[Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy]] |- | 50 || 2026-04-09 || 2026-04-28 || 2026-05-02 || [[How US media threaten the health of all]] |- | 49 || 2026-04-06 || 2026-04-14 || 2026-04-18 || [[News suppressed for those who control money for the media]] |- | 48 || 2026-03-27 || 2026-03-31 || 2026-04-04 || [[Media and war]] |- | 47 || 2026-03-12 || 2026-03-17 || 2026-03-21 || [[Media literacy to dispel myths and improve public policy]] |- | 46 || 2026-02-26 || 2026-03-03 || 2026-03-07 || [[Concerns about media, especially in Germany]] |- | 45 || 2026-02-12 || 2026-02-17 || 2026-02-21 || [[Underserved serve themselves with low-power FM]] |- | 44 || 2026-01-30 || 2026-02-03 || 2026-02-07 || [[Conservative media are different]] |- | 43 || 2026-01-15 || 2026-01-20 || 2026-01-24 || [[Medill says you can help yourself by helping improve local media]] |- | 42 || 2026-01-03 || 2026-01-06 || 2026-01-10 || [[Lisa Loving on media literacy and how you can report for your community]] |- | 41 || 2015-12-11 || 2025-12-23 || 2025-12-27 || [[John Maxwell Hamilton on American propaganda]] |- | 40 || 2025-12-05 || 2025-12-09 || 2025-12-13 || [[You can better protect yourself from Big Tech]] |- | 39 || 2025-11-20 || 2025-11-25 || 2025-11-29 || [[Differences between media outlets including coverage of Gaza]] |- | 38 || 2025-11-06 || 2025-11-11 || 2025-11-15 || [[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]] |- | 37 || 2025-10-23 || 2025-20-28 || 2025-11-01 || [[Media reform initiatives in West Africa]] |- | 36 || 2025-10-03 || 2025-10-14 || 2025-10-18 || [[Seth Radwell says that the two Enlightenments tell us how to heal US political polarization]] |- | 35 || 2025-09-25 || 2025-09-30 || 2025-10-04 || [[Media Reform Coalition challenges anti-democratic media bias in the UK]] |- | 34 || 2025-09-12 || 2025-09-16 || 2025-09-20 || [[Fighting back against the campaign of censorship and control]] |- | 33 || 2025-08-28 || 2025-09-02 || 2025-09-06 || [[The role of the media in conflict]] |- | 32 || 2025-07-31 || 2025-08-19 || 2025-08-21 || [[Evidence-informed public policy]] |- | 31 || 2025-08-01 || 2025-08-05 || 2025-08-09 || [[What the Left can learn from Fox]] |- | 30 || 2025-07-17 || 2025-07-22 || 2025-07-26 || [[Democratic delusions: Fix the media to fix democracy]] |- | 29 || 2025-07-03 || 2025-07-08 || 2025-07-12 || [[News from Germany 1900-1945 and implications for today]] |- | 28 || 2025-06-12 || 2025-06-24 || 2025-06-28 || [[How news impacts democracy per USD Communications Professor Nik Usher]] |- | 27 || 2025-06-08 || 2025-06-10 || 2025-06-14 || [[Media concentration per Columbia History Professor Richard John]] |- | 26 || 2025-05-21 || 2025-05-27 || 2025-05-31 || [[Dean Starkman and the watchdog that didn't bark]] |- | 25 || 2025-05-08 || 2025-05-13 || 2025-05-17 || [[Freedom of the Press Foundation says...]] |- | 24 || 2025-04-24 || 2025-04-29 || 2025-05-03 || [[Canadian journalist Marc Edge on media reform to improve democracy]] |- | 23 || 2025-04-10 || 2025-04-15 || 2025-04-19 || [[The value of indigenous and community radio]] |- | 22 || 2025-03-28 || 2025-04-01 || 2025-04-05 || [[Trump ordered changes in public data]] |- | 21 || 2025-03-06 || 2025-03-11 || 2025-03-22 || [[Vulture capitalists destroying newspapers]] |- | 20 || 2025-02-25 || 2025-02-25 || 2025-03-08 || [[Local newspapers limit malfeasance]] |- | 19 || 2025-02-06 || 2025-02-11 || 2025-02-22 || [[Palast says Trump lost, vote suppression won the 2024 elections]] |- | 18 || 2025-01-25 || 2025-02-04 || 2025-02-12 || [[Defend free speech hybrid town hall]] |- | 17 || 2025-01-13 || 2025-01-14 || 2025-01-25 || [[Media in the Syrian conflict]] |- | 16 || 2024-12-20 || 2024-12-31 || 2025-01-04 || [[HR 9495, the nonprofit-killer bill, per Michael Novick]] |- | 15 || 2024-12-13 || 2024-12-24 || 2024-12-21 || [[Information is a public good per communications prof Pickard]] |- | 14 || 2024-12-02 || 2024-12-10 || 2024-12-07 || [[Media literacy for the Arab World per Ahmed Al-Rawi]] |- | 13 || 2024-11-21 || 2024-11-26 || 2024-11-23 || [[Thom Hartmann on The Hidden History of the American Dream]] |- | 12 || 2024-10-25 || 2024-11-05 || 2024-11-09 || [[Legal concerns of Wikimedia Europe]] |- | 11 || 2024-10-26 || 2024-10-19 || 2024-10-27 || [[Project 2025 per Professor Brooks]] |- | 10 || 2024-10-01 || 2024-10-01 || 2024-10-12 || [[Jacob Ware on far-right terrorism in the US]] |- | 9 || 2024-09-13 || 2024-09-17 || 2024-09-29 || [[Dis- and misinformation and their threats to democracy]] |- | 8 || 2024-09-11 || 2024-11-12 || 2024-09-14 || [[22nd Century Initiative]] |- | 7 || 2024-08-22|| 2024-08-27 || 2024-08-31 || [[Global Project Against Hate & Extremism (GPAHE)]] |- | 6 || 2024-08-19 || 2024-08-20 || 2024-08-24 || [[Facebook whistleblower Frances Haugen says]] |- | 5 || 2024-08-13 || 2024-08-13 || 2024-08-17 || [[Legal concerns of Free Press including Section 230]] |- | 4 || 2024-08-02 || 2024-08-06 || 2024-08-10 || [[How psychological and interpersonal processes are influenced by human-computer interactions]] |- | 3 || 2024-07-30 || 2024-07-30 || 2024-08-03 || [[Dean Baker on Internet companies threatening democracy internationally and how to fix that]] |- | 2 || 2021-04-29 || 2021-04-29 || 2021-05-16 || [[Media reform per Freepress.net]] |- | 1 || 2021-02-23 || 2021-02-23 || 2021-03-17 ||[[Unrigging the media and the economy]] |} == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!-- H. R. McMaster (2020) Battlegrounds: The Fight to Defend the Free World-->{{cite Q|Q104774898}} * <!--Maria Ressa (2022) How to Stand Up To a Dictator-->{{cite Q|Q117559286}} [[Category:Interdisciplinary studies]] [[Category:Political science]] [[Category:Economics]] [[Category:Freedom and abundance]] [[Category:Videoconferences on media and democracy]] kuih45yu88wjb0ttmpd85vo1155jlgo 0 285380 2818115 2818073 2026-07-11T14:23:42Z Young1lim 21186 /* Applications */ 2818115 wikitext text/x-wiki === Introduction === * Overview ([[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.B.20170901.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro1.Overview.1.C.20170904.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Number System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.A.20171023.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro2.Number.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Memory System ([[Media:C01.Intro2.Memory.1.A.20170907.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.B.20170909.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C01.Intro3.Memory.1.C.20170914.pdf |C.pdf]]) === Handling Repetition === * Control ([[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat1.Control.1.C.20170926.pdf |C.pdf]]) * Loop ([[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.A.20170925.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C02.Repeat2.Loop.1.B.20170918.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling a Big Work === * Function Overview ([[Media:C03.Func1.Overview.1.A.20171030.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func1.Oerview.1.B.20161022.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Variables ([[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.A.20161222.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func2.Variable.1.B.20161222.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Pointers ([[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.A.20161122.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func3.Pointer.1.B.20161122.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Functions & Recursions ([[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C03.Func4.Recursion.1.B.20161214.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Series of Data === ==== Background ==== * Background ([[Media:C04.Series0.Background.1.A.20180727.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Basics ==== * Pointers ([[Media:C04.S1.Pointer.1A.20240524.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Pointer.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Arrays ([[Media:C04.S2.Array.1A.20240514.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series1.Array.1.B.20161115.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.S3.ArrayPointer.1A.20240208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.A.20221130.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series4.MultiDim.1.B.1111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series4.ArrayAccess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series3.ArrayPointer.1.B.20181203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Structures ([[Media:C04.Series3.Structure.1.A.20171204.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series2.Structure.1.B.20161130.pdf |B.pdf]]) ==== Examples ==== * Spreadsheet Example Programs :: Example 1 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.1.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 2 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.2.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Example 3 ([[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.A.20171213.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C04.Series7.Example.3.C.20171213.pdf |C.pdf]]) :: Bubble Sort ([[Media:C04.Series7.BubbleSort.1.A.20171211.pdf |A.pdf]]) ==== Applications ==== * Address-of and de-reference operators ([[Media:C04.SA0.PtrOperator.1A.20260711.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA1.AppPointer.1A.20241121.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Arrays ([[Media:C04.SA2.AppArray.1A.20240715.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Pointers ([[Media:C04.SA3.AppArrayPointer.1A.20240210.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Multi-dimensional Arrays ([[Media:C04.Series4App.MultiDim.1.A.20210719.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Array Access Methods ([[Media:C04.Series9.AppArrAcess.1.A.20190511.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Applications of Structures ([[Media:C04.Series6.AppStruct.1.A.20190423.pdf |A.pdf]]) === Handling Various Kinds of Data === * Types ([[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data1.Type.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Typecasts ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20180217.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.B.20161216.pdf |A.pdf]]) * Operators ([[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.A.20161219.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data3.Operators.1.B.20161216.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Files ([[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.A.20161124.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:C05.Data4.File.1.B.20161212.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Handling Low Level Operations === * Bitwise Operations ([[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitOp.1.B.20161203.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Bit Field ([[Media:BitField.1.A.20161214.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:BitField.1.B.20161202.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Union ([[Media:Union.1.A.20161221.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Union.1.B.20161111.pdf |B.pdf]]) * Accessing IO Registers ([[Media:IO.1.A.20141215.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:IO.1.B.20161217.pdf |B.pdf]]) === Declarations === * Type Specifiers and Qualifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec1.Type.1.A.20171004.pdf |pdf]]) * Storage Class Specifiers ([[Media:C07.Spec2.Storage.1.A.20171009.pdf |pdf]]) * Scope === Class Notes === * TOC ([[Media:TOC.20171007.pdf |TOC.pdf]]) * Day01 ([[Media:Day01.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day01.C.20171211.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (1) Standard Library * Day02 ([[Media:Day02.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.B.20171209.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day02.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (2) Basic Elements * Day03 ([[Media:Day03.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.B.20170908.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day03.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Introduction (3) Numbers * Day04 ([[Media:Day04.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day04.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (1) Flowcharts * Day05 ([[Media:Day05.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.B.20170915.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day05.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structured Programming (2) Conditions and Loops * Day06 ([[Media:Day06.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.B.20170923.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day06.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Program Control * Day07 ([[Media:Day07.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.B.20170926.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day07.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (1) Definitions * Day08 ([[Media:Day08.A.20171028.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.B.20171016.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day08.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (2) Storage Class and Scope * Day09 ([[Media:Day09.A.20171007.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day09.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Function (3) Recursion * Day10 ([[Media:Day10.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day10.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (1) Definitions * Day11 ([[Media:Day11.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.B.20171017.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day11.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Arrays (2) Applications * Day12 ([[Media:Day12.A.20171024.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.B.20171020.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day12.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (1) Definitions * Day13 ([[Media:Day13.A.20171025.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.B.20171024.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day13.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Pointers (2) Applications * Day14 ([[Media:Day14.A.20171226.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.B.20171101.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day14.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (1) * Day15 ([[Media:Day15.A.20171209.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.B.20171124.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day15.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C String (2) * Day16 ([[Media:Day16.A.20171208.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.B.20171114.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day16.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... C Formatted IO * Day17 ([[Media:Day17.A.20171031.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.B.20171111.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day17.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (1) Definitions * Day18 ([[Media:Day18.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.B.20171128.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day18.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Structure (2) Applications * Day19 ([[Media:Day19.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.B.20171121.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day19.C.20171209.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Union, Bitwise Operators, Enum * Day20 ([[Media:Day20.A.20171205.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.B.20171201.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day20.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Linked List * Day21 ([[Media:Day21.A.20171206.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.B.20171208.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day21.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... File Processing * Day22 ([[Media:Day22.A.20171212.pdf |A.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.B.20171213.pdf |B.pdf]], [[Media:Day22.C.20171212.pdf |C.pdf]]) ...... Preprocessing <!----------------------------------------------------------------------> </br> See also https://cprogramex.wordpress.com/ == '''Old Materials '''== until 201201 * Intro.Overview.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Overview.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Memory.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Memory.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Intro.Number.1.A ([[Media:C.Intro.Number.1.A.20120107.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Control.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Control.1.A.20120109.pdf |pdf]]) * Repeat.Loop.1.A ([[Media:C.Repeat.Loop.1.A.20120113.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Function.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Function.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Work.Scope.1.A ([[Media:C.Work.Scope.1.A.20120117.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Array.1.A ([[Media:Series.Array.1.A.20110718.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Series.Pointer.1.A.20110719.pdf |pdf]]) * Series.Structure.1.A ([[Media:Series.Structure.1.A.20110805.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Type.1.A ([[Media:C05.Data2.TypeCast.1.A.20130813.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.TypeCast.1.A ([[Media:Data.TypeCast.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Data.Operators.1.A ([[Media:Data.Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) <br> until 201107 * Intro.1.A ([[Media:Intro.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Control.1.A ([[Media:Control.1.A.20110706.pdf |pdf]]) * Iteration.1.A ([[Media:Iteration.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Function.1.A ([[Media:Function.1.A.20110705.pdf |pdf]]) * Variable.1.A ([[Media:Variable.1.A.20110708.pdf |pdf]]) * Operators.1.A ([[Media:Operators.1.A.20110712.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.1.A ([[Media:Pointer.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Pointer.2.A ([[Media:Pointer.2.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Array.1.A ([[Media:Array.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Type.1.A ([[Media:Type.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) * Structure.1.A ([[Media:Structure.1.A.pdf |pdf]]) go to [ [[C programming in plain view]] ] [[Category:C programming language]] </br> 5q5hut1ji7g2hhh8uhurvu8vvrwgx2a 4 285491 2818134 2817720 2026-07-11T22:49:09Z Alexis Jazz 791434 Updating gadget usage statistics from [[Special:GadgetUsage]] ([[phab:T121049]]) 2818134 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#ifexist:Project:GUS2Wiki/top|{{/top}}|This page provides a historical record of [[Special:GadgetUsage]] through its page history. To get the data in CSV format, see wikitext. To customize this message or add categories, create [[/top]].}} The following data is cached, and was last updated 2026-07-10T11:07:52Z. A maximum of {{PLURAL:5000|one result is|5000 results are}} available in the cache. {| class="sortable wikitable" ! Gadget !! data-sort-type="number" | Number of users !! data-sort-type="number" | Active users |- |CleanDeletions || 75 || 0 |- |EnhancedTalk || 1398 || 3 |- |HideFundraisingNotice || 838 || 6 |- |HotCat || 921 || 12 |- |LintHint || 117 || 2 |- |Round Corners || 1187 || 2 |- |contribsrange || 387 || 5 |- |dark-mode || 136 || 2 |- |dark-mode-toggle || 189 || 3 |- |edittop || 518 || 5 |- |popups || 880 || 3 |- |purge || 737 || 13 |- |sidebartranslate || 559 || 1 |- |usurper-count || 118 || 1 |} * [[Special:GadgetUsage]] * [[m:Meta:GUS2Wiki/Script|GUS2Wiki]] <!-- data in CSV format: CleanDeletions,75,0 EnhancedTalk,1398,3 HideFundraisingNotice,838,6 HotCat,921,12 LintHint,117,2 Round Corners,1187,2 contribsrange,387,5 dark-mode,136,2 dark-mode-toggle,189,3 edittop,518,5 popups,880,3 purge,737,13 sidebartranslate,559,1 usurper-count,118,1 --> 22t6b8f9xe9nqxqmpdu04d58c1ovt2v 2 288320 2818151 2429725 2026-07-12T03:40:45Z Codename Noreste 2969951 Fixed an empty heading issue. 2818151 wikitext text/x-wiki = 6. Midterm - Grand Challenges = [[File:Mother with son in the DRC.jpg|thumb|400px|right|Mother with son in the DRC]] MIDTERM - a research assignment, discussion, MidTerm quiz 
Learning outcomes * learn about the current challenges to benefit humanity now and in the future * consider the impact of technology on reaching global challenges * research progress made to date * discuss work currently underway around the world 
Keywords * global, society, development, non-government organization (NGO), goals, humanitarian, equity, access Study notes * Who is identifying the most important problems that need to be solved? * How are challenges set? How is progress measured? * Are the goals being met? * How are technologies - specifically computers and the internet contributing to meeting the challenges? * How can you help? ==<br />MidTerm - Grand Challenges== Technologies and the internet impact social issues that are important to countries with cities, internet access, stable governments, courts of law, regulations, good healthcare and education systems. However, there are large populations throughout the world that do not share these benefits. Since 1994, XPRIZE has designed and launched multi-million dollar prizes in the domain areas of Space, Oceans, Learning, Health, Energy, Environment, Transportation, Safety and Robotics. The XPRIZE challenge focus areas bring attention to the problems that face the world's population now and in the future, and direct resources and innovation to resolving them. The background information about each [https://www.xprize.org/prizes XPRIZE challenge focus area] is provided. https://www.xprize.org/prizes * For the '''MidTerm project''', learn about and report on how computers, the internet and technology are being used to provide solutions for '''ONE of these XPRIZE challenge''' focus areas. You will be sharing your information as a post on [https://cis2society.edublogs.org/ the CIS2 Computers and Society] blog and as a link to your blog post in the Grand Challenge discussions. https://cis2society.edublogs.org/ ... See [[/Help edublogs/]] # Review the Grand Challenges listed in the Media section below. Look through the detailed descriptions for the challenges on the XPRIZE web site. Pick one of the '''Grand Challenges''' that interests you to research and report on for your project topic. # Join [https://edublogs.org/?join-invite-code=7777167-cis2society the CIS2 Computers and Society class blog]. <br /> This is the link to the "invitation to create a student account https://edublogs.org/?join-invite-code=7777167-cis2society. Now you can “publish” to the course blog by creating a post. # '''Research & Publish''' - What is the current status of work on the Challenge you selected? How will technology help meet the Challenge that you investigated? What worked? Why was it successful? Research the topic to find answers to these questions. Then suggest ideas for resolving these problems. Cite at least '''three (3) resources''' that describe the work of groups trying to solve the Challenges you selected using technology. Include specific examples. '''Publish your project report as a blog entry in [https://cis2society.edublogs.org/ edublogs]''' for sharing your research and resources. Include your name and Challenge as the title. <br /><br /> # Share the link to your project report, along with a brief description of the impact (1-2 sentences only) to the corresponding '''Grand Challenge''' discussion topic. <br /><br /> # '''Submit link to your project report''' as Assignment '''MidTerm - Grand Challenge Report'''. The rubric applies to the published report. <br /><br /> # Participate in the discussion topics for '''each of the Grand Challenges'''. All the reports are published to edublogs with a link posted to the corresponding discussion topic. https://cis2society.edublogs.org/ <br /> Review the projects "published" to each discussion. Learn more about each of the challenges, why they are important and what is being done about each that showcases the use of technology. '''For EACH''' of the Challenges, find an additional resource that talks about the problem and suggests solutions to this Grand Challenge. Post your resource and comments to the discussion for each Challenge selected.<br /><br /> # '''Grand Challenges for Engineering''' discussion - There are many OTHER challenges and technologies to provide solutions. [http://www.engineeringchallenges.org/challenges.aspx Grand Challenges for Engineering] identifies some important ones. What are some that interest you? Is it the problem or the technology possibilities? Does the technology exist to address these challenges? Application? Scalability? Sustainability? What is the hold-up? Find 1-2 additional resources that address other concerns not already covered by the Challenge projects. Post links and a question about each to the discussion.<br /><br /> # '''Project Groups Discussions''' - Your score will be based on your participation and contributions to the group. Do let me know if you get stuck and need clarification on how these groups should function. Every one is different. That’s part of the learning experience. Check your participation in your '''Project Groups Discussions'''. If you have been participating, great. You can go back to previous activities and contribute if you have missed some. <br /><br /> # '''Interesting topics follow-up'''. In Module 2 Interesting topics discussion, you described a topic that interested you. For this activity, research that topic and prepare a brief review of 2-3 resources that added to your knowledge about this topic of interest. Post the links and your review to '''Interesting topics follow-up''' discussion. Review and comment on 2 other topics.<br /><br /> # '''Questionable benefits''' - For the Challenge that you researched, what questions do you have about the benefits to mankind that technology has brought (and can bring) to the world? What problems might be caused by technology? Ask 2-3 questions and describe why you think we should be wondering about the answers to these questions now? How would you find answers? Suggest ways to answer these questions. Submit this as your '''I wonder...''' assignment.<br /><br /> ==<br />Media == '''Grand Challenges''' New Challenges are added as needs and sponsors are identified. Challenges XPrizes are awarded at the end of the competition period for that Challenge. * '''Carbon Removal''' * XPRIZE Carbon Removal is aimed at tackling the biggest threat facing humanity — fighting climate change and rebalancing Earth’s carbon cycle. Funded by Elon Musk and the Musk Foundation, this $100M competition is the largest incentive prize in history, an extraordinary milestone. 2021.2.13 ... https://www.xprize.org/prizes/elonmusk * '''Tomorrow’s Proteins''' * XPRIZE Feed the Next Billion is a four-year, $15M competition that will incentivize teams to produce chicken breast or fish fillet alternatives that replicate or outperform conventional chicken and fish in: access, environmental sustainability, animal welfare, nutrition and health, as well as taste and texture. 2020.12.7 ... https://www.xprize.org/prizes/feedthenextbillion * '''Work Reimagined''' * XPRIZE Rapid Reskilling is a $5 million dollar, 30-month competition to quickly reskill under-resourced workers for the digital revolution. ... https://www.xprize.org/prizes/rapidreskilling * '''Rainforest Preservation''' * enhance our understanding of the rainforest ecosystem. ... https://www.xprize.org/prizes/rainforest * '''Anywhere is Possible''' * create an avatar system that can transport human presence to a remote location in real time. ... https://www.xprize.org/prizes/avatar <!-- * '''AI to Solve Global Issues''' * demonstrate how humans can work with AI to tackle global challenges. ... https://www.xprize.org/prizes/artificial-intelligence * '''Turning CO2 into Products''' * develop breakthrough technologies to convert CO₂ emissions into usable products. ... https://www.xprize.org/prizes/carbon. --> Grand Challenges - sample resources svs5lwffryxnqcojod2dmm7ealskzvx 0 327859 2818110 2816556 2026-07-11T13:59:33Z Somme4096 2999323 /* Sui dynasty */ Complete translation of Sui Dynasty (to 《唐人说荟》卷五，引张骞《耳目记》) 2818110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} Among all major civilizations worldwide, China has the most recorded instances of cannibalism.<ref> [美]郑麒来（Key Ray Chong）《中国古代的食人：人吃人行为透视》，中国社会科学出版社, 1994, "中国封建时代的有关（食人习俗的）文字记载是极为丰富的。可以说，中国封建时代的食人习俗证据远比其他时代或其他国家为多"</ref> This entry documented 388 cannibalism cases recorded in 530 instances from the ''Twenty-Five Histories'' ([[w:Twenty-Four Histories|Twenty-Four Histories]] and [[w:Draft History of Qing|Draft History of Qing]]), consistent with prior research <ref name=鄭麒來統計> [美]郑麒来（Key Ray Chong）《中国古代的食人：人吃人行为透视》，中国社会科学出版社，1994年版，第153-154页。</ref>. According to another study, the [[w:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China|Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China]], a comprehensive Chinese encyclopedic work, recorded 653 cases of filial piety act involving cutting own flesh to cure parents' illness<ref name=鄭麒來統計/>. Several factors are generally considered responsible for this prevalence. * China experienced more famines than any other major civilizations.<ref>邓拓，《中国救荒史》，1937年，“我国灾荒之多，世界罕有，就文献可考的记载来看，从公元前十八世纪，直到公元二十世纪的今日，将近四千年间，几于无年无灾，也几乎无年无荒。西欧学者甚至称我国为‘饥荒的国度’（The Land of Famine)。” </ref> * China experienced the most frequent and intense conflicts among major civilizations.<ref>秦晖，《中国历史上，何来如此深仇大恨》，“中国秦以后历代王朝的寿命不但比‘封建’时代的周‘王朝’和欧洲、日本的宗主王系（不是dynasty）短很多，其‘改朝换代’的巨大破坏性更几乎是人类历史上独有的。……世界史上别的民族有遭到外来者屠杀而种族灭绝的，有毁灭于庞贝式的自然灾变的，但像中国这样残忍的自相残杀确实难找他例。”</ref> <ref> 福山《政治秩序的起源》，2014年，广西师范大学出版社，第7章，“与其他军事化社会相比，周朝的中国异常残暴。有个估计，秦国成功动员了其总人口的8%到20%，而古罗马共和国的仅1%，希腊提洛同盟的仅5.2%，欧洲早期现代则更低”</ref> * Specific cultural beliefs developed in China, including: ** Rationalizing cannibalism as a means of expressing animosity<ref>《左传·襄公二十一年》，“然二子者，譬如禽兽，臣食其肉而寝处其皮矣”；岳飞，《满江红》，“壮志饥餐胡虏肉，笑谈渴饮匈奴血”；《三国演义》、《水浒传》多处有吃仇人肉的描写；等等</ref>. ** Attributing medicinal properties to human flesh <ref>唐，陈藏器，《本草拾遗》；明，李时珍，《本草纲目》</ref>. ** Viewing the practice of cutting own flesh to treat elder relatives as a noble demonstration of filial piety<ref> 《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》：“太祖、太宗以来，……刲股割肝，咸见褒赏；”</ref> * China established a comprehensive official historical record system early on, which remained functional even during periods of significant social chaos, preserving extensive historical documentation. ==Statistics== Key-Ray Chong categorized records of cannibalism within the Twenty-Five Histories, based on their causes.<ref name="鄭麒來統計" /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Historical Records!!Subtotal!!Wartime Famine!!Wartime Hatred!!Natural Disasters!!Peace-time Hatred!!Loyalty!!Filial Piety!!Taste!!Other |- | [[:w:Shiji|Records of the Grand Historian(''Shiji'')]]||19||6||11 || ||2|| || || || |- | [[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]] ||25||11||1||13|| || || || || |- | [[:w:Book of the Later Han|Book of the Later Han]]||26||15|| ||11 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:Records of the Three Kingdoms|Records of the Three Kingdoms]]||7||4|| ||3 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]||32||16||1||13||2 |||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Wei|Book of Wei]]||8||6||1||1 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of the Southern Dynasties|History of the Southern Dynasties]]||18||12||3||3 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of the Northern Dynasties|History of the Northern Dynasties]]||6||3||3 |||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Northern Qi|Book of Northern Qi]]||2||2 |||||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Song|Book of Song]]||2||1||1 |||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]]||9||5||2||2 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Chen|Book of Chen]]||1||1 |||||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Sui|Book of Sui]]||8||2||3||3|||||||||| |- | [[:w:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties|Historical Records of the Five Dynasties]]||15||10||4|| || || ||1|||| |- | [[:w:Old History of the Five Dynasties|Old History of the Five Dynasties]]||5||3||1||1|||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of Jin|History of Jin]]||3||||||3|||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of Liao|History of Liao]]||1||||||1|||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of Yuan|History of Yuan]]||46||5||1||27||||||13|||| |- | [[:w:History of Song (book)|History of Song]]||43||4||4||14||||||20||1 || |- | [[:w:History of Ming|History of Ming]]||45||5||||22||||||17 ||1|| |- | [[w:Draft History of Qing|Draft History of Qing]]||76||3||||15 ||||||58|||| |- !Total!!397!!114!!36!!132!!4!!0!!109!!2 !! |} However, this statistics is incomplete and partially incorrect. It omitted [[:w:Book of Zhou|Book of Zhou]], [[:w:Book of Qi|Book of Southern Qi]], [[:w:Old Book of Tang|Old Book of Tang]], [[:w:New Book of Tang|New Book of Tang]] originally included in the ''Twenty-Five Histories,'' and failed to remove duplicated records in [[:w:History of Ming|History of Ming]]. In addition to previous research, Key-Ray Chong compiled 653 cases of filial piety act involving cutting one's own flesh to cure relatives in [[w:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China|Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China]], of which 99% involved women, and 56% of these cases involved daughters-in-law cutting their own flesh for their mothers-in-law. Although this polarization may be the result of intentional selection bias, as both male and female cases of flesh-cutting to cure relatives are well documented in the ''Twenty-Five Histories.'' Key-Ray Chong concluded:<ref> [美]郑麒来（Key Ray Chong）《中国古代的食人：人吃人行为透视》，中国社会科学出版社，1994年版，第5-8页。</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Chinese practice of survival cannibalism does not significantly differ from that of other cultures; However, "learned cannibalism''(習得性食人)''" in China earned unique characteristics, particularly in its historical prevalence and specific motivations. Unlike many other regions, where religion played a central role in cannibalistic rituals, Chinese practices were largely secular, often driven by two emotional extremes: '''Virtue and Affection''', including acts performed out of loyalty (尽忠), filial piety (尽孝), or deep love. '''Vengeance and Hatred''', on the other hand, are acts performed for revenge (報仇), to wash away shames (雪恥), or out of pure animosity. To give an example, During wartimes, cannibalism was frequently practiced as a symbolic and literal act of consuming the enemy, rooted in deep-seated hatred. It is worth noting that ''learned cannibalism'' was also associated with '''culinary appreciation''' or '''medicinal therapy''' among the upper classes. Human flesh was perceived as both a food source and a potent medicine, especially valued for enhancing sexual function. For example, Li Shizhen's [[:w:Compendium of Materia Medica|Compendium of Materia Medica]] listed 35 human organs or substances used for medicinal purposes.}} ==Xia, Zhou and Shang Dynasty== Note that early Chinese history often blends myth with oral tradition. While these records lack contemporary archeological evidence, they are also historically significant as they reflect how later generations conceptualized the origins of social norms including cannibalism. # c. 1940 BCE, Xia Dynasty #: '''English:''' He [Houyi] relied on his archery and neglected civil affairs... The family retainers killed and boiled him, and fed him to his sons. His sons could not bear to eat him and died at city gate. #: '''Original:''' {{lang|zh-cn|「……（后羿）恃其射也，不修民事而淫於原獸，棄武羅、伯因、熊髡、圉而用寒浞。……羿猶不悛，將歸自田，家眾殺而亨之。以食其子；其子不忍食諸，死於窮門。」}} #: '''Source:''' ''Zuo Zhuan'', Chapter of Duke Xiang (《左傳·襄公》) # Reign of [[:w:King Weng of Zhou|King Weng of Zhou]], c.1112-1050 BCE #: '''English:'''　According to ''Diwang Shiji''(The Century of Emperors), [King] Zhou imprisoned King Wen(of Zhou Dynasty). King Wen's eldest son, Boyi Kao, was serving as a hostage in Yin and acted as a charioteer for King Zhou. King Zhou boiled [Boyi Kao] to make a meat soup and presented it to King Wen, saying: "''A true sage should not eat a soup made of his own son.''" #: King Wen ate it. King Zhou then remarked, "Who was it said the Earl of the West (King Wen) was a sage? He ate a soup made of his own son without even realizing it." #: '''Original:''' 「《帝王世紀》云，（紂）囚文王，文王之長子曰伯邑考，質於殷，為紂御。紂烹為羮，賜文王曰：聖人當不食其子羮。文王食之，紂曰，誰謂西伯聖者，食其子羮尚不知也。」 #: '''Source:''' Justice in History, book 3, records of Yin (《史記正義·卷三·殷本紀》) #: '''Note:''' The ''Century of Emperors''(《帝王世紀》) cited above was written in [[:w:Jing Dynasty|Jin Period]], and the original is now lost. == Spring and Autumn / Warring States Periods == The [[:w:Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] and [[:w:Warring States period|Warring States]] periods (approx. 770–221 BC) marked a significant era where cannibalism was documented under various social and political motivations. Famous Chinese idioms such as "exchanging children to eat" (''易子而食'', from [[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]]) and "eating the flesh and sleeping on the skin" (''食肉寝皮'', from [[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]]) both originated during this time. Cases of cannibalism during this period can be categorized into four dominant motivations. # '''Warfare and Siege Famines:''' The most frequent cause. During prolonged sieges, resources were so depleted that citizens resorted to "exchanging children to eat" to avoid consuming their own offspring. # '''Political motivation:''' A famous case is Yi Ya (易牙), who steamed his own son to serve as a delicacy to Duke Huan of Qi to prove his absolute loyalty. # '''Intimidation:''' Cannibalism was used as a tool of terror or vengeance. Examples include the Di people killing and eating Duke Yi of Wei(''狄人殺食衛懿公''), or the Ruler of Zhongshan boiling the son of the his own general, Yue Yang(''中山君烹樂羊子''), to test his loyalty. # '''Cultural customs:''' Early records mention peripheral groups, such as the "People-Eating Kingdom" (啖人國), though these may be the result of Han-centric view of "barbaric" outsiders. While the [[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]] records at least 15 major famines, there are no explicit official records of cannibalism resulting from natural disasters during this specific period. However, the absence of such records does not necessarily prove the absence of the practice; rather, it may reflect the selective focus bias of official records on military and political events over lower-class sufferings. === Before Warring State period === # The practice of "Yi Di" (''宜弟'') #: '''English''': In the ancient past, there was a kingdom called Kaishu to the east of Yue. When a first-born son was born, they would dismember and eat him. The practice is called "Yi Di" (meaning "benefiting the younger brothers"). #: '''Original:''' 昔者越之東有輆沭之國者，其長子生，則解而食之，謂之「宜弟」。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Mozi|Mozi(Book)]]'', "Moderation in Funerals" (《墨子·節葬下》) # Critique of "Yi Di", by Mozi #: '''English:''' Luyang Wenjun said to Mozi: "South of Chu, there is a kingdom of man-eaters called Qiao. When a first-born son is born, they butcher and eat him, calling it 'Yi Di.' If the meat is flavorful, they present it to their ruler, who rewards the father. Is this not a detestable custom?" #: Mozi replied: "Even the customs of the Central Kingdoms are similar. How is killing a father and rewarding his son any different from eating a son and rewarding his father? If we do not govern by Benevolence and Righteousness, how can we criticize the barbarians for eating their sons?" #: '''Original:''' {{lang|zh-tw|魯陽文君語子墨子曰：「楚之南有啖人之國者橋，其國之長子生，則鮮而食之，謂之宜弟。美，則以遺其君，君喜則賞其父。豈不惡俗哉？」子墨子曰：「雖中國之俗，亦猶是也。殺其父而賞其子，何以異食其子而賞其父者哉？苟不用仁義，何以非夷人食其子也？」}} #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Mozi|Mozi(Book)]]'', "Lu Wen" (《墨子·魯問》) # Ethnographic Records of the Wuhu #: '''English:''' To the west of the Nanman (Southern Barbarians) lies the Kingdom of Man-eaters, named [[:w:Cochin|Cochin]](Crossed rivers). There, man and woman bath in the same river, thus the name. #: It is their custom to always dismember and eat the first-born son, calling it "Yi Di." If the taste is delicious, they offer it to their ruler, who in turn rewards the father. Furthermore, if a man marries a beautiful wife, he offer her to his elder brother. These people are known today as the Wuhu. #: '''Original:''' {{lang|zh-tw|其西有啖人國，生首子輒解而食之，謂之宜弟。味旨，則以遺其君，君喜而賞其父。取妻美，則讓其兄。今烏滸人是也。}} #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Book of the Later Han]]'', "On the Southern and Southwestern Barbarians" (《後漢書·南蠻西南夷列傳》) === In Warring State period === # During reigns of Duke Huan of Qi (''齊桓公'', r. 685–643 BCE) #: '''English''': During the reign of Duke Huan of Qi, Yi Ya served the Duke as his personal chef. The Duke once said that he had never tasted steamed infant. Upon hearing this, Yi Ya steamed his own firstborn son and presented the dish to the Duke. Human nature is such that one loves one's own children; yet he who does not love his own son. Then, what he would do to his own lord? #: '''Original:''' 夫易牙以调和事（齐桓）公，公曰"惟蒸婴儿之未尝"，于是蒸其首子而献之公。人情非不爱其子也，于子之不爱，将何有于公？ #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Guanzi (text)|Guanzi]]'', "Minor Exaltation" (《管子·小称》) ## Alternate records of "Yi Ya", During reigns of Duke Huan of Qi (''齊桓公'', r. 685–643 BCE) ##: '''English''': Duke Huan of Qi was fond of rare delicacies, and so Yi Ya steamed his own son's head and presented it to him. ##: '''Original:''' 齐桓公好味，易牙蒸其子首而进之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Han Feizi|Han Feizi]]'', "The Two Handles" (《韓非子·二柄·難一》) # 660 BCE: The Death and Consumption of Duke Yi of Wei (''衛懿公'') #: '''English''': The Di people arrived and overtook Duke Yi of Wei at Rongze, where they killed him. They consumed all of his flesh, only his liver was untouched. #: '''Original:''' 狄人至，及（卫）懿公于荣泽，杀之，尽食其肉，独舍其肝。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Lüshi Chunqiu|Lüshi Chunqiu]]'' (《吕氏春秋》) # 594 BCE: The Siege of Song #: '''English''': The people of Song, fearing for their lives, sent Hua Yuan on a secret night mission into the Chu encampment. He climbed into the bed of Zi Fan and roused him, saying: "Our lord has sent me, Yuan, to convey our dire situation: our city is reduced to trading children for food and splitting bones for fuel. Even so, a covenant made beneath the city walls — one that would mean the ruin of our state — we cannot accept. Withdraw thirty li (''unit of length, approx. 3 kilometers long)'' from us, and we will obey every command." #: '''Original:''' 宋人惧，使华元夜入楚师，登子反之床，起之曰："寡君使元以病告，曰：'敝邑易子而食，析骸以爨。虽然，城下之盟，有以国毙，不能从也。去我三十里，唯命是听。'" #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]]'', "The Fifteenth Year of Duke Xuan" (《左傳·宣公十五年》) ## 594 BCE: The Siege of Song (alternate account) ##: '''English''': In the twentieth year of his reign, King Zhuang of Chu besieged Song in retaliation for the killing of a Chu envoy. After a siege of five months, the food supply within the city was completely exhausted. The inhabitants resorted to trading children for food and burning bones for fuel. Hua Yuan of Song went out to truthfully convey the situation to King Zhuang. The King said: "Truly a man of virtue!" and thereupon withdrew his forces. ##: '''Original:''' 二十年，（楚）围宋，以杀楚使也。围宋五月，城中食尽，易子而食，析骨而炊。宋华元出告以情。庄王曰："君子哉！"遂罢兵去。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Hereditary Houses of Chu, Vol. 40" (《史記·卷四十·楚世家第十》) # c. 500 BCE: Zhi the Robber (''盜跖'') #: '''English''': Confucius and Liuxia Ji were friends; Liuxia Ji's younger brother was named Zhi the Robber. Zhi the Robber commanded a following of nine thousand men, swept through the empire with impunity, plundering the various lords. #: He stormed into dwellings, stole cattle and horses, and abducted women. Driven by greed, he cast aside all bonds of kinship, disregarding his parents and siblings, and made no offerings to his ancestors. #: Wherever his forces passed, large states fortified their walls and small states withdrew into strongholds, and all the people suffered greatly. [...] At that time, Zhi the Robber was resting his men on the southern slope of Mount Tai, mincing human livers and eating them. #: '''Original:''' 孔子与柳下季为友，柳下季之弟名曰盗跖。盗跖从卒九千人，横行天下，侵暴诸侯；穴室枢户，驱人牛马，取人妇女；贪得忘亲，不顾父母兄弟，不祭先祖。所过之邑，大国守城，小国入保，万民苦之。……盗跖乃方休卒徒太山之阳，脍人肝而餔之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'', "Robber Zhi" (《莊子·盜跖》) # 409 BCE: Yue Yang Drinks His Son's Broth #: '''English''': Yue Yang served as a general of Wei and led an attack on Zhongshan. His son was residing in Zhongshan at the time, and the ruler of Zhongshan had the son boiled and sent the resulting broth to Yue Yang. Yue Yang sat beneath his campaign tent and drank it, finishing the entire cup. #: Marquis Wen of Wei said to his advisor Du Shize: "Yue Yang, for my sake, ate the flesh of his own son." Du replied: "One who can eat his own son's flesh. Who would he not eat?" After Yue Yang had pacified Zhongshan, Marquis Wen rewarded his achievement but harbored doubts about his character. #: '''Original:''' 乐羊为魏将而攻中山。其子在中山，中山之君烹其子而遗之羹，乐羊坐于幕下而啜之，尽一杯。文侯谓睹师赞曰："乐羊以我之故，食其子之肉。"赞对曰："其子之肉尚食之，其谁不食？"乐羊既罢中山，文侯赏其功而疑其心。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zhanguo Ce|Zhanguo Ce]]'', "Stratagems of Wei I, Vol. 22" (《戰國策·卷二十二·魏策一》) # 403 BCE: The Siege of Jinyang ''(晉陽之戰'') #: '''English''': The three states of Zhi, Wei, and Han besieged Jinyang for over a year, and then diverted the Fen River to flood the city. The floodwaters rose to within three planks' breadth of the top of the walls. Within the city, cauldrons were suspended over fires for cooking, inhabitants exchanged children to eat. #: '''Original:''' 三国（智魏韩）攻晋阳，岁馀，引汾水灌其城，城不浸者三版。城中悬釜而炊，易子而食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Clan of Zhao, Vol. 43" (《史記·卷四十三·趙世家第十三》) ## 403 BCE: The Siege of Jinyang (alternate record) ##: '''English''': The three clans of Zhi, Wei, and Han encircled the people of Zhao at Jinyang and flooded the city; the floodwaters rose to within three planks' breadth of the top of the walls, and the inhabitants resorted to eating men and horses. ##: '''Original:''' 三家（智魏韩）以国人围（赵国晋阳）而灌之，城不浸者三版，人马相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 1 (《資治通鑑·卷一》) # 260 BCE: The Battle of Changping (''長平之戰'') #: '''English''': By the ninth month, the Zhao soldiers had been without food for forty-six days, and in secret they began killing and ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 至九月，赵卒不得食四十六日，皆内阴相杀食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Biographies of Bai Qi and Wang Jian, Vol. 73" (《史記·卷七十三·白起王翦列傳第十三》) ## 260 BCE: The Battle of Changping (alternate record) ##: '''English''': The Zhao army was cut off from food for forty-six days, during which they secretly killed and ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 赵军食绝四十六日，皆内阴相杀食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 5 (《資治通鑑·卷五》) # 257 BCE: Li Tong(''李同'')'s Appeal at the Siege of Handan #: '''English''': Li Tong said: "The people of Handan are burning bones for fuel and trading children for food. Their plight could not be more desperate. Yet in your household, hundreds of concubines and maids are clothed in fine silk, with surplus grain and meat to spare, while the common people cannot complete a garment of coarse cloth and cannot fill themselves even with dregs and husks." #: '''Original:''' 邯郸之民，炊骨易子而食，可谓急矣，而君之後宫以百数，婢妾被绮縠，馀粱肉，而民褐衣不完，糟糠不厌。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Biographies of Lord Pingyuan and Yu Qing, Vol. 76" (《史記·卷七十六·平原君虞卿列傳第十六》) # c. 250 BCE: The Siege of Liaocheng #: '''English''': Qi's general Tian Dan besieged Liaocheng for over a year, with heavy casualties among his troops, yet the city did not fall. Lu Zhonglian then composed a letter, tied it to an arrow, and shot it into the city, addressed to the Yan commander. The letter read: "[...] Now you hold the exhausted people of Liaocheng against the full force of Qi's army — this is the defensive resolve of Mozi. Your men eat others and burn their bones for fuel, yet none harbor thoughts of surrender — this is the military discipline of Sun Bin. Your name shall be known throughout the realm." #: '''Original:''' 齐田单攻聊城岁馀，士卒多死而聊城不下。鲁连乃为书，约之矢以射城中，遗燕将。书曰：……今公又以敝聊之民距全齐之兵，是墨翟之守也。食人炊骨，士无反外之心，是孙膑之兵也。能见於天下。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Biographies of Lu Zhonglian and Zou Yang, Vol. 83" (《史記·卷八十三·魯仲連鄒陽列傳第二十三》) ==Han Dynasty== The wars between the Qin and Han dynasties caused large-scale famine and population decline across China, a pattern that would recur with nearly every subsequent dynastic transition. # Early Han Dynasty: Famine and Cannibalism Following the Collapse of Qin #: '''English''': At the founding of the Han dynasty, inheriting the devastation left by Qin, the various lords rose simultaneously in conflict. The people abandoned their livelihoods, and a great famine ensued. Price of one shi of rice reached five thousand coins; people ate each other, more than half the population perished. Emperor Gaozu then issued an order permitting the people to sell their children, and directed the starving to seek food in Shu and Han. #: '''Original:''' 汉兴，接秦之敝，诸侯并起，民失作业而大饥馑。凡米石五千，人相食，死者过半。高祖乃令民得卖子，就食蜀、汉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) # 205 BCE: Great Famine in Guanzhong, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': A great famine struck Guanzhong; the price of one hu of rice reached ten thousand coins, and people ate each other. The people were directed to seek food in Shu and Han. #: '''Original:''' 关中大饥，米斛万钱，人相食。令民就食蜀、汉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Gao, Vol. 1a" (《漢書·卷一上·高帝紀第一上》) ## 205 BCE: Great Famine in Guanzhong, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': A great famine struck Guanzhong; the price of one hu of rice reached ten thousand coins, and people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关中大饥，米斛万钱，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 9 (《資治通鑑·卷九》) # 196 BCE: Minced flesh of Peng Yue, in ''[[:w:Records of the Grand Historian|Shiji]]'' #: '''English''': In the eleventh year, Empress Gao put to death the Marquis of Huaiyin; (Ying) Bu grew fearful at heart. In summer, Han executed Liang Wang Peng Yue, minced his flesh into paste, and sent portions of his flesh to all the lords. #:When it reached Huainan, the King of Huainan was out hunting; upon beholding the paste, he trembled greatly, and secretly ordered men to muster troops, watching for signs of trouble in the neighboring commanderies. #: '''Original:''' 十一年，高后诛淮阴侯，布因心恐。夏，汉诛梁王彭越，醢之，盛其醢遍赐诸侯。至淮南，淮南王方猎，见醢，因大恐，阴令人部聚兵，候伺旁郡警急。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Records of the Grand Historian|Shiji]]'', "Biography of Qing Bu" (《史记·卷九十一·黥布列传第十三》) # 138 BCE: Flood and Famine on the Yellow River Plain, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In the third spring of that year, the Yellow River overflowed onto the Pingyuan plain. Great famine, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 三年春，河水溢于平原，大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 6" (《漢書·卷六·武帝紀第六》) ## 138 BCE: Flood and Famine on the Yellow River Plain, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': The Yellow River overflowed onto the Pingyuan plain. Great famine, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 河水溢于平原。大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 17 (《資治通鑑·卷十七》) # 135 BCE: Ji An's Report on Famine in Henei, ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'' #: '''English''': Ji An returned and reported: "A household fire has spread to neighboring houses. it is not worth undue concern. On my way, I passed through Henan, where more than ten thousand families among the poor had been afflicted by flood and drought; in some cases, fathers and sons were eating one another. I therefore took it upon myself, acting on temporary authority, to use the imperial tally to open the Henan granaries and relieve the destitute people. I now request to return the tally and submit to punishment for acting beyond my authority." The Emperor, recognizing his virtue, pardoned him. #: '''Original:''' 还报曰："家人失火，屋比延烧，不足忧也。臣过河南，河南贫人伤水旱万余家，或父子相食，臣谨以便宜，持节发河南仓粟以振贫民。臣请归节，伏矫制之罪。"上贤而释之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'', "Biographies of Ji An and Zheng Dangshi, Vol. 120" (《史記·卷一百二十·汲鄭列傳第六十》) ## 135 BCE: Ji An's Report on Famine in Henei, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' ##: '''English''': [Ji An] returned and reported: "A household fire has spread to neighboring houses — it is not worth undue concern. On my way, I passed through Henei, where more than ten thousand families among the poor had been afflicted by flood and drought; in some cases, fathers and sons were eating one another. I therefore took it upon myself, acting on temporary authority, to use the imperial tally to open the Henei granaries and relieve the destitute people. I request to return the tally and submit to punishment for acting beyond my authority." The Emperor, recognizing his virtue, pardoned him and transferred him to serve as Prefect of Xingyang. ##: '''Original:''' 还报曰："家人失火，屋比延烧，不足忧。臣过河内，河内贫人伤水旱万余家，或父子相食，臣谨以便宜，持节发河内仓粟以振贫民。请归节，伏矫制罚。"上贤而释之，迁为荥阳令。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Zhang, Feng, Ji, and Zheng, Vol. 50" (《漢書·卷五十·張馮汲鄭傳第二十》) ## 135 BCE: Ji An's Report, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': On my way, I passed through Henan, where more than ten thousand families among the poor had been afflicted by flood and drought; in some cases, fathers and sons were eating one another. ##: '''Original:''' 臣过河南，河南贫人伤水旱万馀家，或父子相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 17 (《資治通鑑·卷十七》) # 114 BCE: Famine in Shandong, ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'' #: '''English''': At that time, the eastern provinces had suffered from Yellow River floods, and for several consecutive years the harvests had failed. In some places, spanning one to two thousand li, people resorted to eating one another. #: '''Original:''' 是时山东被河灾，及岁不登数年，人或相食，方一二千里。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'', "Treatise on Equalization, Vol. 30" (《史記·卷三十·平準書第八》) ## 114 BCE: Famine in Shandong(the East), ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' ##: '''English''': At that time, the eastern provinces had suffered from Yellow River floods, and for several consecutive years the harvests had failed. In some places, spanning two to three thousand li, people resorted to eating one another. The Emperor, moved by compassion, ordered the famine victims to travel and seek food in the Yangtze and Huai River regions, and those who wished to remain were permitted to settle there. Imperial envoys with carriages and canopies followed one another on the roads to escort them, and grain from Ba and Shu was dispatched to provide relief. ##: '''Original:''' 是时山东被河灾，乃岁不登数年，人或相食，方二三千里。天子怜之，令饥民得流就食江、淮间，欲留，留处。使者冠盖相属于道护之，下巴、蜀粟以赈焉。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24b" (《漢書·卷二十四下·食貨志第四下》) ## 114 BCE: Famine in the East, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': In the third month of the third Yuanding year, water froze; in the fourth month, snow fell. In more than ten commanderies east of the passes, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 元鼎三年三月水冰，四月雨雪，关东十余郡人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on the Five Elements, Vol. 27" (《漢書·卷二十七中之下·五行志第七中之下》) ## 114 BCE: Famine in the East, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': More than forty commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes suffered famine, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关东郡、国四十馀饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 20 (《資治通鑑·卷二十》) # 113 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In summer, the fourth month, hail fell. In more than ten commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes, Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 夏四月，雨雹，关东郡国十余饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 6" (《漢書·卷六·武帝紀第六》) # 141–87 BCE: Critique of Emperor Wu's Reign, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': "Though Emperor Wu had merit in driving back the four barbarians and expanding the realm, yet he slew great numbers of his men, exhausted the people's wealth, indulged in extravagance without measure. #: The realm was left hollow and depleted, the hundred folk scattered and adrift, half perished. Locusts rose in great swarms, scorching the earth for thousands of li; in some places people ate each other, and the stores have not recovered to this day. #: He bestowed no virtue nor grace upon the people, and ought not to have temple rites established in his honour." #: '''Original:''' 武帝虽有攘四夷广土斥境之功，然多杀士众，竭民财力，奢泰亡度，天下虚耗，百姓流离，物故者半。蝗虫大起，赤地数千里，或人民相食，畜积至今未复。亡德泽于民，不宜为立庙乐。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Sui, Liang, Xiahou, Jing, Yi and Li, Vol. 75" (《漢書·卷七十五·眭兩夏侯京翼李傳第四十五》) # c. 104 BCE: Depletion of the Realm After Dong Zhongshu, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': After Zhongshu's death, expenditures grew ever greater, the realm was hollow and depleted, and once more people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 仲舒死后，功费愈甚，天下虚耗，人复相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) # 48 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' #: '''English''': In the ninth month, eleven commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes suffered great floods. Famine; in some places people ate each other. Neighboring commanderies were called upon to render aid in coin and grain. #: '''Original:''' 九月，关东郡国十一大水，饥，或人相食，转旁郡钱、谷''(穀)''以相救。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Yuan, Vol. 9" (《漢書·卷九·元帝紀第九》) ## 48 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': In the first year of Chuyuan under Emperor Yuan, [...] in the fifth month the Bohai Sea overflowed greatly. In the sixth month, Great Famine struck the east; many among the people starved to death, and in Langye Commandery people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 元帝初元元年，……其五月，勃海水大溢。六月，关东大饥，民多饿死，琅邪郡人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Astronomy, Vol. 26" (《漢書·卷二十六·天文志第六》) ## 48 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': In autumn, the ninth month, eleven commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes suffered great floods and famine; in some places people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 秋，九月，关东郡、国十一大水，饥，或人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 28 (《資治通鑑·卷二十八》) # 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' #: '''English''': In the sixth month, famine struck the east; in the land of Qi, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 六月，关东饥，齐地人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Yuan, Vol. 9" (《漢書·卷九·元帝紀第九》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': When Emperor Yuan ascended the throne, great floods struck the realm; eleven eastern commanderies suffered most grievously. In the second year, famine struck the land of Qi; grain reached three hundred coins per shi, many among the people starved to death, and in Langye Commandery people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 元帝即位，天下大水，关东郡十一尤甚。二年，齐地饥，谷''(穀)''石三百余，民多饿死，琅邪郡人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](3)'' ##: '''English''': The following year, in the second month, on the day wuwu, the earth shook. That summer, in the land of Liu, people ate each other. [...] Yi Feng memorialized: "The eastern lands have suffered famine for years running, compounded by pestilence; the hundred folk are wan with hunger, and some have come to eat each other. The earth trembles repeatedly, the heavens are turbid, and the light of the sun grows dim." ##: '''Original:''' 明年二月戊午，地震。其夏，刘地人相食。……（翼奉）上疏曰：……今东方连年饥馑，加之以疾疫，百姓菜色，或至相食。地比震动，天气溷浊，日光侵夺。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Sui, Liang, Xiahou, Jing, Yi and Li, Vol. 75" (《漢書·卷七十五·眭兩夏侯京翼李傳第四十五》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](4)'' ##: '''English''': When Emperor Yuan first ascended the throne, he summoned Yu to serve as Remonstrant Counsellor and repeatedly sought his counsel on affairs of governance. At that time the harvests had failed and many commanderies were in distress. ##: Yu exclaimed: "Now the people die of Great Famine; the dead go unburied and are eaten by dogs and swine. People eat each other, whilst the horses in the imperial stables feed on grain and grow so fat and vigorous that they must be walked daily to work it off. Is this what it means for a sovereign, having received the Mandate of Heaven, to be father and mother to the people?" ##: '''Original:''' 元帝初即位，征禹為諫大夫，數虛己問以政事。是時，年歲不登，郡國多困，禹奏言：[……] 今民大飢而死，死又不葬，為犬豬食。人至相食，而廄馬食粟，苦其大肥，氣甚怒至，乃日步作之。王者受命於天，為民父母，固當若此乎！（ ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Wang, Gong, Liang Gong and Bao, Vol. 72" (《漢書·卷七十二·王貢兩龔鮑傳第四十二》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](5)'' ##: '''English''': Kuang Heng memorialized: "The eastern lands have suffered famine for years running; the hundred folk are in want and distress, and some have come to eat each other. This hath all arisen from levies and taxes being too heavy, the burdens borne by the people being too great, and the officials failing in their duty to settle and succour them." ##: '''Original:''' 匡）衡上疏曰：……今关东连年饥馑，百姓乏困，或至相食，此皆生于赋敛多，民所共者大，而吏安集之不称之效也。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Kuang, Zhang, Kong and Ma, Vol. 81" (《漢書·卷八十一·匡張孔馬傳第五十一》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': Famine struck the east; in the land of Qi, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关东饥，齐地人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 28 (《資治通鑑·卷二十八》) # 17 BCE: Emperor Cheng's Edict Dismissing Xue Xuan, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': Emperor Cheng decreed the dismissal of Xue Xuan, saying: "I, being unenlightened, have seen repeated ill omens; the harvests have failed year upon year, the granaries stand empty, the hundred folk suffer Great Famine, wandering and scattered upon the roads. Those who have perished of pestilence number in the tens of thousands; people eat each other, bandits rise on all sides, and the offices of governance lie neglected. This is owing to mine own want of virtue and the failings of mine own ministers." #: '''Original:''' 朕既不明，变异数见，岁比不登，仓廪空虚，百姓饥馑，流离道路，疾疫死者以万数，人至相食，盗贼并兴，群职旷废，是朕之不德而股肱不良也。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Xue Xuan and Zhu Bo, Vol. 83" (《漢書·卷八十三·薛宣朱博傳第五十三》) # 15 BCE: Floods in Liang and Pingyuan, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In the second year of Yongshi, the kingdoms of Liang and Pingyuan suffered floods in consecutive years; people ate each other. The regional inspectors, prefects and chancellors were held accountable and dismissed. #: '''Original:''' 永始二年，梁国、平原郡比年伤水灾，人相食，刺史、守、相坐免。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) # 14 CE: Great Famine Along the Frontier, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In the first year of Tianfeng under Wang Mang, Great Famine struck the borderlands; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 缘边大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99b" (《漢書·卷九十九中·王莽傳第六十九中》) ## 14 CE: Great Famine Along the Frontier, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine struck the borderlands; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 缘边大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 37 (《資治通鑑·卷三十七》) # 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' #: '''English''': In his final years, bandits rose in great numbers; armies were dispatched to suppress them, and their officers ran amok beyond the passes. In the northern borderlands and in the lands of Qing and Xu, people ate each other; east of Luoyang, grain reached two thousand coins per shi. #: '''Original:''' 末年，盗贼群起，发军击之，将吏放纵于外。北边及青、徐地人相食，雒阳以东米石二千。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) ## 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': [...] battle and slaughter, captivity by the four border peoples, criminal penalties, Great Famine, pestilence, and people eating each other had together reduced the households of the realm by half. ##: '''Original:''' 战斗死亡，缘边四夷所系虏，陷罪，饥疫，人相食，及莽未诛，而天下户口减半矣。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24b" (《漢書·卷二十四下·食貨志第四下》) ## 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': In that month, the Red Eyebrows slew the Grand Preceptor Xi Zhong Jing Shang. East of the passes, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 是月，赤眉杀太师牺仲景尚。关东人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99c" (《漢書·卷九十九下·王莽傳第六十九下》) ## 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': East of the passes, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关东人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 38 (《資治通鑑·卷三十八》) # 23 CE: The Fate of Wang Mang's Corpse, ''Book of Han'' #: '''English''': Wang Mang's severed head was sent to Gengshi and hung in the market of Wan. The common folk vied to strike and beat it; some cut out his tongue and ate it. #: '''Original:''' 传（王）莽首诣更始，县宛市，百姓共提击之，或切食其舌。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99c" (《漢書·卷九十九下·王莽傳》) # 23 CE: Siege of Wan — Cen Peng's Surrender, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': When Zhen Fu fell and Cen Peng was wounded, he fled back to Wan and held the city together with Yan Shuo. Han forces besieged them for several months; the city's provisions were exhausted and people ate each other. Peng and Shuo thereupon surrendered the city. #: '''Original:''' 汉兵攻之数月，城中粮尽，人相食，彭乃与说举城降。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Feng, Cen and Jia, Vol. 17" (《後漢書·卷十七·馮岑賈列傳第七》) # 23 CE: Siege of Wan — Cen Peng's Surrender, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': [...] Han forces besieged them for several months. People within the city ate each other; they thereupon surrendered. #: '''Original:''' 汉兵攻之数月，城中人相食，乃举城降。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 39 (《資治通鑑·卷三十九》) # 24 CE: Li Xiong's Counsel to Gongsun Shu, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] "Now the lands east of the mountains suffer Great Famine; the common folk eat each other. Where armies have passed, cities and towns are left as mounds of rubble." #: '''Original:''' 今山东饥馑，人庶相食；兵所屠灭，城邑丘墟。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Wei Xiao and Gongsun Shu, Vol. 13" (《後漢書·卷十三·隗囂公孫述列傳第三》) # 25 CE: The Red Eyebrows Sack Chang'an, ''Book of Han'' #: '''English''': The Red Eyebrows burned the palaces and markets of Chang'an and slew Gengshi. The starving people ate each other; those who perished numbered in the hundreds of thousands. Chang'an was left a wasteland, and none walked its streets. #: '''Original:''' 赤眉遂烧长安宫室市里，害更始。民饥饿相食，死者数十万，长安为虚，城中无人行。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99c" (《漢書·卷九十九下·王莽傳第六十九下》) # 26 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Hou Han Shu(1)'' #: '''English''': Great Famine struck Guanzhong; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 关中饥，民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Guangwu, Vol. 1a" (《後漢書·卷一上·光武帝紀第一上》) ## 26 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Hou Han Shu(2)'' ##: '''English''': At that time, the three adjuncts were in great turmoil; people ate each other, the cities and towns were emptied, white bones lay strewn across the fields, and the survivors gathered here and there in fortified encampments, each holding firm. ##: '''Original:''' 时三辅大乱，人相食，城郭皆空，白骨蔽野，遗人往往聚为营保，各坚守不下。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Xuan and Liu Penzi, Vol. 11" (《後漢書·卷十一·劉玄劉盆子列傳第一》) ## 26 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine struck the three adjuncts; people ate each other, the cities and towns were emptied, and white bones lay strewn across the fields. ##: '''Original:''' 三辅大饥，人相食，城郭皆空，白骨蔽野。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 40 (《資治通鑑·卷四十》) # 27 CE: Siege of Ji, Zizhi Tongjian #: '''English''': Within Zhu Fu's city of Ji, provisions were exhausted; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 浮城中粮尽，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 41 (《資治通鑑·卷四十一》) ## 27 CE: Siege of Ji'', Hou Han Shu'' ##: '''English''': Within Fu's city, provisions were exhausted; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 浮城中粮尽，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Zhu, Feng, Yu, Zheng and Zhou, Vol. 33" (《後漢書·卷三十三·朱馮虞鄭周列傳第二十三》) # 27 CE: Yan Cen's Retreat to Nanyang, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': At that time the people suffered Great Famine and ate each other; one jin of gold could be exchanged for but five sheng of beans. The roads were cut off and supplies could not get through; the soldiers subsisted on wild fruit. #: '''Original:''' 时，百姓饥饿，人相食，黄金一斤易豆五升。道路断隔，委输不至，军士委以果实为粮。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Feng, Cen and Jia, Vol. 17" (《後漢書·卷十七·馮岑賈列傳第七》) # 109 CE: Great Famine in the Capital, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In the third month, Great Famine struck the capital; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 三月，京师大饥，民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor An, Vol. 5" (《後漢書·卷五·孝安帝紀第五》) ## 109 CE: Great Famine in the Capital, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': In the third month, Great Famine struck the capital; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 三月，京师大饥，民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 49 (《資治通鑑·卷四十九》) # 109 CE: Floods and Famine Across the Realm, ''Hou Han Shu(1)'' #: '''English''': That year, the capital and forty-one commanderies and kingdoms suffered hail. Great Famine struck Bing and Liang; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 是岁，京师及郡国四十一雨水雹。并、凉二州大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor An, Vol. 5" (《後漢書·卷五·孝安帝紀第五》) ## 109 CE: Floods and Famine Across the Realm, ''jin Shu'' ##: '''English''': In the third year of Yongchu under Emperor An, floods and drought struck the realm; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 安帝永初三年，天下水旱，人民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jin Shu|Jin Shu]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 26" (《晉書·卷二十六·志第十六·食貨》) ## 109 CE: Floods and Famine Across the Realm, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The capital and forty-one commanderies suffered floods; Great Famine struck Bing and Liang; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 京师及郡国四十一雨水，并、凉二州大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 49 (《資治通鑑·卷四十九》) # 151 CE: Drought and Famine, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Drought struck the capital. Great Famine afflicted Rencheng and Liang; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 京师旱。任城、梁国饥，民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Huan, Vol. 7" (《後漢書·卷七·孝桓帝紀第七》) ## 151 CE: Drought and Famine, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Drought struck the capital; Great Famine afflicted Rencheng and Liang; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 京师旱，任城、梁国饥，民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 53 (《資治通鑑·卷五十三》) # 155 CE: Famine in Sili and Jizhou, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In the second month, famine struck Sili and Jizhou; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 二月，司隶、冀州饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Huan, Vol. 7" (《後漢書·卷七·孝桓帝紀第七》) # 155 CE: Famine in Sili and Jizhou, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': In the second month, famine struck Sili and Jizhou; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 二月，司隶、冀州饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 53 (《資治通鑑·卷五十三》) # 170 CE: Spousal Cannibalism in Henei and Henan, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In the first month of spring in the third year of Jianning, in Henei wives ate their husbands, and in Henan husbands ate their wives. #: '''Original:''' 三年春正月，河内人妇食夫，河南人夫食妇。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Ling, Vol. 8" (《後漢書·卷八·孝靈帝紀第八》) # 194 CE: Great Drought in the Three Adjuncts, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': A great drought struck the three adjuncts from the fourth month to this day. At that time one hu of grain fetched fifty thousand coins, and one hu of beans or wheat twenty thousand. People ate each other; white bones lay heaped in piles. #: '''Original:''' 三辅大旱，自四月至于是月。是时谷一斛五十万，豆麦一斛二十万，人相食啖，白骨委积。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Xian, Vol. 9" (《後漢書·卷九·孝獻帝紀第九》) ## 194 CE: Great Drought in the Three Adjuncts, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': From the fourth month no rain fell. One hu of grain was worth fifty thousand coins; within Chang'an, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 自四月不雨至于是月，谷一斛直钱五十万，长安中人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 61 (《資治通鑑·卷六十一》) # Liu Ping Spared by Cannibals, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Liu Ping, styled Gongzi, was a man of Pengcheng in Chu. During the upheavals of the Gengshi era, he and his mother hid together in the wilderness. #: One morning he went out to forage for food and was seized by starving bandits who meant to boil and eat him. He knelt and said: "This morning I went to gather herbs for my aged mother, who depends on me for her life. I beg ye to let me return, feed my mother, and then come back to die." Tears streamed down his face. #: The bandits, moved by his sincerity, took pity and released him. Liu Ping returned, fed his mother, and then told her: "I made a pledge to the bandits; honour forbids me to deceive them." He went back to the bandits. They were all greatly astonished and said to one another: "We have long heard of men of fierce integrity — now we behold one. Go, friend; we have not the heart to eat thee." And so he was spared. #: '''Original:''' 刘平字公子，楚郡彭城人也。[…] 更始时，天下乱，[…] 与母俱匿野泽中。平朝出求食，逢饿贼，将亨（通“烹”）之，平叩头曰：“今旦为老母求菜，老母待旷为命，愿得先归，食母毕，还就死。”因涕泣。贼见其至诚，哀而遣之。平还，既食母讫，因白曰：“属与贼期，义不可欺。”遂还诣贼。众皆大惊，相谓曰：“常闻烈士，乃今见之。子去矣，吾不忍食子。”于是得全。（《后汉书·卷三十九·刘赵淳于江刘周赵列传第二十九》） #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Zhao Xiao Offers Himself to Cannibals, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [After the fall of Wang Mang] the realm fell into turmoil and people ate each other. [Zhao Xiao's] younger brother Li was seized by starving bandits. #: Upon hearing this, Zhao Xiao bound himself and went to the bandits, saying: "Li hath long been starved and is thin and gaunt; I filleth ye hunger better than him" The bandits were greatly astonished and released them both, saying: "Go home for now, and bring back rice and dried provisions instead." #: Xiao sought provisions but could find none; he returned to the bandits and offered himself for the pot. The bandits, marvelling at him, did him no harm. #: '''Original:''' （王莽之後）天下乱，人相食。孝弟礼为饿贼所得，孝闻之，即自缚诣贼，曰："礼久饿羸瘦，不如孝肥饱。"贼大惊，并放之，谓曰："可且归，更持米糒来。"孝求不能得，复往报贼，愿就亨。众异之，遂不害。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Wang Lin Guards His Parents' Tomb, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In Runan there was a man named Wang Lin, a junior official, who lost his parents when he was but ten years of age. #: When great turmoil broke out and the people fled, only Wang Lin and his brothers remained to guard the burial mound, their weeping unceasing. His younger brother Ji went out and was seized by the Red Eyebrows, who meant to eat him. Wang Lin bound himself and begged to die in his brother's stead. #: The bandits, moved to pity, released them both; and by this deed Wang Lin's name became renowned throughout his hometown. #: '''Original:''' 汝南有王琳巨尉者，年十余岁丧父母。因遭大乱，百姓奔逃，惟琳兄弟独守冢庐，号泣不绝。弟季，出遇赤眉，将为所哺，琳自缚，请先季死，贼矜而放遣，由是显名乡邑。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Wei Tan Spares His Fellow Captives, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Wei Tan of Langye, styled Shaoxian, was likewise seized by starved bandits. Several dozen captives were bound and awaited their turn to be boiled. #: The bandits, seeing that Tan appeared honest and trustworthy, set him apart to tend the cooking fire, though they bound him again each evening. Among the bandits was one Yi Changgong, who took especial pity on Tan; he secretly loosened Tan's bonds and said: "Ye are all destined to be eaten; flee hence at once." #: Tan replied: "I have tended the fire for ye, there I always had some leavings for myself; the others have been fed only on grass and weeds; better to eat (''relatively well-fed'') me instead." Changgong, moved by his righteousness, persuaded the others to release all the captives, and all were spared. #: '''Original:''' 琅邪魏谭少闲者，时亦为饥寇所获，等辈数十人皆束缚，以次当亨（通“烹”）。贼见谭似谨厚，独令主爨，暮辄执缚。贼有夷长公，特哀念谭，密解其缚，语曰："汝曹皆应就食，急从此去。"对曰："谭为诸君爨，恒得遗余，余人皆菇草莱，不如食我。"长公义之，相晓赦遣，并得俱免。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Er Meng and Che Cheng Offer Themselves for Each Other, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Er Meng Ziming of Qi and Che Cheng Ziwei of Liangjun, brothers, were seized together by the Red Eyebrows and were about to be eaten. Meng and Cheng knelt and each begged to die in the other's stead. The bandits, moved to pity, released them both. #: '''Original:''' 齐国兒萌子明、梁郡车成子威二人，兄弟并见执于赤眉，将食之，萌、成叩头，乞以身代，贼亦哀而两释焉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Chunyu Gong Offers Himself for His Brother, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Chunyu Gong, styled Mengsun, was a man of Chunyu in Beihai. […] At the end of Wang Mang's reign, when famine and war arose, his elder brother Chong was seized by bandits who meant to boil and eat him. Gong begged to take his brother's place; both were released. #: '''Original:''' 淳于恭字孟孙，北海淳于人也。[…] 王莽末，岁饥兵起，恭兄崇将为盗所亨，恭请代，得俱免。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) == Three Kingdoms period == According to population statics at the time, the population of the Three Kingdoms period was only one-seventh of that during the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty.<ref>秦晖，《中国历史上，何来如此深仇大恨》</ref> This was the largest population decrease in Chinese history, evidenced by Cao Cao's poem; "Pale bones exposed in wild fields, no crowing of roosters heard throughout thousands of li" (白骨露于野，千里无鸡鸣). # 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Sanguozhi'' #: '''English''': That year, one hu of grain fetched over fifty thousand coins; people ate each other. Newly recruited troops were thereupon disbanded. #: '''Original:''' 是岁谷一斛五十余万钱，人相食，乃罢吏兵新募者。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 1" (《三國志·卷一·魏書一·武帝紀》) ## 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Sanguozhi(2)'' ##: '''English''': Cao Cao led his forces back and gave battle to Lü Bu at Puyang; his army fared ill and the two sides held their positions for over a hundred days. That year brought drought, locusts and scarcity of grain; the people ate each other. Lü Bu withdrew eastward to encamp at Shanyang. ##: '''Original:''' 太祖引军还，与布战于濮阳，太祖军不利，相持百余日。是时岁旱、虫蝗、少谷，百姓相食，布东屯山阳。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biography of Lü Bu, Vol. 7" (《三國志·卷七·魏書七·呂布臧洪傳》) ## 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Sanguozhi(3)'' ##: '''English''': Cao Cao and Lü Bu held their positions at Puyang; Sima Lang thereupon led his household back to Wen. That year brought Great Famine; people ate each other. Lang gathered and succoured his kinsmen, tutored his younger brothers, and did not abandon his studies in that age of decline. ##: '''Original:''' 时岁大饥，人相食，朗收恤宗族，教训诸弟，不为衰世解业。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biography of Sima Lang, Vol. 15" (《三國志·卷十五·魏書十五·劉司馬梁張溫賈傳》) ## 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Hou Han Shu'' ##: '''English''': Cao Cao heard of this and led his forces to attack Lü Bu; they fought repeatedly and held their positions for over a hundred days. That year brought drought, locusts and scarcity of grain; the people ate each other. Lü Bu withdrew to encamp at Shanyang. ##: '''Original:''' 曹操闻而引军击布，累战，相持百余日。是时，旱、蝗，少谷，百姓相食，布移屯山阳。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Yan, Yuan Shu and Lü Bu, Vol. 75" (《後漢書·卷七十五·劉焉袁術呂布列傳第六十五》) # 194 CE: Cheng Yu's Human Jerky, Pei Songzhi's Commentary #: '''English''': In the beginning, Cao Cao's forces lacked provisions. #: Cheng Yu seized supplies from his home county to provide three days' rations, mixed in no small part with dried human flesh. By this reason, he lost the favour of the ''(heavenly)'' court, and therefore never attained the rank of the Excellencies. #: '''Original:''' 初，太祖乏食；昱略其本县，供三日粮，颇杂以人脯。由是失朝望，故位不至公。 #: '''Source:''' Pei Songzhi's ''[[:w:Annotations to the Records of the Three Kingdoms|Sanguozhi Annotations]]'', citing the lost ''Weijin Shiyu'', "Biography of Cheng Yu, Vol. 14" (裴松之《三國志注·卷十四·魏書十四·程昱傳》引《魏晉世語》) # 195 CE: Great Famine at Chengshi, ''Sanguozhi'' #: '''English''': Cao Cao's forces were stationed at Chengshi. Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 太祖军乘氏，大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biography of Xun Yu, Vol. 10" (《三國志·卷十·魏書十·荀彧荀攸賈詡傳》) # 195 CE: The Siege of Dongjun, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] At first they still dug for rats and boiled sinew and hide; afterwards there was nothing left to eat. #: The chief clerk reported that there were three dou of rice in the inner kitchen and requested it be made into gruel. Zang Hong said: "How could I alone enjoy this?" He had it made into thin porridge and distributed among all the troops. #: He also slew all his beloved concubine to feed his officers and men. The officers and men all wept; none could raise their eyes to look upon him. Seventy or eighty men and women died lying upon one another; not one deserted or betrayed him. #: '''Original:''' （东郡）初尚掘鼠，煮筋角，后无所复食，主簿启内厨米三斗，请稍为饘粥，洪曰："何能独甘此邪？"使为薄糜，遍班士众。又杀其爱妾，以食兵将。兵将咸流涕，无能仰视。男女七八十人相枕而死，莫有离叛。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biography of Zang Hong, Vol. 58" (《後漢書·卷五十八·虞詡等列傳》) # 195 CE: The Siege of Dongjun, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': At first they still dug for rats and boiled sinew and hide; afterwards there was nothing left to eat. #: The chief clerk reported only three sheng of rice in the inner kitchen and requested it be made into gruel. Zang Hong sighed: "How could I alone enjoy this!" He had it made into thin porridge and distributed among all the troops; he also slew his beloved concubine to feed his officers and men. #: The officers and men all wept; none could raise their eyes to look upon him. Seven or eight thousand men and women died lying upon one another; not one deserted or betrayed him. #: '''Original:''' 初尚掘鼠煮筋角，后无可复食者。主簿启内厨米三升，请稍以为饘粥，臧洪叹曰："何能独甘此邪！"使作薄糜，遍班士众，又杀其爱妾以食将士。将士咸流涕，无能仰视者。男女七八千人，相枕而死，莫有离叛者。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 61 (《資治通鑑·卷六十一》) # 195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] One hu of grain fetched fifty thousand coins; beans and wheat twenty thousand. People ate each other; white bones lay heaped in piles, and the stench of rot filled the roads. [...] After Li Jue and Guo Si turned upon each other and the Son of Heaven departed eastward, Chang'an stood empty for over forty days. The strong scattered; the weak ate each other. Within two or three years, not a human trace remained in Guanzhong. #: '''Original:''' 自（李）傕、（郭）汜相攻，天子东归后，是时，谷一斛五十万，豆、麦二十万，人相食啖，白骨委积，臭秽满路。……长安城空四十余日，强者四散，蠃者相食，二三年间，关中无复人迹。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biography of Dong Zhuo, Vol. 72" (《後漢書·卷七十二·董卓列傳第六十二》) ## 195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Sanguozhi'' ##: '''English''': At that time the three adjuncts still held several hundred thousand households. Li Jue and his confederates unleashed their troops to plunder, attacking and pillaging cities and towns. The people suffered Great Famine; within two years they had eaten each other to the last. ##: '''Original:''' 时三辅民尚数十万户，傕等放兵劫略，攻剽城邑，人民饥困，二年间相啖食略尽。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biographies of Dong, the Two Yuans and Liu, Vol. 6" (《三國志·卷六·魏書六·董二袁劉傳》) ## 195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Jin Shu'' ##: '''English''': [...] One hu of grain fetched fifty thousand coins; beans and wheat twenty thousand. People ate each other; white bones lay heaped in great mounds, the rotting remains befouling the roads. [...] Chang'an stood entirely empty; all scattered to the four winds. Within two or three years, not a traveller remained in Guanzhong. [...] Since Dong Zhuo's rebellion, the people had been scattered and adrift; grain reached over fifty thousand coins per shi, and many ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 是时谷一斛五十万，豆麦二十万，人相食啖，白骨盈积，残骸余肉，臭秽道路。……长安城中尽空，并皆四散，二三年间，关中无复行人。……汉自董卓之乱，百姓流离，谷石至五十余万，人多相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jin Shu|Jin Shu]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 26" (《晉書·卷二十六·志第十六·食貨》) ##195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': When Dong Zhuo first died, the three adjuncts still held several hundred thousand households. Li Jue and his confederates unleashed their troops to plunder; compounded by Great Famine, within two years the people had eaten each other nearly to the last. ##: [...] At that time Chang'an stood empty for over forty days; the strong scattered, the weak ate each other, and within two or three years not a human trace remained in Guanzhong. ##: '''Original:''' 董卓初死，三辅民尚数十万户，李傕等放兵劫略，加以饥馑，二年间，民相食略尽。……是时，长安城空四十馀日，强者四散，羸者相食，二三年间，关中无复人迹。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 61 (《資治通鑑·卷六十一》) # 195–197 CE: Wang Zhong the Cannibal, Pei Songzhi's Commentary #: '''English''': Wang Zhong was a man of Fufeng who in his youth served as a village headman. When the three adjuncts fell into turmoil, Zhong, starving and desperate, ate human flesh, and followed a band of men southward toward Wuguan. [...] #: The Master of the Wuguan Office, knowing that Zhong had once eaten human flesh, took him along on an imperial outing and had entertainers fasten a skull from a grave to Zhong's saddle, to the great amusement of all. #: '''Original:''' 王忠，扶风人。少为亭长。三辅乱，忠饥乏噉人，随辈南向武关。……五官将知忠尝噉人，因从驾出行，令俳取冢间骷髅系著忠马鞍，以为欢笑。 #: '''Source:''' Pei Songzhi's ''[[:w:Annotations to the Records of the Three Kingdoms|Sanguozhi Annotations]]'', citing the lost ''Weilüe'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 1" (裴松之《三國志注·魏書·武帝紀》引《魏略》) # 196 CE: Liu Bei's Army Starves at Haixi, Zizhi Tongjian #: '''English''': Liu Bei gathered his remaining forces and moved east to Guangling, gave battle to Yuan Shu, and was again defeated; he encamped at Haixi. Beset by hunger and hardship, his officers and men ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 备收馀兵东取广陵，与袁术战，又败，屯于海西。饥饿困踧，吏士相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 62 (《資治通鑑·卷六十二》) # 196 CE: Liu Bei's Army Starves at Haixi, Pei Songzhi's Commentary #: '''English''': Liu Bei's army being at Guangling, hunger and hardship upon them; officers and men, high and low, ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 備軍在廣陵，飢餓困踧，吏士大小自相啖食。 #: '''Source:''' Pei Songzhi's ''[[:w:Annotations to the Records of the Three Kingdoms|Sanguozhi Annotations]]'', citing the lost ''Yingxiong Ji'', "Biography of the Progenitor Ruler, Vol. 32" (裴松之《三國志注·卷三十二·蜀書·先主傳》引《英雄記》) # 196 CE: Famine Under Gongsun Zan's Rule, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] That year brought drought and locusts; grain grew dear and people ate each other. Gongsun Zan, relying on his own abilities, showed no concern for the people. #: '''Original:''' 是时，旱、蝗，谷贵，民相食。瓒恃其才力，不恤百姓。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Yu, Gongsun Zan and Tao Qian, Vol. 73" (《後漢書·卷七十三·劉虞公孫瓚陶謙列傳第六十三》) # 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Hou Han Shu(1)'' #: '''English''': That year brought famine; along the Yangtze and Huai rivers, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 是岁饥，江淮间民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Xian, Vol. 9" (《後漢書·卷九·孝獻帝紀第九》) ## 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Hou Han Shu(2)'' ##: '''English''': Yuan Shu's forces were weakened, his great generals dead, and his followers estranged and in revolt. Compounded by drought and failed harvests, his officers and people froze and starved; along the Yangtze and Huai, people had eaten each other nearly to the last. ##: '''Original:''' 术兵弱，大将死，众情离叛，加天旱岁荒，士民冻馁，江、淮间相食殆尽。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Yan, Yuan Shu and Lü Bu, Vol. 75" (《後漢書·卷七十五·劉焉袁術呂布列傳第六十五》) ## 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Sanguozhi'' ##: '''English''': Yuan Shu's extravagance grew ever more excessive; his rear palace of several hundred consorts all wore fine silks, with surplus of grain and meat, whilst his officers and men froze and starved. Along the Yangtze and Huai the land was emptied; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 荒侈滋甚，后宫数百皆服绮縠，余粱肉，而士卒冻馁，江淮间空尽，人民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biographies of Dong, the Two Yuans and Liu, Vol. 6" (《三國志·卷六·魏書六·董二袁劉傳》) ## 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Since the Zhongping era, the realm had fallen into turmoil; the people abandoned farming, armies rose on all sides, and provisions were ever wanting. When hungry, the troops plundered; when fed, they abandoned their surplus. Those who collapsed and scattered, undone by no enemy but themselves, were beyond counting. Yuan Shao in Hebei had his men subsist on mulberries; Yuan Shu along the Yangtze and Huai drew sustenance from cattail and river snails. The people ate each other, and the commanderies were left desolate. ##: '''Original:''' 中平以来，天下乱离，民弃农业，诸军并起，率乏粮谷，无终岁之计，饥则寇略，饱则弃馀，瓦解流离，无敌自破者，不可胜数。袁绍在河北，军人仰食桑椹。袁术在江淮，取给蒲蠃，民多相食，州里萧条。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 62 (《資治通鑑·卷六十二》) # 238 CE: Siege of Xiangping. ''Sanguozhi'' #: '''English''': Gongsun Yuan was in dire stuation. His provisions exhausted, people ate each other, and the dead were very many. #: '''Original:''' 渊窘急。粮尽，人相食，死者甚多。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biographies of the Two Gongsuns, Tao and Four Zhangs, Vol. 8" (《三國志·卷八·魏書八·二公孫陶四張傳》) ## 238 CE: Siege of Xiangping, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Gongsun Yuan was in dire situation; provisions in Xiangping were exhausted, people ate each other, and the dead were very many. ##: '''Original:''' 公孙渊窘急，粮尽，人相食，死者甚多。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 74 (《資治通鑑·卷七十四》) ==West Jin== # 304 CE: The Famine of Chang'an and the Sack of Luoyang, ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': Shen Ju raised arms against Chang'an, yet was routed by (Sima) Yong. Zhang Fang greatly plundered Luo, then withdrew unto Chang'an. Thereupon the armies fell into dire want, and men did eat one another. #: '''Original:''' 沈举举兵攻长安，为（司马）颙所败。张方大掠洛中，还长安。于是军中大馁，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Annals of Emperor Hui" (《晋书·卷四·帝纪第四·惠帝》) # 304 CE: The Plunder of Luoyang, in ''[[w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': (Zhang Fang) did seize from Luo above ten thousand bondsmen and bondswomen, both of state and private households, and marched them westward. The army, lacking victuals, did slay men and mingle their flesh with that of oxen and horses for sustenance. #: '''Original:''' （张方）掠洛中官私奴婢万馀人而西。军中乏食，杀人杂牛马肉食之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 85 (《资治通鉴》卷85) # 306 CE: The Tyranny of Pan Tao and Bi Miao, in ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': (Pan) Tao and (Bi) Miao and their like seized (Sima) Yue and force him beyond the passes, falsely establishing a mobile administration, compelling the removal of ministers, issuing decrees by their own will, loosing soldiers to plunder and ravage, consuming the flesh of the common people, with corpses choking the roads and bleached bones filling the wilderness. Thus did the provincial lords betrayed their obligation, the cities and towns fall desolate, and the folk of Huai and Yu were casted into utter misery. #: '''Original:''' （潘）滔、（毕）邈等劫（司马）越出关，矫立行台，逼徙公卿，擅为诏令，纵兵寇抄，茹食居人，交尸塞路，暴骨盈野。遂令方镇失职，城邑萧条，淮豫之萌，陷离涂炭。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biography of Zhou Jun et al." (《晋书·卷六十一·列传第三十一·周浚等》) # 311 CE, eign of [[:w:Emperor Huai of Jin|Emperor Huai of Jin]]: The Rout at Ningping and the Death of Sima Yue, in ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': In the fifth year of Yongjia (the third month), (Sima) Yue did perish at Xiang. In the fourth month, Shi Le gave pursuit unto Ningping in Ku County; General Qian Duan sallied forth to resist him and fell in battle, the army breaking asunder. Thereupon Shi Le encircled the host of several hundred thousand with cavalry and loosed arrows upon them; the slain were heaped as mountains. Of princes, nobles, officers, and commoners, above a hundred thousand perished. Wang Mi's brother Zhang did burn the remnant and devour them. #: The people laid blame upon (Sima) Yue, and Emperor Huai issued a decree degrading Yue to the rank of a county king. #: '''Original:''' 永嘉五年（三月），（司马越）薨于项。……（四月，）石勒追及于苦县宁平城，将军钱端出兵距勒，战死，军溃。……于是数十万众，（石）勒以骑围而射之，相践如山。王公士庶死者十余万。王弥弟璋焚其余众，并食之。天下归罪于（司马）越。（晋怀）帝发诏贬越为县王。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin (晉書)]]'', "Biography of King Liang of Runan et al." (《晋书·卷五十九·列传第二十九·汝南王亮等》) # 311 CE, Reign of [[:w:Emperor Huai of Jin|Emperor Huai of Jin]]: The Famine in the Passes, in ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': At that time, famine ravaged the lands within the passes; the common folk consumed ate each other. Pestilence spreaded upon them, and bandits roamed openly, beyond the power of (Sima) Mo to suppress. #: '''Original:''' 時關中饑荒，百姓相啖；加以疾疫，盜賊公行，（司马）模力不能制。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin (晉書)]]'', "Biographies of the Imperial Clan" (《晋书·卷三十七·列传第七·宗室》) # 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](1)'' #: '''English''': Grand General Xun Xi memorialized to relocate the capital to Cangyuan; the Emperor was minded to comply, yet the great ministers, fearing (Pan) Tao, dared not carry out the edict, and the palace eunuchs, coveting their riches, were loath to depart. Famine grew great; people ate each other, and eight or nine in ten officials fled. #: '''Original:''' 大将军苟晞表迁都仓垣,帝将从之,诸大臣畏滔,不敢奉诏,且宫中及黄门恋资财,不欲出。至是饥甚,人相食,百官流亡者十八九。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Annals, Emperor Huai & Emperor Min" (《晋书·卷五·帝纪第五·孝怀帝 孝愍帝》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](2)'' ##: '''English''': By the Yongjia era, calamity and disorder had worsened greatly. East of Yongzhou, multitudes suffered hunger; they sold one another into bondage, and the wandering multitudes were beyond count. Six provinces — You, Bing, Si, Ji, Qin, and Yong — were struck by great locusts, devouring all grass, trees, and the fur of cattle and horses. Great pestilence followed, joined by famine. People were slain by brigands; corpses filled the rivers, and white bones covered the fields. As Liu Yao's forces pressed close, the court deliberated removing the capital to Cangyuan. People ate each other; famine and plague came together, and eight or nine in ten officials had fled. ##: '''Original:''' 至于永嘉,丧乱弥甚。雍州以东,人多饥乏,更相鬻卖,奔迸流移,不可胜数。幽、并、司、冀、秦、雍六州大蝗,草木及牛马毛皆尽。又大疾疫,兼以饥馑。百姓又为寇贼所杀,流尸满河,白骨蔽野。刘曜之逼,朝廷议欲迁都仓垣。人多相食,饥疫总至,百官流亡者十八九。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce" (《晋书·卷二十六·志第十六·食货》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](3)'' ##: '''English''': Emperor Huai being besieged by Liu Yao, the imperial armies suffered repeated defeat, the treasury was exhausted, and the hundred officials were greatly famished; smoke of cooking fires was seen in no house. The starving fed upon one another. In the west, where Emperor Min resided, hunger was exceeding great; a peck of grain cost two taels of gold, and more than half the people perished. ##: '''Original:''' 怀帝为刘曜所围,王师累败,府帑既竭,百官饥甚,比屋不见火烟,饥人自相啖食。愍皇西宅,馁馑弘多,斗米二金,死者太半。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce" (《晋书·卷二十六·志第十六·食货》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](4)'' ##: '''English''': When Luoyang fell into chaos, with thieves running rampant, people ate each other out of hunger. (Zhi) Yu, being ever poor and frugal, perished at last of starvation. ##: '''Original:''' 及洛京荒乱,盗窃纵横,人饥相食。虞素清贫,遂以馁卒。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Huangfu Mi et al." (《晋书·卷五十一·列传第二十一·皇甫谧等》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](5)'' ##: '''English''': (Wang) Mi, together with (Liu) Yao, attacked Xiangcheng and pressed upon the capital. The capital suffered a Great Famine; people ate each other, the common folk fled, and the dukes and ministers escaped to Heyin. ##: '''Original:''' 王弥后与曜寇襄城,遂逼京师。时京邑大饥,人相食,百姓流亡,公卿奔河阴。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Wang Mi et al." (《晋书·卷一百·列传第七十·王弥等》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](6)'' ##: '''English''': Wang Mi and Liu Yao arrived and joined (Huyan) Yan in besieging Luoyang. Within the city, famine was dire; people ate each other, the hundred officials scattered, and none held firm. The Xuanyang Gate fell; Mi and Yan entered the Southern Palace, ascended the Taiji Front Hall, and loosed their soldiers in great plunder, seizing all palace women and treasures. Yao thereupon slew all the princes, nobles, and officers below, in which numbered more than thirty thousand in all, and thereupon raised a great mound of their skulls north of the Luo River. ##: '''Original:''' 王弥、刘曜至,复与晏会围洛阳。时城内饥甚,人皆相食,百官分散,莫有固志。宣阳门陷,弥、晏入于南宫,升太极前殿,纵兵大掠,悉收宫人、珍宝。曜于是害诸王公及百官已下三万余人,于洛水北筑为京观。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Chronicles, Liu Cong et al." (《晋书·卷一百二·载记第二·刘聪等》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': Ere long, Luoyang fell to famine and distress; people ate each other, and eight or nine in ten officials had fled. ##: '''Original:''' 既而洛阳饥困,人相食,百官流亡者什八九。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 87 (《资治通鉴》卷87) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin (永嘉五年): Great Famine and Cannibalism After the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](7)'' ##: '''English''': When Luoyang fell, Grand Commandant Xun Fan fled to Yangcheng, and General of the Guard Hua Hui fled to Chenggao. A Great Famine prevailed; the bandit chief Hou Du and his ilk seized men for food, and many of Fan's and Hui's followers were thus devoured. ##: '''Original:''' 及洛阳不守，太尉荀藩奔阳城，卫将军华荟奔成皋。时大饥，贼帅侯都等每略人而食之，藩、荟部曲多为所啖。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Shao Xu et al." (《晋书·卷六十三·列传第三十三·邵续等》) # 312 CE: Cannibalism Among Han Zhao Troops, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': The Han Zhao generals Zhao Gu and Wang Sang, fearing absorption by Shi Le, sought to lead their forces back to Pingyang. Provisions within the army ran short, and soldiers ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 汉安北将军赵固、平北将军王桑恐为石勒所并，欲引兵归平阳。军中乏粮，士卒相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 88 (《资治通鉴》卷88) # 312 CE: Cannibalism in Shi Le's Army at Gepei, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' and ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': (Shi) Le, at Gepei, built dwellings, encouraged farming, and constructed boats, intending to attack Jiankang. Yet wherever he marched, the people had fortified their walls and cleared the fields; nothing could be plundered, and great famine fell upon the army, so that soldiers ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 勒于葛陂缮室宇，课农造舟，将寇建邺。……勒所过路次，皆坚壁清野，采掠无所获，军中大饥，士众相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Chronicles, Shi Le I" (《晋书·卷一百四·载记第四·石勒上》) # 312 CE: Cannibalism in Shi Le's Army at Gepei, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': As Shi Le marched north from Gepei, all along his path the people had fortified and cleared the fields; nothing could be seized. Famine within the army grew dire, and soldiers ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 石勒自葛陂北行，所过皆坚壁清野，虏掠无所获，军中饥甚，士卒相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 88 (《资治通鉴》卷88) # 314 CE: Monstrous Birth and Cannibalism in Guangyi, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': The wife of Yang Chong of Guangyi bore a child with two heads; her brother stole and ate it, and died within three days. #: '''Original:''' 光义人羊充妻产子二头，其兄窃而食之，三日而死。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Chronicles, Liu Cong et al." (《晋书·卷一百二·载记第二·刘聪等》) # 316 CE, Reign of Emperor Min of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism at Chang'an, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](1)'' #: '''English''': In the tenth month of winter, the capital Chang'an suffered dire famine; a peck of grain cost two taels of gold, people ate each other, and more than half perished. #: '''Original:''' 冬十月，京师饥甚，米斗金二两，人相食，死者太半。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Annals, Emperor Huai & Emperor Min" (《晋书·卷五·帝纪第五·孝怀帝 孝愍帝》) ## 316 CE, Reign of Emperor Min of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism at Chang'an, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](2)'' ##: '''English''': When Liu Yao again besieged the capital, (Suo) Chen and Qu Yun held fast to the inner city of Chang'an. Within, famine was dire; people ate each other, and the dead, fugitives, and deserters were beyond restraint; only the thousand loyal troops from Liangzhou stood firm unto death. ##: '''Original:''' 后刘曜又率众围京城、綝与麹允固守长安小城。……城中饥窘，人相食，死亡逃奔不可制，唯凉州义众千人守死不移。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Xie Xi et al." (《晋书·卷六十·列传第三十·解系等》) ## 316 CE, Reign of Emperor Min of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism at Chang'an, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': In the eighth month, the Han Zhao Grand Marshal (Liu) Yao pressed upon Chang'an. Yao stormed the outer city; Qu Yun and Suo Chen withdrew to defend the inner city. All communication within and without was severed; famine within grew dire. A peck of grain cost two taels of gold, people ate each other, and more than half had perished; deserters and fugitives could not be restrained. Only the thousand loyal troops from Liangzhou stood firm. In the imperial granary there remained but several dozen cakes of leaven; Qu Yun ground them into gruel to feed the Emperor, yet ere long even these were exhausted. ##: '''Original:''' 八月，汉大司马曜逼长安。……曜攻陷長安外城，麴允、索綝退保小城以自固。內外斷絕，城中饑甚。斗米值金二兩，人相食，死者大半，亡逃不可制。唯涼州義眾千人守死不移。太倉有麴數十餅，麴允屑之為粥以供帝，既而亦盡。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 89 (《资治通鉴》卷89) # 316 CE: Great Famine and Cannibalism in Beidi, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': Famine in Beidi was dire; people ate each other. Qiang Qiou's army transported grain to supply Qu Chang, but was defeated by Liu Ya. #: '''Original:''' 北地饥甚，人相食啖，羌酋大军须运粮以给麹昌，刘雅击败之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', Vol. 102 "Chronicles, Liu Cong et al." (《晋书·卷一百二·载记第二·刘聪等》) ==East Jin== # 319 CE: Slicing and Eating of Du Zeng's Flesh, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Du Zeng's forces collapsed; his generals Ma Jun and Su Wen captured him and surrendered to Zhou Fang. Zhou Fang wished to bring him alive to Wuchang, but Zhu Gui's son Zhu Chang and Zhao You's son Zhao Yin both begged for Du Zeng to avenge their fathers' grievances. Du Zeng was thereupon beheaded; Chang and Yin sliced his flesh and ate it. #: '''Original:''' 曾众溃，其将马俊、苏温等执曾诣访降。访欲生致武昌，而朱轨息昌、赵诱息胤皆乞曾以复冤，于是斩杜曾，而昌、胤脔其肉而啖之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 100, "Biographies, Vol. 70: Wang Mi et al." (《晋书·卷一百·列传第七十·王弥等》) # c. 321 CE: Xu Kan Fed to His Own Kin After Execution, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Shi Jilong attacked and captured Xu Kan, sending him to Xiangguo. Shi Le had him bagged and hurled to his death from the hundred-foot tower, then ordered the wives and children of Bu Du and others to disembowel and eat him; three thousand of Xu Kan's surrendered troops were buried alive. #: '''Original:''' 石季龙攻陷徐龛，送之襄国，勒囊盛于百尺楼自上扑杀之，令步都等妻子刳而食之，坑龛降卒三千。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 105, "Chronicles, Vol. 5: Shi Le, Part II et al." (《晋书·卷一百五·载记第五·石勒下等》) # c. 337 CE: Shi Sui Slays Palace Women and Nuns, ''Book of Jin(1)'' #: '''English''': After Shi Sui assumed full governance, he abandoned himself to wine and lust, acting with arrogant depravity. He would roam the fields with music playing as he entered, or venture by night into the homes of court officials to violate their wives and concubines. #: Of the palace women whom he had adorned and found comely, he would behead them, wash away the blood, place their heads upon platters, and pass them round for viewing. He also brought in comely Buddhist nuns, defiled them, then slew them; their flesh was boiled together with beef and mutton and eaten, and portions were also distributed to his attendants, who were interested in the flavor. #: '''Original:''' 邃自总百揆之后，荒酒淫色，骄恣无道，或盘游于田，悬管而入，或夜出于宫臣家，淫其妻妾。妆饰宫人美淑者，斩首洗血，置于盘上，传共视之。又内诸比丘尼有姿色者，与其交亵而杀之，合牛羊肉煮而食之，亦赐左右，欲以识其味也。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 106, "Chronicles, Vol. 6: Shi Jilong, Part I" (《晋书·卷一百六·载记第六·石季龙上》) ## c. 337 CE: Shi Sui Slays and Cooks Palace Women and Nuns, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Shi Sui, Crown Prince of Later Zhao, was arrogant, lustful, and cruel; he delighted in adorning comely consorts, beheading them, washing away the blood, placing their heads upon platters, and passing them amongst his guests for viewing. He further cooked their flesh and shared it for eating. ##: '''Original:''' 邃骄淫残忍，好妆饰美姬，斩其首，洗血置盘上，与宾客传观之，又烹其肉共食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 95 (《资治通鉴》卷95) # 351 CE: Great Famine in Si and Ji Provinces, ''Book of Jin(1)'' #: '''English''': Bandits and rebels arose like swarms; a Great Famine struck Si and Ji Provinces; people ate each other. #: From the final years of Shi Jilong, Ran Min had dispersed all the granaries and treasuries to cultivate personal loyalty. Warfare with the Qiang and Hu raged without cease, with battles every month. #: The transplanted households of Qing, Yong, You, and Jing Provinces, together with the Di, Qiang, Hu, and Man peoples, numbering several hundred myriads, returned to their native lands; their routes met in one point, where all of they slaughtered and plundered one another. With famine and pestilence, only two or three in ten reached their destinations. Throughout the realm there was great disorder, and none remained to till the fields. #: '''Original:''' 贼盗蜂起，司、冀大饥，人相食。自季龙末年而闵尽散仓库以树私恩。与羌胡相攻，无月不战。青、雍、幽、荆州徙户及诸氐、羌、胡、蛮数百余万，各还本土，道路交错，互相杀掠，且饥疫死亡，其能达者十有二三。诸夏纷乱，无复农者。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 107, "Chronicles, Vol. 7: Shi Jilong, Part II" (《晋书·卷一百七·载记第七·石季龙下》) ## 351 CE: Great Famine in Si and Ji Provinces, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The several hundred myriad transplanted peoples of Qing, Yong, You, and Jing Provinces — along with the Di, Qiang, Hu, and Man — whom Later Zhao had relocated, found the laws of Zhao no longer enforced and each returned to their native lands. ##: Their routes met in one point, where all of they slaughtered and plundered one another; only two or three in ten reached their destinations. The Central Plains fell into great disorder. Famine and pestilence followed; people ate each other, and none remained to till the fields. ##: '''Original:''' 后赵所徙青、雍、幽、荆四州人民及氐、羌、胡蛮数百万口，以赵法禁不行，各还本土；道路交错，互相杀掠，其能达者什有二、三。中原大乱。因以饥疫，人相食，无复耕者。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 99 (《资治通鉴》卷99) # 352 CE: Famine in Ye, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Famine struck Ye; people ate each other. The palace women from the time of Shi Jilong were nearly all consumed. #: '''Original:''' 邺中饥，人相食，季龙时宫人被食略尽。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 107, "Chronicles, Vol. 7: Shi Jilong, Part II" (《晋书·卷一百七·载记第七·石季龙下》) ## 352 CE: Famine in Ye'', Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': A Great Famine struck Ye; people ate each other. The palace women from the time of the former Zhao were nearly all consumed. ##: '''Original:''' 邺中大饥，人相食，故赵时宫人被食略尽。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 99 (《资治通鉴》卷99) # 356 CE: Siege of Duan Kan's City, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Duan Kan defended the Yin city under siege; the roads for gathering firewood were cut off, and people ate each other within the city. #: '''Original:''' 段龛婴城自守，樵采路绝，城中人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 100 (《资治通鉴·卷一百》) # 385 CE: Great Famine at Chang'an, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': At this time there was a Great Famine in Chang'an; people ate each other, and the generals, upon returning home, spat out flesh to feed their wives and children. #: '''Original:''' 时长安大饥，人相食，诸将归而吐肉以饴妻子。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 114 "Chronicles 14, Fu Jian II" (《晋书·卷一百十四·载记第十四·苻坚下》) ## 385 CE: Great Famine at Chang'an, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine in Chang'an; people ate each other. Yao Chang rebelled at Beidi and allied with [Murong] Chong, jointly attacking Chang'an. ##: '''Original:''' 长安大饥，人民相食。姚苌叛于北地，与冲连和，合攻长安。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 95 "Biographies 83, Liu Cong of the Xiongnu et al." (《魏书·卷九十五·列传第八十三·匈奴刘聪等》) ## 385 CE: Great Famine at Chang'an, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': In the first month, [Former] Qin's [Fu] Jian held a banquet for his ministers. Chang'an was then stricken by famine; people ate each other, and the generals, upon returning home, spat out flesh to feed their wives and children. ##: '''Original:''' 正月，(前)秦(苻)堅朝饗群臣，時長安飢，人相食，諸將歸，吐肉以飼妻子。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 106 (《资治通鉴·卷一百零六》) # 385 CE: Murong Chong's Forces Eat the Slain, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': [Murong] Chong further dispatched his Secretariat Director Gao Gai to lead troops in a night assault on Chang'an, breaching the southern gate and entering the southern city. General of the Left Dou Chong and General of the Front Guards Li Bian and others repelled them, beheading 1,800 men, and divided the corpses for consumption. #: '''Original:''' （慕容）冲又遣其尚书令高盖率众夜袭长安，攻陷南门，入于南城。左将军窦冲、前禁将军李辩等击败之，斩首千八百级，分其尸而食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 114 "Chronicles 14, Fu Jian II" (《晋书·卷一百十四·载记第十四·苻坚下》) # 385 CE: Famine in You and Ji Prefectures, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Murong Gui's troops suffered greatly from hunger and many fled to Zhongshan; the people of You and Ji prefectures ate each other. Earlier, a popular rhyme in the Pass East had said: "Youzhou — born to be destroyed; if not destroyed, the people shall be extinguished." This was [Murong] Cui's birth name. Having held out against [Fu] Pi for a full year, the common people were nearly all dead. #: '''Original:''' 慕容垂军人饥甚，多奔中山，幽、冀人相食。初，关东谣曰："幽州，生当灭。若不灭，百姓绝。"（慕容）垂之本名。与（符）丕相持经年，百姓死几绝。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 114 "Chronicles 14, Fu Jian II" (《晋书·卷一百十四·载记第十四·苻坚下》) ## 385 CE: Famine in You and Ji Prefectures, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Yan and Qin having held out against each other for a full year, You and Ji prefectures suffered a Great Famine; people ate each other, and settlements lay desolate. Many of Yan's soldiers starved to death; the King of Yan, [Murong] Cui, forbade the people from raising silkworms and had them subsist on mulberry berries. ##: '''Original:''' 燕、秦相持經年，幽、冀大饑，人相食，邑落蕭條，燕之軍士多餓死，燕王（慕容）垂禁民養蠶，以桑椹為食。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 106 (《资治通鉴·卷一百零六》) # 386 CE: Fu Deng's Army Eats the Slain, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': [Fu] Deng, having succeeded Wei Ping, thenceforth held sole command of military campaigns. At this time drought brought widespread hunger, and the roads were lined with the starving dead. Whenever Deng won a battle and slew the enemy, he called it "cooked meat," and said to his men: "You fight in the morning and by evening are sated with flesh — why fear hunger!" The troops followed his lead, eating the flesh of the slain, and were thereby well-fed and fit for battle. #: '''Original:''' （苻）登既代卫平，遂专统征伐。是时岁旱众饥，道殣相望，登每战杀贼，名为熟食，谓军人曰："汝等朝战，暮便饱肉，何忧于饥！"士众从之，啖死人肉，辄饱健能斗。 #: '''Source:''' [[wikipedia:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 115 "Chronicles 15, Fu Pi et al." (《晋书·卷一百十五·载记第十五·苻丕等》) # 387 CE: Famine in Jiuquan, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Wang Mu seized Jiuquan by surprise and proclaimed himself General-in-Chief and Governor of Liangzhou. At this time grain prices soared; one dou fetched five hundred cash, people ate each other, and more than half perished. #: '''Original:''' 王穆袭据酒泉，自称大将军、凉州牧。时谷价踊贵，斗直五百，人相食，死者太半。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 122 "Chronicles 22, Lü Guang et al." (《晋书·卷一百二十二·载记第二十二·吕光等》) # 387 CE: Famine in Liangzhou, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Great Famine in Liangzhou; one dou of rice fetched five hundred cash, people ate each other, and more than half perished. #: '''Original:''' 涼州大饑，米斗直錢五百，人相食，死者太半。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 112 (《资治通鉴·卷第一百一十二》) # c. 399 CE: Sun En Rebellion, ''Song Shu'' #: '''English''': In this time all means of livelihood were exhausted and the weak and elderly were many; the eastern lands suffered famine, and people exchanged children to eat. #: '''Original:''' 时生业已尽，老弱甚多，东土饥荒，易子而食; #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|''Song Shu'']], Vol. 100 "Biographies 60, Preface" (《宋书·卷一百·列传第六十·自序》) ## c. 399 CE: Sun En Rebellion, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': When [Sun] En raised his rebellion, all eight commanderies became a field of carnage. … The rebels' prohibitions went unheeded; they killed at will, and the number of officers and commoners slain was beyond reckoning. Some county magistrates were pickled and fed to their own wives and children; those who refused were dismembered. Such was their cruelty. ##: '''Original:''' （孙）恩既作乱，八郡尽为贼场，……贼等禁令不行，肆意杀戮，士庶死者不可胜计，或醢诸县令以食其妻子，不肯者辄支解之，其虐如此。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 96 "Biographies 84, the Usurper Jin's Sima Rui et al." (《魏书·卷九十六·列传第八十四·僭晋司马叡等》) # 401 CE, Longan 5: Omen of Famine and Usurpation, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Huan Xuan's memorial arrived, defying imperial intent and affronting the throne. Thereafter Xuan usurped the throne, threw the capital into disorder; there was a Great Famine, people ate each other, and the common people fled — all were fulfillments of these omens. #: '''Original:''' 九月，桓玄表至，逆旨陵上。其后玄遂篡位，乱京都，大饥，人相食，百姓流亡，皆其应也。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 13 "Treatises 3, Astronomy III" (《晋书·卷十三·志第三·天文下》) # 402 CE: Famine at Guzang, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Grain prices at Guzang soared; one dou fetched five thousand cash, people ate each other, and over a hundred thousand starved to death. The city gates were shut by day, and the roads for gathering firewood were cut off. Each day several hundred commoners petitioned to leave the city and offer themselves as slaves to the barbarians. [Lü] Long, fearing this would demoralize the populace, had them all buried alive, corpses piled up and filled the streets. #: '''Original:''' 姑臧谷价踊贵，斗直钱五千文，人相食，饿死者十余万口。城门昼闭，樵采路绝，百姓请出城乞为夷虏奴婢者日有数百。隆惧沮动人情，尽坑之，于是积尸盈于衢路。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 122 "Chronicles 22, Lü Guang et al." (《晋书·卷一百二十二·载记第二十二·吕光等》) ## 402 CE: Famine at Guzang, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Juqu Mengxun and Tufa Rutan attacked repeatedly, leaving the people of Hexi unable to farm to the west. Grain prices soared; one dou fetched five thousand cash, people ate each other, and over a thousand starved to death. The city gates of Guzang were shut by day and the roads for gathering firewood were cut off. Each day several hundred commoners petitioned to leave the city and offer themselves as slaves to the barbarians. [Lü] Long, fearing this would demoralize the populace, had them all buried alive. ##: '''Original:''' 沮渠蒙逊、秃发辱檀频来攻击，河西之民，不得农西，谷价涌贵，斗直钱五千文，人相食，饿死者千余口。姑臧城门昼闭，樵采路断，民请出城，乞为夷虏奴婢者，日有数百。隆恐沮动人情，尽坑之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 95 "Biographies 83, Liu Cong of the Xiongnu et al." (《魏书·卷九十五·列传第八十三·匈奴刘聪等》) ## 402 CE: Famine at Guzang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine at Guzang; one dou of rice fetched five thousand cash, people ate each other, and over a hundred thousand starved to death. The city gates were shut by day, and the roads for gathering firewood were cut off. Each day several hundred commoners petitioned to leave the city and offer themselves as slaves to the Hu barbarians; Lü Long, loathing the effect on morale, had them all buried alive, corpses piled up and filled the roads. ##: '''Original:''' 姑臧大饥，米斗直钱五千，人相食，饥死者十馀万口。城门昼闭，樵采路绝，民请出城为胡虏奴婢者，日有数百，吕隆恶其沮动众心，尽坑之，积尸盈路。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 112 (《资治通鉴·卷一百一十二》) # 402 CE: Astronomical Omen of Famine, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': In the fourth month, on the day xinsi, the moon occluded Mercury. In the seventh month, Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 元兴元年四月辛丑，月奄辰星。七月，大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 12 "Treatises 2, Astronomy II" (《晋书·卷十二·志第二·天文中》) ## 402 CE: Famine in the Eastern Regions, ''Book of Jin(1)'' ##: '''English''': In the seventh month of Yuanxing 1, Great Famine; people ate each other. Six or seven in ten east of the Zhe River died or fled; the population of Wu Commandery and Wuxing was halved, and tens of thousands more fled westward. ##: '''Original:''' 元兴元年七月，大饥，人相食。浙江以东流亡十六七，吴郡、吴兴户口减半，又流奔而西者万计。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 13 "Treatises 3, Astronomy III" (《晋书·卷十三·志第三·天文下》) ## 402 CE: Famine in the Eastern Regions, ''Song Shu'' ##: '''English''': In the seventh month [of Yuanxing 1], Great Famine; people ate each other. Six or seven in ten east of the Zhe River starved to death or fled; the population of Wu Commandery and Wuxing was halved, and tens of thousands more fled westward. ##: '''Original:''' （元兴元年）七月，大饥，人相食。浙江东饿死流亡十六七，吴郡、吴兴户口减半；又流奔而西者万计。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|''Song Shu'']], Vol. 25 "Treatises 15, Astronomy III" (《宋书·卷二十五·志第十五·天文三》) # 402 CE Kong Clan Distributes Grain, ''Song Shu'' #: '''English''': After the Sun En rebellion, the eastern lands suffered famine; people ate each other. The Kong clan distributed their household grain to relieve the neighbourhood, saving many lives; those who bore children thereafter named them Kong in gratitude. #: '''Original:''' 及孙恩乱后，东土饥荒，人相食，孔氏散家粮以赈邑里，得活者甚众，生子皆以孔为名焉。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|''Song Shu'']], Vol. 81 "Biographies 41, Liu Xiuzhi et al." (《宋书·卷八十一·列传第四十一·刘秀之等》) ## 402 CE: Kong Clan Distributes Grain, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': After the Sun En rebellion, the eastern lands suffered famine; people ate each other. The Kong clan distributed their household grain to relieve the neighbourhood, saving many lives; those who bore children thereafter named them Kong in gratitude. ##: '''Original:''' 孙恩乱后，东土饥荒，人相食，孔氏散家粮以振邑里，得活者甚众，生子皆以孔为名焉。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|''Nan Shi'']], Vol. 35 "Biographies 25, Liu Zhan et al." (《南史·卷三十五·列传第二十五·刘湛等》) # 409 CE: Cannibalism as Punishment for Regicide, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': [Tuoba] Shao, together with several attendants and eunuchs, scaled the palace walls and violated the forbidden precinct. The Emperor [Daowu of Northern Wei, Tuoba Gui] started up in alarm, reached for his bow and sword but could not find them, and died suddenly. … The guards seized and delivered Shao. Thereupon Shao and his mother were put to death; the attending eunuchs and palace women who had acted as inner accomplices, numbering over ten, were executed. Those who had first laid hands upon the imperial person were carved alive and eaten by the assembled ministers on the main avenue south of the city. #: '''Original:''' （拓跋）绍乃与帐下及宦者数人逾宫犯禁。帝（北魏道武皇帝拓跋珪）惊起，求弓刀不及，暴崩。……卫士执送绍，于是赐绍母子死，诛帐下阉官、宫人为内应者十数人。其先犯乘舆者，群臣于城南都街生脔食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|''Bei Shi'']], Vol. 16 "Biographies 4, The Seven Princes of Daowu et al." (《北史·卷十六·列传第四·道武七王等》) ## 409 CE: Cannibalism as Punishment for Regicide, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': The Supreme Ancestor (Taizong) arrived at the west of the city; the guards seized and delivered Shao. Thereupon Shao and his mother were put to death; the attending eunuchs and palace women who had acted as inner accomplices, numbering over ten, were executed. Those who had first laid hands upon the imperial person were carved alive and eaten by the assembled ministers on the main avenue south of the city. ##: '''Original:''' 太宗至城西，卫士执送绍。于是赐绍母子死，诛帐下阉官、宫人为内应者十数人，其先犯乘舆者，群臣于城南都街生脔割而食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 16 "Biographies 4, The Seven Princes of Daowu" (《魏书·卷十六·列传第四·道武七王》) ## 409 CE: Cannibalism as Punishment for Regicide, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Those who had first laid hands upon the imperial person [Tuoba Gui] were carved and eaten by the assembled ministers. ##: '''Original:''' 其先犯乘舆（拓跋珪）者，群臣脔食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']] (《资治通鉴》) ==Southern and Northern Dynasties== # 431 CE: Siege of Nan'an, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Helian Ding dispatched Wei Dai, Duke of Beiping, with ten thousand men to attack Nan'an. Within the city there was Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 赫连定遣其北平公韦代率众万人攻南安。城内大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 93 "Biographies, 81: Pretenders and Vassals" (《北史·卷九十三·列传第八十一·僭伪附庸》) ## 431 CE: Siege of Nan'an, ''Book of Wei'' ##: '''English''': Helian Ding dispatched Wei Dai, Duke of Beiping, with ten thousand men to attack Nan'an. Within the city there was Great Famine; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 赫连定遣其北平公韦代率众一万攻南安，城内大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 99 "Biographies, 87: Zhang Shi, Governor of Liangzhou et al." (《魏书·卷九十九·列传第八十七·凉州牧张实等》) ## 431 CE: Siege of Nan'an, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The Xia ruler (Helian Ding) attacked and defeated the Qin general Yao Xian; thereupon he dispatched his uncle Wei Fa, Duke of Beiping, with ten thousand men to attack Nan'an. Within the city there was Great Famine; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 夏主（赫连定）击秦将姚献，败之；遂遣其叔父北平公韦伐帅众一万攻南安。城中大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 122 (《资治通鉴》卷122) # Yuanjia Era: Medicinal Corpse, ''Yi Yuan'' #: '''English''': In the Yuanjia era, the Hu family of Yuzhang opened the tomb of [[:w:Marquis of Haihun | King Changyi]], and a man of Qingzhou opened the tomb of [[:w:Duke Xiang of Qi|Duke Xiang of Qi]]; both found golden hooks, whilst the corpses remained intact in the rocks. This may not be certain, yet the corpse of [[:w:Jing Fang|Jing Fang]] remained complete until the Yixi era; the flesh of such frozen corpses was fit for medicine, and soldiers carved and ate thereof. #: '''Original:''' 元嘉中，豫章胡家奴開邑王冢，青州人開齊襄公冢，並得金鉤，而屍骸露在岩中儼然。茲亦未必有憑而然也，京房屍至義熙中猶完具，殭屍人肉堪為藥，軍士分割食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:zh:异苑|Yi Yuan]] by Liu Jingshu (《异苑》) # 441 CE: Siege of Jiuquan, ''Book of Song'' #: '''English''': In the seventh month, Tuoba Tao dispatched an army to besiege Jiuquan. In the tenth month, there was famine within the city and ten thousand people starved to death; Juqu Tianzhou killed his wife to feed the soldiers. When the food was exhausted, the city fell; Tianzhou was captured and taken to Pingcheng, where he was executed. #: '''Original:''' 七月，拓跋焘遣军围酒泉。十月，城中饥，万余口皆饿死，（沮渠）天周杀妻以食战士；食尽，城乃陷，执天周至平城，杀之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|Song Shu]], Vol. 98 "Biographies, 58: Di Hu" (《宋书·卷九十八·列传第五十八·氐胡》) ## 441 CE: Siege of Jiuquan, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Food was exhausted within the city of Jiuquan and ten thousand people starved to death; Juqu Tianzhou killed his wife to feed the soldiers. ##: '''Original:''' 酒泉城中食尽，万馀口皆饿死，沮渠天周杀妻以食战士。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 123 (《资治通鉴》卷123) # c. 450 CE: Qingzhou Famine, ''Book of Southern Qi'' #: '''English''': At the end of the Yuanjia era, there was famine in Qingzhou; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 元嘉末，青州饥荒，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Qi Shu|Book of Southern Qi]], Vol. 28 "Biographies, 9: Cui Zushi et al." (《南齐书·卷二十八·列传第九·崔祖思等》) ## c. 450 CE: Qingzhou Famine, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': At the end of the Yuanjia era, there was famine in Qingzhou; people ate each other. (Liu) Shanming had stored grain; he himself ate only thin porridge and opened his granaries to provide relief, whereby many in the village were saved. The people thereafter called his fields the "Life-Sustaining Fields." ##: '''Original:''' 元嘉末，青州饥荒，人相食。（刘）善明家有积粟，躬食饘粥，开仓以救，乡里多获全济，百姓呼其家田为续命田。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 49 "Biographies, 39: Yu Gaozhi et al." (《南史·卷四十九·列传第三十九·庾杲之等》) # 453 CE: Execution of Zhang Chaozhi, ''Song Shu'' #: '''English''': Zhang Chaozhi, hearing the troops had entered, fled to the old foundations of the He-dian hall and stopped at the site of the imperial bed, where he was killed by rebel soldiers. They cut open his intestines, gouged out his heart, and carved his flesh; the generals ate it raw and burned his skull. #: '''Original:''' 张超之闻兵入，遂走至合殿故基，正于御床之所，为乱兵所杀。割肠刳心，脔剖其肉，诸将生啖之，焚其头骨。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|Song Shu]], Vol. 99 "Biographies, 59: Two Villains" (《宋书·卷九十九·列传第五十九·二凶》) ## 453 CE: Execution of Zhang Chaozhi, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': Zhang Chaozhi fled to the site of the imperial bed in the He-dian hall. He was killed by soldiers; they gouged his intestines and heart, carved his flesh, and the generals ate it raw. They burned his skull. ##: '''Original:''' 张超之走至合殿御床之所。为军士所杀，刳肠割心，诸将脔其肉，生啖之。焚其头骨。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 14 "Biographies, 4: Song Imperial Clan and Princes" (《南史·卷十四·列传第四·宋宗室及诸王下》) ## 453 CE: Execution of Zhang Chaozhi, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Zhang Chaozhi fled to the site of the imperial bed in the He-dian hall. He was killed by soldiers; they gouged his intestines and heart, and the generals carved his flesh and ate it raw. ##: '''Original:''' 张超之走至合殿御床之所。为军士所杀，刳肠割心，诸将脔其肉，生啖之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 127 (《资治通鉴》卷127) # c. 454 CE: Liu Yong's Consumption of Scabs, ''Book of Song'' #: '''English''': Liu Yong had a passion for eating scabs, believing the taste resembled abalone. He once visited Meng Lingxiu; Lingxiu had previously suffered from [[:w:Moxibustion|moxibustion]] sores, and the scabs had fallen upon the bed, whereupon Liu Yong took and ate them. Lingxiu was greatly alarmed. Liu Yong replied, "It is my nature to love this." Lingxiu then stripped away all remaining scabs from his body to provide for Liu Yong. After Liu Yong departed, Lingxiu wrote to He Xu, saying, "Liu Yong approached me and ate [scabs], until my whole body bled." In Nankang Commandery, some two hundred officials, regardless of whether they were guilty or innocent, were whipped in rotation so that the resulting scabs might constantly provide for his meals. #: '''Original:''' （刘）邕所至嗜食疮痂，以为味似鳆鱼。尝诣孟灵休，灵休先患灸疮，疮痂落床上，因取食之。灵休大惊。答曰：“性之所嗜。”灵休疮痂未落者，悉褫取以饴邕。邕既去，灵休与何勖书曰：“刘邕向顾见啖，遂举体流血。”南康国吏二百许人，不问有罪无罪，递互与鞭，鞭疮痂常以给膳。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Song|Book of Song]], Vol. 42 "Biographies, 2: Liu Muzhi et al." (《宋书·卷四十二·列传第二·刘穆之等》) ## c. 454 CE: Liu Yong's Consumption of Scabs, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': Liu Yong had a passion for eating scabs, believing the taste resembled abalone. He once visited Meng Lingxiu; Lingxiu had previously suffered from [[:w:Moxibustion|moxibustion]] sores, and the scabs fell upon the bed, which Liu Yong took and ate. Lingxiu was greatly alarmed; he then stripped away all remaining scabs to provide for Liu Yong. After Liu Yong departed, Lingxiu wrote to He Xu, saying, "Liu Yong approached me and ate [scabs], until my whole body bled." In Nankang Commandery, some two hundred officials, regardless of whether they were guilty or innocent, were whipped in rotation, and the scabs were constantly provided for his meals. ##: '''Original:''' （刘）邕性嗜食疮痂，以为味似鳆鱼。尝诣孟灵休，灵休先患灸疮，痂落在床，邕取食之。灵休大惊，痂未落者，悉褫取饴邕。邕去，灵休与何勖书曰：“刘邕向顾见啖，遂举体流血。”南康国吏二百许人，不问有罪无罪，递与鞭，疮痂常以给膳。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 15 "Biographies, 5: Liu Muzhi et al." (《南史·卷十五·列传第五·刘穆之等》) # 465 CE: Mutilation of Wang Yigong, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': The former deposed Emperor (Liu Ziye) was maddened and lawless. Wang Yigong and Liu Yuanjing conspired to depose him; the deposed Emperor led the Yulin guards to their residences and slew them, along with their four sons. He cut and severed the limbs of Wang Yigong, split open his abdomen and stomach, and plucked out his eyes to soak them in honey, calling them "Ghost-Eye [[:w:Zongzi|Zongzi]]." #: '''Original:''' 前废帝（刘子业）狂悖无道，（王）义恭、（柳）元景谋欲废立，废帝率羽林兵于第害之，并其四子。断析义恭支体，分裂腹胃，挑取眼睛以蜜渍之，以为鬼目粽。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 13 "Biographies, 3: Imperial Clan and Various Princes" (《南史·卷十三·列传第三·宋宗室及诸王上》) ## 465 CE: Mutilation of Wang Yigong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The Emperor (the former deposed Emperor of the Southern Song, Liu Ziye) personally led the Yulin guards to attack Wang Yigong and slew him, along with his four sons. He severed the limbs of Wang Yigong, split open his intestines and stomach, plucked out his eyes, and soaked them in honey, calling them "Ghost-Eye Zongzi." ##: '''Original:''' 帝（南朝宋前废帝刘子业）自帅羽林兵讨（王）义恭，杀之，并其四子。断绝义恭支体，分裂肠胃，挑取眼睛，以蜜渍之，谓之“鬼目粽”。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 130 (《资治通鉴》卷130) # 498 CE: Cannibalism of Huang Yaoqi, ''Book of Southern Qi'' #: '''English''': The barbarian forces pursued and captured Huang Yaoqi; Wang Su recruited men to carve up and eat his flesh. #: '''Original:''' 虏追军获（黄）瑶起，王肃募人脔食其肉。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Southern Qi|Book of Southern Qi]], Vol. 57 "Biographies, 38: Wei Barbarians" (《南齐书·卷五十七·列传第三十八·魏虏》) ## 498 CE: Cannibalism of Huang Yaoqi, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': Wang Chen's brothers, Su and Bing, both fled to Wei; later they captured Huang Yaoqi, carved him up, and ate him. ##: '''Original:''' （王）琛弟肃、秉并奔魏，后得黄瑶起脔食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 23 "Biographies, 13: Wang Dan et al." (《南史·卷二十三·列传第十三·王诞等》) ## 498 CE: Cannibalism of Huang Yaoqi, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Huang Yaoqi was captured by Wei; the Lord of Wei bestowed him upon Wang Su, who carved him up and ate him. ##: '''Original:''' （黄）瑶起为魏所获，魏主以赐王肃，肃脔而食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 141 (《资治通鉴》卷141) # 499 CE: Siege of Maquan City, ''Book of Southern Qi'' #: '''English''': In the first year of Yongyuan, Chen Xianda supervised General Cui Huijing and forty thousand troops to besiege Maquan City in Nanxiang, three hundred li from Xiangyang, attacking for forty days. The barbarians' food was exhausted; they ate the flesh of dead men and tree bark. #: '''Original:''' 永元元年，（陈）显达督平北将军崔慧景众军四万，围南乡堺马圈城，去襄阳三百里，攻之四十日。虏食尽，啖死人肉及树皮。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Southern Qi|Book of Southern Qi]], Vol. 26 "Biographies, 7: Wang Jingze, Chen Xianda" (《南齐书·卷二十六·列传第七·王敬则 陈显达》) ## 499 CE: Siege of Maquan City, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': In the first year of Yongyuan, Chen Xianda supervised General Cui Huijing and forty thousand troops to besiege Maquan City in Nanxiang, three hundred li from Xiangyang. They attacked for forty days; the Wei army's food was exhausted, and they ate the flesh of dead men and tree bark. ##: '''Original:''' 永元元年，（陈）显达督平北将军崔慧景众军四万，围南乡界马圈城，去襄阳三百里。攻之四十日，魏军食尽，啖死人肉及树皮。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 45 "Biographies, 35: Wang Jingze et al." (《南史·卷四十五·列传第三十五·王敬则等》) ## 499 CE: Siege of Maquan City, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Chen Xianda fought Wei Yuanying and repeatedly defeated him. He sieged Maquan City for forty days; the food within the city was exhausted, and they ate the flesh of dead men and tree bark. ##: '''Original:''' 陈显达与魏元英战，屡破之。攻马圈城四十日，城中食尽，啖死人肉及树皮。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 142 (《资治通鉴》卷142) # 502 CE: Aftermath of Sun Wenming's Rebellion, Nan Shi #: '''English''': At that time, the remnants of the Eastern Tyrant, including Sun Wenming and others, rebelled. Zhang Hongce jumped over a wall to hide in the dragon stables, where he encountered rebels and was thereupon slain. The government army captured Sun Wenming and executed him in the East Market; the kinsmen of the Zhang family carved him up and ate him. #: '''Original:''' 时东昏余党孙文明等……作乱，……（张）弘策踰垣匿于龙厩，遇贼见害。……官军捕文明斩于东市，张氏亲属脔食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 46: Zhang Hongce et al." (《南史·卷五十六·列传第四十六·张弘策等》) # 502 CE: Siege of Baxi, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': In the sixth month of the first year of Tianjian, Yuan Qi arrived at Baxi. Ji Lian dispatched his general Li Fengbo to resist, but he was defeated. Ji Lian defended stubbornly, and Yuan Qi besieged him. Within the city, the dead lay pillowed upon one another; moreover, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 天监元年六月，元起至巴西，（侯）季连遣其将李奉伯拒战，见败。季连固守，元起围之。城中饿死者相枕，又从而相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 13 "Biographies, 3: Imperial Clan of Song and Various Princes" (《南史·卷十三·列传第三·宋宗室及诸王上》) ## 502 CE: Siege of Baxi, ''Nan Shi(2)'' ##: '''English''': Yuan Qi advanced to camp at Xiping, whereupon Ji Lian began to defend the city. At that time, military chaos in Yizhou had long persisted and people abandoned farming; inside and outside there was Great Famine, and people ate each other in great numbers, the roads being severed. Ji Lian's resources were exhausted. ##: '''Original:''' 元起进屯西平，（侯）季连始婴城自守。时益州兵乱既久，人废耕农，内外苦饥，人多相食，道路断绝。季连计穷。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 55 "Biographies, 45: Wang Mao et al." (《南史·卷五十五·列传第四十五·王茂等》) ## 502 CE: Siege of Baxi, ''Liang Shu'' ##: '''English''': Military chaos in the Yizhou region had persisted long and the people abandoned farming; inside and outside there was Great Famine, and people ate each other in great numbers, the roads being severed. Ji Lian's resources were exhausted. ##: '''Original:''' 时益部兵乱日久，民废耕农，内外苦饥，人多相食，道路断绝，季连计穷。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Liang Shu|Liang Shu]], Vol. 10 "Biographies, 4: Xiao Yingda et al." (《梁书·卷十·列传第四·萧颖达等》) # 503 CE: Famine in Chengdu, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Within the city of Chengdu, food was exhausted; a sheng of rice cost three thousand coins. People ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 成都城中食尽，升米三千，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 145 (《资治通鉴》卷145) # 525 CE: Execution of Enemies by Xiao Baoyin, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Grand general Xiao Baoyin campaigned in the west; De Guang served as an Attendant of the [[:w:Shangshu Sheng|Imperial Secretariat]], recruiting troops for the expedition. After a victory, he personally slew his enemy with his own sword and ate their liver and lungs. #: '''Original:''' 大将军萧宝夤西讨，德广为行台郎，募众而征，战捷，乃手刃仇人，啖其肝肺。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 100 "Sequential Biographies, 88" (《北史·卷一百·序传第八十八》) # 525 CE: Siege of Fenzhou, ''Wei Shu'' #: '''English''': Liu Lisheng, a member of highland Hu, claimed divine arts, and the Hu people believed him and followed him. ...Previously, the government had lent grain to the people, but before it could be collected, there was rebellion. In consequence, the people of Fenzhou suffered Great Famine; people ate each other. The rebels knew the granaries were empty and intensified the siege; three or four in ten died. Pei Liang, driven by hunger and distress, fled with the city dwellers to Xihe. #: '''Original:''' 山胡刘蠡升自云圣术，胡人信之，咸相影附，旬日之间，逆徒还振。……先是官粟贷民。未及收聚，仍值寇乱。至是（汾州）城民大饥，人相食。贼知仓库空虚，攻围日甚，死者十三四。（裴）良以饥窘，因与城人奔赴西河。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 69 "Biographies, 57: Cui Xiu et al." (《魏书·卷六十九·列传第五十七·崔休等》) # 529 CE: Execution of Commanders by Yuan Hao, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Thereupon Yuan Hao beheaded Yang Yu and thirty-seven subordinate commanders, and ordered the Shu soldiers to cut open their bellies and eat their hearts. #: '''Original:''' 于是（元颢）斩（杨）昱下统帅三十七人，皆令蜀兵刳腹取心食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 41 "Biographies, 29: Yang Bo et al." (《北史·卷四十一·列传第二十九·杨播等》) ## 529 CE: Execution of Commanders by Yuan Hao, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Thereupon Yuan Hao beheaded Yang Yu and thirty-seven subordinate commanders, and ordered the Shu soldiers to cut open their bellies and eat their hearts. ##: '''Original:''' 于是（元颢）斩（杨）昱下统帅三十七人，皆令蜀兵刳腹取心食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 58 "Biographies, 46: Yang Bo" (《魏书·卷五十八·列传第四十六·杨播》) # 529 CE: Execution of Commanders by Yuan Hao, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Thereupon Yuan Hao beheaded the thirty-seven commanders of Yang Yu's division, and all had their hearts cut out and eaten. #: '''Original:''' 于是（元颢）斩（杨）昱所部统帅三十七人，皆刳心而食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 153 (《资治通鉴》卷153) ## 532 CE: Famine in the North, ''Bei Shi'' ##: '''English''': At that time, the years were calamitous and people ate each other in great numbers; Xin showed compassion for the hidden poor and provided much relief. ##: '''Original:''' （北方）于时年凶，人多相食，昕勤恤人隐，多所全济。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 24 "Biographies, 12: Cui Cheng et al." (《北史·卷二十四·列传第十二·崔逞等》) # 533 CE: Tyranny of Xiao Zhengde, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': In middle of the fourth year of Datong, Emperor Wu of Liang specially enfeoffed Xiao Zhengde as Prince of Linhe. Later, as Governor of Danyang, he was reported for the prevalence of robbery in his jurisdiction and removed. He was then appointed to Nan-Yanzhou, where he was harsh and oppressive, such that the people could not endure. The fertile lands of Guangling thus became desolate, until people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 中大通四年，（梁武帝萧衍）特封（萧正德）临贺郡王。后为丹阳尹，坐所部多劫盗，复为有司所奏，去职。出为南兖州，在任苛刻，人不堪命。广陵沃壤，遂为之荒，至人相食啖。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 51 "Biographies, 41: Imperial Clan of Liang (I)" (《南史·卷五十一·列传第四十一·梁宗室上》) # 536 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': This year, there was Great Famine in Guanzhong; people ate each other, and seven to eight in ten died. #: '''Original:''' 是岁，关中大饥，人相食，死者十七八。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 5 "Annals of Wei, 5" (《北史·卷五·魏本纪第五》) ## 536 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': In Western Wei, there was Great Famine in Guanzhong; people ate each other, and seven to eight in ten died. ##: '''Original:''' （西）魏关中大饥，人相食，死者什七八。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 157 (《资治通鉴》卷157) # 548 CE: Siege of Shitou City, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': When Hou Jing's supplies from the Shitou Ever-Normal Granaries were exhausted, he plundered the residents; thereafter, a sheng of rice cost seventy to eighty thousand coins, and people ate each other, some even eating their own children. Furthermore, he built earthen mountains without regard for rank, working day and night with indiscriminate beatings; those exhausted and weak were killed to fill the mountains, and the sound of wailing moved heaven and earth. #: '''Original:''' 景食石头常平仓既尽，便掠居人，尔后米一升七八万钱，人相食，有食其子者。又筑土山，不限贵贱，昼夜不息，乱加殴棰，疲羸者因杀以填山，号哭之声动天地。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Treacherous Officials" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 548 CE: Siege of Shitou City, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Once the Ever-Normal Granaries of Shitou were exhausted, Hou Jing's army lacked food; he then allowed soldiers to plunder the people's rice, gold, silk, and children. Thereafter, a sheng of rice cost seventy to eighty thousand coins, and people ate each other; five to six in ten died of hunger. ##: '''Original:''' 石头常平诸仓既尽，（侯景）军中乏食；乃纵士卒掠夺民米及金帛子女。是后米一升直七八万钱，人相食，饿死者什五六。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 161 (《资治通鉴》卷161) ## 548 CE: Hou Jing's Supply Crisis, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': The Heir Apparent of Poyang, the Marquis of Yong'an, Yang Yaren, Li Qian-shi, and Fan Wen-jiao led troops across the Huai and broke the outer fences of Hou Jing's eastern government city, camping east of the Qingxi River. Hou Jing dispatched Song Zixian to build fences west of the river to resist. Hou Jing's food gradually ran out, five to six in ten ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 鄱阳世子嗣、永安侯确、羊鸦仁、李迁仕、樊文皎率众度淮，攻破贼（侯景）东府城前栅，遂营于青溪水东。（侯）景遣其仪同宋子仙缘水西立栅以相拒。景食稍尽，人相食者十五六。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Treacherous Officials" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 548 CE: Hou Jing's Supply Crisis, ''Liang Shu'' ##: '''English''': Hou Jing dispatched Song Zixian to occupy the residence of the Prince of Nanping and build fences west of the river to resist. Hou Jing's food gradually ran out; at this time, though there were hundreds of thousands of hu of rice, fifteen to sixteen percent of the people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 景遣其仪同宋子仙顿南平王第，缘水西立栅相拒。景食稍尽，至是米斛数十万，人相食者十五六。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Liang Shu|Liang Shu]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 50: Hou Jing" (《梁书·卷五十六·列传第五十·侯景》) # 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': When the rebel Hou Jing first arrived, the city of Jianye could only barely maintain its defense and awaited reinforcements. Soon, communications inside and outside were severed; soldiers slaughtered horses between the palaces and halls to sell, mixing them with human flesh; those who ate thereof inevitably fell ill. #: '''Original:''' 贼（侯景）之始至，（建邺）城中才得固守，平荡之事，期望援军。既而中外断绝，……军人屠马于殿省间鬻之，杂以人肉，食者必病。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Traitorous Ministers" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Within the city, Xiao Yan suffered Great Famine; people ate each other. Rice cost eight hundred thousand per dou; human flesh was mixed with beef and horse meat and sold. ##: '''Original:''' （萧）衍城内大饥，人相食，米一斗八十万，皆以人肉杂牛马而卖之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 98 "Biographies, 86: Island Barbarians, Xiao Daocheng et al." (《魏书·卷九十八·列传第八十六·岛夷萧道成等》) ## 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' (1) ##: '''English''': Soldiers slaughtered horses between the palaces and halls, mixing them with human flesh; those who ate thereof inevitably fell ill. ##: '''Original:''' （梁）军人屠马于殿省间，杂以人肉，食者必病。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 162 (《资治通鉴》卷162) ## 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' (2) ##: '''English''': Since Hou Jing began his rebellion, the roads of Jiankang were severed. Within a few months, people ate each other, yet still did not escape starvation; of those present, barely one or two in a hundred survived. Nobles and powerful clans gathered wild herbs for themselves; the dead filled the ditches and gullies beyond count. ##: '''Original:''' 自（侯）景作乱，（建康）道路断绝，数月之间，人至相食，犹不免饿死，存者百无一二。贵戚、豪族皆自出采稆，填委沟壑，不可胜纪。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 162 (《资治通鉴》卷162) # 549 CE: Famine in Jiujiang, ''Book of Liang'' #: '''English''': In this month (the seventh), there was Great Famine in Jiujiang; people ate each other, fourteen or fifteen out of every hundred. #: '''Original:''' 是月（七月），九江大饥，人相食十四五。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 4 "Imperial Chronicles, 4: Emperor Jianwen" (《梁书·卷四·本纪第四·简文帝》) ## 549 CE: Famine in Jiujiang, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': There was Great Famine in Jiujiang; those who ate each other were fourteen or fifteen out of every hundred. ##: '''Original:''' 九江大饥，人相食者十四五。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 8 "Imperial Chronicles of Liang, 8" (《南史·卷八·梁本纪下第八》) ## 549 CE: Famine in Jiujiang, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English''': In this year, the Emperor was imprisoned by Hou Jing and passed away. In the seventh month, there was Great Famine in Jiujiang; people ate each other, fourteen or fifteen out of every hundred. ##: '''Original:''' 是年，帝为侯景所幽，崩。七月，九江大饥，人相食十四五。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]], Vol. 21 "Treatises, 16: Astronomy II" (《隋书·卷二十一·志第十六·天文下》) # 550 CE: Hou Jing Rebellion, ''Book of Chen'' #: '''English''': During the chaos of the Liang house, Yao Cha followed his parents back to their village from Jinling. At that time, the eastern lands were ravaged by war and people suffered famine and ate each other; there was nowhere to buy grain. As Yao Cha's family was large, they gathered wild vegetables to sustain themselves. #: '''Original:''' 值梁室丧乱，（姚察）于金陵随二亲还乡里。时东土兵荒，人饥相食，告籴无处，察家口既多，并采野蔬自给。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Chen|Book of Chen]], Vol. 27 "Biographies, 21: Jiang Zong, Yao Cha" (《陈书· 卷二十七·列传第二十一·江总 姚察》) # 550 CE: Hou Jing Rebellion, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Since the Jin dynasty crossed the river, the Three Wu regions were the most prosperous. When the rebellion of Hou Jing occurred, after gold and silk were exhausted, they plundered people to eat them, or sold them to the northern borders; the survivors were nearly extinct. #: '''Original:''' 自晋氏度江，三吴最为富庶，贡赋商旅，皆出其地。及侯景之乱，掠金帛既尽，乃掠人而食之，或卖于北境，遗民殆尽矣。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 163 (《资治通鉴》卷163) ## 550 CE: Great Famine of Liang, ''Book of Liang'' ##: '''English''': From spring until summer, there was Great Famine; people ate each other, and it was most severe in the capital. ##: '''Original:''' 自春迄夏，大饥，人相食，京师尤甚。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 4 "Imperial Chronicles, 4: Emperor Jianwen" (《梁书·卷四·本纪第四·简文帝》) ## 550 CE: Great Famine of Liang, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': From spring until summer there was a great drought; people ate each other, and it was most severe in the capital. ##: '''Original:''' 自春迄夏大旱，人相食，都下尤甚。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 8 "Imperial Chronicles of Liang, 8" (《南史·卷八·梁本纪下第八》) # 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Book of Liang'' #: '''English''': Hou Jing could not control the situation and fled in a single boat with several confidants. Upon reaching Hudou Isle, he was killed by Yang Kun. His body was sent to Wang Sengbian and his head to the Western Terrace, and the corpse was exposed in the market of Jiankang. The common people scrambled to eat his flesh as if it were butchered meat, and they burned his bones to scatter the ashes. #: '''Original:''' （侯）景不能制，乃与腹心数十人单舸走...至壶豆洲，前太子舍人羊鲲杀之...曝尸于建康市。百姓争取屠脍啖食，焚骨扬灰。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 50: Hou Jing" (《梁书·卷五十六·列传第五十·侯景》) ## 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': After Hou Jing died, Wang Sengbian sent his two hands to Emperor Wenxuan of Qi and sent his head to Jiangling. Five dou of salt were placed in his belly and the body was exposed in the market. The common people scrambled to eat him as meat and soup until all was gone; the Princess of Liyang also partook. Hou Jing's bones were burned and ashes scattered; those who had suffered under him mixed the ashes with wine and drank it. ##: '''Original:''' 及（侯）景死，僧辩截其二手送齐文宣...暴之于市。百姓争取屠脍羹食皆尽，并溧阳主亦预食例。景焚骨扬灰，曾罹其祸者，乃以灰和酒饮之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Traitorous Ministers" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Book of Northern Qi'' ##: '''English''': After Hou Jing was beheaded, his corpse was boiled in the market of Jianye. The common people ate him until the flesh was gone and the bones were gnawed. His head was sent to Jingzhou and hung in the capital street. ##: '''Original:''' 既斩侯景，烹尸于建业市，百姓食之，至于肉尽龁骨，传首荆州，悬于都街。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Northern Qi|Book of Northern Qi]], Vol. 45 "Biographies, 37: Wen Yuan" (《北齐书· 卷四十五·列传第三十七·文苑》) ## 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Wang Sengbian sent Hou Jing's head to Jiangling and cut off his hands to be sent to Qi by Xie Weirui. The corpse was exposed in the market, and soldiers and civilians scrambled to eat it until the bones were gone; the Princess of Liyang also partook. ##: '''Original:''' 僧辩传（侯景）首江陵，截其手，使谢葳蕤送于齐；暴景尸于市，士民争取食之，并骨皆尽；溧阳公主亦预食焉。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 164 (《资治通鉴》卷164) # 552 CE: Execution of Wang Wei, ''Book of Liang'' #: '''English''': Wang Wei was a man of Chenliu. He drafted Hou Jing's letters and proclamations and plotted the usurpation. When he was imprisoned and sent to Jiangling to be boiled in the market, those who had suffered his cruelty cut and roasted his flesh to eat. #: '''Original:''' 王伟，陈留人...及囚送江陵，烹于市，百姓有遭其毒者，并割炙食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 50: Hou Jing" (《梁书·卷五十六·列传第五十·侯景》) # 553 CE: Death of Xiao Yuan, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': Xiao Yuan said nothing further, only that his plans were mistaken. He was ordered to fast in prison; he gnawed and ate his own arms, and died after thirteen days. The world heard of this and grieved. #: '''Original:''' （萧）圆照更无所言，唯云计误。并命绝食于狱，齿臂啖之，十三日死，天下闻而悲之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 53 "Biographies, 43: Sons of Emperor Wu of Liang" (《南史·卷五十三·列传第四十三·梁武帝诸子》) ## 553 CE: Death of Xiao Yuan, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Emperor Yuan (Xiao Yi) ordered Xiao Yuanzheng to fast in prison, until he gnawed his own arm to eat; he died after thirteen days, and those far and near heard of it and grieved. ##: '''Original:''' 上（梁元帝萧绎）并命（萧圆正）绝食于狱，至啮臂啖之，十三日而死，远近闻而悲之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 165 (《资治通鉴》卷165) # Customs of Bi Qian, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': Regarding Bi Qian: "The laws of the state punished people by eating their flesh before the King." "The country did not accept visiting merchants; those who came were killed and eaten." #: '''Original:''' 毗骞：“国法刑人，并于王前啖其肉。”“国内不受估客，往者亦杀而食之。” #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]] (《南史》) # 554 CE: Campaign against highland Hu, ''History of Northern Dynasties'' #: '''English''': In the first month of spring, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi defeated the highland Hu. Men aged twelve and above were beheaded; women and children were given as rewards to the army.During this campaign, a governor was wounded in battle, and his squad leader Lu Huili could not save him. The Emperor ordered his five viscera to be carved out and given to nine men to eat; the flesh and the filth were all consumed. From then on, he practiced such cruelty. #: '''Original:''' 五年春正月癸丑，帝（北齐文宣帝高洋）讨山胡大破之。男子十二已上皆斩，女子及幼弱以赏军。遂平石楼。石楼绝险，自魏代所不能至。于是远近山胡，莫不慑伏。是役也，有都督战伤，其什长路晖礼不能救，帝命刳其五藏，使九人分食之，肉及秽恶皆尽。自是始行威虐。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:History of Northern Dynasties|History of Northern Dynasties]], Vol. 7 "Imperial Chronicles of Qi, 7" (《北史·卷七·齐本纪中第七》) ## 554 CE: Campaign against highland Hu, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': A governor was wounded in battle, and his squad leader Lu Huili could not save him; Emperor Wenxuan ordered his five viscera to be carved out and commanded nine men to eat them; the flesh and the filth were all consumed. ##: '''Original:''' 有都督战伤，其什长路晖礼不能救，帝（北齐文宣帝高洋）命刳其五藏，令九人食之，肉及秽恶皆尽。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 165 (《资治通鉴》卷165) # 555 CE: Siege of Yingcheng, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Murong Yan was appointed to govern Yingcheng. Hou Shen and Ren Yue joined forces to besiege the city. The inhabitants boiled locust tree leaves, mulberry bark, hemp roots, water smartweed, kudzu, mugwort, and consumed boots, leather belts, tendons, and horns. When people died, they were roasted and divided for food, leaving only the skeletal remains. #: '''Original:''' 众推（慕容）俨，遂遣镇郢城。……（侯）瑱、（任）约又并力围城。唯煮槐楮叶并纻根、水荭、葛、艾等及靴、皮带、筋角等食之。人死，即火别分食，唯留骸骨。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 53 "Biographies, 41: Wanqi Pu et al." (《北史·卷五十三·列传第四十一·万俟普等》) # 555-560 CE: Tyranny of Emperor Wenxuan, ''Sui Shu'' #: '''English''': After the sixth year of Tianbao, the Emperor became proud of his achievements and acted with extreme cruelty and madness. He placed great cauldrons, long saws, and crushing mortars in the court; should he feel displeased, he would personally butcher and tear victims apart with his own hands, or order his attendants to carve and eat the flesh to satisfy his whims. #: '''Original:''' 自（天保）六年之后，帝（北齐文宣帝高洋）遂以功业自矜，恣行酷暴，昏狂酗醟，任情喜怒。为大镬、长锯、剉碓之属，并陈于庭，意有不快，则手自屠裂，或命左右脔啖，以逞其意。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]], Vol. 25 "Treatises, 20: Penal Law" (《隋书·卷二十五·志第二十·刑法》) # Era Unknown: Customs of Ryukyu, ''Bei Shi'' (1) #: '''English''': The people of Ryukyu are fond of attacking one another. When two armies meet, the brave leap forward to shout and curse before fighting. If one army is defeated, they flee and send an envoy to apologize to reach peace. They gather and eat those who have died in battle; the skulls are then brought to the King, who grants them a crown, making them a captain. In the southern regions, customs differ slightly: when a person dies, the village eats them together. #: '''Original:''' 国人好相攻击，……两军相当，勇者三五人出前跳噪，交言相骂，因相击射。如其不胜，一军皆走，遣人致谢，即共和解。收取斗死者聚食之，仍以髑髅将向王所，王则赐之以冠，便为队帅。……其南境风俗少异，人有死者，邑里共食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 94 "Biographies, 82: Gao Li et al." (《北史·卷九十四·列传第八十二·高丽等》) ## Era Unknown: Customs of Ryukyu, ''Sui Shu'' (2) ##: '''English''': In the southern regions of Ryukyu, customs differ slightly: when a person dies, the village eats them together. ##: '''Original:''' 流求国，……南境风俗少异，人有死者，邑里共食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]], Vol. 81 "Biographies, 46: Eastern Barbarians" (《隋书·卷八十一·列传第四十六·东夷》) # Era Unknown: Customs of the Liao, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': The Liao are a distinct branch of the Southern Barbarians. Their nature is like that of beasts; in anger, they do not spare their own fathers or sons, killing first those who possess weapons. If they attack to avenge a grudge, they must kill and eat the victim. #: '''Original:''' 獠者，盖南蛮之别种……性同禽兽，至于忿怒，父子不相避，唯手有兵刃者先杀之。……若报怨相攻击，必杀而食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 95 "Biographies, 83: Man and Liao" (《北史·卷九十五·列传第八十三·蛮獠等》) # Era Unknown: Kingdom of Piqian, ''Liang Shu'' (1) #: '''English''': In the Kingdom of Piqian, the law dictates that criminals be eaten in the presence of the King. The kingdom does not accept foreign merchants; those who enter are killed and eaten, whereby merchants dare not visit. #: '''Original:''' 国法刑罪人，并于王前啖其肉。国内不受估客，有往者亦杀而啖之，是以商旅不敢至。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Liang Shu|Liang Shu]], Vol. 54 "Biographies, 48: Various Barbarians" (《梁书·卷五十四·列传第四十八·诸夷》) ## Era Unknown: Kingdom of Piqian, ''Nan Shi'' (2) ##: '''English''': In the Kingdom of Piqian, the law dictates that people be punished by eating their flesh in the presence of the King. The kingdom does not accept foreign merchants; those who enter are killed and eaten, whereby merchants dare not visit. ##: '''Original:''' 国法刑人，并于王前啖其肉。国内不受估客，有往者亦杀而啖之，是以商旅不敢至。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 78 "Biographies, 68: Yi and Mo (Part 1)" (《南史·卷七十八·列传第六十八·夷貊上》) == Sui dynasty == # 590 CE: Rebellion of Wu Shihua, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' Wu Shihua of Raozhou raised an army in rebellion; he sliced the county magistrate into pieces and ate his flesh. #: '''Original:''' 饶州吴世华起兵为乱，生脔县令，啖其肉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 63 "Biographies, 51: Zhou Huida et al." (《北史·卷六十三·列传第五十一·周惠达等》) # c. 581-600 CE: Defeat of Yang Wutong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' (Yang Wutong) and Zhou Fashang campaigned against the rebellious Liao of Jiazhou. The rebels, knowing his army was isolated, arrived in full force. Wutong fought for hundreds of li but was blocked on all sides. Wutong challenged them on horseback, fell from his mount, was captured by the rebels, killed, and eaten. #: '''Original:''' （杨武通）与周法尚讨嘉州叛獠，……贼知其孤军无援，倾部落而至。武通转斗数百里，为贼所拒，四面路绝。武通轻骑挑战，坠马，为贼所执，杀而啖之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 73 "Biographies, 61: Liang Shiyan et al." (《北史·卷七十三·列传第六十一·梁士彦等》) ## 581-600 CE: Defeat of Yang Wutong, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' (Yang) Wutong engaged in battle on light cavalry, fell from his horse, was captured by the rebels, killed, and eaten. ##: '''Original:''' （杨）武通轻骑接战，坠马，为贼所执，杀而啖之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 53 "Biographies, 18: Daxixian Changru" (《隋书·卷五十三·列传第十八·达奚长儒》) # c. 581-600 CE: Execution of Wang Wentong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' The men and women of the commandery wailed in the streets and various commanderies were terrified, each reporting the deeds of (Wang Wentong). The Emperor, hearing this, was greatly enraged and dispatched imperial messenger Daxi Shanyi to seize (Wang Wentong) in chains; he was beheaded at Hejian to appease the people. His enemies sliced open his coffin, carved his flesh, and ate it; in an instant, it was all consumed. #: '''Original:''' 郡中士女，号哭于路，诸郡惊骇，各奏其（王文同）事。帝闻大怒，遣使者违奚善意驰锁之（王文同），斩于河间，以谢百姓。仇人剖其棺，脔其肉啖之，斯须咸尽。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 87 "Biographies, 75: Cruel Officials" (《北史·卷八十七·列传第七十五·酷吏》) ## c. 581-600 CE: Execution of Wang Wentong, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' The men and women of the commandery wailed in the streets and various commanderies were terrified, each reporting the deeds of (Wang Wentong). The Emperor, hearing this, was greatly enraged and dispatched imperial messenger Daxi Shanyi to seize (Wang Wentong) in chains; he was beheaded at Hejian to appease the people. His enemies sliced open his coffinn, carved his flesh, and ate it; in an instant, it was all consumed. ##: '''Original:''' 郡中士女号哭于路，诸郡惊骇，各奏其（王文同）事。帝闻而大怒，遣使者达奚善意驰锁之，斩于河间，以谢百姓，仇人剖其棺，脔其肉而啖之，斯须咸尽。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 74 "Biographies, 39: Cruel Officials" (《隋书·卷七十四·列传第三十九·酷吏》) # 604-618 CE: Reign of Emperor Yang, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' Six armies were never at rest and a hundred labors were frequently imposed; those traveling did not return and those residing lost their livelihoods; people ate each other in hunger, villages became ruins, yet the Emperor above showed no compassion. #: '''Original:''' 六军不息，百役繁兴；行者不归，居者失业；人饥相食，邑落为墟，上弗之恤也。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 12 "Imperial Annals of Sui, Part 2" (《北史·卷十二·隋本纪下第十二》) ## 604-618 CE: Reign of Emperor Yang, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' Six armies were never at rest and a hundred labors were frequently imposed; those traveling did not return and those residing lost their livelihoods. People ate each other in hunger, villages became ruins, yet the Emperor above showed no compassion. ##: '''Original:''' 六军不息，百役繁兴，行者不归，居者失业。人饥相食，邑落为墟，上不之恤也。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 4 "Imperial Annals, 4: Emperor Yang, Part 2" (《隋书·卷四·帝纪第四·炀帝下》) # 613 CE: Execution of Yang Xuangan, ''Sui Shu'' #: '''English:''' When Yang Xuangan rebelled, the Emperor (Yang Guang) executed him and extended the punishment to his nine branches of kindred. The most severe punishments involved dismemberment and beheaded with their skulls displayed in public. He ordered the high officials and those below them to carve and eat his flesh. #: '''Original:''' 及杨玄感反，帝（隋炀帝杨广）诛之，罪及九族。其尤重者，行轘裂枭首之刑。或磔而射之。命公卿已下，脔啖其肉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 25 "Treatises, 20: Penal Law" (《隋书·卷二十五·志第二十·刑法》) # 614 CE: Execution of Hu Sizheng, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' The Emperor again campaigned in the east; Goguryeo requested peace and thus delivered Hu Sizheng. He was brought in chains to the capital to be denounced before the ancestral temple. Yuwen Shu, General of the Left Wing Guard, requested that an unusual method of execution be carried out, which the Emperor granted. Hu Sizheng was taken to the Jinguang Gate and bound to a pillar; the ministers and officials all struck and shot him. His flesh was carved into pieces, and many ate thereof, after which he was boiled and burned, and his bone ashes scattered. #: '''Original:''' （隋炀）帝复东征，高丽请和，遂送（斛斯）政。锁至京师以告庙，左翊卫大将军宇文述请变常法行刑，帝许之。以出金光门，缚之于柱，公卿百僚，并亲击射。脔其肉，多有啖者，然后烹焚，扬其骨灰。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 49 "Biographies, 37: Zhu Rui et al." (《北史·卷四十九·列传第三十七·朱瑞等》) # 614 CE: Execution of Hu Sizheng, ''Sui Shu'' #: '''English:''' The Emperor again campaigned in the east; Goguryeo requested surrender and sought to deliver Hu Sizheng. The Emperor granted this, and thus Hu Sizheng was returned in chains. Upon reaching the capital, he was denounced before the ancestral temple. Yuwen Shu, General of the Left Wing Guard, memorialized: "The crimes of Hu Sizheng are intolerable to heaven and earth, and both men and gods are equally indignant. If ordinary punishment be used, how shall traitorous ministers and rebellious sons be deterred? I request a departure from ordinary law." The Emperor granted this. Thereupon, Hu Sizheng was taken to the Jinguang Gate and bound to a pillar; the ministers and officials all personally struck and shot him, and carved his flesh, and many ate thereof. After eating, he was boiled, and his remaining bones were collected, burned, and scattered. #: '''Original:''' （隋炀）帝复东征，高丽请降，求执送（斛斯）政。帝许之，遂锁政而还。至京师，以政告庙，左翊卫大将军字文述奏曰：“斛斯政之罪，天地所不容，人神所同忿。若同常刑，贼臣逆子何以惩肃？请变常法。”帝许之。于是将政出金光门，缚政于柱，公卿百僚并亲击射，脔割其肉，多有啖者。啖后烹煮，收其余骨，焚而扬之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 70 "Biographies, 35: Yang Xuangan" (《隋书·卷七十·列传第三十五·杨玄感》) # 614 CE: Execution of Hu Sizheng, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English:''' In the eleventh month, on the day Bingshen, Hu Sizheng was slain outside the Jinguang Gate according to the method used for Yang Jishan; his flesh was boiled and the hundred officials were made to eat it. The flatterers some ate until they were sated; his remaining bones were collected, burned, and scattered. #: '''Original:''' 十一月，丙申，杀斛斯政于金光门外，如杨积善之法，仍烹其肉，使百官啖之，佞者或啖之至饱，收其馀骨，焚而扬之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 182 (《资治通鉴》卷182) # c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English:''' Externally, the people were plundered by bandits; internally, they were taxed by the commanderies and counties, leaving them with no means of livelihood. Added to this was Great Famine; the people began to gather tree bark and leaves, or pounded filth into powder, or boiled earth to eat. When all things were exhausted, they then ate each other. Yet the official granaries remained full; the officials feared the law and none dared to provide relief. #: '''Original:''' 民外为盗贼所掠，内为郡县所赋，生计无遗；加之饥馑无食，民始采树皮叶，或捣穢为末，或煮土而食之，诸物皆尽，乃自相食。而官食犹充牣，吏皆畏法，莫敢振救。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 183 (《资治通鉴》卷183) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Bei Shi'' ##: '''English:''' Bandits gathered like reeds and rose like hedgehog bristles. The great spanned provinces and commanderies, proclaiming themselves emperors and kings; the small formed groups of thousands or hundreds, attacking cities and plundering villages. Blood flowed like rivers and marshes, and the dead were as tangled hemp. Those who cooked did not have time to separate the skeletons, and those who ate had no leisure to exchange children. ##: '''Original:''' 相聚雚蒲，猬毛而起。大则跨州连郡，称帝称王；小则千百为群，攻城剽邑。流血成川泽，死人如乱麻；炊者不及析骸，食者不遑易子。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 12 "Imperial Annals of Sui, Part 2" (《北史·卷十二·隋本纪下第十二》) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Sui Shu'' (1) ##: '''English:''' Suddenly Yang Xuangan started the rebellion at Liyang, and the Xiongnu besieged Yanmen; the Son of Heaven abandoned the central lands and went far to Yangyue. Villains took advantage of the chaos, and the strong oppressed the weak; the passes and bridges were closed, and the imperial carriage departed and did not return. Added to this were the armies and the Great Famine; people wandered the roads and died in ditches, eighteen or nine out of ten. Thereupon, bandits gathered like reeds and rose like hedgehog bristles; the great spanned provinces and commanderies, proclaiming themselves emperors and kings; the small formed groups of thousands or hundreds, attacking cities and plundering villages. Blood flowed like rivers and marshes, and the dead were as tangled hemp. Those who cooked did not have time to separate the skeletons, and those who ate had no leisure to exchange children. ##: '''Original:''' 俄而玄感肇黎阳之乱，匈奴有雁门之围，天子方弃中土，远之扬越。奸宄乘衅，强弱相陵，关梁闭而不通，皇舆往而不反。加之以师旅，因之以饥馑，流离道路，转死沟壑，十八九焉。于是相聚萑蒲，蝟毛而起，大则跨州连郡，称帝称王，小则千百为群，攻城剽邑，流血成川泽，死人如乱麻，炊者不及析骸，食者不遑易子。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 4 "Imperial Annals, Emperor Yang, Part 2" (《隋书·卷四·帝纪第四·炀帝下》) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Sui Shu'' (2) ##: '''English:''' From Yan and Zhao extending to Qi and Han, and from Jianghuai into Xiang and Deng, from the lands of Luoyi in Eastern Zhou to the right of the Longshan mountains in Western Qin, pretenders invaded one another and bandits were rife. Palaces and temples were overgrown with lush grass, and the smoke and fire of village pavilions ceased; people ate each other, four or five out of ten. ##: '''Original:''' 自燕赵跨于齐韩，江淮入于襄邓，东周洛邑之地，西秦陇山之右，僭伪交侵，盗贼充斥。宫观鞠为茂草，乡亭绝其烟火，人相啖食，十而四五。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 24 "Treatise 19: Food and Money" (《隋书·卷二十四·志第十九·食货》) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Sui Shu'' (3) ##: '''English:''' At that time, the common people abandoned their trades and huddled in fortified castles, unable to support themselves. Yet the warehouses in every location remained full; the officials feared the law and none were willing to provide relief, whereby the distress increased. At first, they all stripped tree bark to eat; gradually they came to leaves. When bark and leaves were exhausted, they then boiled earth or pounded straw into powder to eat. Thereafter, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 是时百姓废业，屯集城堡，无以自给。然所在仓库，犹大充爨，吏皆惧法，莫肯赈救，由是益困。初皆剥树皮以食之，渐及于叶，皮叶皆尽，乃煮土或捣稿为末而食之。其后人乃相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 24 "Treatise 19: Food and Money" (《隋书·卷二十四·志第十九·食货》) # 616 CE: Execution of Zhang Jincheng, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English:''' Officials erected a trunk in the marketplace and suspended the head of Zhang Jincheng, stretching out his limbs and ordering his enemies to cut and eat him; whilst he yet lived, the singing and wailing did not cease. #: '''Original:''' 吏立木于市，悬其（张金称）头，张其手足，令仇家割食之；未死间，歌讴不辍。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 183 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十三》) # 617 CE: Execution of Yu Xin's Son, ''Jiu Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' Xue Rengao killed many and took their wives and concubines. He captured Yu Xin's son, Li; angered that he would not surrender, he roasted him over a fierce fire and gradually cut his flesh to feed the soldiers. #: '''Original:''' （薛仁杲）所至多杀人，纳其妻妾。获庾信子立，怒其不降，磔于猛火之上，渐割以啖军士。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jiu Tang Shu|Jiu Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 55 "Biographies, 5: Xue Ju et al." (《旧唐书·卷五十五·列传第五·薛举等》) # 617 CE: Execution of Yu Xin's Son, ''Xin Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' Xue Rengao once captured Yu Xin's son, Li; angered that he would not surrender, he cast him into the fire and gradually cut his flesh to feed the soldiers. #: '''Original:''' （薛仁诰）尝得庾信子立，怒其不降，砾之火，渐割以啖士。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Xin Tang Shu|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 86 "Biographies, 11: Xue, Li, Er, Liu, Gao, Xu" (《新唐书·卷八十六·列传第十一·薛李二刘高徐》) ## 617 CE: Execution of Yu Xin's Son, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Xue Rengao once captured Yu Xin's son, Li; angered that he would not surrender, he roasted him over a fire and gradually cut his flesh to feed the soldiers. ##: '''Original:''' （薛仁杲）尝获庾信子立，怒其不降，磔于火上，稍割以啖军士。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 183 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十三》) # 618 CE: Siege of Hedong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' (Qutu) Tong led his army south in flight, leaving (Yao) Junsu in command of the Hedong defenses. Later, news arrived of the fall of Jiangdu and provisions were exhausted; men and women ate each other, and the hearts of the people were greatly estranged. #: '''Original:''' （屈突）通引兵南遁，置（尧）君素领河东通守。……后颇得江都倾覆消息，又粮尽，男女相食，众心离骇。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 85 "Biographies, 73: Integrity" (《北史·卷八十五·列传第七十三·节义》) ## 618 CE: Siege of Hedong, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' The common people had long suffered under the Sui; when the righteous uprising occurred, they hoped for rest. However, Junsu was skilled in leadership and his subordinates would not rebel. After a year, the city learned of the fall of Jiangdu. Provisions were exhausted and people had no means of survival; men and women ate each other, and the hearts of the people were greatly estranged. ##: '''Original:''' 时百姓苦隋日久，及逢义举，人有息肩之望。然君素善于统领，下不能叛。岁余，颇得外生口，城中微知江都倾覆。又粮食乏绝，人不聊生，男女相食，众心离骇。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 71 "Biographies, 36: Sincerity and Integrity" (《隋书·卷七十一·列传第三十六·诚节》) ## 618 CE: Siege of Hedong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Yao Junsu of the Sui guarded Hedong; the Emperor dispatched Lyu Shaozong, Wei Yijie, and Dugu Huaien to attack in succession, yet failed to take the city. After a long time, the granaries were emptied and people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 隋将尧君素守河东，上遣吕绍宗、韦义节、独孤怀恩相继攻之，俱不下。……久之，仓粟尽，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 184 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十四》) # 618 CE: Famine in the Right of the River, ''Jiu Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' Li Gui conscripted soldiers to build a platform to await the Jade Maiden, wasting much wealth, which the people lamented. Furthermore, there was a famine in the following years and people ate each other. Gui exhausted his family wealth to provide relief, but it was not sufficient. Xie Tongshi and others rebuked Cao Zhen, saying: "Those who starve are merely the weak; the brave and strong will not be distressed. The state granaries must be kept for emergencies; how can they be scattered to provide for the weak?" Gui deemed this correct, whereupon the soldiers and commoners grew resentful and many wished to rebel. #: '''Original:''' （李轨）征兵筑台以候玉女，多所糜费，百姓患之。又属年饥，人相食，轨倾家赈之，私家罄尽，不能周遍。（谢统师等）乃诟珍曰：“百姓饿者自是弱人，勇壮之士终不肯困，国家仓粟须备不虞，岂可散之以供小弱？仆射苟悦人情，殊非国计。”轨以为然，由是士庶怨愤，多欲叛之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jiu Tang Shu|Jiu Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 55 "Biographies, 5: Xue Ju et al." (《旧唐书·卷五十五·列传第五·薛举等》) ## 618 CE: Famine in the Right of the River, ''Xin Tang Shu'' ##: '''English:''' A Hu shaman falsely claimed that the Emperor would send a Jade Maiden from heaven. Li Gui thus summoned soldiers to build a platform to await her, causing great loss. A famine followed and people ate each other. Gui destroyed his family wealth to provide relief, but it was insufficient. When discussing the release of granary grain, Cao Zhen encouraged it. Xie Tongshi and others, former Sui officials who were not loyal, conspired with the Hu to exclude Gui's confidants and interrogated Zhen: "Those who starve to death are the weak and useless; the brave and strong will not be distressed. Since stored grain is for emergencies, should it be recklessly scattered to benefit the frail? The Pushe merely pleases the people, which is not a state strategy." Gui agreed and closed the granaries. The people grew more resentful and many wished to rebel. ##: '''Original:''' 有胡巫妄曰：“上帝将遣玉女从天来。”（李轨）遂召兵筑台以候女，多所糜损。属荐饥，人相食，轨毁家赀赈之，不能给，议发仓粟，曹珍亦劝之。谢统师等故隋官，内不附，每引结群胡排其用事臣，因是欲离沮其众，乃廷诘珍曰：“百姓饥死皆弱不足事者，壮勇士终不肯困。且储禀以备不虞，岂宜妄散惠孱小乎？仆射苟悦人情，殊非国计。”轨曰：“善。”乃闭粟。下益怨，多欲叛去。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Xin Tang Shu|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 86 "Biographies, 11: Xue, Li, Er, Liu, Gao, Xu" (《新唐书·卷八十六·列传第十一·薛李二刘高徐》) ## 618 CE: Famine in the Right of the River, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' A Hu shaman told Li Gui that the Emperor would send a Jade Maiden to descend from heaven. Gui believed this and employed the people to build a platform, causing extensive labor and expense. In the region to the right of the river there was famine and people ate each other. Gui exhausted his family wealth for relief; as it was insufficient, he summoned his ministers to discuss releasing granary grain. Cao Zhen and others said: "The state exists for the people; how can one value granary grain while sitting by and watching them die!" Xie Tongshi and others, former Sui officials who remained unsubmissive, secretly formed a faction with the Hu to exclude Gui's associates and rebuked Zhen: "Those who starve are the frail and weak; the brave and strong would not reach such a state. State granaries are for emergencies; how can they be scattered to feed the frail! The Pushe merely pleases the people and is not a state strategist, nor a loyal minister." Gui deemed this correct, and thereby the soldiers and people grew estranged and resentful. ##: '''Original:''' 有胡巫谓（李）轨曰：“上帝当遣玉女自天而降。”轨信之，发民筑台以候玉女，劳费甚广。河右饥，人相食，轨倾家财以赈之；不足，欲发仓粟，召群臣议之。曹珍等皆曰：“国以民为本，岂可爱仓粟而坐视其死乎！”谢统师等皆故隋官，心终不服，密与群胡为党，排轨故人，乃诟珍曰：“百姓饿者自是羸弱，勇壮之士终不至此。国家仓粟以备不虞，岂可散之以饲羸弱！仆射苟悦人情，不为国计，非忠臣也。”轨以为然，由是士民离怨。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 186 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十六》) # 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Jiu Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' In the prefectures and counties captured by Zhu Can, he distributed stored grain for food, moved incessantly, and burned remaining wealth and destroyed city walls upon departure. He neglected farming and lived by plunder. Thereupon the people suffered Great Famine; the dead were piled high, and people ate each other. When the army's supplies were exhausted and there was nothing left to plunder, he took infants to be steamed and eaten, telling his soldiers: "In delicacy, can anything surpass human flesh? So long as other nations have people, what have I to fear?" He then ordered his subordinates to seize women and children to be boiled and distributed to the soldiers, and taxed the citadels for weak boys and girls to supplement military rations. Lu Congdian, a Sui Dynasty Editorial Assistant, and Yan Minchu, an imperial messenger, had been demoted to Nanyang; Zhu Can initially treated them as guests, but later during a famine, their entire families were eaten by the rebels. #: '''Original:''' 粲所克州县，皆发其藏粟以充食，迁徙无常，去辄焚余赀，毁城郭，又不务稼穑，以劫掠为业。于是百姓大馁，死者如积，人多相食。军中罄竭，无所虏掠，乃取婴儿蒸而啖之，因令军士曰：“食之美者，宁过于人肉乎！但令他国有人，我何所虑？”即勒所部，有略得妇人小儿皆烹之，分给军士，乃税诸城堡，取小弱男女以益兵粮。隋著作佐郎陆从典、通事舍人颜愍楚因谴左迁，并在南阳，粲悉引之为宾客，后遭饥馁，合家为贼所啖。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Old Book of Tang|Jiu Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 56 "Biographies, 6: Xiao Mi et al." (《旧唐书·卷五十六·列传第六·萧铣等》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Xin Tang Shu'' ##: '''English:''' In the prefectures and counties captured by Zhu Can, he distributed stored grain for food, moved incessantly, and burned granaries and destroyed city walls upon departure. He neglected farming and lived solely by plunder. Thereupon the people suffered Great Famine; the dead hung from the roads. His army also grew destitute, whereupon he plundered children to be steamed and eaten. He cautioned his followers: "In delicacy, can anything surpass human flesh? So long as other nations have people, why should I worry of stores?" He ordered his subordinates to seize women and children to be boiled and shared, and taxed the cities for the weak to supplement rations. Lu Congdian, a Sui Dynasty Editorial Assistant, and Yan Minchu, an imperial messenger, were exiled to Nanyang; Zhu Can initially treated them as guests, but later ate both families. Soon after, the various cities feared him and people fled. ##: '''Original:''' 粲所克州县皆发藏粟以食，迁徙无常，去辄燔廥聚，毁城郭，不务稼穑，专以劫为资。于是人大馁，死者系路，其军亦匮，乃掠小儿烝食之。戒其徒曰：“味之珍宁有加人者？弟使佗国有人，我恤无储哉！”勒所部略妇人孺儿分烹之，又税诸城细弱以益粮。隋著作佐郎陆从典、通事舍人颜愍楚谪南阳，粲初引为宾客，后尽食两家。俄而诸城惧，皆逃散。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:New Book of Tang|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 87 "Biographies, 12: Xiao Fu, Shen, Li, Liang" (《新唐书·卷八十七·列传第十二·萧辅沈李梁》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Zhu Can had a force of two hundred thousand who plundered between the Han and Huai rivers. He moved incessantly; after capturing prefectures and counties and consuming their stored grain, he would depart, burning all remaining assets. He neglected farming, and the people suffered Great Famine; the dead were piled high. When Zhu Can had nothing left to plunder and the army lacked food, he [commanded / taught] his soldiers to boil women and infants to eat, saying: "In delicacy, nothing surpasses human flesh; so long as other nations have people, why worry about famine!" Lu Congdian, a Sui Dynasty Editorial Assistant, and Yan Minchu, an imperial messenger, were exiled officials in Nanyang; Zhu Can initially treated them as guests, but later, lacking food, their entire families were eaten. Minchu was the son of [[:w:Yan Zhitui|(Zhi)Tui]]. He further taxed the citadels for the weak to supply military food, whereupon the citadels led rebellions against him. ##: '''Original:''' 朱粲有众二十万，剽掠汉、淮之间，迁徙无常，攻破州县，食其积粟未尽，复他适，将去，悉焚其余资；又不务稼穑，民馁死者如积。粲无可复掠，军中乏食，乃教士卒烹妇人、婴儿啖之，曰：“肉之美者无过于人，但使他国有人，何忧于馁！”隋著作佐郎陆从典、通事舍人颜愍楚，谪官在南阳，粲初引为宾客，其后无食，阖家皆为所啖。愍楚，之推之子也。又税诸城堡细弱以供军食，诸城堡相帅叛之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 187 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十七》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Chaoye Qianzai'' ##: '''English:''' During the chaos at the end of the Sui Dynasty, the mad rebel Zhu Can rose between Xiang and Deng. In the year of famine, a hu of rice cost ten thousand coins and was unobtainable; people ate each other. Zhu Can then drove men, women, and children into a great bronze bell, capable of holding two hundred shi, to boil human flesh to feed his lowly rebels. Countless lives were annihilated thus. Zhu Can even said: "In delicacy, can anything surpass human flesh!" ##: '''Original:''' 隋末荒亂，狂賊朱粲起於襄、鄧間，歲飢，米斛萬錢，亦無得處，人民相食。粲乃驅男女小大仰一大銅鐘，可二百石，煮人肉以矮賊。生靈殲於此矣。朱粲竟說：“食之美者，寧過於人肉乎！” ##: '''Source:''' Zhang Chu, ''Chaoye Qianzai'' (唐·張鷟《朝野僉載》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can; Execution of Duan Que, ''Xin Tang Shu'' ##: '''English:''' Duan Que, while drunk, joked with Zhu Can: "You have sliced many people; how is the taste?" Zhu Can replied: "Eating one who loves wine is exactly like eating a lees-fed pig." Duan Que was terrified and cursed: "Mad rebel, you were but a slave in the imperial court; do you now dare to eat people?" Zhu Can was angered, seized Duan Que and dozens of followers at the table, and boiled them all to feast his fellows. ##: '''Original:''' 段确醉，戏朱粲曰：“君脍人多矣，若为味？”粲曰：“啖嗜酒人，正似糟豚。”确悸，骂曰：“狂贼，归朝乃一奴耳，复得噬人乎？”粲惧，收确于坐，并从者数十悉饔之，以飨左右。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:New Book of Tang|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 87 "Biographies, 12: Xiao Fu, Shen, Li, Liang" (《新唐书·卷八十七·列传第十二·萧辅沈李梁》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can; Execution of Duan Que, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Duan Que, taking advantage of his drunkenness, insulted Zhu Can: "I hear you love to eat people; what is the taste of a person?" Zhu Can replied: "Eating a drunkard is just like eating pig meat preserved in lees." Duan Que grew angry and cursed: "Mad rebel, when you entered the court, you were but a slave; do you now dare to eat people!" Zhu Can seized Duan Que and dozens of followers at the seat and boiled them all to eat with his fellows. ##: '''Original:''' 段确乘醉侮朱粲曰：“闻卿好啖人，人作何味？”粲曰：“啖醉人正如糟藏彘肉。”确怒，骂曰：“狂贼入朝，为一头奴耳，复得啖人乎！”粲于座收确及从者数十人，悉烹之，以啖左右。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 187 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十七》) # Late Sui Dynasty: Cannibalism of Zhuge Ang and Gao Zan, ''Tangren Shuo Hui'' #: '''English:''' At the end of the Sui Dynasty, Zhuge Ang and Gao Zan had a fondness for eating human flesh. Gao Zan killed twin children and placed their heads, hands, and feet separately on plates to create a "Twin Banquet," which he enjoyed with Zhuge Ang. Zhuge Ang steamed his own favorite concubine and posed her in a cross-legged meditative posture, reapplying powder to her face; Zhuge Ang then personally tore meat from her thigh to offer Gao Zan to eat. #: '''Chinese:''' 隋末的诸葛昂與高瓒嗜食人肉。高瓒將双胞胎小孩杀掉，頭顱、手和腳分別裝在盤子裏，做成“双子宴”，與诸葛昂一起享用；诸葛昂则把自己的爱妾蒸熟，擺成盤腿打坐的姿勢，臉上重新塗好脂粉，諸葛昂親手撕她大腿上的肉請高瓒吃。 #: '''Source:''' ''Tangren Shuo Hui'', Vol. 5, citing Zhang Qian's ''Er Mu Ji'' (《唐人说荟》卷五，引张骞《耳目记》) ==唐== 安史之乱期间，张巡固守城池，城中人相食，张巡杀妾以飨将士，对于张巡以食人为代价的守土之功是否应该奖励，出现了一次伦理学的辩论，历代不息，《柏杨白话版资治通鉴》收集了若干历史上争论的意见。 黄巢之乱的时候，几支反叛军队成规模地常规性地以人为食，黄巢军“掠人为粮，生投于碓硙，并骨食之，号给粮之处曰‘舂磨寨’”，秦宗权军“啖人为储，军士四出，则盐尸而从”，李罕之军“不耕稼，专以剽掠为资，啖人为粮”。真是惨烈之甚。 唐朝陈藏器写的《本草拾遗》写人肉可以治病，这应该不是他的发明，而只是民间认知的一种总结，可能只是太多不得已的饥荒食人造成一种认知扭曲，但又反过来理性化了食人，到宋朝的时候，割肉疗亲开始出现。 # 621年，[[:w:唐高祖|唐高祖]]武德四年：（王）世充屯兵不散，仓粟日尽，城中人相食。或握土置瓮中，用水淘汰，沙石沉下，取其上浮泥，投以米屑，作饼饵而食之，人皆体肿而脚弱，枕倚于道路。其尚书郎卢君业、郭子高等皆死于沟壑。（《旧唐书·卷五十四·列传第四 王世充 窦建德》㉕*）<p>王（李世民）傅城，堑而守之。（王）世充粮且尽，人相食，至以水汨泥去砾，取浮土糅米屑为饼。民病肿股弱，相藉倚道上，其尚书郎卢君业、郭子高等皆饿死。御史大夫郑颋丐为浮屠，世充恶其言，杀之。（《新唐书·卷八十五·列传第十 王窦》㉕）</p> #621年: （单雄信）临将就戮，（李世）勣对之号恸，割股肉以啖之，曰：“生死永诀，此肉同归于土矣。”（《旧唐书·卷六十七·列传第十七·李靖等》㉕*）<p>（李世勣）乃割股肉以啖（单）雄信，曰：“使此肉随兄为土，庶几犹不负昔誓也！”（《资治通鉴》卷189）</p> # 627年: （王）君操密袖白刃刺杀之（杀父仇人李君则），刳腹取其心肝，啖食立尽，诣刺史具自陈告。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十八·列传第一百三十八·孝友》㉕*） # 643年，[[:w:唐太宗|唐太宗]]贞观十七年: 贞观末，（刘兰）以谋反腰斩。右骁卫大将军丘行恭探其心肝而食之，太宗闻而召行恭让之曰：“典刑自有常科，何至于此！必若食逆者心肝而为忠孝，则刘兰之心为太子诸王所食，岂至卿邪？”行恭无以答。（《旧唐书·卷六十九·列传第十九·侯君集等》㉕*）<p>鄠尉[[:w:游文芝|游文芝]]告代州都督[[:w:劉蘭成|劉蘭成]]谋反，戊申，兰成坐[[:w:腰斩|腰斩]]。右武候将军[[:w:丘行恭|丘行恭]]，探兰成心肝食之。上（唐太宗）闻而让之曰：兰成谋反，国有常刑，何至如此！若以为忠孝，则太子诸王先食之矣，岂至卿耶？行恭惭而拜谢。（《资治通鉴》卷196）</p> # 约650年：周智寿者，雍州同官人。其父永徽初被族人安吉所害。智寿及弟智爽乃候安吉于途，击杀之。兄弟相率归罪于县，争为谋首，官司经数年不能决。乡人或证智爽先谋，竟伏诛。临刑神色自若，顾谓市人曰：“父仇已报，死亦何恨！”智寿顿绝衢路，流血遍体。又收智爽尸，舐取智爽血，食之皆尽，见者莫不伤焉。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十八·列传第一百三十八·孝友》㉕*） # 662年: （郑）仁泰选骑万四千卷甲驰，绝大漠，至仙萼河，不见虏，粮尽还。人饥相食，比入塞，余兵才二十之一。（《新唐书·卷一百一十一·列传第三十六·郭二张三王苏薛程唐》㉕*)<p>（郑）仁泰将轻骑万四千，倍道赴之，遂逾大碛，至仙萼河，不见虏，粮尽而还。值大雪，士卒饥冻，弃捐甲兵，杀马食之，马尽，人自相食，比入塞，馀兵才八百人。（《资治通鉴》卷200）</p> # 682年，[[:w:唐高宗|唐高宗]]永淳元年：关中先水后早蝗，继以疾疫，米斗四百，两京间死者相枕于路，人相食。”（《资治通鉴》卷203）<p>六月，关中初雨，麦苗涝损，后旱，京兆、岐、陇螟蝗食苗并尽，加以民多疫疠，死者枕藉于路，诏所在官司埋瘗。京师人相食，寇盗纵横。（《旧唐书·卷五本纪第五·高宗下》㉕*）</p><p>永淳中，为雍州长史。时关中大饥，人相食，盗贼纵横。（《旧唐书·卷七十五·列传第二十五·苏世长等》㉕）</p><p>是月，大蝗，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三·本纪第三·高宗》㉕）</p><p>永淳元年，关中及山南州二十六饥，京师人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五》㉕）</p><p>（良嗣）徙雍州。时关内饥，人相食，良嗣政上严，每盗发，三日内必擒，号称神明。（《新唐书·卷一百三·列传第二十八·苏世长等》㉕）</p> # 约684年: 王友贞，怀州河内人也。父知敬，则天时麟台少监，以工书知名。友贞弱冠时，母病笃，医言唯啖人肉乃差。友贞独念无可求治，乃割股肉以饴亲，母病寻差。则天闻之，令就其家验问，特加旌表。（《旧唐书·卷一百九十二·列传第一百四十二·隐逸》㉕*） # [[:w:武則天|武則天]]時期，杭州臨安縣尉薛震好吃人肉，“有債主及奴詣臨安，于客舍，遂飲之醉。殺而臠之，以水銀和煎，并骨消盡。后又欲食其婦，婦覺而遁。縣令詰得其情，申州，錄事奏，奉敕杖殺之。”（《[[:w:朝野僉載|朝野僉載]]》） # 武則天時期，“周岭南首陳元光設客，令一袍褲行酒。光怒，令曳出，遂殺之。須臾爛煮，以食諸客。后呈其二手，客懼，攫喉而吐。”（出《摭言》。明抄本作出《朝野僉載》） # 697年: 丁卯，（李）昭德、（来）俊臣同弃市，时人无不痛昭德而快俊臣。仇家争啖俊臣之肉，斯须而尽，抉眼剥面，披腹出心，腾蹋成泥。（《资治通鉴》卷206） # 张鷟《[[s:朝野僉載_(四庫全書本)/卷2|朝野佥载]]》卷二：“后诛易之昌宗等，百姓脔割其肉，肥白如猪肪，煎炙而食。” # 唐玄宗開元中葉人[[:w:陳藏器|陳藏器]]（713年－741年）《[[:w:本草拾遺|本草拾遺]]》寫吃人肉可以治病。 # 739年: 内给事牛仙童使幽州，受张守珪厚赂。玄宗怒，命思勖杀之。思勖缚架之数日，乃探取其心，截去手足，割肉而啖之，其残酷如此。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十四·列传第一百三十四·宦官》㉕*）<p> 内给事牛仙童纳张守珪赂，诏付思勖杀之。思勖缚于格，箠惨不可胜，乃探心，截手足，剔肉以食，肉尽乃得死。（《新唐书·卷二百七·列传第一百三十二·宦者上》㉕）</p><p>739年: 上（唐玄宗李隆基）怒，甲戌，命杨思勖杖杀之（牛仙童）。思勖缚格，杖之数百，刳取其心，割其肉啖之。（《资治通鉴》卷214）</p> # 757年: （鲁）炅城中食尽，煮牛皮筋角而食之，米斗至四五十千，有价无米，鼠一头至四百文，饿死者相枕藉。……炅在围中一年，救兵不至，昼夜苦战，人相食。（《旧唐书·卷一百一十四·列传第六十四·鲁炅等》㉕*）<p>（鲁）炅被围凡一年，昼夜战，人至相食，卒无救。（《新唐书·卷一百四十七·列传第七十二·三王鲁辛冯三李曲二卢》㉕）</p> # 757年: 尹子奇攻围（睢阳）既久，城中粮尽，易子而食，析骸而爨，人心危恐，虑将有变。（张）巡乃出其妾，对三军杀之，以飨军士。曰：“诸公为国家戮力守城，一心无二，经年乏食，忠义不衰。巡不能自割肌肤，以啖将士，岂可惜此妇，坐视危迫。”将士皆泣下，不忍食，巡强令食之。乃括城中妇人；既尽，以男夫老小继之，所食人口二三万，人心终不离变。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十七下·列传第一百三十七·忠义下》㉕*）<p>（张）巡士多饿死，存者皆痍伤气乏。巡出爱妾曰：“诸君经年乏食，而忠义不少衰，吾恨不割肌以啖众，宁惜一妾而坐视士饥？”乃杀以大飨，坐者皆泣。巡强令食之，远亦杀奴僮以哺卒，至罗雀掘鼠，煮铠弩以食。……被围久，初杀马食，既尽，而及妇人老弱凡食三万口。人知将死，而莫有畔者。城破，遣民止四百而已。 （《新唐书·卷一百九十二·列传第一百一十七·忠义中》㉕） </p></p>（张巡守睢阳，）茶纸既尽，遂食马；马尽，罗雀掘鼠；雀鼠又尽，巡出爱妾，杀以食士，远亦杀其奴；然后括城中妇人食之；既尽，继以男子老弱。人知必死，莫有叛者，所馀才四百人。 （《资治通鉴》卷220）</p> # 758年: 明年，改乾元元年，伪德州刺史王暕、贝州刺史宇文宽等皆归顺，河北诸军各以城守累月，贼使蔡希德、安太清急击，复陷于贼，虏之以归，脔食其肉。（《旧唐书·卷二百上·列传第一百五十·安禄山等》㉕*） # 759年: 二年正月，史思明自率范阳精卒复陷魏州，乃伪称燕王。王师虽众，军无统帅，进退无所承禀，自冬徂春，竟未破贼，但引漳水以灌其城，城中食尽，易子而食。（《旧唐书·卷一百二十·列传第七十·郭子仪等》㉕*）<p> （安）庆绪自十月被围至二月，城中人相食，米斗钱七万余，鼠一头直数千，马食隤墙麦鞬及马粪濯而饲之。（《旧唐书·卷二百上·列传第一百五十·安禄山等》㉕）</p><p>（郭子仪军）连营进围相州，引漳水灌城，漫二时，不能破。城中粮尽，人相食。庆绪求救于史思明。（《新唐书·卷一百三十七·列传第六十二·郭子仪》㉕）</p><p> 乾元元年秋九月，帝诏郭子仪率九节度兵凡二十万讨庆绪，攻卫州，……王师围已固，筑浚城隍三周，决安阳水灌城。城中栈而处，粮尽，易口以食，米斗钱七万余，一鼠钱数千，屑松饲马，隤墙取麦秸，濯粪取刍，城中欲降不得。（《新唐书·卷二百二十五上·列传第一百五十上·逆臣上》㉕）</p> # 760年: 有纳赂于上言求官者，（吕）諲补之蓝田尉。五月，上言事泄笞死，以其肉令从官食之，諲坐贬太子宾客。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十五下·列传第一百三十五·良吏下》㉕*） # 760年: 三品钱行浸久，属岁荒，米斗至七千钱，人相食。 （《资治通鉴》卷221） # 760年: 时大雾，自四月雨至闰月末不止。米价翔贵，人相食，饿死者委骸于路。（《旧唐书·卷十·本纪第十·肃宗》㉕*）<p> 是时自四月初大雾大雨，至闰四月末方止。是月，逆贼史思明再陷东都，米价踊贵，斗至八百文，人相食，殍尸蔽地。（《旧唐书·卷三十六·志第十六·天文下》㉕） </p><p>乾元三年闰四月，大雾，大雨月余。是月，史思明再陷东都，京师米斗八百文，人相食，殍骸蔽地。（《旧唐书·卷三十七·志第十七·五行》㉕）</p> # 761年: 时洛阳四面数百里，人相食，州县为墟。（《旧唐书·卷二百上·列传第一百五十·安禄山等》㉕*）<p> 朝义虚怀礼下，事皆决大臣，然无经略才。当此时，洛阳诸郡人相食，城邑榛墟，（《新唐书·卷二百二十五上·列传第一百五十上·逆臣上》㉕）</p> # [[:w:唐代宗|唐代宗]]廣德元年（763年），江東大疫，“死者過半”，[[:w:獨孤及|獨孤及]]描述這次的災難：“辛丑歲（762年），大旱，三吳飢甚，人相食。明年大疫，死者十七八，城郭邑居為之空虛，而存者無食，亡者無棺殯悲哀之送。大抵雖其父母妻子也啖其肉，而棄其骸於田野，由是道路積骨相支撐枕藉者彌二千里，春秋以來不書。”（《吊道殣文》）<p>江、淮大饥，人相食。（《资治通鉴》卷222）</p> # [[:w:白居易|白居易]]（772年－846年）寫《輕肥》一詩有“是歲江南旱，衢州人食人。” # [[:w:張茂昭|張茂昭]]為節鎮，頻吃人肉，及除統軍，到京。班中有人問曰：聞尚書在鎮好人肉，虛實？” 昭笑曰：“人肉腥而且肕，爭堪吃。”（《盧氏雜記》） # 766年: 监军张志斌自陕入奏，（周）智光馆给礼慢，志斌责其不肃。智光大怒曰：“仆固怀恩岂有反状！皆由尔鼠辈作福作威，惧死不敢入朝。我本不反，今为尔作之。”因叱下斩之，脔其肉以饲从者。（《旧唐书·卷一百一十四·列传第六十四·鲁炅等》㉕*）<p>（周智光）叱下斩之（张志斌），脔食其肉。（《资治通鉴》卷224）</p> # 775年:承嗣既令（田）廷玠（或作田庭玠）守沧州，而（李）宝臣、朱滔兵攻击，欲兼其土宇。廷玠婴城固守，连年受敌，兵尽食竭，人易子而食，卒无叛者，卒能保全城守。（《旧唐书·卷一百四十一·列传第九十一·田承嗣等》㉕*） # 796年: 军士又呼曰：“仓官刘叔何给纳有奸。”杀而食之。（《资治通鉴》卷235） # 799年: 是日，汴州军乱，杀陆长源及节度判官孟叔度、丘颖，军人脔而食之。（《旧唐书·卷十三·本纪第十三·德宗下》㉕*）<p>兵士怨怒滋甚，乃执长源及叔度等脔而食之，斯须骨肉糜散。（《旧唐书·卷一百四十五·列传第九十五·刘玄佐等》㉕）</p><p>才八日，军乱，杀长源及叔度等，食其肉，放兵大掠。（《新唐书·卷一百五十一·列传第七十六·关董袁赵窦》㉕）</p><p>是日，军士作乱，杀（陆）长源、（孟）叔度，脔食之，立尽。（《资治通鉴》卷235）</p> # 803年: 盐夏节度判官崔文先权知盐州，为政苛刻。冬，闰十月，庚戌，部将李庭俊作乱，杀而脔食之。（《资治通鉴》卷236） # 807年: 锜不自安，亦请入朝，乃拜锜左仆射。锜乃署判官王澹为留后。既而迁延发期，澹与中使频喻之，不悦，遂讽将士以给冬衣日杀澹而食之。监军使闻乱，遣衙将赵锜慰喻，又脔食之。（《旧唐书·卷一百一十二·列传第六十二·李暠等》㉕*）<p>会使者召锜，称疾，留后王澹为具行，锜怒，阴教士脔食之，即胁使者为众奏天子，幸得留。（《新唐书·卷一百八十一·列传第一百六·陈夷行等》㉕）</p><p>807: （李）锜严兵坐幄中，（王）澹与敕使入谒，有军士数百噪于庭曰：“王澹何人，擅主军务！”曳下，脔食之；大将赵琦出慰止，又脔食之（《资治通鉴》卷237）</p> # 817年: 蔡将有李端者，过溵河降重胤。其妻为贼束缚于树，脔食至死，将绝，犹呼其夫曰：“善事乌仆射。”（《旧唐书·卷一百六十一·列传第一百一十一·李光进等》㉕*）<p>李湍妻。湍，吴元济之军人也。元和中，淮南未平，湍心怀向顺，乃急渡溵河，东降乌重胤。其妻遂为贼束缚在树，脔而食之，至死，叫其夫曰：“善事乌仆射。”观者义之。至是，重胤以其事请列史册。十三年，宪宗下诏从之。（《旧唐书·卷一百九十四上·列传第一百四十四上·突厥上》㉕）</p><p>李湍妻某氏。湍籍吴元济军，元和中，自拔归鸟重胤，妻为贼缚而脔食之，将死，犹号湍曰：“善事鸟仆射！”观者叹泣。重胤请以其事属史官，诏可。（《新唐书·卷二百五·列传第一百三十·列女》㉕）</p> # 822年: （王）播至淮南，属岁旱俭，人相啖食，课最不充，设法掊敛，比屋嗟怨。（《旧唐书·卷一百六十四·列传第一百一十四·王播等》㉕*）<p> 是时，南方旱歉，人相食，（王）播掊敛不少衰，民皆怨之。（《新唐书·卷一百六十七·列传第九十二·白裴崔韦二李皇甫王》㉕）</p> # 829年: 属岁旱俭，人至相食，楚均富赡贫，而无流亡者。（《旧唐书·卷一百七十二·列传第一百二十二·令狐楚等》㉕*） # 832年:（李）听先遣亲吏至徐州慰劳将士，苍头不欲听复来，说军士杀其亲吏，脔食之。（《资治通鉴》卷244） # 约841年: （杜牧）作《罪言》。其辞曰：……. 山东叛且三五世，后生所见言语举止，无非叛也，以为事理正当如此，沉酣入骨髓，无以为非者，至有围急食尽，啖尸以战。以此为俗，岂可与决一胜一负哉？（《新唐书·卷一百六十六·列传第九十一·贾杜令狐》㉕*） # 868年: 其年冬，庞勋杀崔彦曾，据徐州，聚众六七万。徐无兵食，乃分遣贼帅攻剽淮南诸郡，滁、和、楚、寿继陷。谷食既尽，淮南之民多为贼所啖。（《旧唐书·卷一百七十二·列传第一百二十二·令狐楚等》㉕*）<p> 勋还，果盗徐州，其众六七万。徐乏食，分兵攻滁、和、楚、寿，陷之，粮尽，啖人以饱。（《新唐书·卷一百六十六·列传第九十一·贾杜令狐》㉕）</p> # 868年: 一日，贼军乘间，步骑径入湘垒，淮卒五千人皆被生絷送徐州，为贼蒸而食之。（《旧唐书·卷一百七十二·列传第一百二十二·令狐楚等》㉕*）</p><p>湘乃彻警释械，日与勋众欢言。后贼乘间直袭湘垒，悉俘而食之，醢湘及监军郗厚本。（《新唐书·卷一百六十六·列传第九十一·贾杜令狐》㉕）</p> # 868年: 庞勋又令将刘贽攻濠州，陷之，囚刺史卢望回于回车馆，望回郁愤而死，仆妾数人皆为贼蒸而食之。（《旧唐书·卷十九上·本纪第十九上·懿宗》㉕*） # 869年: 吴迥守濠州，粮尽食人，驱女孺运薪塞隍，并填之，整旅而行，马士举斩以献。（《新唐书·卷一百四十八·列传第七十三·令狐张康李刘田王牛史》㉕*）<p>马举攻濠州，自夏及冬不克，城中粮尽，杀人而食之（《资治通鉴》卷251）</p> # 876年：李廷节妻崔。乾符中，廷节为郏城尉。王仙芝攻汝州，廷节被执。贼见崔妹美，将妻之，诟曰：“我，士人妻，死亡有命，奈何受贼污？”贼怒，刳其心食之。（《新唐书·卷二百五·列传第一百三十·列女》㉕*） # 878年: （李）尽忠械文楚等五人送斗鸡台下，（李）克用令军士玼食之，以骑践其骸。（《资治通鉴》卷253） # 881年，[[:w:唐僖宗|唐僖宗]]廣明二年：（[[:w:黃巢|黃巢]]攻佔長安，）時京畿百姓皆寨于山谷，累年費耕耘，賊坐空城，賦輸無如，谷食騰踴，米斗三十錢，官軍皆執山寨百姓，蠰于賊為食，人獲數十萬”（《[[:w:舊唐書|舊唐書]]·卷二百下·列传第一百五十·朱泚 黄巢 秦宗权》㉕*）<p> 二年春正月甲辰朔，天下勤王之师，云会京畿，京师食尽。贼食树皮，以金玉买人于行营之师，人获数百万。山谷避乱百姓，多为诸军之所执卖。（《旧唐书·卷十九下·本纪第十九下 僖宗》㉕）</p><p>于时畿民栅山谷自保，不得耕，米斗钱三十千，屑树皮以食，有执栅民鬻贼以为粮，人获数十万钱。（《新唐书·卷二百二十五下·列传第一百五十下·逆臣下》㉕）</p><p>民避乱皆入深山筑栅自保，农事俱废，长安城中斗米直三十缗。贼（黄巢）卖人于官军以为粮，官军或执山栅之民鬻之，人直数百缗，以肥瘠论价。（《资治通鉴》卷254）</p> # 883年，唐僖宗中和三年883年：时黄巢与宗权合从，纵兵四掠，远近皆罹其酷。时仍岁大饥，民无积聚，贼俘人为食，其炮炙处谓之“舂磨寨”，白骨山积，丧乱之极，无甚于斯。（《旧唐书·卷十九下·本纪第十九下 僖宗》㉕*）<p>贼（黄巢）围陈郡百日，关东仍岁无耕稼，人饿倚墙壁间，贼俘人而食，日杀数千。贼有舂磨砦，为巨碓数百，生纳人于臼碎之，合骨而食，其流毒若是。（《旧唐书·卷二百下·列传第一百五十 朱泚 黄巢 秦宗权》㉕）</p><p>巢已东，使孟楷攻蔡州。节度使秦宗权迎战，大败，即臣贼，与连和。楷击陈州，败死，巢自围之，略邓、许、孟、洛，东入徐、兖数十州。人大饥，倚死墙堑，贼俘以食，日数千人，乃办列百巨碓，糜骨皮于臼，并啖之。（《新唐书·卷二百二十五下·列传第一百五十下 逆臣下》㉕）</p><p>是时，陈州四面，贼寨相望，驱掳编氓，杀以充食，号为“舂磨寨”。（《旧五代史·卷一（梁书）·太祖纪一》㉕）</p><p>秦宗权以蔡州附巢，巢势甚盛，乃悉众围犨，置舂磨，糜人之肉以为食。（《新五代史·卷四十二·杂传第三十·朱宣等》㉕）</p><p>时民间无积聚，贼（黄巢）掠人为粮，生投于碓硙，并骨食之，号给粮之处曰“舂磨寨”。纵兵四掠，自河南、许、汝、唐、邓、孟、郑、汴、曹、濮、徐、兖等数十州，咸被其毒。 （《资治通鉴》卷255）</p> # 884年: （秦宗权）所至屠翦焚荡，殆无孑遗。其残暴又甚于巢，军行未始转粮，车载盐尸以从。北至卫、滑，西及关辅，东尽青、齐，南出江、淮，州镇存者仅保一城，极目千里，无复烟火。（《资治通鉴》卷256）<p> 巢贼虽平，而宗权之凶徒大集，西至金、商、陕、虢，南极荆、襄，东过淮甸，北侵徐、兖、汴、郑，幅员数十州。五六年间，民无耕织，千室之邑，不存一二，岁既凶荒，皆脍人而食，丧乱之酷，未之前闻。（《旧唐书·卷二十上·本纪第二十上·昭宗》㉕*）</p><p>（秦宗权）贼首皆慓锐惨毒，所至屠残人物，燔烧郡邑。西至关内，东极青、齐，南出江淮，北至卫滑，鱼烂鸟散，人烟断绝，荆榛蔽野。贼既乏食，啖人为储，军士四出，则盐尸而从。（《旧唐书·卷二百下·列传第一百五十·朱泚 黄巢 秦宗权》㉕）</p><p> 中和二年，关内大饥。四年，关内大饥，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五 稼穑不成》㉕）</p><p>中和四年，江南大旱，饥，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五·常旸》㉕）</p> # 886年: 荆南、襄阳仍岁蝗旱，米斗三十千，人多相食。（《旧唐书·卷十九下·本纪第十九下·僖宗》㉕*）<p> 光启二年二月，荆、襄大饥，米斗三千钱，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五·稼穑不成》㉕）</p><p>二年，荆、襄蝗、米斗钱三千，人相食；（《新唐书·卷三十六·志第二十六·五行三》㉕）</p> # 886年: （张）瑰固垒二岁，樵苏皆尽，米斗钱四十千，计抔而食，号为“通肠”。疫死者，争啖其尸，县首于户以备馔。（《新唐书·卷一百八十六·列传第一百一十一 ·周王邓陈齐赵二杨顾》㉕*） # 887年: 戊午，秦彦遣毕师铎、秦稠将兵八千出（扬州）城，西击杨行密。稠败死，士卒死者什七八。城中乏食，樵采路绝，宣州军始食之。（《资治通鉴》卷257）<p>五月，寿州刺史杨行密率兵攻（秦）彦，……重围半年，（扬州）城中刍粮并尽，草根木实、市肆药物、皮囊革带，食之亦尽。外军掠人而卖，人五十千。死者十六七，纵存者鬼形鸟面，气息奄然。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十二·列传第一百三十二·王重荣等》㉕*）</p><p>杨行密围扬州，毕师铎厚赍宝币，啖（杜）雄连和。雄率军浮海屯东塘。是时扬州围久，皮囊革带食无余，军中杀人代粮，才千钱。（《新唐书·卷一百九十·列传第一百一十五·三刘成杜钟张王》㉕）</p><p>是时，城中仓廪空虚，饥民相杀而食，其夫妇、父子自相牵，就屠卖之，屠者刲剔如羊豕。（《新五代史·卷六十一·吴世家第一》㉕）</p> # 887年: （高）骈家属并在道院，秦彦供给甚薄，薪蒸亦阙。奴仆彻延和阁栏槛煮革带食之，互相篡啖。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十二·列传第一百三十二·王重荣等》㉕*）<p>高骈在道院，秦彦供给甚薄，左右无食，至然木像、煮革带食之，有相啖者。（《资治通鉴》卷257）</p> # 887年，光启三年：（杨）行密攻围（广陵）弥急，城中食尽，米斗四十千，居人相啖略尽。十月，城陷，秦、毕走东塘，行密入广陵，辇外寨之粟以食饥民，即日米价减至三千。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十四·僭伪列传一》㉕*）<p>[[:w:杨行密|杨行密]]围广陵且半年，秦彦、毕师铎大小数十战多不利，城中无食，料值钱五十缗，草根木实皆尽，以堇泥为饼食之，饿死者大半。宣州军掠人诣肆卖之，驱缚屠割如羊豕，讫无一声，流血满于坊市。彦、师铎无如之何，颦蹙而已。（《资治通鉴》卷257）</p> # 887年: 周迪妻某氏。迪善贾，往来广陵。会毕师铎乱，人相掠卖以食。迪饥将绝，妻曰：“今欲归，不两全。君亲在，不可并死，愿见卖以济君行。”迪不忍，妻固与诣肆，售得数千钱以奉。迪至城门，守者谁何，疑其绐，与迪至肆问状，见妻首已在枅矣。迪里余体归葬之。（《新唐书·卷二百五·列传第一百三十·列女》㉕*） # 888年: （李）罕之与（张）言甚笃，然性猜暴。是时大乱后，野无遗秆，部卒日剽人以食。《新唐书·卷一百八十七·列传第一百一十二·二王诸葛李孟》㉕*）<p>时大乱之后，野无耕稼，罕之部下以俘剽为资，啖人作食。……自是罕之日以兵寇钞怀、孟、晋、绛，数百里内，郡邑无长吏，闾里无居民。……自是数州之民，屠啖殆尽，荆棘蔽野，烟火断绝，凡十余年。（《旧五代史·卷十五（梁书）·列传五》㉕）</p><p>罕之留其子颀事晋，乃之泽州，日以兵钞怀、孟间，啖人为食。（《新五代史·卷四十二·杂传第三十·朱宣等》㉕）</p><p>（李）罕之勇而无谋，性复贪暴，意轻（张）全义，闻其勤俭力穑，笑曰：“此田舍一夫耳！”…….（李）罕之所部不耕稼，专以剽掠为资，啖人为粮。……（李罕之）以寇钞为事，自怀、孟、晋、绛数百里间，州无刺史，县无令长，田无麦禾，邑无烟火者，殆将十年。（《资治通鉴》）</p> # 889年，[[:w:唐昭宗|唐昭宗]]龍紀元年：楊行密圍宣州，城中食盡，人相啖……（《資治通鑒》卷258） # 891年: 会吏盗减诸军禀食，（王）建怒其众曰：“招讨吏之谋也。”纵士执之，醢食于军。（《新唐书·卷二百二十四下·列传第一百四十九下·叛臣下》㉕*）<p>一日，（王）建阴令军士于行府门外擒（韦）昭度亲吏，脔而食之，（王）建徐启（韦）昭度曰：“盖军士乏食，以至于是耶！”昭度大惧，遂留符节与建，即日东还。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十六·僭伪列传三》㉕）</p><p>昭度迟疑未决，建遣军士擒昭度亲吏于军门，脔而食之，建入白曰：“军士饥，须此为食尔！”昭度大恐，即留符节与建而东。（《新五代史·卷六十三·前蜀世家第三》㉕）</p><p>庚子，（王）建阴令东川将唐友通等擒（韦）昭度亲吏骆保于行府门，脔食之，云其盗军粮。（《资治通鉴》卷258）</p> # 891年: 孙儒悉焚扬州庐舍，尽驱丁壮及妇女渡江，杀老弱以充食。（《资治通鉴》卷258） # 893年: 景福二年春，（李克用）大举以伐王镕，……王镕出师三万来援，武皇（李克用）逆战于叱日岭下，镇人败，斩首万余级。时岁饥，军乏食，脯尸肉而食之。（《旧五代史·卷二十六（唐书）·武皇纪下》㉕*）<p>（李克用的）河东军无食。脯其尸而啖之。 （《资治通鉴》卷259）</p> # 894年: 王建攻彭州，城中人相食（《资治通鉴》卷259） # 902年，唐昭宗天复二年：是冬，大雪，（凤翔）城中食尽，冻馁死者不可胜计，或卧未死，肉已为人所。市中卖人肉斤直钱百，犬肉值五百。”（《资治通鉴》卷263）<p>昭宗在凤翔，为梁兵所围，城中人相食，父食其子，而天子食粥，六宫及宗室多饿死。其穷至于如此，遂以亡。（《新唐书·卷五十二·志第四十二·食货二》㉕*）</p><p>（朱温的后）梁军围之（凤翔）逾年，（李）茂贞每战辄败，闭壁不敢出。城中薪食俱尽，自冬涉春，雨雪不止，民冻饿死者日以千数。米斗直钱七千，至烧人屎煮尸而食。父自食其子，人有争其肉者，曰：“此吾子也，汝安得而食之！”人肉斤直钱百，狗肉斤直钱五百。父甘食其子，而人肉贱于狗。天子于宫中设小磨，遣宫人自屑豆麦以供御，自后宫、诸王十六宅，冻馁而死者日三四。城中人相与邀遮茂贞，求路以为生。（《新五代史·卷四十·杂传第二十八·李茂贞等》㉕）</p> ==五代十國== # 906年:天祐三年，（朱）全忠自将攻沧州，……全忠环沧筑而沟之，内外援绝，人相食。（刘）仁恭求战，不许。（《新唐书· 卷二百一十二·列传第一百三十七·藩镇卢龙》㉕*）<p>汴人深沟高垒以攻沧州，内外阻绝，（刘）仁恭不能合战，城中大饥，人相篡啖，析骸而爨，丸土而食，转死骨立者十之六七。……城中乏食，米斗直三万，人首一级亦直十千，军士食人，百姓食墐土，驴马相遇，食其鬃尾，士人出入，多为强者屠杀。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十五·僭伪列传二》㉕）</p><p>梁军壁长芦，深沟高垒，（刘）仁恭不能近。沧州被围百余日，城中食尽，人自相食，析骸而爨，或丸墐土而食，死者十六七。（《新五代史·卷三十九·杂传第二十七·王镕等》㉕）</p><p>时汴军筑垒围沧州，鸟鼠不能通。（刘）仁恭畏其强，不敢战。城中食尽，丸土而食，或互相掠啖。（《资治通鉴》卷265）</p> # 909年:（刘）守文将吏孙鹤、吕兖等，立守文子延祚以距（刘）守光，守光围之百余日，城中食尽，米斛直钱三万，人相杀而食，或食墐土，马相食其骏尾，（吕）兖等率城中饥民食以麹，号“宰务”，日杀以饷军。（《新五代史·卷三十九·杂传第二十七·王镕等》㉕*）<p>刘守光围沧州久不下，执刘守文至城下示之，犹固守。城中食尽，民食堇泥，军士食人，驴马相啖尾。吕兖选男女羸弱者，饲以黮面而烹之，以给军食，谓之宰杀务。 （《资治通鉴》卷267）</p> # 911: （刘）守光大怒，推之（孙鹤）伏锧，令军士割其肉生啖之。鹤大呼曰：“百日之外，必有急兵矣！”守光命窒其口，寸斩之，有识为之嗟惋。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十五·僭伪列传二》㉕*）<p>（刘）守光怒，推之（孙鹤）伏锧，令军士割而啖之。（《新五代史·卷三十九·杂传第二十七·王镕等》㉕）</p><p>（刘）守光怒，伏诸质上，令军士剐而啖之。鹤呼曰：“百日之外，必有急兵！”守光命以土窒其口，寸斩之。（《资治通鉴》卷268）</p> # 916: 晋人围贝州逾年，城中食尽，啖人为粮。（《资治通鉴》卷269） # 922年: （李存勖）获（张）处球、处瑾、处琪并其母，及同恶高濛李翥、齐俭等，皆折足送行台，镇人请醢而食之；（《旧五代史·卷二十九（唐书）·庄宗纪三》㉕*） # 925年，後唐莊宗同光三年： （郭）崇韬欲诛（王）宗弼以自明，己巳，白（李）继岌收宗弼及王宗勋、王宗渥，皆数其不忠之罪，族诛之，籍没其家。蜀人争食宗弼之肉。 （《资治通鉴》卷274） # 929年: （董璋）遣其将李彦钊扼剑门关为七砦，于关北增置关，号永定。凡唐戍兵东归者，皆遮留之，获其逃者，覆以铁笼，火炙之，或刲肉钉面，割心而啖。（《新五代史·卷五十一·杂传第三十九·朱守殷等》㉕*） # 930: （董）璋怒，令军士十人，持刀刲割其（姚洪）肤，燃镬于前，自取啖食，洪至死大骂不已。（《旧五代史·卷七十（唐书）·列传二十二》㉕*）<p>（董）璋怒，然镬于前，令壮士十人刲其肉而食，洪至死大骂。（《新五代史·卷三十三·死事传第二十》㉕）</p><p>（董）璋怒，然镬于前，令壮士十人刲其（姚洪）肉自啖之，洪至死骂不绝声。（《资治通鉴》卷277）</p> # 约930年:（李）赞华好饮人血，姬妾多刺臂以吮之；婢仆小过，或抉目，或刀刲火灼；夏氏不忍其残，奏离婚为尼。 （《资治通鉴》卷277） # 934: （薛）文杰善数术，自占云：“过三日可无患。”送者闻之，疾驰二日而至，军士踊跃，磔文杰于市，闽人争以瓦石投之，脔食立尽。（《新五代史·卷六十八·闽世家第八》㉕*）<p>（薛）文杰出，（王）继鹏伺之于启圣门外，以笏击之仆地，槛车送军前，市人争持瓦砾击之。文杰善术数，自云过三日则无患。部送者闻之，倍道兼行，二日而至，士卒见之踊跃，脔食之（《资治通鉴》卷278）</p> # 约942年: （石）信所至黩货，好行杀戮。军士有犯法者，信召其妻子，对之刲剔支解，使自食其肉，血流盈前，信命乐饮酒自如也。（《新五代史·卷十八·汉家人传第六》㉕*） # 944年: 同（州）、华（州）奏，人民相食。（《旧五代史·卷七十（唐书）·列传二十二》㉕*） # 944年: （后晋少帝石重贵）命李守贞、符彦卿率师东讨。（杨）光远素无兵众，惟婴城（青州）自守，守贞以长连城围之。冬十一月，（杨）承勋与弟承信、承祚见城中人民相食将尽，知事不济，劝（杨）光远乞降，冀免于赤族。（《旧五代史·卷九十七（晋书）·列传十二》㉕*）<p>契丹已北，出帝（石重贵）复遣（李守贞、符彦卿东讨，光远婴城固守，自夏至冬，城中人相食几尽。（《新五代史·卷五十一·杂传第三十九·朱守殷等》㉕）</p> # 945年: 闽人或告福州援兵谋叛，闽主（王）延政收其铠仗，遣还，伏兵于隘，尽杀之，死者八千馀人，脯其肉以归为食。 （《资治通鉴》卷284） # 947年: （杨）承勋事晋为郑州防御使，（耶律）德光灭晋，使人召承勋至京师，责其劫父，脔而食之。（《新五代史·卷五十一·杂传第三十九·朱守殷等》㉕*）<p>戊子，（辽军）执郑州防御使杨承勋至大梁，责以杀父叛契丹，命左右脔食之。（《资治通鉴》卷286）</p> # 947年，后晋天福十二年（947年：大同元年春正月……己丑，以张彦泽擅徙重贵开封，杀桑维翰，纵兵大掠，不道，斩于市。晋人脔食之。（《辽史· 卷四·本纪第四·太宗下》㉕*）<p>戎王（辽太宗耶律德光）知其（张彦泽）众怒，遂令弃市，仍令高勋监决，断腕出锁，然后刑之。勋使人剖其心以祭死者，市人争其肉而食之。（《旧五代史·卷九十八（晋书）·列传十三》㉕）</p><p>百官皆请不赦（张彦泽），而都人争投状疏其恶，乃命高勋监杀之。彦泽前所杀士大夫子孙，皆缞绖杖哭，随而诟詈，以杖朴之，彦泽俯首无一言。行至北市，断腕出锁，然后用刑，勋剖其心祭死者，市人争破其脑，取其髓，脔其肉而食之。（《新五代史·卷五十二·杂传第四十·杜重威等》㉕）</p><p>己丑，斩（张）彦泽、（傅）住皃于北市，仍命高勋监刑。彦泽前所杀士大夫子孙，皆绖杖号哭，随而诟詈，以杖扑之。勋命断腕出锁，剖其心以祭死者。市人争破其脑取髓，脔其肉而食之。 （《资治通鉴》卷286）</p> # 948年: （苏）逢吉等秘不发丧，下诏称：“（杜）重威父子，因朕小疾，谤议摇众，皆斩之。”磔死于市，市人争啖其肉。（《旧五代史·卷一百（汉书）·高祖纪下》㉕*）<p>磔（杜）重威尸于市，市人争啖其肉，吏不能禁，斯须而尽。 （《资治通鉴》卷287）</p> # 948年: （李）守贞自谓天时人事合符于己，乃潜结草贼，令所在窃发，遣兵据潼关。朝廷命白文珂、常思等领兵问罪，复遣枢密使郭威西征。……既而城中粮尽，杀人为食。（《旧五代史·卷一百九（汉书）·列传六》㉕*）<p>（李）守贞（潼关）城中兵无几，而食又尽，杀人而食。（《新五代史·卷五十二·杂传第四十·杜重威等》㉕）</p> # 949年，後漢高祖乾佑元年二年：（赵）思绾粮尽，城中人相食（宋）（《宋史· 卷二百五十二·列传第十一·王景等》㉕*）<p>朝廷闻之，命郭从义、王峻帅师伐之（赵思绾）。及攻其城（长安），王师伤者甚众，乃以长堑围之。经年粮尽，遂杀人充食。思绾尝对众取人胆以酒吞之，告众曰：“吞此至一千，即胆气无敌矣。”（《太平广记》：贼臣赵思绾自倡乱至败，凡食人肝六十六，无不面剖而脍之。）（《旧五代史·卷一百九（汉书）·列传六》㉕）</p><p>隐帝（后汉隐帝刘承祐）遣郭威西督诸将兵，先围（李）守贞于河中。居数月，（赵）思绾城中食尽，杀人而食，每犒宴，杀人数百，庖宰一如羊豕。思绾取其胆以酒吞之，语其下曰：“食胆至千，则勇无敌矣！” （《新五代史·卷五十三·杂传第四十一·王景崇等》㉕）</p><p>赵思绾好食人肝，常面剖而脍之，脍尽，人犹未死。又好以酒吞人胆，谓人曰：吞此千数，则胆无敌矣。长安城中食尽，取妇女幼稚为军粮，日计数而给之。每犒军，辄屠数百人，如羊豖法。（《资治通鉴》卷288）</p> # 950年: （马希萼）脔食李弘皋、（李）弘节、唐昭胤、杨涤。（《资治通鉴》） # 苌从简（后唐、后晋武将），陈州人也。……好食人肉，所至多潜捕民间小儿以食。（《新五代史·卷四十七·杂传第三十五·华温琪等》㉕*） # [[:w:吴国 (五代十国)|吳國]]將領[[:w:高澧|高澧]]「嗜殺人而飲血，日暮，必於宅前，後掠行人而食之」。（《南村辍耕录》引《九国志》） ==辽宋金== 从《宋史》开始，二十五史开始频繁记载割肉疗亲的尽孝的故事，这反映了儒家伦理和人肉治病理念的普及，宋朝官方是褒奖这种做法的，之后元朝法律禁止，明清官方态度有所保留，但屡禁不止，愈演愈烈。 * 冠冕百行莫大于孝，范防百为莫大于义。先王兴孝以教民厚，民用不薄；兴义以教民睦，民用不争。率天下而由孝义，非履信思顺之世乎。太祖、太宗以来，子有复父仇而杀人者，壮而释之；刲股割肝，咸见褒赏；至于数世同居，辄复其家。一百余年，孝义所感，醴泉、甘露、芝草、异木之瑞，史不绝书，宋之教化有足观者矣。作《孝义传》。《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》 岳飞《满江红》的“壮志饥餐胡虏肉，笑谈渴饮匈奴血”可能是大众文化中最广泛流传的称赞吃人的文学作品。 # 辽穆宗时期（951年-969年）：初，女巫肖古上延年药方，当用男子胆和之。不数年，杀人甚多，至是（957年，应历七年），觉其妄，辛巳，射杀之。（《辽史·卷六·本纪第六·穆宗上》㉕*）<p>京师置百尺牢以处系囚。盖其（辽穆宗）即位未久，惑女巫肖古之言，取人胆合延年药，故杀人颇众。后悟其诈，以鸣镝丛射、骑践杀之。（《辽史·卷六十一·志第三十·刑法志上》㉕）</p> # 963年: 众皆感愤，遂破其众于平津亭，擒（张）文表脔而食之。（《宋史· 卷四百八十三·列传第二百四十二·世家六》㉕*） # 963年乾德元年：（李）处耘释所俘体肥者数十人，令左右分啖之，黥其少健者，令先入朗州。 （《宋史· 卷二百五十七·列传第十六· 吴廷祚等》㉕*） # 969年，開寶二年（969）：[[:w:王彥昇|王彥昇]]改防州防御使，是冬，又移原州（甘肅鎮原）。 西人（甘肅少數民族）有犯漢法者，彥升不加刑，召僚屬飲宴，引所犯，以手捽斷其耳，大嚼，巵酒下之。其人流血被體，股栗不敢動。前後啗者數百人。西人畏之，不敢犯塞。（[[:w:王辟之|王辟之]]《澠水燕談錄》，《宋史·卷二百五十·列传第九·王彥昇》㉕*） # 970年，开宝三年：命分司西京。（王）继勋残暴愈甚，强市民家子女备给使，小不如意，即杀食之，而棺其骨弃野外。……长寿寺僧广惠常与继勋同食人肉，令折其胫而斩之。洛民称快。（《宋史· 卷四百六十三·列传第二百二十二·外戚上》㉕*） # 1006年: 三年，（德恭）被疾，子承庆刲股肉食之。（《宋史· 卷二百四十四·列传第三·宗室一》㉕*） # 1048年，[[:w:宋仁宗|宋仁宗]]庆历八年：明年，河北大饥，人相食，（子）鼎经营赈救，颇尽力。（《宋史·卷三百·列传第五十九·杨偕等》㉕*）<p>河北、京東西大水為災，人相食，流民入京東者不可勝數（《[[:w:續資治通鑑|續資治通鑑]]》卷50）</p> # 约1053年，宋仁宗时期：[[:w:侬智高|（侬）智高]]母[[:w:阿侬|阿侬]]有计谋，智高攻陷城邑，多用其策，僭号皇太后，性惨毒，嗜小儿肉，每食必杀小儿。（《宋史· 卷四百九十五·列传第二百五十四·蛮夷三》㉕*） # 1087年，[[:w:宋哲宗|宋哲宗]]元祐二年，[[:w:苏辙|苏辙]]《因旱乞许群臣面对言事剳子》：“臣伏见二年以来，民气未和，天意未顺，災沴荐至，非水即旱。淮南饥饉，人至相食。河北流移，道路不绝。京东困弊，盗贼群起。二圣遇災忧惧，顷发仓廪以救其乏绝，独此三路所散，已仅三百万斛矣！異时赈賉未见此比。然而民力已困，国用己竭，而旱势未止，夏麦失望，秋稼未立，数月之后，公私无继，群盗蜂起，势有必至，臣未知朝廷何以待此？……” # 1102年: （高永年）行三十里，逢羌帐下亲兵，皆永年昔所推纳熟户也。永年不之备，羌遽执永年以叛，遂为多罗巴所杀，探其心肝食之，谓其下曰：“此人夺我国，使吾宗族漂落无处所，不可不杀也。”（《宋史· 卷四百五十三·列传第二百一十二·忠义八》㉕*） # 1118年，辽天庆八年（宋重和元年，1118年），十二月，“宁昌军（治懿州）节度使刘宏（无可考）以懿州（治宁昌，今阜新市东北之塔营子村）户三千降金。时山前诸路（此指辽东，非燕山之南）大饥，乾（辽宁北镇南）显（北镇北）宜（义县）锦（锦州市）兴中（朝阳市）等路，斗粟值数缣，民削榆皮食之，既而人相食。”（《辽史· 卷二十八·本纪第二十八·天祚皇帝二》㉕*） # 1121年: 贼（霍成富）怒，脔其（詹良臣）肉，使自啖之。良臣吐且骂，至死不绝声，见者掩面流涕，时年七十二。（《宋史· 卷四百四十六·列传第二百五·忠义一》㉕*） # “甲辰宣和六年（1124年）时转粮给燕山（府治北京西南）民力疲困，重以盐额科敛，加之连年凶荒，民食榆皮野菜不给，至自相食。于是饥民并起为盗。山东有张万仙者，众十万，号敢炽。张迪者，众五万，围濬州（濬州，平川军，治滑州黎阳）五日而去。濬州去京纔一百六十里，而初不知。河北有高托山者，号三十万。其余一二万者，不可胜计也。”（《九朝编年备要卷二十九》） # [[:w:宋徽宗|宋徽宗]]宣和七年（1125年）十二月，金两路攻宋。王禀皆破之，“然人众乏粮，三军先食牛马骡，次烹弓弩皮甲，百姓煮萍实、糠籺、草茭以充腹，既而人相食。[九月]城破，禀犹率羸卒巷战，突围出，金兵追之急，遂负太原庙中太宗御容赴汾水死，子荀殉之。”（《续资治通鉴卷九十七》） # 1125年: 刘敏行，平州人。登天会三年进士。除太子校书郎，累迁肥乡令。岁大饥，盗贼掠人为食。诸县老弱入保郡城，不敢耕种，农事废，畎亩荒芜。（《金史· 卷一百二十八·列传第六十六·循吏》㉕*） # 1129年：（建炎）三年，山东郡国大饥，人相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*） # 1131年: 有孙知微者，以朝请大夫通判舒州。绍兴元年，贼刘忠入其境，执知微以去，知微不屈，忠怒，脔而食之。（《宋史· 卷四百五十三·列传第二百一十二·忠义八》㉕*） # 1131年：五湖捕鱼人夏宁聚众千余，掠人为食，郭仲威余党出没淮南，邵青据通州，光世皆招降之。（《宋史·卷三百六十九·列传第一百二十八·张俊》㉕*）<p>五湖捕魚人夏寧，“聚其徒為盜，後有眾千餘，專掠人以為食，……寧等無食，半月之間復啖萬餘人，是日，始具舟迎之。由是江北鄉村愈覺凋殘矣。”（《续资治通鉴卷一零九》）</p> # 约1133年，宋高宗紹興三年：唐初，贼朱粲以人为粮，置捣磨寨，谓“啖醉人如食糟豚”。每览前史，为之伤叹。而自靖康丙午岁，金人乱华，六七年间，山东、京西、淮南等路，荆榛千里，斗米至数十千，且不可得。盗贼、官兵以至居民，更互相食。人肉之价，贱于犬豕，肥壮者一枚不过十五千，全躯暴以为腊。登州范温率忠义之人，绍兴癸丑岁泛海到钱唐，有持至行在犹食者。老瘦男子 词谓之“饶把火”，妇人少艾者名为“不羡羊”，小儿呼为“和骨烂”，又通目为“两脚羊”。唐止朱粲一军，今百倍于前世，杀戮焚溺饥饿疾疫陪堕，其死已众，又加之以相食。杜少陵谓“丧乱死多门”，信矣！不意老眼亲见此时，呜呼痛哉！ （莊綽《雞肋編》） # [[:w:宋宁宗|宋宁宗]]嘉定年間，[[:w:林千之|林千之]]任西欽州知州，得了一种病（末疾），有個醫士告訴他，吃童女的肉可以強筋健骨。于是，林千之派人在本州境內捕少女，制成肉乾，叫做“地雞”。<ref>王永寬《中國古代酷刑》</ref> # 1210年:（嘉定）三年春，建康府大飢，人相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*） # 1215年: 此數人者（李全等造反者），出沒島崓，寶貨山委而不得食，相率食人。（《宋史· 卷四百七十六·列傳第二百三十五·叛臣中》㉕*） # 1215年: 乙亥，中都降。（王）檝进言曰：“国家以仁义取天下，不可失信于民，宜禁虏掠，以慰民望。”时城中绝粒，人相食，乃许军士给粮，入城转粜，故士得金帛，而民获粒食。（《元史· 卷一百五十三·列传第四十·刘敏等》㉕*） # 1216: 是春，河朔人相食。（《金史· 卷二十三·志第四·五行》㉕*）<p>四年，河北行省侯摯言：“河北人相食，觀、滄等州鬥米銀十餘兩。（《金史· 卷五十·志第三十一·食貨五》㉕）</p><p>金人迁汴，河朔盗起，……太师、国王木华黎兵至城下，……是时兵乱，民废农耕，所在人相食。（《元史· 卷一百五十一·列传第三十八·薛塔剌海等》㉕）</p> # 1216年: 邸顺，保定行唐人，岁甲戌，（邸顺）率众来归（元），（元）太祖授行唐令。……丙子，真定饥，群盗据城叛，民皆穴地以避之，盗发地而啖其人，顺擒数百人杀之。（《元史· 卷一百五十一·列传第三十八·薛塔剌海等》㉕*） # 1224: 十一月……壬子，京城人相食。癸醜，詔曹門、宋門放士民出就食。（《金史· 卷十八·本紀第十八·哀宗下》㉕*） # 1227年: 时（李）全在围一年，食牛马及人且尽，将自食其军。初军民数十万，至是余数千矣。（《宋史· 卷四百七十七·列传第二百三十六·叛臣下》㉕*） # 1228年: （完颜）白撒辈纵军四出，剽掠俘虏，挑掘焚炙，靡所不至。哭声相接，尸骸盈野。都尉高禄谦、苗用秀辈仍掠人食之，而白撒诛斩在口，所过官吏残虐不胜，一饭之费有数十金不能给者，公私皇皇，日皆徯大兵至矣。（《金史· 卷一百十三·列传第五十一·完颜赛不等》㉕*） # 1232年: 时汴京内外不通，米升银二两。百姓粮尽，殍者相望，缙绅士女多行乞于市，至有自食其妻子者，至于诸皮器物皆煮食之，贵家第宅、市楼肆馆皆撤以爨。（《金史· 卷一百十五·列传第五十三·完颜奴申等》㉕*） # 1233年，绍定六年（1233年）：（南宋大将[[:w:史嵩之|史嵩之]]围唐州，）城中粮尽，人相食，金将乌库哩黑汉，杀其爱妾以啖士，士争杀其妻子（《金史· 卷一百二十三·列传第六十一·忠义三》㉕*，《续资治通鉴·宋纪》）<p>乙酉，大元召宋兵攻唐州，元帅右监军乌古论黑汉死于战，主帅蒲察某为部曲兵所食。城破，宋人求食人者尽戮之，余无所犯。（《金史· 卷十八·本纪第十八·哀宗下》㉕）</p> # 1233: 国用安，先名安用，本名咬儿，淄州人。红袄贼杨安儿、李全余党也。……移兵攻徐，（国）用安投水死，求得其尸，剖面系马尾，为怨家田福一军脔食而尽。（《金史· 卷一百十七·列传第五十五·徒单益都等》㉕*） # 1234年: 端平元年正月辛丑，黑气压（蔡州）城上，日无光，降者言：“城中绝粮已三月，鞍靴败鼓皆糜煮，且听以老弱互食，诸军日以人畜骨和芹泥食之，又往往斩败军全队，拘其肉以食，故欲降者众。”（《宋史· 卷四百一十二·列传第一百七十一·孟珙》㉕*） # 1234年:甲午，蔡州破，金主自焚死。时汴梁受兵日久，岁饥，人相食，速不台下令纵其民北渡以就食。（《元史· 卷一百二十一·列传第八·速不台》㉕*） # 约1237: 岁大饥，人相食，留守别之杰讳不诘，（徐）鹿卿命掩捕食人者，尸诸市。（《宋史· 卷四百二十四·列传第一百八十三·陆持之》㉕*） # 1272年:咸淳七年，江南大饥。八年冬，襄阳饥，人相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*） # 1276: 德祐二年正月，扬州饥。三月，扬州谷价腾踊，民相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*）<p>阿术攻扬（州）久不拔，乃筑长围困之。冬，城中食尽，死者满道。明年二月，饥益甚，赴濠水死者日数百，道有死者，众争割啖之立尽。……兵有烹子而食者，犹日出苦战。（《宋史·卷四百二十一·列传第一百八十·杨栋等》㉕）</p> # 1277: 十一月，泸州食尽，人相食，遂破之，安抚王世昌自经死。（《宋史· 卷四百五十一·列传第二百一十·忠义六》㉕*） # 益州双流人周善敏，丧父，庐于墓侧。母病，又割股肉以啖之，遂愈。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 杨庆，鄞人。父病，贫不能召医，乃刲股肉啖之，良已。其后母病不能食，庆取右乳焚之，以灰和药进焉，入口遂差，久之乳复生。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # （伊）审征幼以孝闻，母病，割股肉啖之。（《宋史· 卷四百七十九·列传第二百三十八·世家二》㉕*） # 刘孝忠，并州太原人。母病经三年，孝忠割股肉、断左乳以食母；（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 吕升，莱州人。父权失明，剖腹探肝以救父疾，父复能视而升不死。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 成象，渠州流江人。以诗书训授里中，事父母以孝闻。母病，割股肉食之，诏赐束帛醪酒。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 庞天祐，江陵人。以经籍教授里中。父疾，天祐割股肉食之；（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 张伯威，大安军人。……大母黄，年九十八，不忍之官。黄得血痢疾濒殆，伯威剔左臂肉食之，遂愈。继母杨因姑病笃，惊而成疾，伯威复剔臂肉作粥以进，其疾亦愈。伯威妹嫁崔均，其姑王疾，妹亦剔左臂肉作粥以进，达旦即愈。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 母病，（奎）辄割股肉和药以进，母遂愈。（《宋史· 卷三百二十四·列传第八十三·石普》㉕*） # （张）掞幼笃孝，蕴病，刲股肉以疗。（《宋史· 卷三百三十三·列传第九十二·杨佐等》㉕*） # （常）真妻病，子晏割股肉以养母（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 有朱云孙妻刘氏，姑病，云孙刲股肉作糜以进而愈。姑复病，刘亦刲股以进，又愈。尚书谢谔为赋《孝妇诗》。（《宋史· 卷四百六十·列传第二百一十九·列女》㉕*） # 聂孝女，字舜英，尚书左右司员外郎天骥之长女也。……崔立劫杀宰相，天骥被创甚，日夜悲泣，恨不即死。舜英谒医救疗百方，至刲其股杂他肉以进，而天骥竟死。时京城围久食尽，……葬其父之明日，绝脰而死。一时士女贤之，有为泣下者。（《金史· 卷一百三十·列传第六十八·列女》㉕*） # 呼延赞，并州太原人。……其子尝病，赞刲股为羹疗之。（《宋史·卷二百七十九·列传第三十八· 王继忠等》㉕*） # 蒋偕，字齐贤，华州郑县人。幼贫，有立志。父病，尝刲股以疗，父愈，诘之曰：“此岂孝邪？”曰：“情之所感，实不自知也。”（《宋史·卷三百二十六·列传第八十五·景泰等》㉕*） # 邑人朱氏女刲股愈母疾，人颂传之，以为治化所致。（《宋史·卷三百四十八·列传第一百七·傅楫等》㉕*） # 甲幼孤多难，母病，刲股以进。（《宋史·卷三百九十七·列传第一百五十六·徐谊等》㉕*） # 赵葵，字南仲，京湖制置使方之子。……葵母疾，谒告省侍不得，刲股杂药以寄之。母卒，葵求解官，不许，不得已，卒哭复视事。（《宋史·卷四百一十七·列传第一百七十六·乔行简等》㉕*） # 陈宗，永嘉人。年十六，母蔡病笃，刲股为饵，病愈。已而复病不救，宗一恸而绝。（《宋史·卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 吕仲洙女，名良子，泉州晋江人。父得疾濒殆，女焚香祝天，请以身代，刲股为粥以进。（《宋史·卷四百六十·列传第二百一十九·列女》㉕*） ==元== 元朝法律禁止割肉疗亲，“诸为子行孝，辄以割肝、刲股、埋儿之属为孝者，并禁止之。（《元史· 卷一百五·志第五十三·刑法四》）”但《元史》记载了诸多此般事迹，可见屡禁不止，可能也反映了蒙汉的文化差异。 # 1262年:（中统三年），五月庚申，筑环城（济南）围之；甲戌，围合。（李）鋋自是不得复出，……分军就食民家，发其盖藏以继，不足，则家赋之盐，令以人为食。（《元史·卷二百六·列传第九十三·叛臣》㉕*） # 1301: 行省右丞刘深远征八百媳妇国，此乃得已而不已之兵也。彼荒裔小邦，远在云南之西南又数千里，……深欺上罔下，帅兵伐之，经过八番，纵横自恣，恃其威力，虐害居民，中途变生，所在皆叛。深既不能制乱，反为乱众所制，军中乏粮，人自相食，（《元史·卷一百六十八·列传第五十五·陈祐（天祥）等》㉕*） # 1308年:（至大元年六月）河南、山东大饥，有父食其子者，以两道没入赃钞赈之。（《元史· 卷二十二·本纪第二十二·武宗一》㉕*） # 1319年:延佑六年秋七月丙辰，“来安路总管岑世兴叛，据唐兴州”，杀兼州知州[[:w:黄克仁|黄克仁]]，分食其尸。<ref>《新元史·卷二百四十八·列传第一百四十五》；《招捕总录》</ref> # 约1329年: 贼稍引去，（褚不华）乃出，抵杨村桥，贼奄至，杀廉访副使不达失里，啖其尸。（《元史· 卷一百九十四·列传第八十一·忠义二》㉕*） # 约1329年: （褚）不华以余兵入淮安。……城中饿者仆道上，即取啖之，一切草木、螺蛤、鱼蛙、燕乌，及靴皮、鞍韂、革箱、败弓之筋皆尽，而后父子夫妇老稚更相食，撤屋为薪，人多露处，坊陌生荆棘。力既尽，城陷。（《元史· 卷一百九十四·列传第八十一·忠义二》㉕*） # 1328年: （天历元年十二月）陕西自泰定二年至是岁不雨，大饥，民相食。（《元史· 卷三十二·本纪第三十二·文宗一》㉕*）<p>天历元年八月，陕西大旱，人相食。（《元史· 卷五十·志第三上·五行一》㉕）</p> # 1329年: 天历二年，关中大旱，饥民相食。（《元史· 卷一百七十五·列传第六十二·张珪等》㉕*）<p>文宗天历二年三月，屯田总管兼管河渠司事郭嘉议言：“……近因奉元亢旱，五载失稔，人皆相食，流移疫死者十七八。”（《元史· 卷六十五·志第十七上·河渠二》㉕）</p><p>天历二年，（乃蛮台）迁陕西行省平章政事。关中大饥，……京兆民掠人而食之，则命分健卒为队，捕强食人者，其患乃已。（《元史· 卷一百三十九·列传第二十六·乃蛮台等》㉕）</p> # 1329:（天历二年夏四月）丙辰，行在所遣只儿哈郎等至京师。河南廉访司言：“河南府路以兵、旱民饥，食人肉事觉者五十一人，饿死者千九百五十人，饥者一万七千四百余人。乞弛山林川泽之禁，听民采食，行入粟补官之令，及括江淮僧道余粮以赈。”（《元史· 卷三十三·本纪第三十三·文宗二》㉕*） # 1338年: 重改至元四年，…. 贼怒，缚景茂于树，脔其肉，使自啖。景茂益愤骂，贼遂以刀决其口，至耳傍，景茂骂不绝声而死。（《元史· 卷一百九十三·列传第八十·忠义一》㉕*） # 1342年: 二年春正月…..，是月，大同饥，人相食，运京师粮赈之。（《元史· 卷四十·本纪第四十·顺帝三》㉕*）<p>至正二年，彰德、大同二郡及冀宁平晋、榆次、徐沟县，汾州孝义县，忻州皆大旱，自春至秋不雨，人有相食者。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕）</p> # 1343年: （至正）三年，卫辉、冀宁、忻州大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1344年: （至正四年）六月，河南巩县大雨，伊、洛水溢，漂民居数百家。济宁路兖州，汴梁鄢陵、通许、陈留、临颍等县大水害稼，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1344年: 八月戊午，祭社稷。丁卯，山东霖雨，民饥相食，赈之。（《元史· 卷四十一·本纪第四十一·顺帝四》㉕*）<p>1344年:（至正四年）八月，益都霖雨，饥民有相食者。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕）</p> # 1345年: 五年春，东平路须城、东阿、阳谷三县及徐州大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1347: 六月，……彰德路大饥，民相食。（《元史· 卷四十一·本纪第四十一·顺帝四》㉕*） # 1348: 刘秉直，字清臣，大都武清人。至正八年，来为卫辉路总管，……岁大饥，人相食，死者过半，秉直出俸米，倡富民分粟，馁者食之，病者与药，死者与棺以葬。（《元史· 卷一百九十二·列传第七十九·良吏二》㉕*） # 1349年: （至正）九年春，胶州大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # [[:w:元惠宗|元惠宗]]至正年间，大饑，“淮右军”軍隊開始吃人，“天下兵甲方殷，而淮右之軍嗜食人，以小兒為上，婦女次之，男子又次之。或使坐兩缸間，外逼以火。或於鐵架上生炙。或縛其手足，先用沸湯澆潑，卻以竹帚刷去苦皮。或盛夾袋中，入巨鍋活煮。或卦作事件而淹之。或男子則止斷其雙腿，婦女則特剜其雙乳。酷毒萬狀，不可具言。總名曰「想肉」，以為食之而使人想之也。”<ref>{{Cite web|title=南村輟耕錄 (四部叢刊本)/卷之九 - 維基文庫，自由的圖書館|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%91%E8%BC%9F%E8%80%95%E9%8C%84_(%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%9D|website=zh.wikisource.org|access-date=2024-05-28|language=zh-Hant}}</ref> # 1352年: （至正）十二年，蕲州、黄州大旱，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1353年: 至正十二年，……明年，春夏大饥，人相食，（余阙）乃捐俸为粥以食之，得活者甚众。（《元史· 卷一百四十三·列传第三十·马祖常等》㉕*） # 1354年: （至正）十四年，怀庆河内县、孟州，汴梁祥符县，福建泉州，湖南永州、宝庆，广西梧州皆大旱。祥符旱魃再见，泉州种不入土，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1354年: 十四年春，浙东台州，江东饶，闽海福州、邵武、汀州，江西龙兴、建昌、吉安、临江，广西静江等郡皆大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1355: 京师大饥，加以疫疠，民有父子相食者。（《元史· 卷四十三·本纪第四十三·顺帝六》㉕*） # 1358年: 十八年春，莒州蒙阴县大饥，斗米金一斤。冬，京师大饥，人相食，彰德、山东亦如之。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1358年: （至正）十八年春，蓟州旱。莒州、滨州、般阳淄川县、霍州、鄜州、凤翔岐山县春夏皆大旱。莒州家人自相食，岐山人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1358年: 顺德九县民食蝗，广平人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1359年: （至正）十九年，大都霸州、通州，真定，彰德，怀庆，东昌，卫辉，河间之临邑，东平之须城、东阿、阳谷三县，山东益都、临淄二县，潍州、胶州、博兴州，大同、冀宁二郡，文水、榆次、寿阳、徐沟四县，沂、汾二州，及孝义、平遥、介休三县，晋宁潞州及壶关、潞城、襄垣三县，霍州赵城、灵石二县，隰之永和，沁之武乡，辽之榆社、奉元，及汴梁之祥符、原武、鄢陵、扶沟、杞、尉氏、洧川七县，郑之荥阳、汜水，许之长葛、郾城、襄城、临颍，钧之新郑、密县，皆蝗，食禾稼草木俱尽，所至蔽日，碍人马不能行，填坑堑皆盈。饥民捕蝗以为食，或曝干而积之。又罄，则人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 十九年正月至五月，京师大饥，银一锭得米仅八斗，死者无算。通州民刘五杀其子而食之。保定路莩死盈道，军士掠孱弱以为食。济南及益都之高苑，莒之蒙阴，河南之孟津、新安、黾池等县皆大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1359年: 十八年二月，江西陈友谅遣贼党王奉国等，号二十万，寇信州。明年正月，伯颜不花的斤自衢引兵援焉。……时军民唯食草苗茶纸，既尽，括靴底煮食之，又尽，掘鼠罗雀，及杀老弱以食。五月，大破贼兵。（《元史· 卷一百九十五·列传第八十二·忠义三》㉕*） # 1360: 至正二十年，（丁好礼）遂拜中书参知政事。时京师大饥，天寿节，庙堂欲用故事大宴会，好礼言：“今民父子有相食者，君臣当修省，以弭大患，燕会宜减常度。”不听，乞谢事，乃以集贤大学士致仕，给全俸家居。（《元史· 卷一百九十六·列传第八十三·忠义四》㉕*） # 1360年: 李仲义妻刘氏，名翠哥，房山人。至正二十年，县大饥，平章刘哈剌不花兵乏食，执仲义欲烹之。仲义弟马儿走报刘氏，刘氏遽往救之，涕泣伏地，告于兵曰：“所执者是吾夫也，乞矜怜之，贷其生，吾家有酱一瓮、米一斗五升，窖于地中，可掘取之，以代吾夫。”兵不从，刘氏曰：“吾夫瘦小，不可食。吾闻妇人肥黑者味美，吾肥且黑，愿就烹以代夫死。”兵遂释其夫而烹刘氏。闻者莫不哀之。（《元史· 卷二百一·列传第八十八·列女二》㉕*） # 1362年:（至正）二十二年，河南洛阳、孟津、偃师三县大旱，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 萧道寿，京兆兴平人。……母尝有疾，医累岁不能疗，道寿刲股肉啖之而愈。至元八年，赐羊酒，表其门。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 宁猪狗，山丹州人。母年七十余，患风疾，药饵不效，猪狗割股肉进啖，遂愈。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 潭州万户移剌琼子李家奴，九岁，母病，医言不可治，李家奴割股肉，煮糜以进，病乃痊。抚州路总管管如林、浑州民朱天祥，并以母疾刲割股，旌其家。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 孔全，亳州鹿邑人。父成病，刲股肉啖之，愈。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 赵荣，扶风人。母强氏有疾，荣割股肉啖之者三。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 胡伴侣，钧州密县人。其父实尝患心疾数月，几死，更数医俱莫能疗。伴侣乃斋沐焚香，泣告于天，以所佩小刀于右胁傍刲其皮肤，割脂一片，煎药以进，父疾遂瘳，其伤亦旋愈。朝廷旌表其门。（《元史· 卷一百九十八·列传第八十五·孝友二》㉕*） # 郎氏，湖州安吉人，宋进士朱甲妻也。……家居，养姑甚谨。姑尝病，郎祷天，刲股肉进啖而愈。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 许氏女，安丰人。父疾，割股啖之乃痊。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 秦氏二女，河南宜阳人，逸其名。父尝有危疾，医云不可攻。姊闭户默祷，凿己脑和药进饮，遂愈。父后复病欲绝，妹刲股肉置粥中，父小啜即苏。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 张义妇，济南邹平人，年十八归里人李伍。……张独家居，养舅姑甚至。父母舅姑病，凡四刲股肉救不懈。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 武用妻苏氏，真定人，徙家京师。用疾，苏氏刲股为粥以进，疾即愈。（《元史· 卷二百一·列传第八十八·列女二》㉕*） ==明== [[:w:李時珍|李時珍]]完成《本草綱目》，他蒐集藥名是為了「凡經人用者，皆不可遺」，「人部」舉凡毛髮、指甲、牙齒、屎尿、唾液、乳汁、眼淚、汗水、人骨、胞衣（[[:w:紫河車|紫河車]]）、體垢、月水、人勢（陰莖）、人膽、結石……皆可入藥。頭髮可治傷寒、肚疼，男性陰毛治蛇咬，人魄（人吊死級的魂魄）可以安神定魄。 明朝没有像元朝一样法律禁止割肉疗亲，但朱元璋和其礼部尚书公开表示不赞同，但此后仍然多次出现，而且得到政府表彰，还有王族如此做，可见此风难止。 * 至（洪武）二十七年九月，山东守臣言：“日照民江伯儿，母疾，割肋肉以疗，不愈。祷岱岳神，母疾瘳，愿杀子以祀。已果瘳，竟杀其三岁儿。”帝大怒曰：“父子天伦至重。《礼》父服长子三年。今小民无知，灭伦害理，亟宜治罪。”遂逮伯儿，仗之百，遣戍海南。因命议旌表例。礼臣（任亨泰）议曰：“人子事亲，居则致其敬，养则致其乐，有疾则医药吁祷，迫切之情，人子所得为也。至卧冰割股，上古未闻。倘父母止有一子，或割肝而丧生，或卧冰而致死，使父母无依，宗祀永绝，反为不孝之大。皆由愚昧之徒，尚诡异，骇愚俗，希旌表，规避里徭。割股不已，至于割肝，割肝不已，至于杀子。违道伤生，莫此为甚。自今父母有疾，疗治罔功，不得已而卧冰割股，亦听其所为，不在旌表例。”制曰：“可。”（《明史·卷一百三十七·列传第二十五·刘三吾等》） 食人事件的记载： # [[:w:韩观|韩观]]杀人甚多，御史欲弹劾他。一日，观召御史饮，以人皮为坐褥，耳目口鼻显然，发散垂褥，首披椅后。肴上，设一人首，观以箸取二目食之，曰：“他禽兽目皆不可食，惟人目甚美。”观前席坐，每拿人至，命斩之，不回首视，已而血流满庭。观曰： “此辈与禽兽不异，斩之如杀虎豹耳。”御史战栗失措曰：“公，神人也。”竟不能劾。<ref>《[[s:湧幢小品/09#韓都督應變|湧幢小品 韓都督應變]]》朱国桢</ref> # 1385年，洪武十八年：（韩）林儿本起盗贼，无大志，又听命福通，徒拥虚名。诸将在外者率不遵约束，所过焚劫，至啖老弱为粮，且皆福通故等夷，福通亦不能制。（《明史·卷一百二十二·列传第十·郭子兴 韩林儿》㉕*） # 约1426年，宣德年间：得（朱）有熺掠食生人肝脑诸不法事，于是并免为庶人。（《明史·卷一百十六·列传第四·诸王》㉕*） # 1454年，景泰五年：景泰五年，广西古丁等洞贼首蓝伽、韦万山等，纠合蛮类，劫掠南宁、上林、武缘诸处。……贼首韦朝威据古田，县官窜会城，遣典史入县抚谕，烹食之。（《明史·卷三百十七·列传第二百五·广西土司》㉕*） # 1457年，天顺元年：北畿、山東並飢，發塋墓，斫道樹殆盡。父子或相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 约1465年，成化初：成化初，（彭伦）从赵辅，平大藤峡贼。……（彭）伦大会所部目、把缚俘囚，置高竿，集健卒乱射杀之，复割裂肢体，烹啖诸壮士。（《明史·卷一百六十六·列传第五十四·韩观等》㉕*） # 1484年，成化二十年：是秋，陝西、山西大旱饑，人相食。停歲辦物料，免稅糧，發帑轉粟，開納米事例振之。（《明史·卷十四·本纪第十四·宪宗二》㉕*）<p>又有虎臣者，麟游人。成化中贡入太学。……省亲归，会陕西大饥，……上言：“臣乡比岁灾伤，人相食，由长吏贪残，赋役失均。请敕有司审民户，编三等以定科徭。”从之。（《明史·卷一百六十四·列传第五十二·邹缉等》㉕）</p><p>十六年（何乔新）擢右副都御史，巡抚山西。……进左副都御史。……召拜刑部右侍郎。山西大饥，人相食。命往振，活三十余万人，还流冗十四万户。（《明史·卷一百八十三·列传第七十一·何乔新等》㉕）</p><p>汪奎，字文灿，婺源人。……（成化）二十一年，星变，偕同官疏陈十事，言：“……山、陕、河、洛饥民多流郧、襄，至骨肉相啖。请大发帑庾振济，消弭他变。”（《明史·卷一百八十·列传第六十八·张宁等》㉕）</p> # 1504年，弘治十七年：十七年，淮、扬、庐、凤洊饥，人相食，且发瘗胔（坟墓尸体）以继之。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1518年，正德十三年：佛郎机，近满剌加。正德中，据满剌加地，逐其王。十三年遣使臣加必丹末等贡方物，请封，始知其名。诏给方物之直，遣还。其人久留不去，剽劫行旅，至掠小儿为食。（《明史·卷三百二十五·列传第二百十三·外国六》㉕*） # 正德五年（1510年）八月，[[:w:刘瑾|刘瑾]]被磔死，凌迟三日，共剐3300余刀。行刑之日，北京鼎沸，百姓相爭以一钱买刘瑾一塊肉，生吞以泄恨。{{Citation needed}} # 1519年，正德十四年：是岁，淮、扬饥，人相食。（《明史·卷十六·本纪第十六·武宗》㉕*）<p>十四年三月，有诏南巡，（黄）巩上疏曰：……今江、淮大饥，父子兄弟相食。（《明史·卷一百八十九·列传第七十七·李文祥等》㉕）</p><p>（吴）一鹏极陈四方灾异，言：“自去年六月迄今二月，其间天鸣者三，地震者三十八，秋冬雷电雨雹十八，暴风、白气、地裂、山崩、产妖各一，民饥相食二。非常之变，倍于往时。愿陛下率先群工，救疾苦，罢营缮，信大臣，纳忠谏，用回天意。”（《明史·卷一百九十一·列传第七十九·毛澄等》㉕）</p> # 1524年，嘉靖三年：三年，湖广、河南、大名、临清饥。南畿诸郡大饥，父子相食，道殣相望，臭弥千里。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）<p>（张）汉卿言：“……今东南洊饥，民至骨肉相食，而搜括之令频行，臣等窃以为不可。”（《明史·卷一百九十二·列传第八十·杨慎》㉕）</p><p>世宗即位，（韩邦靖）起山西左参议，分守大同。岁饥，人相食，奏请发帑，不许。（《明史·卷二百一·列传第八十九·陶琰等》㉕）</p><p>嘉靖四年二月（余珊）应诏陈十渐，其略曰：……近年以来，黄纸蠲放，白纸催征；额外之敛，下及鸡豚；织造之需，自为商贾。江、淮母子相食，兖、豫盗贼横行，川、陕、湖、贵疲于供饷。（《明史·卷二百八·列传第九十六·张芹等》㉕）</p><p>嘉靖初，（湛若水）入朝，……明年进侍读，复疏言：“一二年间，天变地震，山崩川涌，人饥相食，殆无虚月。”（《明史·卷二百八十三·列传第一百七十一·儒林二》㉕）</p> # 1529年，嘉靖八年：（杨爵）登嘉靖八年进士，授行人。帝方崇饰礼文，（杨）爵因使王府还，上言：“臣奉使湖广，睹民多菜色，挈筐操刃，割道殍食之。（《明史·卷二百九·列传第九十七·杨最等》㉕*） # 1549年，嘉靖二十八年：有吴国佐者，洪州司特峒寨苗也，….. 其党石纂太称“太保”，合攻上黄堡，诱败参将黄冲霄，追至永从县，杀守备张世忠，炙而啖之。（《明史·卷二百四十七·列传第一百三十五·刘綎等》㉕*） # 1552年，嘉靖三十一年：宣、大二镇大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1553年，嘉靖三十二年：京师大饥，人相食，米石二两二钱。（《历代社会风俗事物考》引《金垒子》） # 1557年，嘉靖三十六年：三十六年，辽东大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1559年，嘉靖三十八年八月：以辽东连年饥馑，至有父食死子者，发银糴粟赈之。（《中外历史年表》） # 1588，万历十六年：十六年，河南饥，民相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1591年，万历十九年：（万历）十九年，（子俊民）还理部事。河南大饥，人相食，请发银米各数十万。（《明史·卷二百十四·列传第一百二·杨博等》㉕*） # 1593年，万历二十二年：二十二年，河南大饥，人相食，命（钟）化民兼河南道御史往振。荒政具举，民大悦。（《明史·卷二百二十七·列传第一百十五·庞尚鹏等》㉕*）</p><p>（陈登云）出按河南。岁大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷二百三十三·列传第一百二十一·姜应麟等》㉕）</p> # 1601年，万历二十九年：二十九年，两畿饥。阜平县饥，有食其稚子者。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1611年，万历三十九年：马孟祯，字泰符，桐城人。万历二十六年进士。……三十九年夏，怡神殿灾。孟祯言：“二十年来，郊庙、朝讲、召对、面议俱废，通下情者惟章奏。……畿辅、山东、山西、河南，比岁旱饥。民间卖女鬻儿，食妻啖子，铤而走险，急何能择。”（《明史·卷二百三十·列传第一百十八·蔡时鼎等》㉕*） # 康熙十二年修《青州府志》第20卷载，万历四十三年（1615年），山东青州府推官[[:w:黄槐开|黄槐开]]在一件申文中说：“自古饥年，止闻道殣相望与易子而食、析骸而爨耳。今屠割活人以供朝夕，父子不问矣，夫妇不问矣，兄弟不问矣。剖腹剜心，支解作脍，且以人心味为美，小儿味尤为美。甚有鬻人肉于市，每斤价钱六文者；有腌人肉于家，以备不时之需者；有割人头用火烧熟而吮其脑者；有饿方倒而众刀攒割立尽者；亦有割肉将尽而眼瞪瞪视人者。间有为人所诃禁，辄应曰："我不食人，人将食我。"愚民恬不为怪，有司法无所施。枭獍在途，天地昼晦。” # 1616年，万历四十四年：四十四年，山东饥甚，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）<p>今春以来，天鼓两震于晋地，流星昼陨于清丰，地震二十八，天火九，石首雨菽，河内女妖，辽东兵端吐火，即春秋二百四十年间，未有稠于今日者。且山东大昆，人相食，黄河水稽天。（《明史·卷二百五十七·列传第一百四十五·张鹤鸣等》㉕）</p><p>“以山东大饥，致母食死儿，夫食死妻，再振之。”（《中外历史年表》）</p> # 萬曆四十五年（1617年）連兩年山東大饑，蔡州有人肉市。“中州兄弟两无子，去山东买妾，遇二女，自称姑嫂，骗兄弟往。兄得小姑。小姑私语之曰：汝弟已为我嫂制成肉羹矣。兄急往视，弟头尚扔炕下。兄急诉之县，抵嫂于罪，兄带小姑去。”（《[[:w:棗林杂俎|棗林杂俎]]》） # 近日福建抽稅太監高采謬聽方士言：食小兒腦千餘，其陽道可復生如故。乃遍買童稚潛殺之。久而事彰聞，民間無肯鬻者，則令人遍往他所盜至送入，四方失兒者無算，遂至激變掣回。此等俱飛天夜叉化身也。<ref>[[s:萬曆野獲編/卷28#食人]]</ref> # 约1621年，天启初：天启初，奢崇明反，率众薄城。（董）尽伦偕知州翁登彦固守。贼遣使说降，尽伦大怒，手刃贼使，抉其睛啖之，屡挫贼锋，城获全。（《明史·卷二百九十·列传第一百七十八·忠义二》㉕*） # 1622年，天启二年：万化亦率苗仲九股陷龙里，遂围贵阳，自称罗甸王，时天启二年二月也。……外援既绝，攻益急，城中粮尽，人相食，而拒守不遗余力。（《明史·卷三百十六·列传第二百四·贵州土司》㉕*）<p>方官廪之告竭也，米升直二十金。食糠核草木败革皆尽，食死人肉，后乃生食人，至亲属相啖。彦方、运清部卒公屠人市肆，斤易银一两。枟尽焚书籍冠服，预戒家人，急则自尽，皆授以刀缳。城中户十万，围困三百日，仅存者千余人。（《明史·卷二百四十九·列传第一百三十七·朱燮元等》㉕）</p> # 1627年，清皇太极之天聪元年，天启七年：（清）国中大饥，斗米价银八两（天启时金一两合銀十两），人有相食者。国中银两虽多，无外贸易，是以银贱而诸物腾贵。良马银300两，牛一银百两，蟒缎一，银百五十两，布一匹，银九两。（《清太宗实录卷三》） # “天启辛酉，延安、庆阳、平凉旱，岁大饥。东事孔棘，有司惟顾军兴，征督如故，民不能供，道殣相望。或群职富者粟，惧捕诛，始聚为盗。盗起，饥益甚，连年赤地，斗米千钱不能得，人相食，从乱如归。饥民为贼由此而始。”<ref>《怀陵流寇始终录》，卷1，1页。</ref> # 1629年，崇禎二年，殺[[:w:袁崇煥|袁崇煥]]。[[:w:張岱|張岱]]《石匱書後集》：“（袁崇煥）遂於鎮撫司綁發西市，寸寸臠割之。割肉一塊，京師百姓從劊子手爭取生啖之。劊子亂撲，百姓以錢爭買其肉，頃刻立荊開腔出其腸胃，百姓群起搶之，得其一節者，和燒酒生嚙，血流齒頰間，猶唾地罵不已。拾得其骨者，以刀斧碎磔之，骨肉俱盡，止剩一首，傳視九邊。”，“时百姓怨恨，争啖其肉，皮骨已尽，心肺之间犹叫声不绝，半日而止，所谓活剐者也……百姓将银一钱，买肉一块，如手指大，噉之。食时必骂一声，须臾崇焕肉悉卖尽。”（[[:w:计六奇|计六奇]]：《[[:w:明季北略|明季北略]]》卷五） # 1633年，崇祯六年：（陈）三接，文水人。举崇祯六年乡试，知河间县。岁旱饥，人相食。（《明史·卷二百九十一·列传第一百七十九·忠义三》㉕*） # 1634年，崇祯七年：七年，京师饥，御史龚廷献绘《饥民图》以进。太原大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）<p>七年，西北大旱，秦、晋人相食，（吴甘来）疏请发粟以振。（《明史·卷二百六十六·列传第一百五十四·马世奇等》㉕）</p> # 1636年，崇祯九年：山西大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷二十三·本纪第二十三·庄烈帝一》㉕*） # 1637年，崇祯十年：十年浙江大饥，父子、兄弟、夫妻相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 崇禎十二年（1639年）[[:w:鄭鄤|鄭鄤]]以「杖母、姦妹」罪被磔死。《[[:w:明季北略|明季北略]]》记载鄭鄤被凌迟三千六百刀後，为“都人士”药用：“炮声响后，人皆跻足引领，顿高尺许，拥挤之极……归途所见，买生肉为疮疥药料者，遍长安市。二十年前之文章气节，功名显宦，竟与参术甘皮同奏肤功，亦大奇也。” # 1639年，崇祯十二年：十二年，两畿、山东、山西、陕西、江西饥。河南大饥，人相食，卢氏、嵩、伊阳三县尤甚。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1640年，崇禎十三年，全國有123州縣發生“人相食”，98州縣蝗災。{{Citation needed}}<p>是年，两畿、山东、河南、山、陕旱蝗，人相食。（《明史·卷二十四·本纪第二十四·庄烈帝二》㉕*）</p><p>关河大旱，人相食，土寇蜂起，陕西窦开远、河南李际遇为之魁，饥民从之，所在告警。（《明史·卷二百五十二·列传第一百四十·杨嗣昌等》㉕）</p><p>十三年，北畿、山东、河南、陕西、山西、浙江、三吴皆饥。自淮而北至畿南，树皮食尽，发瘗胔（坟墓里的尸体）以食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕）</p> # 1641年，崇祯十四年：德州斗米千钱，父子相食，行人断绝。大盗滋矣。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）</p><p>及崇祯时，常洵地近属尊，朝廷尊礼之。常洵日闭阁饮醇酒，所好惟妇女倡乐。秦中流贼起，河南大旱蝗，人相食，民间藉藉，谓先帝耗天下以肥王，洛阳富于大内。（《明史·卷一百二十·列传第八·诸王五》㉕）</p><p>芳奕，慷慨负智略，与秉衡同举于乡，为昌乐知县。解官归，岁大歉，人相食，倾橐济之。（《明史·卷二百九十三·列传第一百八十一·忠义五》㉕）</p><p>十四年（左懋第）督催漕运，道中驰疏言：“臣自静海抵临清，见人民饥死者三，疫死者三，为盗者四。米石银二十四两，人死取以食，惟圣明垂念。”（《明史·卷二百七十五·列传第一百六十三·张慎言等》㉕）</p> 崇禎十四年（1641年），「浙江大旱，飛蝗蔽天，食草根幾盡，人饑且疫」。崇祯十四年二月，时山东荒旱，寇盗益炽，徐德（南端到北端）数千里-{}-白骨纵横，父子相食，人迹断绝。（彭贻孙《平寇志》） # 1641年，崇祯十四年：（九月）十一日，秦师食尽，宗龙杀马骡以享军。明日，营中马骡尽，杀贼取其尸分啖之。（《明史·卷二百六十二·列传第一百五十·傅宗龙等》㉕*） # 明朝末年，四川大饑，“蜀大飢，人相食。先是丙戌、丁亥，連歲干涸，至是彌甚。赤地千里，糲米一斗價二十金，養麥一斗價七八金，久之亦無賣者篙芹木葉，取食殆盡。時有裹珍珠二昇，易一面不得而殆：有持數百金，買一飽不得而死。於是人皆相食，道路飢殍，剝取殆盡。無所得，父子、兄弟、夫妻，轉相賊殺。”（清·彭遵泅《蜀碧》卷四） # 「庚辰山西大饑，人相食，剖心，其竅多寡不等。或無竅，或五六，其二、三竅為多，心大小各異。」（《[[:w:棗林雜俎|棗林雜俎]]·和集》） # 明朝崇禎末年，河南和山東發生饑荒和蝗災，可以吃的東西都已經吃完，唯一剩下的可以吃的就只有人，於是便有了公開的人肉市場，其販賣的乃是活生生的人，稱之曰“[[:w:菜人|菜人]]”。[[:w:紀昀|紀昀]]《[[:w:閱微草堂筆記|閱微草堂筆記]]》有這樣的記載：“婦女幼孩，反接鬻於市，謂之菜人”。<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=《閱微草堂筆記》 |wslink=閱微草堂筆記 |chapter=卷2 |author=紀昀 | authorlink=紀昀}}</ref>而在[[:w:屈大均|屈大均]]創作的一首七言古詩《[[s:菜人哀|菜人哀]]》，內容即以第一視角描述一對夫妻在崇禎末年，一位丈夫因過於飢餓，將妻子賣予一家屠戶成為“菜人”。 # 《陕西通志》第86卷载有明朝崇祯年间[[:w:马懋才|马懋才]]的《备陈灾变疏》，疏中写道：“臣乡延安府，自去岁一年无雨，草木枯焦。八、九月间，民争采山间蓬草而食，其粒类糠皮，其味苦而涩，食之仅可延以不死。至十月以后而蓬尽矣；则剥树皮而食。诸树惟榆树差善，杂他树皮以为食，亦可稍缓其死。殆年终而树皮又尽矣，则又掘山中石块而食。甘石名青叶，味腥而腻，少食辄饱，不数日则腹胀下坠而死。民有不甘于食石以死者始相聚为盗，而一、二稍有积贮之民遂为所劫，而抢掠无遗矣。有司亦不能禁治。间有获者亦恬不知畏；且曰：“死于饥与死于盗等耳，与其坐而饥死，何若为盗而死，犹得为饱鬼也。” # [[:w:計六奇|計六奇]]說：“天降奇荒，所以资自成也！”<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=《明季北略》 |wslink=明季北略 |chapter=卷05 |author=計六奇|authorlink=計六奇}}</ref>。 # 崇禎十四年（1641年）二月，[[:w:李自成|李自成]]攻陷洛陽，殺重達三百六十多斤的福王[[:w:朱常洵|朱常洵]]，用他的肉和皇家園林裡的[[:w:梅花鹿|梅花鹿]]一同烹煮，在洛陽西關周公廟舉行宴會，賜給部下食用，名曰“福祿宴”。<ref>《明季北略·卷十七》：王体肥，重三百余筋，贼置酒大会，以王为菹，杂鹿肉食之，号福禄酒。</ref> # 约1644年，顺治二年：（刘）泽清颇涉文艺，好吟咏。尝召客饮酒唱和。幕中蓄两猿，以名呼之即至。一日，宴其故人子，酌酒金瓯中，瓯可容三升许，呼猿捧酒跪送客。猿狰狞甚，客战掉，逡巡不敢取。泽清笑曰：“君怖耶？”命取囚扑死阶下，剜其脑及心肝，置瓯中，和酒，付猿捧之前。饮酹，颜色自若。其凶忍多此类。（《明史·卷二百七十三·列传第一百六十一·左良玉等》㉕*） # 明末：中原盗起十余年，所在荼毒，督抚莫能办，率倡抚议，苟且幸无事，盗且服且叛。而河南比年大旱蝗，人相食，民益蜂起为盗。（《清史稿·卷五百·列传二百八十七·遗逸一》㉕*） # 时有将军安氵侃者，一岁丧母，事其父以孝闻。父病革，刲臂为汤饮父，父良已。（《明史·卷一百十六·列传第四·诸王》㉕*） # 襄陵王冲秌，宪王第二子，有至性。母病，刲股和药，病良已。（《明史·卷一百十八·列传第六·诸王三》㉕*） # （襄陵王冲秌之）子范址服其教，母荆罹危疾，亦刲股进之，愈。（《明史·卷一百十八·列传第六·诸王三》㉕*） # 刘铉，字宗器，长洲人。生弥月而孤。及长，刲股疗母疾。母卒，哀毁，以孝闻。（《明史·卷一百六十三·列传第五十一·李时勉等》㉕*） # （孙）祖寿初守固关，遘危疾，妻张氏割臂以疗，绝饮食者七日。祖寿生，而张氏旋死，遂终身不近妇人。（《明史·卷二百七十一·列传第一百五十九·贺世贤》㉕*） # 朱鉴，字用明，晋江人。童时刲股疗父疾。举乡试，授蒲圻教谕。（《明史·卷一百七十二·列传第六十·罗亨信等》㉕*） # 储巏，字静夫，泰州人。九岁能属文。母疾，刲股疗之，卒不起。（《明史·卷二百八十六·列传第一百七十四·文苑二》㉕*） # 许琰，字玉仲，吴县人。幼有至性，尝刲臂疗父疾。（《明史·卷二百九十五·列传第一百八十三·忠义七》㉕*） # 沈德四，直隶华亭人。祖母疾，刲股疗之愈。己而祖父疾，又刲肝作汤进之，亦愈。洪武二十六年被旌。寻授太常赞礼郎。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 上元姚金玉、昌平王德儿亦以刲肝愈母疾，与德四同旌。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 至二十七年九月，山东守臣言：“日照民江伯儿，母疾，割肋肉以疗，不愈。祷岱岳神，母疾瘳，愿杀子以祀。已果瘳，竟杀其三岁儿。”帝大怒曰：“父子天伦至重。《礼》父服长子三年。今小民无知，灭伦害理，亟宜治罪。”遂逮伯儿，仗之百，遣戍海南。因命议旌表例。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 永乐间，江阴卫卒徐佛保等复以割股被旌。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 夏子孝，字以忠，桐城人。六岁失母，哀哭如成人。九岁父得危疾，祷天地，刲股六寸许，调羹以进，父食之顿愈。翌日，子孝痛创，父诘其故，始知之。（《明史·卷二百九十七·列传第一百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 金子良亦有孝行，父病，刲股为羹以进，旋愈。（《明史·卷二百九十七·列传第一百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 唐俨，全州诸生也。父荫，郴州知州，归老得危疾。俨年十二，潜割臂肉进之，疾良已。及父殁，哀毁如成人。其后游学于外，嫡母寝疾。俨妻邓氏年十八，奋曰：“吾妇人，安知汤药。昔夫子以臂肉疗吾舅，吾独不能疗吾姑哉？”于是割胁肉以进，姑疾亦愈。（《明史·卷二百九十七·列传第一百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 刘孝妇，新乐韩太初妻。……刘事姑谨，姑道病，刺血和药以进。……及姑疾笃，刲肉食之，少苏，逾月而卒，殡之舍侧。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 程氏，扬州胡尚絅妻。尚絅婴危疾，妇刲腕肉啖之，不能咽而卒。妇号恸不食二日。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 杨泰奴，仁和杨得安女。许嫁未行。天顺四年，母疫病不愈。泰奴三割胸肉食母，不效。一日薄幕，剖胸取肝一片，昏仆良久。及苏，以衣裹创，手和粥以进，母遂愈。母宿有膝挛疾，亦愈。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 后有张氏，仪真周祥妻。姑病，医百方不效。一方士至其门曰：“人肝可疗。”张割左胁下，得膜如絮，以手探之没腕，取肝二寸许，无少痛，作羹以进姑，病遂瘳。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 李孝妇，临武人，名中姑，适江西桂廷凤。姑邓患痰疾，将不起，妇涕泣忧悼。闻有言乳肉可疗者，心识之。一日，煮药，巘香祷灶神，自割一乳，昏仆于地，气已绝。廷凤呼药不至，出视，见血流满地，大惊呼救，倾骇城市，邑长佐皆诣其庐，命亟治。俄有僧踵门曰：“以室中蕲艾傅之，即愈。”如其言，果苏，比求僧不复见矣。乃取乳和药奉姑，姑竟获全。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # 洪氏，怀宁章崇雅妻。崇雅早卒，洪守志十年。姑许，疾不能起，洪剜乳肉为羹而饮之，获愈，余肉投池中，不令人知。数日后，群鸭自水中衔出，鸣噪回翔，小童获以告姑。姑起视之，乳血犹淋漓也。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # 倪氏，兴化陆鳌妻。性纯孝，舅早世，悯姑老，朝夕侍寝处，与夫睽异者十五年。姑鼻患疽垂毙，躬为吮治，不愈，乃夜焚香告天，割左臂肉以进，姑啖之愈。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # 刘氏，张能信妻，太仆卿宪宠女，工部尚书九德妇也。性至孝，姑病十年，侍汤药不离侧。及病剧，举刀刲臂，侍婢惊持之。舅闻，嘱医言病不宜近腥腻，力止之。逾日，竟刲肉煮糜以进，则乃姑已不能食，乃大悔恨曰：“医绐我，使姑未鉴我心。”复刲肉寸许，恸哭奠箦前，将阖棺，取所奠置棺中曰：“妇不获复事我姑，以此肉伴姑侧，犹身事姑也。”乡人莫不称其孝。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # （颍）州又有台氏，诸生张云鹏妻。夫病，氏单衣蔬食，祷天愿代，割臂为糜以进。（《明史·卷三百三·列传第一百九十一·列女三》㉕*） ==清== 《清史稿》记载的割肉疗亲的事迹比二十五史以往各朝都多，但其实雍正有一段诏书不赞同割肉疗亲，朝廷的实际做法似乎是迫于民情不得已的情况下低调褒奖（“破格报可”），社会风气看来是称赞这种行为的。 * 雍正六年三月壬子，世宗谕曰：“……父母爱子，无所不至，若因己病而致其子割肝刲股以充饮馔、和汤药，纵其子无恙，父母未有不惊忧恻怛惨惕而不安者，况因此而伤生，岂父母所忍闻乎？父母有疾，固人子尽心竭力之时，傥能至诚纯孝，必且感天地、动鬼神，不必以惊世骇俗之为，著奇于日用伦常之外。……倘训谕之后，仍有不爱躯命，蹈于危亡者，朕亦不概加旌表，以成激烈轻生之习也。”（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》） * 清兴关外，俗纯朴，爱亲敬长，内悫而外严。既定鼎，礼教益备。定旌格，循明旧。亲存，奉侍竭其力；亲殁，善居丧，或庐于墓；亲远行，万里行求，或生还，或以丧归。友于兄弟，同居三五世以上，号义门，及诸义行，皆礼旌。亲病，刲股刳肝；亲丧，以身殉：皆以伤生有禁，有司以事闻，辄破格报可。所以教民者，若是其周其密也。国史承前例，撰次孝友传，亦颇及诸义行。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》） 历史记载中清朝的食人事件： # 努尔哈赤时代：扬古利，舒穆禄氏，世居浑春。父郎柱，为库尔喀部长，率先附太祖，……扬古利手刃杀父者，割耳鼻生啖之，时年甫十四，太祖深异焉。（《清史稿·卷二百二十六·列传十三·扬古利等》㉕*） # 清初：虞尔忘、尔雪，江南无锡人。国初江南多盗，尔忘、尔雪父罕卿董乡团，……罕卿死桥下矣。……知为盗杜息（所杀）。….. 比明，尔忘抱罕卿木主至，尔雪于其旁爇釜，尔忘取（杜）息舌，尔雪探心肝，且祭且啖，尔忘乃断（杜）息头。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 1627年，天聪元年，《太宗实录卷三》：“时国中大饥，斗米价银八两，人有相食者。国中银两虽多，无外贸易，是以银贱而诸物腾贵。良马，银三百两。牛一，银百两。蟒缎一，银百五十两。布匹一，银九两。盗贼繁兴，偷窃牛马，或行劫杀。于是诸臣入奏曰：盗贼若不按律严惩，恐不能止息。上恻然，谕曰：今岁国中因年饥乏食，致民不得已而为盗耳。缉获者，鞭而释之可也。遂下令，是岁谳狱，姑从宽典。仍大发帑金，散赈饥民。” # 1631年，皇太极天聪四年：顷大凌河之役，城中人相食，明人犹死守，及援尽城降，而锦州、松、杏犹不下。（《清史稿·卷二·本纪二·太宗本纪一》㉕*）<p>旋有王世龙者，越城出降，言城中粮竭，商贾诸杂役多死，存者人相食，马毙殆尽。（《清史稿·卷二百三十四·列传二十一·孔有德等》㉕）</p><p>祖大壽疏奏：“被圍將及三月，城中食盡，殺人相食。”（《崇禎長編》卷五二）。</p><p>明大凌河城內，糧絕薪盡。軍士飢甚，殺其修城夫役及商賈平民為食，析骸而炊。又執軍士之羸弱者，殺而食之。（《清太宗實錄·卷十》）</p> # 1635年，皇太极天聪八年：先是，察哈尔林丹西奔图白特，其部众苦林丹暴虐，逗遛者什七八，食尽，杀人相食，屠劫不已，溃散四出。（《清史稿·卷二·本纪二·太宗本纪一》㉕*） # 1645年，顺治二年：二年，耒（枣？）阳、襄阳、光化、宜城大饥，人相食。”（{{cite wikisource |title=《清史稿·卷44·志十九·災異五》 |wslink=清史稿/卷44 |author=趙爾巽|authorlink=趙爾巽}}㉕*） # 1648年，顺治五年：五年春，广州、鹤庆（大理，洱海之北）嵩明（昆明市东北）大饥，人相食。”（{{cite wikisource |title=《清史稿·卷42·志十七·災異三》 |wslink=清史稿/卷42 |author=趙爾巽|authorlink=趙爾巽}}㉕*） # 順治九年八月，漳州被圍半年，城中缺糧，一碗稀粥索價白銀四兩。居民以老鼠、麻雀、樹根、樹葉、水萍、紙張和皮革等物為食，餓死者不計其數，“城中人自相食，百姓十死其八，兵馬盡皆枵腹”<ref>《明清史料》丁編，第一本，第七十五頁《查明漳州解圍功次殘件》。</ref>。 # 1654年，顺治十一年：顺治十一年，明将李定国攻新会，城守阅八月，食尽，杀人马为食。（《清史稿·卷五百十·列传二百九十七·列女三》㉕*） # 顺治年間，“安邑知县鹿尽心者，得痿痺疾。有方士挟乩术，自称刘海蟾，教以食小儿脑即愈。鹿信之，辄以重价购小儿击杀食之，所杀伤甚众，而病不减。因复请于乩仙，复教以生食乃可愈。因更生凿小儿脑吸之。致死者不一，病竟不愈而死。事随彰闻，被害之家，共置方士于法。”<ref>[[:w:王士祯|王士祯]]：《池北偶谈·鹿尽心》</ref> # 康熙十八年（1679年），山东“终年不雨，大饥，人相食。”（乾隆《青城（即今高青）县-{}-志》卷10） # 1681年，康熙二十年：诇知粮将罄，人相食，与诸将环而攻之。（吴）世璠众内乱，欲擒世璠以降，世璠自杀。（《清史稿·卷二百五十四·列传四十一·赉塔等》㉕*） # 1698年，康熙三十七年春：三十七年春，平定、乐平大饥，人相食。”（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1703年，康熙四十二年：永年（邯郸东北）、东明（大名府之南部，山东曹州西）饥。秋：沛县、亳州、东阿、曲阜、蒲县（属隰州，非蒲城县）、滕县大饥。冬，汶上、沂州、莒州、兖州、东昌、郓城大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1704年，康熙四十三年：四十三年春，泰安大饥，人相食，死者枕藉。肥城，东平大饥，人相食。武定（惠民）、滨州（武定东）、商河（武定西南）、阳信（武定北）、利津、沾化饥；兖州、登州大饥，民死大半，至食屋草；昌邑、即墨、掖县、高密、膠州大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1785年，乾隆五十年：秋，寿光、昌乐、安丘、诸城大饥，父子相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1786年，乾隆五十一年：五十一年春，山东各府、州、县大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*）<p>《病榻梦痕录》卷上乾隆五十一年（１７８６）条记载了苏皖鲁等地的灾情，时灾民卖妻鬻子，“流丐载道”，“尸横道路”，尸体“埋于土，辄被人刨发，刮肉而啖”。</p> # 1801，嘉庆六年: 罗思举，字天鹏，四川东乡人。……（嘉庆）六年，歼张世龙于铁溪河，……自是转战老林，饷不时至，煮马鞯，啗贼肉以追贼。……尝酒酣袒身示人，战创斑斑，为父母刲股痕凡七，其忠孝盖出天性云。（《清史稿·卷三百四十七·列传一百三十四·杨遇春等》㉕*） # 1832年，道光十二年：夏，紫阳大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1833年，道光十三年：夏，保康、郧县、房县饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1834年，道光十四年：十四年春，归州、兴山大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1847年，道光二十七年：二十七年，南乐饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1857年，咸丰七年：七年春，肥城、东平大饥，死者枕藉；鱼台、日照、临朐亦饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1863年，同治二年，[[:w:石達開|石達開]]的軍隊為[[:w:大渡河|大渡河]]的涨水所阻，當時石部全軍已是“覓食無所得，有相殺噬人肉者”。（许亮儒遗著《擒石野史》） # [[:w:陈康祺|陈康祺]]《郎潜纪闻二笔》记载“同治三、四年，皖南到处食人，人肉始买三十文一斤，后增至一百二十文一斤，句容、二溧，八十文一斤，惨矣。” # 同治三年（1864年），皖南人相食，人肉價格大漲。《曾国藩日记》同治三年四月廿二日记载：“皖南到处食人，人肉始卖三十文一斤，近闻增至百二十文一斤，句容、二溧八十文一斤。”《曾國藩日記》又記載：“[[:w:太平天国|洪楊]]之亂，[[:w:江蘇|江蘇]]人肉賣九十文一斤，漲到一百三十文錢一斤。” # 1866年，同治五年：五年，兰州饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1867年，同治六年：五年，（穆图善）收灵州。……明年，署陕甘总督，值岁大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四百五十四·列传二百四十一·刘锦棠》㉕*） # 1868年，同治七年：七年春，即墨、孝义厅、蓝田、沔县饥。夏，泾州大饥，人相食。《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*）<p>时庆阳大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四百五十四·列传二百四十一·刘锦棠等》㉕）</p><p> 同治七年（1868年），[[:w:定西|定西]]、[[:w:通渭|通渭]]大旱，時逢戰亂，瘟疫並起，人相食。{{Citation needed|Date=January 2025}}</p> # 1877年，光绪三年：是岁，山、陕大旱，人相食。（《清史稿·卷二十三·本纪二十三·德宗本纪一》㉕*）<p>丁戊奇荒是中国华北地区发生于清朝光绪元年（1875年）至四年（1878年）之间的一场罕见的特大旱灾饥荒。灾害波及山西、直隶、陕西、河南、山东、甘肃等好几个省份，“饿殍载途，白骨盈野”，饿死的人竟达一千万以上，逃亡两千万以上。随著灾情的发展，可食之物的罄尽，“人食人”的惨剧发生了。大旱的第三年（1877年）冬天，重灾区山西，到处都有人食人现象。吃人肉、卖人肉者，比比皆是。有活人吃死人肉的，还有将老人或孩子活杀吃的……无情旱魔，把灾区变成了人间地狱! 在河南，侥幸活下来的饥民大多奄奄一息，“既无可食之肉，又无割人之力”，一些气息犹存的灾民，倒地之后即为饿犬残食。{{Citation needed|Date=January 2025}}《申报》1877年12月7日载：“今岁豫省之灾，亦不减于山右，……灾黎数百万，几有易子析骸之惨”</p> # 1900年，光绪二十六年：二十六年，两宫西狩，关中大饥，人相食，（唐）锡晋醵金四十万往赈，历二州八县，艰困不少阻。（《清史稿·卷四百五十二·列传二百三十九·洪汝奎等》㉕*） # 1910年，宣统二年十二月：是月，江、淮饥，人相食。东三省疫。（《清史稿·卷二十五·本纪二十五·宣统皇帝本纪》㉕*） # 1911年，宣统三年：钟麟同，字建堂，山东济宁州人。威海武备学堂毕业。……宣统三年九月初九日，七十三标兵变，夜半，自北校场入城。……以手枪自击而仆，变军碎其尸，剖心啖之。上闻，有“忠骸支解，惨不忍闻”之谕，谥忠壮。（《清史稿·卷四百九十六·列传二百八十三·忠义十》㉕*） # 光熙，本名惠熙，字亮臣。少从盛昱游，励学。钟琦遘危疾，尝刲股和药以进。（《清史稿·卷四百六十九·列传二百五十六·恩铭等》㉕*） # 礼堂，字和贵。事亲孝。父继宏，久疟，冬月畏火，礼堂潜以身温被。居丧如礼，笑不见齿。母遘危疾，刲股合药，私祷于神，减齿以延亲寿。（《清史稿·卷四百八十一·列传二百六十八·儒林二》㉕*） # 宋大樽，字左彝，仁和人。弱岁，刲股愈母疾，让产其弟。（《清史稿·卷四百八十五·列传二百七十二·文苑二》㉕*） # 潘德舆，字四农，山阳人。年五六岁，母病不食，亦不食。父咯血，刲臂肉和药进，父察其色动，泣曰：“固知儿有是也！”（《清史稿·卷四百八十六·列传二百七十三·文苑三》㉕*） # 曾艾，字虎卿，湖南新化人。尝割左臂疗父疾。（《清史稿·卷四百八十九·列传二百七十六·忠义三》㉕*） # 陈源兖，字岱云，湖南茶陵州人。道光十八年进士，改翰林，授编修，旋授江西吉安府。先是源兖妻易氏以源兖遘疾几殆，籥天原以身代，刲臂和药饮源兖，源兖以愈，易氏旋病卒。同乡公举孝妇，请旌于朝。（《清史稿·卷四百九十·列传二百七十七·忠义四》㉕*） # 沈瀛，字士登，江苏吴县人。尝刲臂疗母疾。（《清史稿·卷四百九十六·列传二百八十三·忠义十》㉕*） # 李盛山，福建罗源人。母病，割肝以救，伤重，卒。巡抚常赉疏请旌，下礼部，礼部议轻生愚孝，无旌表之例。雍正六年三月壬子，世宗谕曰：“……父母爱子，无所不至，若因己病而致其子割肝刲股以充饮馔、和汤药，纵其子无恙，父母未有不惊忧恻怛惨惕而不安者，况因此而伤生，岂父母所忍闻乎？父母有疾，固人子尽心竭力之时，傥能至诚纯孝，必且感天地、动鬼神，不必以惊世骇俗之为，著奇于日用伦常之外。……倘训谕之后，仍有不爱躯命，蹈于危亡者，朕亦不概加旌表，以成激烈轻生之习也。”盛山仍予旌表。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 吕斅孚，湖南永定人。父孟卿，贫，以客授自给。母病将殆，思肉食，斅孚方七岁，贷诸屠，屠不可，泣而归。闻母呻吟，益痛，内念股肉可啗母，取厨刀砺使利，割右股四寸许，授其女弟，方五岁，令就炉火炙以进。母疾良已，孟卿归，察斅孚足微跛，得其状，与母持以哭。斅孚曰：“毋然，儿固无所苦也。”……孟卿亦尝刲股愈父病，然斅孚割股时，初不知父有是事也。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 汪灏，江南休宁人。晨、日昂、日升，其弟也。父病咯血，灏年十六，割股和药进，良愈。后数年病足，晨割股炼为末，敷治亦愈。又数年复咯血，晨复割臂以疗。更数年，疾大作，灏复割臂，勿瘳。晨病，日昂泣曰：“吾兄割臂愈父，吾不能割以愈吾兄乎？”众尼之。懵且仆，匠治棺，日升持匠斧断指，血淋漓，调药以饮晨。有司表其门曰“一门四孝友”。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 觉罗色尔岱，满洲镶红旗人，德世库七世孙也。性笃孝。年十七，父病，医不效，乃割左臂为糜以进，病稍间，旋歾。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 康熙间，以割臂疗亲旌者，有翁杜、佟良，与色尔岱同时有克什布。翁杜，满洲镶白旗人；佟良，蒙古镶黄旗人：官防御。克什布，满洲镶红旗人，官三等侍卫。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 奚缉营，字圣辉，江苏宝山人。父士本，以孝旌。缉营幼读论语，至“父母之年，不可不知”，辄陨涕簌簌，师奇之，谓真孝子子也。母病，刲臂以疗。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 张三爱，江南歙县人。为人役。事母孝，母病，不能具药物。或谓之曰：“汝欲愈母病，盍刲肝？”三爱祷于丛祠，破腹，肝堕出，以右手劙肝，得指许，左手纳于腹，束以白麻。归以肝和羹饮母，母良愈，三爱创亦合。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 杨献恒，山东益都人。父加官，与济南杨开泰有隙，……开泰计必欲杀献恒，遣其子承恩至青州谋诸吏。献恒潜知之，持铁骨朵挟刃至所居。承恩方与吏耳语，伺其出，以铁骨朵击之，仆，急拔刀断其喉，又抉其睛啖之，诣县自陈，出所藏银为证。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 刘希向，江南山阳人。……父病，希向为割股，良愈。希向年六十，病噎，其子亦割股，刀钝，肉不决，剪之，乃下，然希向竟不瘳。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 县有嫠张陈氏，家贫，刲肉以奉姑，训予田十亩助其养。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 李孔昭，字光四，蓟州人。……崇祯十五年进士，……母病，刲股疗之。（《清史稿·卷五百一·列传二百八十八·遗逸二》㉕*） # 萧学华妻贺，湖南安化人。贺父徙陕西，学华赘其家。年余，学华归省母，贺欲与俱，父不许，贺割股肉付夫以奉姑。姑適病，学华烹肉进，病良已。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 子日焜妻李，尝刲股愈母病，事祖姑及姑孝。姑病，割臂进，病目，舐以舌，良已。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 王钜妻施，钜，萧山人；施，富阳人。姑严，小不当意，辄呵斥，施屏息不敢声。姑病反胃甚，医以为不治，施刲股和药进，病良已，姑遇施如故。钜疾作，施视疾惫，病瘵卒，姑犹不善施。钜以刲股事告，视其尸，信，乃大恸曰：“吾负孝妇！”（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 陈文世妻刘，郧人。陈、刘皆农家，刘待年于陈。既婚，姑年七十二，病噎，刘割臂和药以进，疾少间；既而复作，不食已十日，垂尽矣。刘夜屏人，杀鸡誓于神，持小刀自劙其胸二寸许，出肝刲半，取布束创，以肝与鸡同瀹汤奉姑。姑久不言，忽曰：“汤香甚！”饮之竟，病良愈，刘亦旋平。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 林经妻陈，连江人，姑盲性卞，常臆妇藐己，陈断三指自明，姑为之悔。经病，刲股；经卒，以节终。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 林云铭妻蔡，云铭，闽人；……耿精忠反，下云铭狱，蔡忧之，呕血殷紫，女瑛佩剜臂肉入药，旋苏。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 崔龙见妻钱，名孟钿，字冠之，一字浣青。龙见，永济人；钱，武进人，侍郎维城女。九岁刲臂疗父疾。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 张茂信妻方，茂信，河津人；方仪徵人。方尝割股愈舅疾，舅与茂信皆卒，奉姑刘。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # （袁）进忠病，疡生于胫，（养）女刲股以疗，家人皆不知，而长女虐愈甚。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 王前洛聘妻林，潜山人。前洛病，林父饣鬼药，林潜刲股入药。前洛卒，固请奔丧，引刀誓不嫁。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 徐文经聘妻姚，名淑金，侯官人。文经卒，淑金屡求死，乃归于徐。贫，舅殁，姑疾作，刲股以疗。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 乔涌涛聘妻方，桐城人。涌涛卒，涌涛母丁亦病，方请于父母，归于乔。以姑病寒疾，亦薄其衣当风雪。刲股以进姑，病良已。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 袁绩懋妻左，绩懋见《忠义传》。左名锡璇，字芙江，阳湖人。事亲孝，父病，刲臂和药进。工诗善画，书法尤精，著有卷葹阁诗集。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 何其仁聘妻李，路南人。嘉庆十一年，年十六，未行。其仁及其父皆病笃，李割股畀叔母使送婿家。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 林国奎妻郑，闽人。国奎卒，有子二。郑将殉，姑诫以存孤，乃已。一子殇，遂自沉于江，渔者拯以还。姑疾，刲肝杂糜进，疾良已。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 吉山妻瓜尔佳氏，名惠兴，满洲人，杭州驻防。早寡，事姑谨，尝刲肱疗姑疾。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 王如义妻向，涪州人。幼能为诗文。如义，农家子，向恒劝之读。道光十六年，如义暴卒，姑喻之嫁，矢以死。舅病，为刲股。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 许会妻张，颍州人。姑姣而虐，恶张端谨不类，日诟且挞，张事姑益恭。姑病，刲股以疗，姑虐如故。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 安于磐妻朱、后妻田，于磐，贵州蛮夷司长官。初娶朱，事姑孝，姑病，刲股，卒。复娶田，于磐病，刲股。于磐卒，抚诸子成立。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 田养民妻杨，养民，朗溪司长官；杨，邑梅司人也。年十二，母病，刲股。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 伊嵩阿，拜都氏，满洲镶黄旗人；妻希光，钮祜禄氏，正白旗人，总督爱必达女也。伊嵩阿为大学士永贵从子，早卒。方病时，希光割股进，终不起，许以死。爱必达、永贵共喻之，誓毕婚嫁乃殉。为伊嵩阿弟娶，嫁女妹及二女，次女行之明日，自缢死。张遗诗于壁，略谓：“十载要盟，此日当报命。”乾隆四十六年三月事也。永贵疏闻，高宗为赋诗，旌其节。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 朱承宇妻曹，承宇，无锡人；曹，武进人：皆农家也。生二子、一女，而承宇死。承宇弟迫之嫁，曹以死拒。……哭于承宇墓，还，遂缢。……及敛，左臂创未合，盖承宇病时尝割臂也。父为讼于县，罪迫嫁者。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） ==中华民国== 1936年“3月1日万源曹家沟某家七人，饿毙四人；余三人气息奄奄，竟为逃荒饥民杀死，分割炙食无余。”{{cfn|许汉三|y=1985}} 1936年3月19日四川省报载：“北川县人肉每斤五百文。片口镇饥民张彭氏、何张氏、陈顺氏因饥饿难忍，挖掘死尸围食，被捕。”{{cfn|许汉三|y=1985}} 1936年四川《民间意识》杂志汇载四川各地吃人的消息：“松潘半边街居民陈氏，自杀其八岁的亲生女而食，食尽仍病饿而死。沿途数百里内，人血、白骨与饿死者，填满沟壑。”{{cfn|许汉三|y=1985}} 民國30年（1941）-民國32年（1943）河南省大旱，人相食。1942年河南省赈济会推选[[:w:杨一峰|杨一峰]]、[[:w:刘庄甫|刘庄甫]]、[[:w:任兆鲁|任兆鲁]]三人等赴[[:w:重庆|重庆]]，请国民党中央免除徵賦，蒋介石拒不接见。大公报主笔[[:w:王芸生|王芸生]]在1942年的一篇《看重庆，念中原》的社论中写道：“饿死的暴骨失肉，逃亡的扶老携幼，妻离子散，挤人丛，挨棍打，未必能够得到赈济委员会的登记证。吃杂草的毒发而死，吃干树皮的忍不住刺喉绞肠之苦。把妻女驮运到遥远的人肉市场，未必能够换到几斗粮食。”[[:w:冯小刚|冯小刚]]於2012年拍摄的电影《一九四二》讲的正是这段时期发生的故事。 1948年6月[[:w:國共內戰|國共內戰]]期間，[[:w:中共|中共]]将领[[:w:林彪|林彪]]進行[[:w:長春圍城|長春圍城]]，禁止糧食進城，國軍于是收集城內的糧食，造成很多人餓死街頭。10月21日，城內守軍[[:w:鄭洞國|鄭洞國]]投降。活過來的人說，「就喝死人腦瓜殼裡的水，都是蛆。就這麼熬著，盼著，盼開卡子放人。就那麼幾步遠，就那麼瞅著，等人家一句話放生。卡子上天天宣傳，說誰有槍就放誰出去。真有有槍的，真放，交上去就放人。每天都有，都是有錢人，在城裡買了準備好的，都是手槍。咱不知道。就是知道，哪有錢買呀！」參加圍城的中共官兵說：「在外邊就聽說城裡餓死多少人，還不覺怎麼的。從死人堆裡爬出多少回了，見多了，心腸硬了，不在乎了。可進城一看那樣子就震驚了，不少人就流淚了。」<ref>张正隆：《雪白血红》</ref> ==中華人民共和國== === 三年大跃进时期 === 1959年－1961年「[[:w:大跃进|大躍進]]」期間，中國大陸發生“[[:w:三年困难时期|三年大饑荒]]”，据各方估计共造成1500万-5500万[[:w:非正常死亡|非正常死亡]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961|author=|url=https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pyared/papers/famines.pdf|first1=XIN|last2=QIAN|first2=NANCY|date=2015-01|journal=Review of Economic Studies|issue=4|doi=10.1093/restud/rdv016|others=|year=|volume=82|page=|pages=1568–1611|pmid=|last3=YARED|first3=PIERRE|archive-date=2019-09-06|url-status=|via=|last1=MENG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906163322/https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pyared/papers/famines.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite web|title=西方学术界的大跃进饥荒研究|url=http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/webmanager/wkfiles/2012/201503_38_paper.pdf|author=陈意新|date=2015-01|format=|work=[[:w:香港中文大学|香港中文大学]]|publisher=《江苏大学学报》|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517052743/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/webmanager/wkfiles/2012/201503_38_paper.pdf|archive-date=2021-05-17|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]|author=Felix Wemheuer|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41262812|date=2011|journal=The China Journal|issue=66|doi=|others=|year=|editor-last=Dikötter|editor-first=Frank|volume=|page=|pages=155–164|issn=1324-9347|pmid=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141524/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41262812|archive-date=2020-07-27|dead-url=no}}</ref>。餓殍遍野，到處都有餓死倒斃在路邊的人，有些地方甚至出現吃人肉的現象。[[:w:楊繼繩|杨继绳]]所著的《[[:w:墓碑 (书籍)|墓碑]]》一書援引梁志遠的《關於「特種案件」的匯報——安徽亳縣人吃人見聞錄》記載指人吃人並不是個別現象：“其面積之廣，數量之多，時間之長，實屬世人罕見”{{cfn|楊繼繩|y=2008|p=274}}。 1960年春，吃人肉情況不斷發生，人肉的交易市場也隨之出現在城郊、集鎮、農民擺攤等{{cfn|楊繼繩|y=2008|p=278}}。三年大饑荒的[[:w:口述歷史|口述歷史]]《[[:w:尋找大饑荒倖存者|尋找大饑荒倖存者]]》记载了四十九起人吃人事件<ref name="rfa">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/wenyitiandi-cite/yujie-01082014125845.html|title=为当代中国修筑一面“哭墙”--依娃《寻找大饥荒幸存者》|publisher=[[:w:自由亚洲电台|自由亚洲电台]]|date=2014-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722001314/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/wenyitiandi-cite/yujie-01082014125845.html|archive-date=2020-07-22|dead-url=no|language=zh|author=余杰|authorlink=余杰}}</ref>。人吃人事件在[[:w:四川|四川]]、[[:w:甘肅|甘肅]]、[[:w:青海|青海]]、[[:w:西藏|西藏]]、[[:w:陝西|陝西]]、[[:w:寧夏|寧夏]]、[[:w:河北|河北]]、[[:w:遼寧|遼寧]]皆有耳聞，幾乎遍及全國{{cfn|貝克|y=2005}}。據作家[[:w:沙青|沙青]]的[[:w:报告文学|報告文學]]記載：「有一戶農家，吃得只剩了父親和一男一女兩個孩子。一天，父親將女兒趕出門去，等女孩回家時，弟弟不見了，鍋裡浮著一層白花花油乎乎的東西，灶邊扔著一具骨頭。幾天之後，父親又往鍋裡添水，然後招呼女兒過去。女孩嚇得躲在門外大哭，哀求道：『爸爸，別吃我，我給你摟草、燒火，吃了我沒人給你做活。』」<ref>{{Cite web|title=依稀大地湾——大饥荒年代|url=https://boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2004/12/200412281348.shtml?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_cf65954eb189551663c797db8d490efde1f84d97-1626912600-0-gqNtZGzNAg2jcnBszQti|author=沙青|date=2004-12-28|publisher=[[:w:博讯|博讯]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822033646/http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/z_special/2004/12/200412281348.shtml|archive-date=2008-08-22|dead-url=no}}</ref> * '''四川'''：《[[:w:中國大饑荒，1958-1962|中國大饑荒，1958-1962]]》引用的中國官方檔案中有吃人記載，如在[[:w:四川省|四川省]][[:w:石柱土家族自治縣|石柱土家族自治縣]]的桥头区，老妇人罗文秀是第一个开始吃人肉的人。在家人一家七口全部死去后，罗文秀把三岁女童马发慧的尸体挖出来。她把小女孩儿的肉割下来，用辣椒调味，然后蒸熟吃掉<ref name="紐約時報">{{cite news|url=http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20120917/c17famine/|title=記錄大饑荒人相食的慘劇|publisher=《[[:w:紐約時報|紐約時報]]》|date=2012年9月17日|archive-date=2013年10月23日|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023013637/http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20120917/c17famine/|dead-url=no|author=DIDI KIRSTEN TATLOW|language=zh}}</ref>。另一份1961年1月27日的文件，讲述了一个四川母亲用毛巾勒死了自己五岁大的儿子，“吃了四顿”。调查者王德明写道，“这样令人震惊的可怕事件远非只有这一起。”<ref name="紐約時報" /> * '''河南'''：1959年10月至1960年4月，[[:w:信阳事件|信陽事件]]，[[:w:商丘|商丘]]、[[:w:開封|開封]]餓得人身浮腫，吃樹皮，餓死100萬（到數百萬）人口，時諺：“人吃人，狗吃狗，老鼠餓得啃磚頭。”“信陽五里店村一個14、15歲的小女孩，将4、5歲的弟弟殺死煮了吃了，因爲父母都餓死了，只剩下這兩個孩子，女孩餓得不行，就吃弟弟。”{{cfn|楊繼繩|y=2008}} 河南省[[:w:固始县|固始縣]]官方記載有二百例人吃人事件，縣委以“破壞屍體”為名，逮捕群眾{{cfn|貝克|y=2005|p=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjpdAAAAIAAJ&q=固始縣+二百}}。鹿邑、夏邑、虞城、永城等县共发现吃死人肉的情况20多起。据中央工作组魏震报告，鹿邑县从1959年10月到1960年11月，发现人吃人的事件6起。马庄公社马庄大队庞王庄18岁女子王玉娥于1960年4月19日将堂弟弟5岁的王怀郎溺死煮食，怀郎14岁的亲姐姐小朋也因饥饿吃了弟弟的肉。<ref>{{cite news |title=[杨继绳]《墓碑》――中国六十年代大饥荒纪实. |url=http://|publisher=第54頁 |accessdate=2022-03-23}}</ref> * '''甘肃'''：[[:w:通渭县|通渭縣]]，1958年全縣糧食實產8300多萬斤，虛報1.8億斤。人口大量死亡；有人回憶“1959年11月到臘月，死的人多。老百姓一想那事就要流淚。餓死老人家的，餓死婆娘的，日子過得糊裡糊塗。把人煮了吃，肉割來煮了吃……人甚麼也不想，甚麼也不怕，就想吃，想活。把娃娃、自己的娃娃吃下的，也有；把外面逃到村上的人殺了吃的，也有。吃下自己娃娃的，浮腫，中毒，不像人樣子。有的病死了，也有救下的。吃了娃娃心裡慘的，吃過就後悔了，自己恨自己。在村子里住不下去，沒人理他，嫌他臟。”（《50年代末大飢荒驚人記實》） * '''青海'''：人吃人事件110多起，漢東公社楊家灘生產隊的婦女竟吃了9個小孩<ref>武文軍:《餓魂祭:中國六十年代饑荒考》，蘭州學刊2005年專輯，蘭州社會科學院主編，p110-110</ref>。 * '''湖南'''：据余习广《吃人饿鬼：[[:w:刘家远惨杀亲子食子案|刘家远惨杀亲子食子案]]》記載，[[:w:湖南|湖南]][[:w:澧县|澧县]]如东公社男子刘家远，將自己儿子殺害後烹煮食用。刘家远也因食子而被處決<ref>{{cite news|title=毛泽东时代惨剧：三年大饥荒饥民十大奇吃|url=https://www.dwnews.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/59674203/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%83%A8%E5%89%A7%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92%E9%A5%A5%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%87%E5%90%83|publisher=[[:w:共识网|共识网]]|archive-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105165243/https://www.dwnews.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/59674203/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%83%A8%E5%89%A7%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92%E9%A5%A5%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%87%E5%90%83|dead-url=no|author=惠风（原作者：彭劲秀）|date=2014-03-11|language=zh|agency=[[:w:多維新聞|多維新聞]]}}</ref>。 * '''安徽'''：作家[[:w:王立新 (1949年)|王立新]]1980年代曾赴[[:w:凤阳县|凤阳]]采访过，他在报告文学中写道：“梨园乡小岗生产队严俊冒告诉我：1960年，我们村附近有个死人塘，浮埋着许多饿死的人。为什么浮埋？饿得没力气呀，扔几锹土了事。说起来，对不起祖先，也对不起冤魂。人饿极了，什么事都干得出来。我的一位亲戚见人到死人塘割死人的腿肚子吃，她也去了。开始有点怕，后来惯了，顶黑去顶黑回。我问她：‘怎么能……？’她叹息道：‘饿极了。’”<ref>[[:w:李锐 (1917年)|李锐]]《大跃进亲历记》（南方出版社1999年版）</ref> === 文化大革命时期 === {{main|:w:广西文革屠杀}} [[:w:文化大革命|文化大革命]]時期（1966-1976年），[[:w:广西壮族自治区|广西壮族自治区]]除[[:w:广西文革屠杀|私刑、屠杀事件众多]]外，亦傳出多起食人事件<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=不反思“文革”的社会，就是个食人部落|url=http://history.people.com.cn/n/2013/0305/c200623-20680503.html|author=[[:w:张鸣 (学者)|张鸣]]|date=2013-03-05|format=|work=|publisher=《[[:w:中国青年报|中国青年报]]》|agency=[[:w:人民网|人民网]]|language=zh|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625141907/http://history.people.com.cn/n/2013/0305/c200623-20680503.html|archivedate=2020-06-25|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=我参与处理广西文革遗留问题|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html|accessdate=2019-11-29|author=晏乐斌|date=|format=|work=|publisher=《[[:w:炎黄春秋|炎黄春秋]]》|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207031844/http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html|archive-date=2019-12-07|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=广西文革中的吃人狂潮|url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c155-201605003.pdf|accessdate=|author=[[:w:宋永毅|宋永毅]]|date=|format=|publisher=[[:w:香港中文大学|香港中文大学]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127184237/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c155-201605003.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-27|dead-url=no}}</ref>。作家[[:w:鄭義 (作家)|鄭義]]曾在文革後赴廣西調查，于1993年出版《[[:w:红色纪念碑|红色纪念碑]]》一书，據他的統計廣西全省至少有一千人被食。紀錄片「文革廣西[[:w:武宣县|武宣縣]]紅衛兵吃人肉事件」評論称：“這些食人事件並不是因為飢荒，而是因為政治運動製造出來的仇恨心態<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vR2JhwcEM1A |title=文革廣西武宣縣紅衛兵吃人肉事件 |accessdate=2015-07-25 |archive-date=2016-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316105309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vR2JhwcEM1A |dead-url=no }}</ref>”。 其中人食人最厲害的地方之一是廣西[[:w:武宣县|武宣縣]]，官方调查发现至少38人被吃<ref name=":0" />，民间研究调查则发现有70余人<ref name=":4" />甚至上百人被吃<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976|accessdate=|author=[[:w:宋永毅|宋永毅]]|date=2011-08-25|format=|publisher=[[:w:巴黎政治学院|巴黎政治学院]]（Sciences Po）|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425062821/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976|archive-date=2019-04-25|dead-url=no}}</ref>。武宣县“一女民兵因参与杀人坚定勇敢，且专吃男人生殖器而臭名远播，并因此入党做官，官至武宣县革委副主任。处遗时期中共中央书记处一天一个电话催问处理结果，并严厉责问：‘像这样的人，为什么还不赶快开除党籍？’但该副主任拒不承认专吃生殖器，只承认一起吃过人。最后的处理是开除党籍，撤销领导职务。现已调离武宣。”{{cfn|鄭義|y=1993|p=74-75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBxAAAAIAAJ&q=武宣縣+副主任}} == 参考文献 == === 引用 === {{Reflist|30em}} === 来源 === {{refbegin}} * 王永寬：《中國古代酷刑》 * [[:w:黃文雄 (作家)|黃文雄]]：《中國食人史》 * 黃粹涵：《中國食人史料鈔》 * {{cite book |author=许汉三 |title=《黃炎培年谱》 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2djAAAAIAAJ |year=1985年 |publisher=文史资料出版社 |ref=harv |access-date=2021-04-19 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426094608/https://books.google.com/books?id=z2djAAAAIAAJ }} * {{cite book |author=鄭義 |title=《紅色紀念碑》 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBxAAAAIAAJ |year=1993年 |publisher=華視文化 |isbn=978-957-572-048-3 |ref=harv |access-date=2021-04-19 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426200250/https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBxAAAAIAAJ }} * {{cite book |author=楊繼繩 |author-link=楊繼繩 |title=《墓碑——中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 上篇》 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnglAQAAMAAJ |year=2008年 |publisher=天地圖書 |isbn=978-988-211-909-3 |ref=harv |access-date=2021-04-19 |archive-date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419003552/https://books.google.com/books?id=GnglAQAAMAAJ }} * {{cite book | author=賈斯柏‧貝克 | translator=姜和平 | title=《餓鬼：毛時代大饑荒揭秘》 | publisher=明鏡出版社 | date=2005年10月 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hjpdAAAAIAAJ | isbn=978-1-932138-30-6 | ref = {{SfnRef|貝克|2005}}}} * [[:w:有線電視|有線電視]]財經資訊台《神州穿梭》 「文革廣西武宣縣紅衛兵吃人肉事件」 {{refend}} == 外部链接 == *[[:w:钱理群|钱理群]]：《[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/3951-2.html 钱理群：说“食人”——周氏兄弟改造国民性思想之一]》{{Wayback|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150605170543/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/3951-2.html |date=20150605170543 }} [[Category:History of China]] k8u7ebfnxgrfzidaqqx9gtes7xh7glc 2818111 2818110 2026-07-11T14:01:25Z Somme4096 2999323 /* Sui dynasty */ Indentation 2818111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Under construction}} Among all major civilizations worldwide, China has the most recorded instances of cannibalism.<ref> [美]郑麒来（Key Ray Chong）《中国古代的食人：人吃人行为透视》，中国社会科学出版社, 1994, "中国封建时代的有关（食人习俗的）文字记载是极为丰富的。可以说，中国封建时代的食人习俗证据远比其他时代或其他国家为多"</ref> This entry documented 388 cannibalism cases recorded in 530 instances from the ''Twenty-Five Histories'' ([[w:Twenty-Four Histories|Twenty-Four Histories]] and [[w:Draft History of Qing|Draft History of Qing]]), consistent with prior research <ref name=鄭麒來統計> [美]郑麒来（Key Ray Chong）《中国古代的食人：人吃人行为透视》，中国社会科学出版社，1994年版，第153-154页。</ref>. According to another study, the [[w:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China|Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China]], a comprehensive Chinese encyclopedic work, recorded 653 cases of filial piety act involving cutting own flesh to cure parents' illness<ref name=鄭麒來統計/>. Several factors are generally considered responsible for this prevalence. * China experienced more famines than any other major civilizations.<ref>邓拓，《中国救荒史》，1937年，“我国灾荒之多，世界罕有，就文献可考的记载来看，从公元前十八世纪，直到公元二十世纪的今日，将近四千年间，几于无年无灾，也几乎无年无荒。西欧学者甚至称我国为‘饥荒的国度’（The Land of Famine)。” </ref> * China experienced the most frequent and intense conflicts among major civilizations.<ref>秦晖，《中国历史上，何来如此深仇大恨》，“中国秦以后历代王朝的寿命不但比‘封建’时代的周‘王朝’和欧洲、日本的宗主王系（不是dynasty）短很多，其‘改朝换代’的巨大破坏性更几乎是人类历史上独有的。……世界史上别的民族有遭到外来者屠杀而种族灭绝的，有毁灭于庞贝式的自然灾变的，但像中国这样残忍的自相残杀确实难找他例。”</ref> <ref> 福山《政治秩序的起源》，2014年，广西师范大学出版社，第7章，“与其他军事化社会相比，周朝的中国异常残暴。有个估计，秦国成功动员了其总人口的8%到20%，而古罗马共和国的仅1%，希腊提洛同盟的仅5.2%，欧洲早期现代则更低”</ref> * Specific cultural beliefs developed in China, including: ** Rationalizing cannibalism as a means of expressing animosity<ref>《左传·襄公二十一年》，“然二子者，譬如禽兽，臣食其肉而寝处其皮矣”；岳飞，《满江红》，“壮志饥餐胡虏肉，笑谈渴饮匈奴血”；《三国演义》、《水浒传》多处有吃仇人肉的描写；等等</ref>. ** Attributing medicinal properties to human flesh <ref>唐，陈藏器，《本草拾遗》；明，李时珍，《本草纲目》</ref>. ** Viewing the practice of cutting own flesh to treat elder relatives as a noble demonstration of filial piety<ref> 《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》：“太祖、太宗以来，……刲股割肝，咸见褒赏；”</ref> * China established a comprehensive official historical record system early on, which remained functional even during periods of significant social chaos, preserving extensive historical documentation. ==Statistics== Key-Ray Chong categorized records of cannibalism within the Twenty-Five Histories, based on their causes.<ref name="鄭麒來統計" /> {| class="wikitable" |- !Historical Records!!Subtotal!!Wartime Famine!!Wartime Hatred!!Natural Disasters!!Peace-time Hatred!!Loyalty!!Filial Piety!!Taste!!Other |- | [[:w:Shiji|Records of the Grand Historian(''Shiji'')]]||19||6||11 || ||2|| || || || |- | [[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]] ||25||11||1||13|| || || || || |- | [[:w:Book of the Later Han|Book of the Later Han]]||26||15|| ||11 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:Records of the Three Kingdoms|Records of the Three Kingdoms]]||7||4|| ||3 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]||32||16||1||13||2 |||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Wei|Book of Wei]]||8||6||1||1 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of the Southern Dynasties|History of the Southern Dynasties]]||18||12||3||3 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of the Northern Dynasties|History of the Northern Dynasties]]||6||3||3 |||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Northern Qi|Book of Northern Qi]]||2||2 |||||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Song|Book of Song]]||2||1||1 |||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]]||9||5||2||2 |||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Chen|Book of Chen]]||1||1 |||||||||||||| |- | [[:w:Book of Sui|Book of Sui]]||8||2||3||3|||||||||| |- | [[:w:Historical Records of the Five Dynasties|Historical Records of the Five Dynasties]]||15||10||4|| || || ||1|||| |- | [[:w:Old History of the Five Dynasties|Old History of the Five Dynasties]]||5||3||1||1|||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of Jin|History of Jin]]||3||||||3|||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of Liao|History of Liao]]||1||||||1|||||||||| |- | [[:w:History of Yuan|History of Yuan]]||46||5||1||27||||||13|||| |- | [[:w:History of Song (book)|History of Song]]||43||4||4||14||||||20||1 || |- | [[:w:History of Ming|History of Ming]]||45||5||||22||||||17 ||1|| |- | [[w:Draft History of Qing|Draft History of Qing]]||76||3||||15 ||||||58|||| |- !Total!!397!!114!!36!!132!!4!!0!!109!!2 !! |} However, this statistics is incomplete and partially incorrect. It omitted [[:w:Book of Zhou|Book of Zhou]], [[:w:Book of Qi|Book of Southern Qi]], [[:w:Old Book of Tang|Old Book of Tang]], [[:w:New Book of Tang|New Book of Tang]] originally included in the ''Twenty-Five Histories,'' and failed to remove duplicated records in [[:w:History of Ming|History of Ming]]. In addition to previous research, Key-Ray Chong compiled 653 cases of filial piety act involving cutting one's own flesh to cure relatives in [[w:Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China|Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China]], of which 99% involved women, and 56% of these cases involved daughters-in-law cutting their own flesh for their mothers-in-law. Although this polarization may be the result of intentional selection bias, as both male and female cases of flesh-cutting to cure relatives are well documented in the ''Twenty-Five Histories.'' Key-Ray Chong concluded:<ref> [美]郑麒来（Key Ray Chong）《中国古代的食人：人吃人行为透视》，中国社会科学出版社，1994年版，第5-8页。</ref> {{Blockquote|text=Chinese practice of survival cannibalism does not significantly differ from that of other cultures; However, "learned cannibalism''(習得性食人)''" in China earned unique characteristics, particularly in its historical prevalence and specific motivations. Unlike many other regions, where religion played a central role in cannibalistic rituals, Chinese practices were largely secular, often driven by two emotional extremes: '''Virtue and Affection''', including acts performed out of loyalty (尽忠), filial piety (尽孝), or deep love. '''Vengeance and Hatred''', on the other hand, are acts performed for revenge (報仇), to wash away shames (雪恥), or out of pure animosity. To give an example, During wartimes, cannibalism was frequently practiced as a symbolic and literal act of consuming the enemy, rooted in deep-seated hatred. It is worth noting that ''learned cannibalism'' was also associated with '''culinary appreciation''' or '''medicinal therapy''' among the upper classes. Human flesh was perceived as both a food source and a potent medicine, especially valued for enhancing sexual function. For example, Li Shizhen's [[:w:Compendium of Materia Medica|Compendium of Materia Medica]] listed 35 human organs or substances used for medicinal purposes.}} ==Xia, Zhou and Shang Dynasty== Note that early Chinese history often blends myth with oral tradition. While these records lack contemporary archeological evidence, they are also historically significant as they reflect how later generations conceptualized the origins of social norms including cannibalism. # c. 1940 BCE, Xia Dynasty #: '''English:''' He [Houyi] relied on his archery and neglected civil affairs... The family retainers killed and boiled him, and fed him to his sons. His sons could not bear to eat him and died at city gate. #: '''Original:''' {{lang|zh-cn|「……（后羿）恃其射也，不修民事而淫於原獸，棄武羅、伯因、熊髡、圉而用寒浞。……羿猶不悛，將歸自田，家眾殺而亨之。以食其子；其子不忍食諸，死於窮門。」}} #: '''Source:''' ''Zuo Zhuan'', Chapter of Duke Xiang (《左傳·襄公》) # Reign of [[:w:King Weng of Zhou|King Weng of Zhou]], c.1112-1050 BCE #: '''English:'''　According to ''Diwang Shiji''(The Century of Emperors), [King] Zhou imprisoned King Wen(of Zhou Dynasty). King Wen's eldest son, Boyi Kao, was serving as a hostage in Yin and acted as a charioteer for King Zhou. King Zhou boiled [Boyi Kao] to make a meat soup and presented it to King Wen, saying: "''A true sage should not eat a soup made of his own son.''" #: King Wen ate it. King Zhou then remarked, "Who was it said the Earl of the West (King Wen) was a sage? He ate a soup made of his own son without even realizing it." #: '''Original:''' 「《帝王世紀》云，（紂）囚文王，文王之長子曰伯邑考，質於殷，為紂御。紂烹為羮，賜文王曰：聖人當不食其子羮。文王食之，紂曰，誰謂西伯聖者，食其子羮尚不知也。」 #: '''Source:''' Justice in History, book 3, records of Yin (《史記正義·卷三·殷本紀》) #: '''Note:''' The ''Century of Emperors''(《帝王世紀》) cited above was written in [[:w:Jing Dynasty|Jin Period]], and the original is now lost. == Spring and Autumn / Warring States Periods == The [[:w:Spring and Autumn period|Spring and Autumn]] and [[:w:Warring States period|Warring States]] periods (approx. 770–221 BC) marked a significant era where cannibalism was documented under various social and political motivations. Famous Chinese idioms such as "exchanging children to eat" (''易子而食'', from [[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]]) and "eating the flesh and sleeping on the skin" (''食肉寝皮'', from [[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]]) both originated during this time. Cases of cannibalism during this period can be categorized into four dominant motivations. # '''Warfare and Siege Famines:''' The most frequent cause. During prolonged sieges, resources were so depleted that citizens resorted to "exchanging children to eat" to avoid consuming their own offspring. # '''Political motivation:''' A famous case is Yi Ya (易牙), who steamed his own son to serve as a delicacy to Duke Huan of Qi to prove his absolute loyalty. # '''Intimidation:''' Cannibalism was used as a tool of terror or vengeance. Examples include the Di people killing and eating Duke Yi of Wei(''狄人殺食衛懿公''), or the Ruler of Zhongshan boiling the son of the his own general, Yue Yang(''中山君烹樂羊子''), to test his loyalty. # '''Cultural customs:''' Early records mention peripheral groups, such as the "People-Eating Kingdom" (啖人國), though these may be the result of Han-centric view of "barbaric" outsiders. While the [[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]] records at least 15 major famines, there are no explicit official records of cannibalism resulting from natural disasters during this specific period. However, the absence of such records does not necessarily prove the absence of the practice; rather, it may reflect the selective focus bias of official records on military and political events over lower-class sufferings. === Before Warring State period === # The practice of "Yi Di" (''宜弟'') #: '''English''': In the ancient past, there was a kingdom called Kaishu to the east of Yue. When a first-born son was born, they would dismember and eat him. The practice is called "Yi Di" (meaning "benefiting the younger brothers"). #: '''Original:''' 昔者越之東有輆沭之國者，其長子生，則解而食之，謂之「宜弟」。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Mozi|Mozi(Book)]]'', "Moderation in Funerals" (《墨子·節葬下》) # Critique of "Yi Di", by Mozi #: '''English:''' Luyang Wenjun said to Mozi: "South of Chu, there is a kingdom of man-eaters called Qiao. When a first-born son is born, they butcher and eat him, calling it 'Yi Di.' If the meat is flavorful, they present it to their ruler, who rewards the father. Is this not a detestable custom?" #: Mozi replied: "Even the customs of the Central Kingdoms are similar. How is killing a father and rewarding his son any different from eating a son and rewarding his father? If we do not govern by Benevolence and Righteousness, how can we criticize the barbarians for eating their sons?" #: '''Original:''' {{lang|zh-tw|魯陽文君語子墨子曰：「楚之南有啖人之國者橋，其國之長子生，則鮮而食之，謂之宜弟。美，則以遺其君，君喜則賞其父。豈不惡俗哉？」子墨子曰：「雖中國之俗，亦猶是也。殺其父而賞其子，何以異食其子而賞其父者哉？苟不用仁義，何以非夷人食其子也？」}} #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Mozi|Mozi(Book)]]'', "Lu Wen" (《墨子·魯問》) # Ethnographic Records of the Wuhu #: '''English:''' To the west of the Nanman (Southern Barbarians) lies the Kingdom of Man-eaters, named [[:w:Cochin|Cochin]](Crossed rivers). There, man and woman bath in the same river, thus the name. #: It is their custom to always dismember and eat the first-born son, calling it "Yi Di." If the taste is delicious, they offer it to their ruler, who in turn rewards the father. Furthermore, if a man marries a beautiful wife, he offer her to his elder brother. These people are known today as the Wuhu. #: '''Original:''' {{lang|zh-tw|其西有啖人國，生首子輒解而食之，謂之宜弟。味旨，則以遺其君，君喜而賞其父。取妻美，則讓其兄。今烏滸人是也。}} #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Book of the Later Han]]'', "On the Southern and Southwestern Barbarians" (《後漢書·南蠻西南夷列傳》) === In Warring State period === # During reigns of Duke Huan of Qi (''齊桓公'', r. 685–643 BCE) #: '''English''': During the reign of Duke Huan of Qi, Yi Ya served the Duke as his personal chef. The Duke once said that he had never tasted steamed infant. Upon hearing this, Yi Ya steamed his own firstborn son and presented the dish to the Duke. Human nature is such that one loves one's own children; yet he who does not love his own son. Then, what he would do to his own lord? #: '''Original:''' 夫易牙以调和事（齐桓）公，公曰"惟蒸婴儿之未尝"，于是蒸其首子而献之公。人情非不爱其子也，于子之不爱，将何有于公？ #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Guanzi (text)|Guanzi]]'', "Minor Exaltation" (《管子·小称》) ## Alternate records of "Yi Ya", During reigns of Duke Huan of Qi (''齊桓公'', r. 685–643 BCE) ##: '''English''': Duke Huan of Qi was fond of rare delicacies, and so Yi Ya steamed his own son's head and presented it to him. ##: '''Original:''' 齐桓公好味，易牙蒸其子首而进之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Han Feizi|Han Feizi]]'', "The Two Handles" (《韓非子·二柄·難一》) # 660 BCE: The Death and Consumption of Duke Yi of Wei (''衛懿公'') #: '''English''': The Di people arrived and overtook Duke Yi of Wei at Rongze, where they killed him. They consumed all of his flesh, only his liver was untouched. #: '''Original:''' 狄人至，及（卫）懿公于荣泽，杀之，尽食其肉，独舍其肝。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Lüshi Chunqiu|Lüshi Chunqiu]]'' (《吕氏春秋》) # 594 BCE: The Siege of Song #: '''English''': The people of Song, fearing for their lives, sent Hua Yuan on a secret night mission into the Chu encampment. He climbed into the bed of Zi Fan and roused him, saying: "Our lord has sent me, Yuan, to convey our dire situation: our city is reduced to trading children for food and splitting bones for fuel. Even so, a covenant made beneath the city walls — one that would mean the ruin of our state — we cannot accept. Withdraw thirty li (''unit of length, approx. 3 kilometers long)'' from us, and we will obey every command." #: '''Original:''' 宋人惧，使华元夜入楚师，登子反之床，起之曰："寡君使元以病告，曰：'敝邑易子而食，析骸以爨。虽然，城下之盟，有以国毙，不能从也。去我三十里，唯命是听。'" #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zuo Zhuan|Zuo Zhuan]]'', "The Fifteenth Year of Duke Xuan" (《左傳·宣公十五年》) ## 594 BCE: The Siege of Song (alternate account) ##: '''English''': In the twentieth year of his reign, King Zhuang of Chu besieged Song in retaliation for the killing of a Chu envoy. After a siege of five months, the food supply within the city was completely exhausted. The inhabitants resorted to trading children for food and burning bones for fuel. Hua Yuan of Song went out to truthfully convey the situation to King Zhuang. The King said: "Truly a man of virtue!" and thereupon withdrew his forces. ##: '''Original:''' 二十年，（楚）围宋，以杀楚使也。围宋五月，城中食尽，易子而食，析骨而炊。宋华元出告以情。庄王曰："君子哉！"遂罢兵去。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Hereditary Houses of Chu, Vol. 40" (《史記·卷四十·楚世家第十》) # c. 500 BCE: Zhi the Robber (''盜跖'') #: '''English''': Confucius and Liuxia Ji were friends; Liuxia Ji's younger brother was named Zhi the Robber. Zhi the Robber commanded a following of nine thousand men, swept through the empire with impunity, plundering the various lords. #: He stormed into dwellings, stole cattle and horses, and abducted women. Driven by greed, he cast aside all bonds of kinship, disregarding his parents and siblings, and made no offerings to his ancestors. #: Wherever his forces passed, large states fortified their walls and small states withdrew into strongholds, and all the people suffered greatly. [...] At that time, Zhi the Robber was resting his men on the southern slope of Mount Tai, mincing human livers and eating them. #: '''Original:''' 孔子与柳下季为友，柳下季之弟名曰盗跖。盗跖从卒九千人，横行天下，侵暴诸侯；穴室枢户，驱人牛马，取人妇女；贪得忘亲，不顾父母兄弟，不祭先祖。所过之邑，大国守城，小国入保，万民苦之。……盗跖乃方休卒徒太山之阳，脍人肝而餔之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zhuangzi (book)|Zhuangzi]]'', "Robber Zhi" (《莊子·盜跖》) # 409 BCE: Yue Yang Drinks His Son's Broth #: '''English''': Yue Yang served as a general of Wei and led an attack on Zhongshan. His son was residing in Zhongshan at the time, and the ruler of Zhongshan had the son boiled and sent the resulting broth to Yue Yang. Yue Yang sat beneath his campaign tent and drank it, finishing the entire cup. #: Marquis Wen of Wei said to his advisor Du Shize: "Yue Yang, for my sake, ate the flesh of his own son." Du replied: "One who can eat his own son's flesh. Who would he not eat?" After Yue Yang had pacified Zhongshan, Marquis Wen rewarded his achievement but harbored doubts about his character. #: '''Original:''' 乐羊为魏将而攻中山。其子在中山，中山之君烹其子而遗之羹，乐羊坐于幕下而啜之，尽一杯。文侯谓睹师赞曰："乐羊以我之故，食其子之肉。"赞对曰："其子之肉尚食之，其谁不食？"乐羊既罢中山，文侯赏其功而疑其心。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zhanguo Ce|Zhanguo Ce]]'', "Stratagems of Wei I, Vol. 22" (《戰國策·卷二十二·魏策一》) # 403 BCE: The Siege of Jinyang ''(晉陽之戰'') #: '''English''': The three states of Zhi, Wei, and Han besieged Jinyang for over a year, and then diverted the Fen River to flood the city. The floodwaters rose to within three planks' breadth of the top of the walls. Within the city, cauldrons were suspended over fires for cooking, inhabitants exchanged children to eat. #: '''Original:''' 三国（智魏韩）攻晋阳，岁馀，引汾水灌其城，城不浸者三版。城中悬釜而炊，易子而食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Clan of Zhao, Vol. 43" (《史記·卷四十三·趙世家第十三》) ## 403 BCE: The Siege of Jinyang (alternate record) ##: '''English''': The three clans of Zhi, Wei, and Han encircled the people of Zhao at Jinyang and flooded the city; the floodwaters rose to within three planks' breadth of the top of the walls, and the inhabitants resorted to eating men and horses. ##: '''Original:''' 三家（智魏韩）以国人围（赵国晋阳）而灌之，城不浸者三版，人马相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 1 (《資治通鑑·卷一》) # 260 BCE: The Battle of Changping (''長平之戰'') #: '''English''': By the ninth month, the Zhao soldiers had been without food for forty-six days, and in secret they began killing and ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 至九月，赵卒不得食四十六日，皆内阴相杀食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Biographies of Bai Qi and Wang Jian, Vol. 73" (《史記·卷七十三·白起王翦列傳第十三》) ## 260 BCE: The Battle of Changping (alternate record) ##: '''English''': The Zhao army was cut off from food for forty-six days, during which they secretly killed and ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 赵军食绝四十六日，皆内阴相杀食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 5 (《資治通鑑·卷五》) # 257 BCE: Li Tong(''李同'')'s Appeal at the Siege of Handan #: '''English''': Li Tong said: "The people of Handan are burning bones for fuel and trading children for food. Their plight could not be more desperate. Yet in your household, hundreds of concubines and maids are clothed in fine silk, with surplus grain and meat to spare, while the common people cannot complete a garment of coarse cloth and cannot fill themselves even with dregs and husks." #: '''Original:''' 邯郸之民，炊骨易子而食，可谓急矣，而君之後宫以百数，婢妾被绮縠，馀粱肉，而民褐衣不完，糟糠不厌。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Biographies of Lord Pingyuan and Yu Qing, Vol. 76" (《史記·卷七十六·平原君虞卿列傳第十六》) # c. 250 BCE: The Siege of Liaocheng #: '''English''': Qi's general Tian Dan besieged Liaocheng for over a year, with heavy casualties among his troops, yet the city did not fall. Lu Zhonglian then composed a letter, tied it to an arrow, and shot it into the city, addressed to the Yan commander. The letter read: "[...] Now you hold the exhausted people of Liaocheng against the full force of Qi's army — this is the defensive resolve of Mozi. Your men eat others and burn their bones for fuel, yet none harbor thoughts of surrender — this is the military discipline of Sun Bin. Your name shall be known throughout the realm." #: '''Original:''' 齐田单攻聊城岁馀，士卒多死而聊城不下。鲁连乃为书，约之矢以射城中，遗燕将。书曰：……今公又以敝聊之民距全齐之兵，是墨翟之守也。食人炊骨，士无反外之心，是孙膑之兵也。能见於天下。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Records of the Great Historian(Shiji)]]'', "Biographies of Lu Zhonglian and Zou Yang, Vol. 83" (《史記·卷八十三·魯仲連鄒陽列傳第二十三》) ==Han Dynasty== The wars between the Qin and Han dynasties caused large-scale famine and population decline across China, a pattern that would recur with nearly every subsequent dynastic transition. # Early Han Dynasty: Famine and Cannibalism Following the Collapse of Qin #: '''English''': At the founding of the Han dynasty, inheriting the devastation left by Qin, the various lords rose simultaneously in conflict. The people abandoned their livelihoods, and a great famine ensued. Price of one shi of rice reached five thousand coins; people ate each other, more than half the population perished. Emperor Gaozu then issued an order permitting the people to sell their children, and directed the starving to seek food in Shu and Han. #: '''Original:''' 汉兴，接秦之敝，诸侯并起，民失作业而大饥馑。凡米石五千，人相食，死者过半。高祖乃令民得卖子，就食蜀、汉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) # 205 BCE: Great Famine in Guanzhong, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': A great famine struck Guanzhong; the price of one hu of rice reached ten thousand coins, and people ate each other. The people were directed to seek food in Shu and Han. #: '''Original:''' 关中大饥，米斛万钱，人相食。令民就食蜀、汉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Gao, Vol. 1a" (《漢書·卷一上·高帝紀第一上》) ## 205 BCE: Great Famine in Guanzhong, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': A great famine struck Guanzhong; the price of one hu of rice reached ten thousand coins, and people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关中大饥，米斛万钱，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 9 (《資治通鑑·卷九》) # 196 BCE: Minced flesh of Peng Yue, in ''[[:w:Records of the Grand Historian|Shiji]]'' #: '''English''': In the eleventh year, Empress Gao put to death the Marquis of Huaiyin; (Ying) Bu grew fearful at heart. In summer, Han executed Liang Wang Peng Yue, minced his flesh into paste, and sent portions of his flesh to all the lords. #:When it reached Huainan, the King of Huainan was out hunting; upon beholding the paste, he trembled greatly, and secretly ordered men to muster troops, watching for signs of trouble in the neighboring commanderies. #: '''Original:''' 十一年，高后诛淮阴侯，布因心恐。夏，汉诛梁王彭越，醢之，盛其醢遍赐诸侯。至淮南，淮南王方猎，见醢，因大恐，阴令人部聚兵，候伺旁郡警急。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Records of the Grand Historian|Shiji]]'', "Biography of Qing Bu" (《史记·卷九十一·黥布列传第十三》) # 138 BCE: Flood and Famine on the Yellow River Plain, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In the third spring of that year, the Yellow River overflowed onto the Pingyuan plain. Great famine, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 三年春，河水溢于平原，大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 6" (《漢書·卷六·武帝紀第六》) ## 138 BCE: Flood and Famine on the Yellow River Plain, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': The Yellow River overflowed onto the Pingyuan plain. Great famine, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 河水溢于平原。大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 17 (《資治通鑑·卷十七》) # 135 BCE: Ji An's Report on Famine in Henei, ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'' #: '''English''': Ji An returned and reported: "A household fire has spread to neighboring houses. it is not worth undue concern. On my way, I passed through Henan, where more than ten thousand families among the poor had been afflicted by flood and drought; in some cases, fathers and sons were eating one another. I therefore took it upon myself, acting on temporary authority, to use the imperial tally to open the Henan granaries and relieve the destitute people. I now request to return the tally and submit to punishment for acting beyond my authority." The Emperor, recognizing his virtue, pardoned him. #: '''Original:''' 还报曰："家人失火，屋比延烧，不足忧也。臣过河南，河南贫人伤水旱万余家，或父子相食，臣谨以便宜，持节发河南仓粟以振贫民。臣请归节，伏矫制之罪。"上贤而释之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'', "Biographies of Ji An and Zheng Dangshi, Vol. 120" (《史記·卷一百二十·汲鄭列傳第六十》) ## 135 BCE: Ji An's Report on Famine in Henei, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' ##: '''English''': [Ji An] returned and reported: "A household fire has spread to neighboring houses — it is not worth undue concern. On my way, I passed through Henei, where more than ten thousand families among the poor had been afflicted by flood and drought; in some cases, fathers and sons were eating one another. I therefore took it upon myself, acting on temporary authority, to use the imperial tally to open the Henei granaries and relieve the destitute people. I request to return the tally and submit to punishment for acting beyond my authority." The Emperor, recognizing his virtue, pardoned him and transferred him to serve as Prefect of Xingyang. ##: '''Original:''' 还报曰："家人失火，屋比延烧，不足忧。臣过河内，河内贫人伤水旱万余家，或父子相食，臣谨以便宜，持节发河内仓粟以振贫民。请归节，伏矫制罚。"上贤而释之，迁为荥阳令。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Zhang, Feng, Ji, and Zheng, Vol. 50" (《漢書·卷五十·張馮汲鄭傳第二十》) ## 135 BCE: Ji An's Report, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': On my way, I passed through Henan, where more than ten thousand families among the poor had been afflicted by flood and drought; in some cases, fathers and sons were eating one another. ##: '''Original:''' 臣过河南，河南贫人伤水旱万馀家，或父子相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 17 (《資治通鑑·卷十七》) # 114 BCE: Famine in Shandong, ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'' #: '''English''': At that time, the eastern provinces had suffered from Yellow River floods, and for several consecutive years the harvests had failed. In some places, spanning one to two thousand li, people resorted to eating one another. #: '''Original:''' 是时山东被河灾，及岁不登数年，人或相食，方一二千里。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Shiji|Shiji]]'', "Treatise on Equalization, Vol. 30" (《史記·卷三十·平準書第八》) ## 114 BCE: Famine in Shandong(the East), ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' ##: '''English''': At that time, the eastern provinces had suffered from Yellow River floods, and for several consecutive years the harvests had failed. In some places, spanning two to three thousand li, people resorted to eating one another. The Emperor, moved by compassion, ordered the famine victims to travel and seek food in the Yangtze and Huai River regions, and those who wished to remain were permitted to settle there. Imperial envoys with carriages and canopies followed one another on the roads to escort them, and grain from Ba and Shu was dispatched to provide relief. ##: '''Original:''' 是时山东被河灾，乃岁不登数年，人或相食，方二三千里。天子怜之，令饥民得流就食江、淮间，欲留，留处。使者冠盖相属于道护之，下巴、蜀粟以赈焉。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24b" (《漢書·卷二十四下·食貨志第四下》) ## 114 BCE: Famine in the East, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': In the third month of the third Yuanding year, water froze; in the fourth month, snow fell. In more than ten commanderies east of the passes, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 元鼎三年三月水冰，四月雨雪，关东十余郡人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on the Five Elements, Vol. 27" (《漢書·卷二十七中之下·五行志第七中之下》) ## 114 BCE: Famine in the East, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': More than forty commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes suffered famine, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关东郡、国四十馀饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 20 (《資治通鑑·卷二十》) # 113 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In summer, the fourth month, hail fell. In more than ten commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes, Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 夏四月，雨雹，关东郡国十余饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 6" (《漢書·卷六·武帝紀第六》) # 141–87 BCE: Critique of Emperor Wu's Reign, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': "Though Emperor Wu had merit in driving back the four barbarians and expanding the realm, yet he slew great numbers of his men, exhausted the people's wealth, indulged in extravagance without measure. #: The realm was left hollow and depleted, the hundred folk scattered and adrift, half perished. Locusts rose in great swarms, scorching the earth for thousands of li; in some places people ate each other, and the stores have not recovered to this day. #: He bestowed no virtue nor grace upon the people, and ought not to have temple rites established in his honour." #: '''Original:''' 武帝虽有攘四夷广土斥境之功，然多杀士众，竭民财力，奢泰亡度，天下虚耗，百姓流离，物故者半。蝗虫大起，赤地数千里，或人民相食，畜积至今未复。亡德泽于民，不宜为立庙乐。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Sui, Liang, Xiahou, Jing, Yi and Li, Vol. 75" (《漢書·卷七十五·眭兩夏侯京翼李傳第四十五》) # c. 104 BCE: Depletion of the Realm After Dong Zhongshu, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': After Zhongshu's death, expenditures grew ever greater, the realm was hollow and depleted, and once more people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 仲舒死后，功费愈甚，天下虚耗，人复相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) # 48 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' #: '''English''': In the ninth month, eleven commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes suffered great floods. Famine; in some places people ate each other. Neighboring commanderies were called upon to render aid in coin and grain. #: '''Original:''' 九月，关东郡国十一大水，饥，或人相食，转旁郡钱、谷''(穀)''以相救。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Yuan, Vol. 9" (《漢書·卷九·元帝紀第九》) ## 48 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': In the first year of Chuyuan under Emperor Yuan, [...] in the fifth month the Bohai Sea overflowed greatly. In the sixth month, Great Famine struck the east; many among the people starved to death, and in Langye Commandery people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 元帝初元元年，……其五月，勃海水大溢。六月，关东大饥，民多饿死，琅邪郡人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Astronomy, Vol. 26" (《漢書·卷二十六·天文志第六》) ## 48 BCE: Great Famine in Eastern Commanderies, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': In autumn, the ninth month, eleven commanderies and kingdoms east of the passes suffered great floods and famine; in some places people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 秋，九月，关东郡、国十一大水，饥，或人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 28 (《資治通鑑·卷二十八》) # 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' #: '''English''': In the sixth month, famine struck the east; in the land of Qi, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 六月，关东饥，齐地人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Annals of Emperor Yuan, Vol. 9" (《漢書·卷九·元帝紀第九》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': When Emperor Yuan ascended the throne, great floods struck the realm; eleven eastern commanderies suffered most grievously. In the second year, famine struck the land of Qi; grain reached three hundred coins per shi, many among the people starved to death, and in Langye Commandery people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 元帝即位，天下大水，关东郡十一尤甚。二年，齐地饥，谷''(穀)''石三百余，民多饿死，琅邪郡人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](3)'' ##: '''English''': The following year, in the second month, on the day wuwu, the earth shook. That summer, in the land of Liu, people ate each other. [...] Yi Feng memorialized: "The eastern lands have suffered famine for years running, compounded by pestilence; the hundred folk are wan with hunger, and some have come to eat each other. The earth trembles repeatedly, the heavens are turbid, and the light of the sun grows dim." ##: '''Original:''' 明年二月戊午，地震。其夏，刘地人相食。……（翼奉）上疏曰：……今东方连年饥馑，加之以疾疫，百姓菜色，或至相食。地比震动，天气溷浊，日光侵夺。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Sui, Liang, Xiahou, Jing, Yi and Li, Vol. 75" (《漢書·卷七十五·眭兩夏侯京翼李傳第四十五》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](4)'' ##: '''English''': When Emperor Yuan first ascended the throne, he summoned Yu to serve as Remonstrant Counsellor and repeatedly sought his counsel on affairs of governance. At that time the harvests had failed and many commanderies were in distress. ##: Yu exclaimed: "Now the people die of Great Famine; the dead go unburied and are eaten by dogs and swine. People eat each other, whilst the horses in the imperial stables feed on grain and grow so fat and vigorous that they must be walked daily to work it off. Is this what it means for a sovereign, having received the Mandate of Heaven, to be father and mother to the people?" ##: '''Original:''' 元帝初即位，征禹為諫大夫，數虛己問以政事。是時，年歲不登，郡國多困，禹奏言：[……] 今民大飢而死，死又不葬，為犬豬食。人至相食，而廄馬食粟，苦其大肥，氣甚怒至，乃日步作之。王者受命於天，為民父母，固當若此乎！（ ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Wang, Gong, Liang Gong and Bao, Vol. 72" (《漢書·卷七十二·王貢兩龔鮑傳第四十二》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](5)'' ##: '''English''': Kuang Heng memorialized: "The eastern lands have suffered famine for years running; the hundred folk are in want and distress, and some have come to eat each other. This hath all arisen from levies and taxes being too heavy, the burdens borne by the people being too great, and the officials failing in their duty to settle and succour them." ##: '''Original:''' 匡）衡上疏曰：……今关东连年饥馑，百姓乏困，或至相食，此皆生于赋敛多，民所共者大，而吏安集之不称之效也。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Kuang, Zhang, Kong and Ma, Vol. 81" (《漢書·卷八十一·匡張孔馬傳第五十一》) ## 47 BCE: Famine in Qi, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': Famine struck the east; in the land of Qi, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关东饥，齐地人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 28 (《資治通鑑·卷二十八》) # 17 BCE: Emperor Cheng's Edict Dismissing Xue Xuan, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': Emperor Cheng decreed the dismissal of Xue Xuan, saying: "I, being unenlightened, have seen repeated ill omens; the harvests have failed year upon year, the granaries stand empty, the hundred folk suffer Great Famine, wandering and scattered upon the roads. Those who have perished of pestilence number in the tens of thousands; people eat each other, bandits rise on all sides, and the offices of governance lie neglected. This is owing to mine own want of virtue and the failings of mine own ministers." #: '''Original:''' 朕既不明，变异数见，岁比不登，仓廪空虚，百姓饥馑，流离道路，疾疫死者以万数，人至相食，盗贼并兴，群职旷废，是朕之不德而股肱不良也。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biographies of Xue Xuan and Zhu Bo, Vol. 83" (《漢書·卷八十三·薛宣朱博傳第五十三》) # 15 BCE: Floods in Liang and Pingyuan, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In the second year of Yongshi, the kingdoms of Liang and Pingyuan suffered floods in consecutive years; people ate each other. The regional inspectors, prefects and chancellors were held accountable and dismissed. #: '''Original:''' 永始二年，梁国、平原郡比年伤水灾，人相食，刺史、守、相坐免。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) # 14 CE: Great Famine Along the Frontier, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'' #: '''English''': In the first year of Tianfeng under Wang Mang, Great Famine struck the borderlands; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 缘边大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99b" (《漢書·卷九十九中·王莽傳第六十九中》) ## 14 CE: Great Famine Along the Frontier, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine struck the borderlands; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 缘边大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 37 (《資治通鑑·卷三十七》) # 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](1)'' #: '''English''': In his final years, bandits rose in great numbers; armies were dispatched to suppress them, and their officers ran amok beyond the passes. In the northern borderlands and in the lands of Qing and Xu, people ate each other; east of Luoyang, grain reached two thousand coins per shi. #: '''Original:''' 末年，盗贼群起，发军击之，将吏放纵于外。北边及青、徐地人相食，雒阳以东米石二千。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24a" (《漢書·卷二十四上·食貨志第四上》) ## 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': [...] battle and slaughter, captivity by the four border peoples, criminal penalties, Great Famine, pestilence, and people eating each other had together reduced the households of the realm by half. ##: '''Original:''' 战斗死亡，缘边四夷所系虏，陷罪，饥疫，人相食，及莽未诛，而天下户口减半矣。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 24b" (《漢書·卷二十四下·食貨志第四下》) ## 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]](2)'' ##: '''English''': In that month, the Red Eyebrows slew the Grand Preceptor Xi Zhong Jing Shang. East of the passes, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 是月，赤眉杀太师牺仲景尚。关东人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99c" (《漢書·卷九十九下·王莽傳第六十九下》) ## 22 CE: Collapse of Wang Mang's Realm, ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': East of the passes, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 关东人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 38 (《資治通鑑·卷三十八》) # 23 CE: The Fate of Wang Mang's Corpse, ''Book of Han'' #: '''English''': Wang Mang's severed head was sent to Gengshi and hung in the market of Wan. The common folk vied to strike and beat it; some cut out his tongue and ate it. #: '''Original:''' 传（王）莽首诣更始，县宛市，百姓共提击之，或切食其舌。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99c" (《漢書·卷九十九下·王莽傳》) # 23 CE: Siege of Wan — Cen Peng's Surrender, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': When Zhen Fu fell and Cen Peng was wounded, he fled back to Wan and held the city together with Yan Shuo. Han forces besieged them for several months; the city's provisions were exhausted and people ate each other. Peng and Shuo thereupon surrendered the city. #: '''Original:''' 汉兵攻之数月，城中粮尽，人相食，彭乃与说举城降。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Feng, Cen and Jia, Vol. 17" (《後漢書·卷十七·馮岑賈列傳第七》) # 23 CE: Siege of Wan — Cen Peng's Surrender, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': [...] Han forces besieged them for several months. People within the city ate each other; they thereupon surrendered. #: '''Original:''' 汉兵攻之数月，城中人相食，乃举城降。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 39 (《資治通鑑·卷三十九》) # 24 CE: Li Xiong's Counsel to Gongsun Shu, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] "Now the lands east of the mountains suffer Great Famine; the common folk eat each other. Where armies have passed, cities and towns are left as mounds of rubble." #: '''Original:''' 今山东饥馑，人庶相食；兵所屠灭，城邑丘墟。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Wei Xiao and Gongsun Shu, Vol. 13" (《後漢書·卷十三·隗囂公孫述列傳第三》) # 25 CE: The Red Eyebrows Sack Chang'an, ''Book of Han'' #: '''English''': The Red Eyebrows burned the palaces and markets of Chang'an and slew Gengshi. The starving people ate each other; those who perished numbered in the hundreds of thousands. Chang'an was left a wasteland, and none walked its streets. #: '''Original:''' 赤眉遂烧长安宫室市里，害更始。民饥饿相食，死者数十万，长安为虚，城中无人行。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Han|Book of Han]]'', "Biography of Wang Mang, Vol. 99c" (《漢書·卷九十九下·王莽傳第六十九下》) # 26 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Hou Han Shu(1)'' #: '''English''': Great Famine struck Guanzhong; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 关中饥，民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Guangwu, Vol. 1a" (《後漢書·卷一上·光武帝紀第一上》) ## 26 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Hou Han Shu(2)'' ##: '''English''': At that time, the three adjuncts were in great turmoil; people ate each other, the cities and towns were emptied, white bones lay strewn across the fields, and the survivors gathered here and there in fortified encampments, each holding firm. ##: '''Original:''' 时三辅大乱，人相食，城郭皆空，白骨蔽野，遗人往往聚为营保，各坚守不下。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Xuan and Liu Penzi, Vol. 11" (《後漢書·卷十一·劉玄劉盆子列傳第一》) ## 26 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine struck the three adjuncts; people ate each other, the cities and towns were emptied, and white bones lay strewn across the fields. ##: '''Original:''' 三辅大饥，人相食，城郭皆空，白骨蔽野。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 40 (《資治通鑑·卷四十》) # 27 CE: Siege of Ji, Zizhi Tongjian #: '''English''': Within Zhu Fu's city of Ji, provisions were exhausted; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 浮城中粮尽，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 41 (《資治通鑑·卷四十一》) ## 27 CE: Siege of Ji'', Hou Han Shu'' ##: '''English''': Within Fu's city, provisions were exhausted; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 浮城中粮尽，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Zhu, Feng, Yu, Zheng and Zhou, Vol. 33" (《後漢書·卷三十三·朱馮虞鄭周列傳第二十三》) # 27 CE: Yan Cen's Retreat to Nanyang, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': At that time the people suffered Great Famine and ate each other; one jin of gold could be exchanged for but five sheng of beans. The roads were cut off and supplies could not get through; the soldiers subsisted on wild fruit. #: '''Original:''' 时，百姓饥饿，人相食，黄金一斤易豆五升。道路断隔，委输不至，军士委以果实为粮。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Feng, Cen and Jia, Vol. 17" (《後漢書·卷十七·馮岑賈列傳第七》) # 109 CE: Great Famine in the Capital, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In the third month, Great Famine struck the capital; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 三月，京师大饥，民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor An, Vol. 5" (《後漢書·卷五·孝安帝紀第五》) ## 109 CE: Great Famine in the Capital, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': In the third month, Great Famine struck the capital; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 三月，京师大饥，民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 49 (《資治通鑑·卷四十九》) # 109 CE: Floods and Famine Across the Realm, ''Hou Han Shu(1)'' #: '''English''': That year, the capital and forty-one commanderies and kingdoms suffered hail. Great Famine struck Bing and Liang; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 是岁，京师及郡国四十一雨水雹。并、凉二州大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor An, Vol. 5" (《後漢書·卷五·孝安帝紀第五》) ## 109 CE: Floods and Famine Across the Realm, ''jin Shu'' ##: '''English''': In the third year of Yongchu under Emperor An, floods and drought struck the realm; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 安帝永初三年，天下水旱，人民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jin Shu|Jin Shu]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 26" (《晉書·卷二十六·志第十六·食貨》) ## 109 CE: Floods and Famine Across the Realm, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The capital and forty-one commanderies suffered floods; Great Famine struck Bing and Liang; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 京师及郡国四十一雨水，并、凉二州大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 49 (《資治通鑑·卷四十九》) # 151 CE: Drought and Famine, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Drought struck the capital. Great Famine afflicted Rencheng and Liang; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 京师旱。任城、梁国饥，民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Huan, Vol. 7" (《後漢書·卷七·孝桓帝紀第七》) ## 151 CE: Drought and Famine, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Drought struck the capital; Great Famine afflicted Rencheng and Liang; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 京师旱，任城、梁国饥，民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 53 (《資治通鑑·卷五十三》) # 155 CE: Famine in Sili and Jizhou, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In the second month, famine struck Sili and Jizhou; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 二月，司隶、冀州饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Huan, Vol. 7" (《後漢書·卷七·孝桓帝紀第七》) # 155 CE: Famine in Sili and Jizhou, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': In the second month, famine struck Sili and Jizhou; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 二月，司隶、冀州饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 53 (《資治通鑑·卷五十三》) # 170 CE: Spousal Cannibalism in Henei and Henan, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In the first month of spring in the third year of Jianning, in Henei wives ate their husbands, and in Henan husbands ate their wives. #: '''Original:''' 三年春正月，河内人妇食夫，河南人夫食妇。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Ling, Vol. 8" (《後漢書·卷八·孝靈帝紀第八》) # 194 CE: Great Drought in the Three Adjuncts, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': A great drought struck the three adjuncts from the fourth month to this day. At that time one hu of grain fetched fifty thousand coins, and one hu of beans or wheat twenty thousand. People ate each other; white bones lay heaped in piles. #: '''Original:''' 三辅大旱，自四月至于是月。是时谷一斛五十万，豆麦一斛二十万，人相食啖，白骨委积。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Xian, Vol. 9" (《後漢書·卷九·孝獻帝紀第九》) ## 194 CE: Great Drought in the Three Adjuncts, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': From the fourth month no rain fell. One hu of grain was worth fifty thousand coins; within Chang'an, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 自四月不雨至于是月，谷一斛直钱五十万，长安中人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 61 (《資治通鑑·卷六十一》) # Liu Ping Spared by Cannibals, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Liu Ping, styled Gongzi, was a man of Pengcheng in Chu. During the upheavals of the Gengshi era, he and his mother hid together in the wilderness. #: One morning he went out to forage for food and was seized by starving bandits who meant to boil and eat him. He knelt and said: "This morning I went to gather herbs for my aged mother, who depends on me for her life. I beg ye to let me return, feed my mother, and then come back to die." Tears streamed down his face. #: The bandits, moved by his sincerity, took pity and released him. Liu Ping returned, fed his mother, and then told her: "I made a pledge to the bandits; honour forbids me to deceive them." He went back to the bandits. They were all greatly astonished and said to one another: "We have long heard of men of fierce integrity — now we behold one. Go, friend; we have not the heart to eat thee." And so he was spared. #: '''Original:''' 刘平字公子，楚郡彭城人也。[…] 更始时，天下乱，[…] 与母俱匿野泽中。平朝出求食，逢饿贼，将亨（通“烹”）之，平叩头曰：“今旦为老母求菜，老母待旷为命，愿得先归，食母毕，还就死。”因涕泣。贼见其至诚，哀而遣之。平还，既食母讫，因白曰：“属与贼期，义不可欺。”遂还诣贼。众皆大惊，相谓曰：“常闻烈士，乃今见之。子去矣，吾不忍食子。”于是得全。（《后汉书·卷三十九·刘赵淳于江刘周赵列传第二十九》） #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Zhao Xiao Offers Himself to Cannibals, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [After the fall of Wang Mang] the realm fell into turmoil and people ate each other. [Zhao Xiao's] younger brother Li was seized by starving bandits. #: Upon hearing this, Zhao Xiao bound himself and went to the bandits, saying: "Li hath long been starved and is thin and gaunt; I filleth ye hunger better than him" The bandits were greatly astonished and released them both, saying: "Go home for now, and bring back rice and dried provisions instead." #: Xiao sought provisions but could find none; he returned to the bandits and offered himself for the pot. The bandits, marvelling at him, did him no harm. #: '''Original:''' （王莽之後）天下乱，人相食。孝弟礼为饿贼所得，孝闻之，即自缚诣贼，曰："礼久饿羸瘦，不如孝肥饱。"贼大惊，并放之，谓曰："可且归，更持米糒来。"孝求不能得，复往报贼，愿就亨。众异之，遂不害。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Wang Lin Guards His Parents' Tomb, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': In Runan there was a man named Wang Lin, a junior official, who lost his parents when he was but ten years of age. #: When great turmoil broke out and the people fled, only Wang Lin and his brothers remained to guard the burial mound, their weeping unceasing. His younger brother Ji went out and was seized by the Red Eyebrows, who meant to eat him. Wang Lin bound himself and begged to die in his brother's stead. #: The bandits, moved to pity, released them both; and by this deed Wang Lin's name became renowned throughout his hometown. #: '''Original:''' 汝南有王琳巨尉者，年十余岁丧父母。因遭大乱，百姓奔逃，惟琳兄弟独守冢庐，号泣不绝。弟季，出遇赤眉，将为所哺，琳自缚，请先季死，贼矜而放遣，由是显名乡邑。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Wei Tan Spares His Fellow Captives, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Wei Tan of Langye, styled Shaoxian, was likewise seized by starved bandits. Several dozen captives were bound and awaited their turn to be boiled. #: The bandits, seeing that Tan appeared honest and trustworthy, set him apart to tend the cooking fire, though they bound him again each evening. Among the bandits was one Yi Changgong, who took especial pity on Tan; he secretly loosened Tan's bonds and said: "Ye are all destined to be eaten; flee hence at once." #: Tan replied: "I have tended the fire for ye, there I always had some leavings for myself; the others have been fed only on grass and weeds; better to eat (''relatively well-fed'') me instead." Changgong, moved by his righteousness, persuaded the others to release all the captives, and all were spared. #: '''Original:''' 琅邪魏谭少闲者，时亦为饥寇所获，等辈数十人皆束缚，以次当亨（通“烹”）。贼见谭似谨厚，独令主爨，暮辄执缚。贼有夷长公，特哀念谭，密解其缚，语曰："汝曹皆应就食，急从此去。"对曰："谭为诸君爨，恒得遗余，余人皆菇草莱，不如食我。"长公义之，相晓赦遣，并得俱免。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Er Meng and Che Cheng Offer Themselves for Each Other, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Er Meng Ziming of Qi and Che Cheng Ziwei of Liangjun, brothers, were seized together by the Red Eyebrows and were about to be eaten. Meng and Cheng knelt and each begged to die in the other's stead. The bandits, moved to pity, released them both. #: '''Original:''' 齐国兒萌子明、梁郡车成子威二人，兄弟并见执于赤眉，将食之，萌、成叩头，乞以身代，贼亦哀而两释焉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) # Chunyu Gong Offers Himself for His Brother, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': Chunyu Gong, styled Mengsun, was a man of Chunyu in Beihai. […] At the end of Wang Mang's reign, when famine and war arose, his elder brother Chong was seized by bandits who meant to boil and eat him. Gong begged to take his brother's place; both were released. #: '''Original:''' 淳于恭字孟孙，北海淳于人也。[…] 王莽末，岁饥兵起，恭兄崇将为盗所亨，恭请代，得俱免。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu, Zhao, Chunyu, Jiang, Liu, Zhou and Zhao, Vol. 39" (《後漢書·卷三十九·劉趙淳于江劉周趙列傳第二十九》) == Three Kingdoms period == According to population statics at the time, the population of the Three Kingdoms period was only one-seventh of that during the reign of Emperor Huan of the Eastern Han Dynasty.<ref>秦晖，《中国历史上，何来如此深仇大恨》</ref> This was the largest population decrease in Chinese history, evidenced by Cao Cao's poem; "Pale bones exposed in wild fields, no crowing of roosters heard throughout thousands of li" (白骨露于野，千里无鸡鸣). # 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Sanguozhi'' #: '''English''': That year, one hu of grain fetched over fifty thousand coins; people ate each other. Newly recruited troops were thereupon disbanded. #: '''Original:''' 是岁谷一斛五十余万钱，人相食，乃罢吏兵新募者。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 1" (《三國志·卷一·魏書一·武帝紀》) ## 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Sanguozhi(2)'' ##: '''English''': Cao Cao led his forces back and gave battle to Lü Bu at Puyang; his army fared ill and the two sides held their positions for over a hundred days. That year brought drought, locusts and scarcity of grain; the people ate each other. Lü Bu withdrew eastward to encamp at Shanyang. ##: '''Original:''' 太祖引军还，与布战于濮阳，太祖军不利，相持百余日。是时岁旱、虫蝗、少谷，百姓相食，布东屯山阳。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biography of Lü Bu, Vol. 7" (《三國志·卷七·魏書七·呂布臧洪傳》) ## 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Sanguozhi(3)'' ##: '''English''': Cao Cao and Lü Bu held their positions at Puyang; Sima Lang thereupon led his household back to Wen. That year brought Great Famine; people ate each other. Lang gathered and succoured his kinsmen, tutored his younger brothers, and did not abandon his studies in that age of decline. ##: '''Original:''' 时岁大饥，人相食，朗收恤宗族，教训诸弟，不为衰世解业。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biography of Sima Lang, Vol. 15" (《三國志·卷十五·魏書十五·劉司馬梁張溫賈傳》) ## 194 CE: Famine During the Puyang Campaign, ''Hou Han Shu'' ##: '''English''': Cao Cao heard of this and led his forces to attack Lü Bu; they fought repeatedly and held their positions for over a hundred days. That year brought drought, locusts and scarcity of grain; the people ate each other. Lü Bu withdrew to encamp at Shanyang. ##: '''Original:''' 曹操闻而引军击布，累战，相持百余日。是时，旱、蝗，少谷，百姓相食，布移屯山阳。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Yan, Yuan Shu and Lü Bu, Vol. 75" (《後漢書·卷七十五·劉焉袁術呂布列傳第六十五》) # 194 CE: Cheng Yu's Human Jerky, Pei Songzhi's Commentary #: '''English''': In the beginning, Cao Cao's forces lacked provisions. #: Cheng Yu seized supplies from his home county to provide three days' rations, mixed in no small part with dried human flesh. By this reason, he lost the favour of the ''(heavenly)'' court, and therefore never attained the rank of the Excellencies. #: '''Original:''' 初，太祖乏食；昱略其本县，供三日粮，颇杂以人脯。由是失朝望，故位不至公。 #: '''Source:''' Pei Songzhi's ''[[:w:Annotations to the Records of the Three Kingdoms|Sanguozhi Annotations]]'', citing the lost ''Weijin Shiyu'', "Biography of Cheng Yu, Vol. 14" (裴松之《三國志注·卷十四·魏書十四·程昱傳》引《魏晉世語》) # 195 CE: Great Famine at Chengshi, ''Sanguozhi'' #: '''English''': Cao Cao's forces were stationed at Chengshi. Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 太祖军乘氏，大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biography of Xun Yu, Vol. 10" (《三國志·卷十·魏書十·荀彧荀攸賈詡傳》) # 195 CE: The Siege of Dongjun, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] At first they still dug for rats and boiled sinew and hide; afterwards there was nothing left to eat. #: The chief clerk reported that there were three dou of rice in the inner kitchen and requested it be made into gruel. Zang Hong said: "How could I alone enjoy this?" He had it made into thin porridge and distributed among all the troops. #: He also slew all his beloved concubine to feed his officers and men. The officers and men all wept; none could raise their eyes to look upon him. Seventy or eighty men and women died lying upon one another; not one deserted or betrayed him. #: '''Original:''' （东郡）初尚掘鼠，煮筋角，后无所复食，主簿启内厨米三斗，请稍为饘粥，洪曰："何能独甘此邪？"使为薄糜，遍班士众。又杀其爱妾，以食兵将。兵将咸流涕，无能仰视。男女七八十人相枕而死，莫有离叛。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biography of Zang Hong, Vol. 58" (《後漢書·卷五十八·虞詡等列傳》) # 195 CE: The Siege of Dongjun, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': At first they still dug for rats and boiled sinew and hide; afterwards there was nothing left to eat. #: The chief clerk reported only three sheng of rice in the inner kitchen and requested it be made into gruel. Zang Hong sighed: "How could I alone enjoy this!" He had it made into thin porridge and distributed among all the troops; he also slew his beloved concubine to feed his officers and men. #: The officers and men all wept; none could raise their eyes to look upon him. Seven or eight thousand men and women died lying upon one another; not one deserted or betrayed him. #: '''Original:''' 初尚掘鼠煮筋角，后无可复食者。主簿启内厨米三升，请稍以为饘粥，臧洪叹曰："何能独甘此邪！"使作薄糜，遍班士众，又杀其爱妾以食将士。将士咸流涕，无能仰视者。男女七八千人，相枕而死，莫有离叛者。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 61 (《資治通鑑·卷六十一》) # 195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] One hu of grain fetched fifty thousand coins; beans and wheat twenty thousand. People ate each other; white bones lay heaped in piles, and the stench of rot filled the roads. [...] After Li Jue and Guo Si turned upon each other and the Son of Heaven departed eastward, Chang'an stood empty for over forty days. The strong scattered; the weak ate each other. Within two or three years, not a human trace remained in Guanzhong. #: '''Original:''' 自（李）傕、（郭）汜相攻，天子东归后，是时，谷一斛五十万，豆、麦二十万，人相食啖，白骨委积，臭秽满路。……长安城空四十余日，强者四散，蠃者相食，二三年间，关中无复人迹。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biography of Dong Zhuo, Vol. 72" (《後漢書·卷七十二·董卓列傳第六十二》) ## 195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Sanguozhi'' ##: '''English''': At that time the three adjuncts still held several hundred thousand households. Li Jue and his confederates unleashed their troops to plunder, attacking and pillaging cities and towns. The people suffered Great Famine; within two years they had eaten each other to the last. ##: '''Original:''' 时三辅民尚数十万户，傕等放兵劫略，攻剽城邑，人民饥困，二年间相啖食略尽。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biographies of Dong, the Two Yuans and Liu, Vol. 6" (《三國志·卷六·魏書六·董二袁劉傳》) ## 195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Jin Shu'' ##: '''English''': [...] One hu of grain fetched fifty thousand coins; beans and wheat twenty thousand. People ate each other; white bones lay heaped in great mounds, the rotting remains befouling the roads. [...] Chang'an stood entirely empty; all scattered to the four winds. Within two or three years, not a traveller remained in Guanzhong. [...] Since Dong Zhuo's rebellion, the people had been scattered and adrift; grain reached over fifty thousand coins per shi, and many ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 是时谷一斛五十万，豆麦二十万，人相食啖，白骨盈积，残骸余肉，臭秽道路。……长安城中尽空，并皆四散，二三年间，关中无复行人。……汉自董卓之乱，百姓流离，谷石至五十余万，人多相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jin Shu|Jin Shu]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce, Vol. 26" (《晉書·卷二十六·志第十六·食貨》) ##195–197 CE: The Chaos of Li Jue and Guo Si in Chang'an, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': When Dong Zhuo first died, the three adjuncts still held several hundred thousand households. Li Jue and his confederates unleashed their troops to plunder; compounded by Great Famine, within two years the people had eaten each other nearly to the last. ##: [...] At that time Chang'an stood empty for over forty days; the strong scattered, the weak ate each other, and within two or three years not a human trace remained in Guanzhong. ##: '''Original:''' 董卓初死，三辅民尚数十万户，李傕等放兵劫略，加以饥馑，二年间，民相食略尽。……是时，长安城空四十馀日，强者四散，羸者相食，二三年间，关中无复人迹。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 61 (《資治通鑑·卷六十一》) # 195–197 CE: Wang Zhong the Cannibal, Pei Songzhi's Commentary #: '''English''': Wang Zhong was a man of Fufeng who in his youth served as a village headman. When the three adjuncts fell into turmoil, Zhong, starving and desperate, ate human flesh, and followed a band of men southward toward Wuguan. [...] #: The Master of the Wuguan Office, knowing that Zhong had once eaten human flesh, took him along on an imperial outing and had entertainers fasten a skull from a grave to Zhong's saddle, to the great amusement of all. #: '''Original:''' 王忠，扶风人。少为亭长。三辅乱，忠饥乏噉人，随辈南向武关。……五官将知忠尝噉人，因从驾出行，令俳取冢间骷髅系著忠马鞍，以为欢笑。 #: '''Source:''' Pei Songzhi's ''[[:w:Annotations to the Records of the Three Kingdoms|Sanguozhi Annotations]]'', citing the lost ''Weilüe'', "Annals of Emperor Wu, Vol. 1" (裴松之《三國志注·魏書·武帝紀》引《魏略》) # 196 CE: Liu Bei's Army Starves at Haixi, Zizhi Tongjian #: '''English''': Liu Bei gathered his remaining forces and moved east to Guangling, gave battle to Yuan Shu, and was again defeated; he encamped at Haixi. Beset by hunger and hardship, his officers and men ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 备收馀兵东取广陵，与袁术战，又败，屯于海西。饥饿困踧，吏士相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 62 (《資治通鑑·卷六十二》) # 196 CE: Liu Bei's Army Starves at Haixi, Pei Songzhi's Commentary #: '''English''': Liu Bei's army being at Guangling, hunger and hardship upon them; officers and men, high and low, ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 備軍在廣陵，飢餓困踧，吏士大小自相啖食。 #: '''Source:''' Pei Songzhi's ''[[:w:Annotations to the Records of the Three Kingdoms|Sanguozhi Annotations]]'', citing the lost ''Yingxiong Ji'', "Biography of the Progenitor Ruler, Vol. 32" (裴松之《三國志注·卷三十二·蜀書·先主傳》引《英雄記》) # 196 CE: Famine Under Gongsun Zan's Rule, ''Hou Han Shu'' #: '''English''': [...] That year brought drought and locusts; grain grew dear and people ate each other. Gongsun Zan, relying on his own abilities, showed no concern for the people. #: '''Original:''' 是时，旱、蝗，谷贵，民相食。瓒恃其才力，不恤百姓。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Yu, Gongsun Zan and Tao Qian, Vol. 73" (《後漢書·卷七十三·劉虞公孫瓚陶謙列傳第六十三》) # 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Hou Han Shu(1)'' #: '''English''': That year brought famine; along the Yangtze and Huai rivers, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 是岁饥，江淮间民相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Annals of Emperor Xian, Vol. 9" (《後漢書·卷九·孝獻帝紀第九》) ## 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Hou Han Shu(2)'' ##: '''English''': Yuan Shu's forces were weakened, his great generals dead, and his followers estranged and in revolt. Compounded by drought and failed harvests, his officers and people froze and starved; along the Yangtze and Huai, people had eaten each other nearly to the last. ##: '''Original:''' 术兵弱，大将死，众情离叛，加天旱岁荒，士民冻馁，江、淮间相食殆尽。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of the Later Han|Hou Han Shu]]'', "Biographies of Liu Yan, Yuan Shu and Lü Bu, Vol. 75" (《後漢書·卷七十五·劉焉袁術呂布列傳第六十五》) ## 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Sanguozhi'' ##: '''English''': Yuan Shu's extravagance grew ever more excessive; his rear palace of several hundred consorts all wore fine silks, with surplus of grain and meat, whilst his officers and men froze and starved. Along the Yangtze and Huai the land was emptied; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 荒侈滋甚，后宫数百皆服绮縠，余粱肉，而士卒冻馁，江淮间空尽，人民相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biographies of Dong, the Two Yuans and Liu, Vol. 6" (《三國志·卷六·魏書六·董二袁劉傳》) ## 197 CE: Famine Along the Yangtze and Huai, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Since the Zhongping era, the realm had fallen into turmoil; the people abandoned farming, armies rose on all sides, and provisions were ever wanting. When hungry, the troops plundered; when fed, they abandoned their surplus. Those who collapsed and scattered, undone by no enemy but themselves, were beyond counting. Yuan Shao in Hebei had his men subsist on mulberries; Yuan Shu along the Yangtze and Huai drew sustenance from cattail and river snails. The people ate each other, and the commanderies were left desolate. ##: '''Original:''' 中平以来，天下乱离，民弃农业，诸军并起，率乏粮谷，无终岁之计，饥则寇略，饱则弃馀，瓦解流离，无敌自破者，不可胜数。袁绍在河北，军人仰食桑椹。袁术在江淮，取给蒲蠃，民多相食，州里萧条。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 62 (《資治通鑑·卷六十二》) # 238 CE: Siege of Xiangping. ''Sanguozhi'' #: '''English''': Gongsun Yuan was in dire stuation. His provisions exhausted, people ate each other, and the dead were very many. #: '''Original:''' 渊窘急。粮尽，人相食，死者甚多。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sanguozhi|Sanguozhi]]'', "Biographies of the Two Gongsuns, Tao and Four Zhangs, Vol. 8" (《三國志·卷八·魏書八·二公孫陶四張傳》) ## 238 CE: Siege of Xiangping, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Gongsun Yuan was in dire situation; provisions in Xiangping were exhausted, people ate each other, and the dead were very many. ##: '''Original:''' 公孙渊窘急，粮尽，人相食，死者甚多。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 74 (《資治通鑑·卷七十四》) ==West Jin== # 304 CE: The Famine of Chang'an and the Sack of Luoyang, ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': Shen Ju raised arms against Chang'an, yet was routed by (Sima) Yong. Zhang Fang greatly plundered Luo, then withdrew unto Chang'an. Thereupon the armies fell into dire want, and men did eat one another. #: '''Original:''' 沈举举兵攻长安，为（司马）颙所败。张方大掠洛中，还长安。于是军中大馁，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Annals of Emperor Hui" (《晋书·卷四·帝纪第四·惠帝》) # 304 CE: The Plunder of Luoyang, in ''[[w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': (Zhang Fang) did seize from Luo above ten thousand bondsmen and bondswomen, both of state and private households, and marched them westward. The army, lacking victuals, did slay men and mingle their flesh with that of oxen and horses for sustenance. #: '''Original:''' （张方）掠洛中官私奴婢万馀人而西。军中乏食，杀人杂牛马肉食之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 85 (《资治通鉴》卷85) # 306 CE: The Tyranny of Pan Tao and Bi Miao, in ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': (Pan) Tao and (Bi) Miao and their like seized (Sima) Yue and force him beyond the passes, falsely establishing a mobile administration, compelling the removal of ministers, issuing decrees by their own will, loosing soldiers to plunder and ravage, consuming the flesh of the common people, with corpses choking the roads and bleached bones filling the wilderness. Thus did the provincial lords betrayed their obligation, the cities and towns fall desolate, and the folk of Huai and Yu were casted into utter misery. #: '''Original:''' （潘）滔、（毕）邈等劫（司马）越出关，矫立行台，逼徙公卿，擅为诏令，纵兵寇抄，茹食居人，交尸塞路，暴骨盈野。遂令方镇失职，城邑萧条，淮豫之萌，陷离涂炭。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biography of Zhou Jun et al." (《晋书·卷六十一·列传第三十一·周浚等》) # 311 CE, eign of [[:w:Emperor Huai of Jin|Emperor Huai of Jin]]: The Rout at Ningping and the Death of Sima Yue, in ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': In the fifth year of Yongjia (the third month), (Sima) Yue did perish at Xiang. In the fourth month, Shi Le gave pursuit unto Ningping in Ku County; General Qian Duan sallied forth to resist him and fell in battle, the army breaking asunder. Thereupon Shi Le encircled the host of several hundred thousand with cavalry and loosed arrows upon them; the slain were heaped as mountains. Of princes, nobles, officers, and commoners, above a hundred thousand perished. Wang Mi's brother Zhang did burn the remnant and devour them. #: The people laid blame upon (Sima) Yue, and Emperor Huai issued a decree degrading Yue to the rank of a county king. #: '''Original:''' 永嘉五年（三月），（司马越）薨于项。……（四月，）石勒追及于苦县宁平城，将军钱端出兵距勒，战死，军溃。……于是数十万众，（石）勒以骑围而射之，相践如山。王公士庶死者十余万。王弥弟璋焚其余众，并食之。天下归罪于（司马）越。（晋怀）帝发诏贬越为县王。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin (晉書)]]'', "Biography of King Liang of Runan et al." (《晋书·卷五十九·列传第二十九·汝南王亮等》) # 311 CE, Reign of [[:w:Emperor Huai of Jin|Emperor Huai of Jin]]: The Famine in the Passes, in ''[[w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': At that time, famine ravaged the lands within the passes; the common folk consumed ate each other. Pestilence spreaded upon them, and bandits roamed openly, beyond the power of (Sima) Mo to suppress. #: '''Original:''' 時關中饑荒，百姓相啖；加以疾疫，盜賊公行，（司马）模力不能制。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin (晉書)]]'', "Biographies of the Imperial Clan" (《晋书·卷三十七·列传第七·宗室》) # 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](1)'' #: '''English''': Grand General Xun Xi memorialized to relocate the capital to Cangyuan; the Emperor was minded to comply, yet the great ministers, fearing (Pan) Tao, dared not carry out the edict, and the palace eunuchs, coveting their riches, were loath to depart. Famine grew great; people ate each other, and eight or nine in ten officials fled. #: '''Original:''' 大将军苟晞表迁都仓垣,帝将从之,诸大臣畏滔,不敢奉诏,且宫中及黄门恋资财,不欲出。至是饥甚,人相食,百官流亡者十八九。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Annals, Emperor Huai & Emperor Min" (《晋书·卷五·帝纪第五·孝怀帝 孝愍帝》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](2)'' ##: '''English''': By the Yongjia era, calamity and disorder had worsened greatly. East of Yongzhou, multitudes suffered hunger; they sold one another into bondage, and the wandering multitudes were beyond count. Six provinces — You, Bing, Si, Ji, Qin, and Yong — were struck by great locusts, devouring all grass, trees, and the fur of cattle and horses. Great pestilence followed, joined by famine. People were slain by brigands; corpses filled the rivers, and white bones covered the fields. As Liu Yao's forces pressed close, the court deliberated removing the capital to Cangyuan. People ate each other; famine and plague came together, and eight or nine in ten officials had fled. ##: '''Original:''' 至于永嘉,丧乱弥甚。雍州以东,人多饥乏,更相鬻卖,奔迸流移,不可胜数。幽、并、司、冀、秦、雍六州大蝗,草木及牛马毛皆尽。又大疾疫,兼以饥馑。百姓又为寇贼所杀,流尸满河,白骨蔽野。刘曜之逼,朝廷议欲迁都仓垣。人多相食,饥疫总至,百官流亡者十八九。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce" (《晋书·卷二十六·志第十六·食货》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](3)'' ##: '''English''': Emperor Huai being besieged by Liu Yao, the imperial armies suffered repeated defeat, the treasury was exhausted, and the hundred officials were greatly famished; smoke of cooking fires was seen in no house. The starving fed upon one another. In the west, where Emperor Min resided, hunger was exceeding great; a peck of grain cost two taels of gold, and more than half the people perished. ##: '''Original:''' 怀帝为刘曜所围,王师累败,府帑既竭,百官饥甚,比屋不见火烟,饥人自相啖食。愍皇西宅,馁馑弘多,斗米二金,死者太半。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Treatise on Food and Commerce" (《晋书·卷二十六·志第十六·食货》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](4)'' ##: '''English''': When Luoyang fell into chaos, with thieves running rampant, people ate each other out of hunger. (Zhi) Yu, being ever poor and frugal, perished at last of starvation. ##: '''Original:''' 及洛京荒乱,盗窃纵横,人饥相食。虞素清贫,遂以馁卒。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Huangfu Mi et al." (《晋书·卷五十一·列传第二十一·皇甫谧等》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](5)'' ##: '''English''': (Wang) Mi, together with (Liu) Yao, attacked Xiangcheng and pressed upon the capital. The capital suffered a Great Famine; people ate each other, the common folk fled, and the dukes and ministers escaped to Heyin. ##: '''Original:''' 王弥后与曜寇襄城,遂逼京师。时京邑大饥,人相食,百姓流亡,公卿奔河阴。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Wang Mi et al." (《晋书·卷一百·列传第七十·王弥等》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](6)'' ##: '''English''': Wang Mi and Liu Yao arrived and joined (Huyan) Yan in besieging Luoyang. Within the city, famine was dire; people ate each other, the hundred officials scattered, and none held firm. The Xuanyang Gate fell; Mi and Yan entered the Southern Palace, ascended the Taiji Front Hall, and loosed their soldiers in great plunder, seizing all palace women and treasures. Yao thereupon slew all the princes, nobles, and officers below, in which numbered more than thirty thousand in all, and thereupon raised a great mound of their skulls north of the Luo River. ##: '''Original:''' 王弥、刘曜至,复与晏会围洛阳。时城内饥甚,人皆相食,百官分散,莫有固志。宣阳门陷,弥、晏入于南宫,升太极前殿,纵兵大掠,悉收宫人、珍宝。曜于是害诸王公及百官已下三万余人,于洛水北筑为京观。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Chronicles, Liu Cong et al." (《晋书·卷一百二·载记第二·刘聪等》) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism During the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': Ere long, Luoyang fell to famine and distress; people ate each other, and eight or nine in ten officials had fled. ##: '''Original:''' 既而洛阳饥困,人相食,百官流亡者什八九。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 87 (《资治通鉴》卷87) ## 311 CE, Reign of Emperor Huai of Jin (永嘉五年): Great Famine and Cannibalism After the Fall of Luoyang, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](7)'' ##: '''English''': When Luoyang fell, Grand Commandant Xun Fan fled to Yangcheng, and General of the Guard Hua Hui fled to Chenggao. A Great Famine prevailed; the bandit chief Hou Du and his ilk seized men for food, and many of Fan's and Hui's followers were thus devoured. ##: '''Original:''' 及洛阳不守，太尉荀藩奔阳城，卫将军华荟奔成皋。时大饥，贼帅侯都等每略人而食之，藩、荟部曲多为所啖。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Shao Xu et al." (《晋书·卷六十三·列传第三十三·邵续等》) # 312 CE: Cannibalism Among Han Zhao Troops, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': The Han Zhao generals Zhao Gu and Wang Sang, fearing absorption by Shi Le, sought to lead their forces back to Pingyang. Provisions within the army ran short, and soldiers ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 汉安北将军赵固、平北将军王桑恐为石勒所并，欲引兵归平阳。军中乏粮，士卒相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 88 (《资治通鉴》卷88) # 312 CE: Cannibalism in Shi Le's Army at Gepei, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' and ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': (Shi) Le, at Gepei, built dwellings, encouraged farming, and constructed boats, intending to attack Jiankang. Yet wherever he marched, the people had fortified their walls and cleared the fields; nothing could be plundered, and great famine fell upon the army, so that soldiers ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 勒于葛陂缮室宇，课农造舟，将寇建邺。……勒所过路次，皆坚壁清野，采掠无所获，军中大饥，士众相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Chronicles, Shi Le I" (《晋书·卷一百四·载记第四·石勒上》) # 312 CE: Cannibalism in Shi Le's Army at Gepei, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' #: '''English''': As Shi Le marched north from Gepei, all along his path the people had fortified and cleared the fields; nothing could be seized. Famine within the army grew dire, and soldiers ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 石勒自葛陂北行，所过皆坚壁清野，虏掠无所获，军中饥甚，士卒相食。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 88 (《资治通鉴》卷88) # 314 CE: Monstrous Birth and Cannibalism in Guangyi, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': The wife of Yang Chong of Guangyi bore a child with two heads; her brother stole and ate it, and died within three days. #: '''Original:''' 光义人羊充妻产子二头，其兄窃而食之，三日而死。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Chronicles, Liu Cong et al." (《晋书·卷一百二·载记第二·刘聪等》) # 316 CE, Reign of Emperor Min of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism at Chang'an, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](1)'' #: '''English''': In the tenth month of winter, the capital Chang'an suffered dire famine; a peck of grain cost two taels of gold, people ate each other, and more than half perished. #: '''Original:''' 冬十月，京师饥甚，米斗金二两，人相食，死者太半。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Annals, Emperor Huai & Emperor Min" (《晋书·卷五·帝纪第五·孝怀帝 孝愍帝》) ## 316 CE, Reign of Emperor Min of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism at Chang'an, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]](2)'' ##: '''English''': When Liu Yao again besieged the capital, (Suo) Chen and Qu Yun held fast to the inner city of Chang'an. Within, famine was dire; people ate each other, and the dead, fugitives, and deserters were beyond restraint; only the thousand loyal troops from Liangzhou stood firm unto death. ##: '''Original:''' 后刘曜又率众围京城、綝与麹允固守长安小城。……城中饥窘，人相食，死亡逃奔不可制，唯凉州义众千人守死不移。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', "Biographies, Xie Xi et al." (《晋书·卷六十·列传第三十·解系等》) ## 316 CE, Reign of Emperor Min of Jin: Great Famine and Cannibalism at Chang'an, in ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'' ##: '''English''': In the eighth month, the Han Zhao Grand Marshal (Liu) Yao pressed upon Chang'an. Yao stormed the outer city; Qu Yun and Suo Chen withdrew to defend the inner city. All communication within and without was severed; famine within grew dire. A peck of grain cost two taels of gold, people ate each other, and more than half had perished; deserters and fugitives could not be restrained. Only the thousand loyal troops from Liangzhou stood firm. In the imperial granary there remained but several dozen cakes of leaven; Qu Yun ground them into gruel to feed the Emperor, yet ere long even these were exhausted. ##: '''Original:''' 八月，汉大司马曜逼长安。……曜攻陷長安外城，麴允、索綝退保小城以自固。內外斷絕，城中饑甚。斗米值金二兩，人相食，死者大半，亡逃不可制。唯涼州義眾千人守死不移。太倉有麴數十餅，麴允屑之為粥以供帝，既而亦盡。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 89 (《资治通鉴》卷89) # 316 CE: Great Famine and Cannibalism in Beidi, in ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'' #: '''English''': Famine in Beidi was dire; people ate each other. Qiang Qiou's army transported grain to supply Qu Chang, but was defeated by Liu Ya. #: '''Original:''' 北地饥甚，人相食啖，羌酋大军须运粮以给麹昌，刘雅击败之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Book of Jin|Book of Jin]]'', Vol. 102 "Chronicles, Liu Cong et al." (《晋书·卷一百二·载记第二·刘聪等》) ==East Jin== # 319 CE: Slicing and Eating of Du Zeng's Flesh, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Du Zeng's forces collapsed; his generals Ma Jun and Su Wen captured him and surrendered to Zhou Fang. Zhou Fang wished to bring him alive to Wuchang, but Zhu Gui's son Zhu Chang and Zhao You's son Zhao Yin both begged for Du Zeng to avenge their fathers' grievances. Du Zeng was thereupon beheaded; Chang and Yin sliced his flesh and ate it. #: '''Original:''' 曾众溃，其将马俊、苏温等执曾诣访降。访欲生致武昌，而朱轨息昌、赵诱息胤皆乞曾以复冤，于是斩杜曾，而昌、胤脔其肉而啖之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 100, "Biographies, Vol. 70: Wang Mi et al." (《晋书·卷一百·列传第七十·王弥等》) # c. 321 CE: Xu Kan Fed to His Own Kin After Execution, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Shi Jilong attacked and captured Xu Kan, sending him to Xiangguo. Shi Le had him bagged and hurled to his death from the hundred-foot tower, then ordered the wives and children of Bu Du and others to disembowel and eat him; three thousand of Xu Kan's surrendered troops were buried alive. #: '''Original:''' 石季龙攻陷徐龛，送之襄国，勒囊盛于百尺楼自上扑杀之，令步都等妻子刳而食之，坑龛降卒三千。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 105, "Chronicles, Vol. 5: Shi Le, Part II et al." (《晋书·卷一百五·载记第五·石勒下等》) # c. 337 CE: Shi Sui Slays Palace Women and Nuns, ''Book of Jin(1)'' #: '''English''': After Shi Sui assumed full governance, he abandoned himself to wine and lust, acting with arrogant depravity. He would roam the fields with music playing as he entered, or venture by night into the homes of court officials to violate their wives and concubines. #: Of the palace women whom he had adorned and found comely, he would behead them, wash away the blood, place their heads upon platters, and pass them round for viewing. He also brought in comely Buddhist nuns, defiled them, then slew them; their flesh was boiled together with beef and mutton and eaten, and portions were also distributed to his attendants, who were interested in the flavor. #: '''Original:''' 邃自总百揆之后，荒酒淫色，骄恣无道，或盘游于田，悬管而入，或夜出于宫臣家，淫其妻妾。妆饰宫人美淑者，斩首洗血，置于盘上，传共视之。又内诸比丘尼有姿色者，与其交亵而杀之，合牛羊肉煮而食之，亦赐左右，欲以识其味也。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 106, "Chronicles, Vol. 6: Shi Jilong, Part I" (《晋书·卷一百六·载记第六·石季龙上》) ## c. 337 CE: Shi Sui Slays and Cooks Palace Women and Nuns, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Shi Sui, Crown Prince of Later Zhao, was arrogant, lustful, and cruel; he delighted in adorning comely consorts, beheading them, washing away the blood, placing their heads upon platters, and passing them amongst his guests for viewing. He further cooked their flesh and shared it for eating. ##: '''Original:''' 邃骄淫残忍，好妆饰美姬，斩其首，洗血置盘上，与宾客传观之，又烹其肉共食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 95 (《资治通鉴》卷95) # 351 CE: Great Famine in Si and Ji Provinces, ''Book of Jin(1)'' #: '''English''': Bandits and rebels arose like swarms; a Great Famine struck Si and Ji Provinces; people ate each other. #: From the final years of Shi Jilong, Ran Min had dispersed all the granaries and treasuries to cultivate personal loyalty. Warfare with the Qiang and Hu raged without cease, with battles every month. #: The transplanted households of Qing, Yong, You, and Jing Provinces, together with the Di, Qiang, Hu, and Man peoples, numbering several hundred myriads, returned to their native lands; their routes met in one point, where all of they slaughtered and plundered one another. With famine and pestilence, only two or three in ten reached their destinations. Throughout the realm there was great disorder, and none remained to till the fields. #: '''Original:''' 贼盗蜂起，司、冀大饥，人相食。自季龙末年而闵尽散仓库以树私恩。与羌胡相攻，无月不战。青、雍、幽、荆州徙户及诸氐、羌、胡、蛮数百余万，各还本土，道路交错，互相杀掠，且饥疫死亡，其能达者十有二三。诸夏纷乱，无复农者。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 107, "Chronicles, Vol. 7: Shi Jilong, Part II" (《晋书·卷一百七·载记第七·石季龙下》) ## 351 CE: Great Famine in Si and Ji Provinces, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The several hundred myriad transplanted peoples of Qing, Yong, You, and Jing Provinces — along with the Di, Qiang, Hu, and Man — whom Later Zhao had relocated, found the laws of Zhao no longer enforced and each returned to their native lands. ##: Their routes met in one point, where all of they slaughtered and plundered one another; only two or three in ten reached their destinations. The Central Plains fell into great disorder. Famine and pestilence followed; people ate each other, and none remained to till the fields. ##: '''Original:''' 后赵所徙青、雍、幽、荆四州人民及氐、羌、胡蛮数百万口，以赵法禁不行，各还本土；道路交错，互相杀掠，其能达者什有二、三。中原大乱。因以饥疫，人相食，无复耕者。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 99 (《资治通鉴》卷99) # 352 CE: Famine in Ye, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Famine struck Ye; people ate each other. The palace women from the time of Shi Jilong were nearly all consumed. #: '''Original:''' 邺中饥，人相食，季龙时宫人被食略尽。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 107, "Chronicles, Vol. 7: Shi Jilong, Part II" (《晋书·卷一百七·载记第七·石季龙下》) ## 352 CE: Famine in Ye'', Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': A Great Famine struck Ye; people ate each other. The palace women from the time of the former Zhao were nearly all consumed. ##: '''Original:''' 邺中大饥，人相食，故赵时宫人被食略尽。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 99 (《资治通鉴》卷99) # 356 CE: Siege of Duan Kan's City, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Duan Kan defended the Yin city under siege; the roads for gathering firewood were cut off, and people ate each other within the city. #: '''Original:''' 段龛婴城自守，樵采路绝，城中人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 100 (《资治通鉴·卷一百》) # 385 CE: Great Famine at Chang'an, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': At this time there was a Great Famine in Chang'an; people ate each other, and the generals, upon returning home, spat out flesh to feed their wives and children. #: '''Original:''' 时长安大饥，人相食，诸将归而吐肉以饴妻子。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 114 "Chronicles 14, Fu Jian II" (《晋书·卷一百十四·载记第十四·苻坚下》) ## 385 CE: Great Famine at Chang'an, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine in Chang'an; people ate each other. Yao Chang rebelled at Beidi and allied with [Murong] Chong, jointly attacking Chang'an. ##: '''Original:''' 长安大饥，人民相食。姚苌叛于北地，与冲连和，合攻长安。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 95 "Biographies 83, Liu Cong of the Xiongnu et al." (《魏书·卷九十五·列传第八十三·匈奴刘聪等》) ## 385 CE: Great Famine at Chang'an, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': In the first month, [Former] Qin's [Fu] Jian held a banquet for his ministers. Chang'an was then stricken by famine; people ate each other, and the generals, upon returning home, spat out flesh to feed their wives and children. ##: '''Original:''' 正月，(前)秦(苻)堅朝饗群臣，時長安飢，人相食，諸將歸，吐肉以飼妻子。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 106 (《资治通鉴·卷一百零六》) # 385 CE: Murong Chong's Forces Eat the Slain, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': [Murong] Chong further dispatched his Secretariat Director Gao Gai to lead troops in a night assault on Chang'an, breaching the southern gate and entering the southern city. General of the Left Dou Chong and General of the Front Guards Li Bian and others repelled them, beheading 1,800 men, and divided the corpses for consumption. #: '''Original:''' （慕容）冲又遣其尚书令高盖率众夜袭长安，攻陷南门，入于南城。左将军窦冲、前禁将军李辩等击败之，斩首千八百级，分其尸而食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 114 "Chronicles 14, Fu Jian II" (《晋书·卷一百十四·载记第十四·苻坚下》) # 385 CE: Famine in You and Ji Prefectures, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Murong Gui's troops suffered greatly from hunger and many fled to Zhongshan; the people of You and Ji prefectures ate each other. Earlier, a popular rhyme in the Pass East had said: "Youzhou — born to be destroyed; if not destroyed, the people shall be extinguished." This was [Murong] Cui's birth name. Having held out against [Fu] Pi for a full year, the common people were nearly all dead. #: '''Original:''' 慕容垂军人饥甚，多奔中山，幽、冀人相食。初，关东谣曰："幽州，生当灭。若不灭，百姓绝。"（慕容）垂之本名。与（符）丕相持经年，百姓死几绝。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 114 "Chronicles 14, Fu Jian II" (《晋书·卷一百十四·载记第十四·苻坚下》) ## 385 CE: Famine in You and Ji Prefectures, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Yan and Qin having held out against each other for a full year, You and Ji prefectures suffered a Great Famine; people ate each other, and settlements lay desolate. Many of Yan's soldiers starved to death; the King of Yan, [Murong] Cui, forbade the people from raising silkworms and had them subsist on mulberry berries. ##: '''Original:''' 燕、秦相持經年，幽、冀大饑，人相食，邑落蕭條，燕之軍士多餓死，燕王（慕容）垂禁民養蠶，以桑椹為食。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 106 (《资治通鉴·卷一百零六》) # 386 CE: Fu Deng's Army Eats the Slain, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': [Fu] Deng, having succeeded Wei Ping, thenceforth held sole command of military campaigns. At this time drought brought widespread hunger, and the roads were lined with the starving dead. Whenever Deng won a battle and slew the enemy, he called it "cooked meat," and said to his men: "You fight in the morning and by evening are sated with flesh — why fear hunger!" The troops followed his lead, eating the flesh of the slain, and were thereby well-fed and fit for battle. #: '''Original:''' （苻）登既代卫平，遂专统征伐。是时岁旱众饥，道殣相望，登每战杀贼，名为熟食，谓军人曰："汝等朝战，暮便饱肉，何忧于饥！"士众从之，啖死人肉，辄饱健能斗。 #: '''Source:''' [[wikipedia:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 115 "Chronicles 15, Fu Pi et al." (《晋书·卷一百十五·载记第十五·苻丕等》) # 387 CE: Famine in Jiuquan, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Wang Mu seized Jiuquan by surprise and proclaimed himself General-in-Chief and Governor of Liangzhou. At this time grain prices soared; one dou fetched five hundred cash, people ate each other, and more than half perished. #: '''Original:''' 王穆袭据酒泉，自称大将军、凉州牧。时谷价踊贵，斗直五百，人相食，死者太半。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 122 "Chronicles 22, Lü Guang et al." (《晋书·卷一百二十二·载记第二十二·吕光等》) # 387 CE: Famine in Liangzhou, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Great Famine in Liangzhou; one dou of rice fetched five hundred cash, people ate each other, and more than half perished. #: '''Original:''' 涼州大饑，米斗直錢五百，人相食，死者太半。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 112 (《资治通鉴·卷第一百一十二》) # c. 399 CE: Sun En Rebellion, ''Song Shu'' #: '''English''': In this time all means of livelihood were exhausted and the weak and elderly were many; the eastern lands suffered famine, and people exchanged children to eat. #: '''Original:''' 时生业已尽，老弱甚多，东土饥荒，易子而食; #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|''Song Shu'']], Vol. 100 "Biographies 60, Preface" (《宋书·卷一百·列传第六十·自序》) ## c. 399 CE: Sun En Rebellion, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': When [Sun] En raised his rebellion, all eight commanderies became a field of carnage. … The rebels' prohibitions went unheeded; they killed at will, and the number of officers and commoners slain was beyond reckoning. Some county magistrates were pickled and fed to their own wives and children; those who refused were dismembered. Such was their cruelty. ##: '''Original:''' （孙）恩既作乱，八郡尽为贼场，……贼等禁令不行，肆意杀戮，士庶死者不可胜计，或醢诸县令以食其妻子，不肯者辄支解之，其虐如此。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 96 "Biographies 84, the Usurper Jin's Sima Rui et al." (《魏书·卷九十六·列传第八十四·僭晋司马叡等》) # 401 CE, Longan 5: Omen of Famine and Usurpation, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Huan Xuan's memorial arrived, defying imperial intent and affronting the throne. Thereafter Xuan usurped the throne, threw the capital into disorder; there was a Great Famine, people ate each other, and the common people fled — all were fulfillments of these omens. #: '''Original:''' 九月，桓玄表至，逆旨陵上。其后玄遂篡位，乱京都，大饥，人相食，百姓流亡，皆其应也。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 13 "Treatises 3, Astronomy III" (《晋书·卷十三·志第三·天文下》) # 402 CE: Famine at Guzang, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': Grain prices at Guzang soared; one dou fetched five thousand cash, people ate each other, and over a hundred thousand starved to death. The city gates were shut by day, and the roads for gathering firewood were cut off. Each day several hundred commoners petitioned to leave the city and offer themselves as slaves to the barbarians. [Lü] Long, fearing this would demoralize the populace, had them all buried alive, corpses piled up and filled the streets. #: '''Original:''' 姑臧谷价踊贵，斗直钱五千文，人相食，饿死者十余万口。城门昼闭，樵采路绝，百姓请出城乞为夷虏奴婢者日有数百。隆惧沮动人情，尽坑之，于是积尸盈于衢路。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 122 "Chronicles 22, Lü Guang et al." (《晋书·卷一百二十二·载记第二十二·吕光等》) ## 402 CE: Famine at Guzang, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Juqu Mengxun and Tufa Rutan attacked repeatedly, leaving the people of Hexi unable to farm to the west. Grain prices soared; one dou fetched five thousand cash, people ate each other, and over a thousand starved to death. The city gates of Guzang were shut by day and the roads for gathering firewood were cut off. Each day several hundred commoners petitioned to leave the city and offer themselves as slaves to the barbarians. [Lü] Long, fearing this would demoralize the populace, had them all buried alive. ##: '''Original:''' 沮渠蒙逊、秃发辱檀频来攻击，河西之民，不得农西，谷价涌贵，斗直钱五千文，人相食，饿死者千余口。姑臧城门昼闭，樵采路断，民请出城，乞为夷虏奴婢者，日有数百。隆恐沮动人情，尽坑之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 95 "Biographies 83, Liu Cong of the Xiongnu et al." (《魏书·卷九十五·列传第八十三·匈奴刘聪等》) ## 402 CE: Famine at Guzang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Great Famine at Guzang; one dou of rice fetched five thousand cash, people ate each other, and over a hundred thousand starved to death. The city gates were shut by day, and the roads for gathering firewood were cut off. Each day several hundred commoners petitioned to leave the city and offer themselves as slaves to the Hu barbarians; Lü Long, loathing the effect on morale, had them all buried alive, corpses piled up and filled the roads. ##: '''Original:''' 姑臧大饥，米斗直钱五千，人相食，饥死者十馀万口。城门昼闭，樵采路绝，民请出城为胡虏奴婢者，日有数百，吕隆恶其沮动众心，尽坑之，积尸盈路。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']], Vol. 112 (《资治通鉴·卷一百一十二》) # 402 CE: Astronomical Omen of Famine, ''Book of Jin'' #: '''English''': In the fourth month, on the day xinsi, the moon occluded Mercury. In the seventh month, Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 元兴元年四月辛丑，月奄辰星。七月，大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 12 "Treatises 2, Astronomy II" (《晋书·卷十二·志第二·天文中》) ## 402 CE: Famine in the Eastern Regions, ''Book of Jin(1)'' ##: '''English''': In the seventh month of Yuanxing 1, Great Famine; people ate each other. Six or seven in ten east of the Zhe River died or fled; the population of Wu Commandery and Wuxing was halved, and tens of thousands more fled westward. ##: '''Original:''' 元兴元年七月，大饥，人相食。浙江以东流亡十六七，吴郡、吴兴户口减半，又流奔而西者万计。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Jin|''Book of Jin'']], Vol. 13 "Treatises 3, Astronomy III" (《晋书·卷十三·志第三·天文下》) ## 402 CE: Famine in the Eastern Regions, ''Song Shu'' ##: '''English''': In the seventh month [of Yuanxing 1], Great Famine; people ate each other. Six or seven in ten east of the Zhe River starved to death or fled; the population of Wu Commandery and Wuxing was halved, and tens of thousands more fled westward. ##: '''Original:''' （元兴元年）七月，大饥，人相食。浙江东饿死流亡十六七，吴郡、吴兴户口减半；又流奔而西者万计。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|''Song Shu'']], Vol. 25 "Treatises 15, Astronomy III" (《宋书·卷二十五·志第十五·天文三》) # 402 CE Kong Clan Distributes Grain, ''Song Shu'' #: '''English''': After the Sun En rebellion, the eastern lands suffered famine; people ate each other. The Kong clan distributed their household grain to relieve the neighbourhood, saving many lives; those who bore children thereafter named them Kong in gratitude. #: '''Original:''' 及孙恩乱后，东土饥荒，人相食，孔氏散家粮以赈邑里，得活者甚众，生子皆以孔为名焉。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|''Song Shu'']], Vol. 81 "Biographies 41, Liu Xiuzhi et al." (《宋书·卷八十一·列传第四十一·刘秀之等》) ## 402 CE: Kong Clan Distributes Grain, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': After the Sun En rebellion, the eastern lands suffered famine; people ate each other. The Kong clan distributed their household grain to relieve the neighbourhood, saving many lives; those who bore children thereafter named them Kong in gratitude. ##: '''Original:''' 孙恩乱后，东土饥荒，人相食，孔氏散家粮以振邑里，得活者甚众，生子皆以孔为名焉。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|''Nan Shi'']], Vol. 35 "Biographies 25, Liu Zhan et al." (《南史·卷三十五·列传第二十五·刘湛等》) # 409 CE: Cannibalism as Punishment for Regicide, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': [Tuoba] Shao, together with several attendants and eunuchs, scaled the palace walls and violated the forbidden precinct. The Emperor [Daowu of Northern Wei, Tuoba Gui] started up in alarm, reached for his bow and sword but could not find them, and died suddenly. … The guards seized and delivered Shao. Thereupon Shao and his mother were put to death; the attending eunuchs and palace women who had acted as inner accomplices, numbering over ten, were executed. Those who had first laid hands upon the imperial person were carved alive and eaten by the assembled ministers on the main avenue south of the city. #: '''Original:''' （拓跋）绍乃与帐下及宦者数人逾宫犯禁。帝（北魏道武皇帝拓跋珪）惊起，求弓刀不及，暴崩。……卫士执送绍，于是赐绍母子死，诛帐下阉官、宫人为内应者十数人。其先犯乘舆者，群臣于城南都街生脔食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|''Bei Shi'']], Vol. 16 "Biographies 4, The Seven Princes of Daowu et al." (《北史·卷十六·列传第四·道武七王等》) ## 409 CE: Cannibalism as Punishment for Regicide, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': The Supreme Ancestor (Taizong) arrived at the west of the city; the guards seized and delivered Shao. Thereupon Shao and his mother were put to death; the attending eunuchs and palace women who had acted as inner accomplices, numbering over ten, were executed. Those who had first laid hands upon the imperial person were carved alive and eaten by the assembled ministers on the main avenue south of the city. ##: '''Original:''' 太宗至城西，卫士执送绍。于是赐绍母子死，诛帐下阉官、宫人为内应者十数人，其先犯乘舆者，群臣于城南都街生脔割而食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|''Wei Shu'']], Vol. 16 "Biographies 4, The Seven Princes of Daowu" (《魏书·卷十六·列传第四·道武七王》) ## 409 CE: Cannibalism as Punishment for Regicide, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Those who had first laid hands upon the imperial person [Tuoba Gui] were carved and eaten by the assembled ministers. ##: '''Original:''' 其先犯乘舆（拓跋珪）者，群臣脔食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|''Zizhi Tongjian'']] (《资治通鉴》) ==Southern and Northern Dynasties== # 431 CE: Siege of Nan'an, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Helian Ding dispatched Wei Dai, Duke of Beiping, with ten thousand men to attack Nan'an. Within the city there was Great Famine; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 赫连定遣其北平公韦代率众万人攻南安。城内大饥，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 93 "Biographies, 81: Pretenders and Vassals" (《北史·卷九十三·列传第八十一·僭伪附庸》) ## 431 CE: Siege of Nan'an, ''Book of Wei'' ##: '''English''': Helian Ding dispatched Wei Dai, Duke of Beiping, with ten thousand men to attack Nan'an. Within the city there was Great Famine; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 赫连定遣其北平公韦代率众一万攻南安，城内大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 99 "Biographies, 87: Zhang Shi, Governor of Liangzhou et al." (《魏书·卷九十九·列传第八十七·凉州牧张实等》) ## 431 CE: Siege of Nan'an, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The Xia ruler (Helian Ding) attacked and defeated the Qin general Yao Xian; thereupon he dispatched his uncle Wei Fa, Duke of Beiping, with ten thousand men to attack Nan'an. Within the city there was Great Famine; people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 夏主（赫连定）击秦将姚献，败之；遂遣其叔父北平公韦伐帅众一万攻南安。城中大饥，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 122 (《资治通鉴》卷122) # Yuanjia Era: Medicinal Corpse, ''Yi Yuan'' #: '''English''': In the Yuanjia era, the Hu family of Yuzhang opened the tomb of [[:w:Marquis of Haihun | King Changyi]], and a man of Qingzhou opened the tomb of [[:w:Duke Xiang of Qi|Duke Xiang of Qi]]; both found golden hooks, whilst the corpses remained intact in the rocks. This may not be certain, yet the corpse of [[:w:Jing Fang|Jing Fang]] remained complete until the Yixi era; the flesh of such frozen corpses was fit for medicine, and soldiers carved and ate thereof. #: '''Original:''' 元嘉中，豫章胡家奴開邑王冢，青州人開齊襄公冢，並得金鉤，而屍骸露在岩中儼然。茲亦未必有憑而然也，京房屍至義熙中猶完具，殭屍人肉堪為藥，軍士分割食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:zh:异苑|Yi Yuan]] by Liu Jingshu (《异苑》) # 441 CE: Siege of Jiuquan, ''Book of Song'' #: '''English''': In the seventh month, Tuoba Tao dispatched an army to besiege Jiuquan. In the tenth month, there was famine within the city and ten thousand people starved to death; Juqu Tianzhou killed his wife to feed the soldiers. When the food was exhausted, the city fell; Tianzhou was captured and taken to Pingcheng, where he was executed. #: '''Original:''' 七月，拓跋焘遣军围酒泉。十月，城中饥，万余口皆饿死，（沮渠）天周杀妻以食战士；食尽，城乃陷，执天周至平城，杀之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|Song Shu]], Vol. 98 "Biographies, 58: Di Hu" (《宋书·卷九十八·列传第五十八·氐胡》) ## 441 CE: Siege of Jiuquan, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Food was exhausted within the city of Jiuquan and ten thousand people starved to death; Juqu Tianzhou killed his wife to feed the soldiers. ##: '''Original:''' 酒泉城中食尽，万馀口皆饿死，沮渠天周杀妻以食战士。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 123 (《资治通鉴》卷123) # c. 450 CE: Qingzhou Famine, ''Book of Southern Qi'' #: '''English''': At the end of the Yuanjia era, there was famine in Qingzhou; people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 元嘉末，青州饥荒，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Qi Shu|Book of Southern Qi]], Vol. 28 "Biographies, 9: Cui Zushi et al." (《南齐书·卷二十八·列传第九·崔祖思等》) ## c. 450 CE: Qingzhou Famine, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': At the end of the Yuanjia era, there was famine in Qingzhou; people ate each other. (Liu) Shanming had stored grain; he himself ate only thin porridge and opened his granaries to provide relief, whereby many in the village were saved. The people thereafter called his fields the "Life-Sustaining Fields." ##: '''Original:''' 元嘉末，青州饥荒，人相食。（刘）善明家有积粟，躬食饘粥，开仓以救，乡里多获全济，百姓呼其家田为续命田。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 49 "Biographies, 39: Yu Gaozhi et al." (《南史·卷四十九·列传第三十九·庾杲之等》) # 453 CE: Execution of Zhang Chaozhi, ''Song Shu'' #: '''English''': Zhang Chaozhi, hearing the troops had entered, fled to the old foundations of the He-dian hall and stopped at the site of the imperial bed, where he was killed by rebel soldiers. They cut open his intestines, gouged out his heart, and carved his flesh; the generals ate it raw and burned his skull. #: '''Original:''' 张超之闻兵入，遂走至合殿故基，正于御床之所，为乱兵所杀。割肠刳心，脔剖其肉，诸将生啖之，焚其头骨。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Song Shu|Song Shu]], Vol. 99 "Biographies, 59: Two Villains" (《宋书·卷九十九·列传第五十九·二凶》) ## 453 CE: Execution of Zhang Chaozhi, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': Zhang Chaozhi fled to the site of the imperial bed in the He-dian hall. He was killed by soldiers; they gouged his intestines and heart, carved his flesh, and the generals ate it raw. They burned his skull. ##: '''Original:''' 张超之走至合殿御床之所。为军士所杀，刳肠割心，诸将脔其肉，生啖之。焚其头骨。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 14 "Biographies, 4: Song Imperial Clan and Princes" (《南史·卷十四·列传第四·宋宗室及诸王下》) ## 453 CE: Execution of Zhang Chaozhi, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Zhang Chaozhi fled to the site of the imperial bed in the He-dian hall. He was killed by soldiers; they gouged his intestines and heart, and the generals carved his flesh and ate it raw. ##: '''Original:''' 张超之走至合殿御床之所。为军士所杀，刳肠割心，诸将脔其肉，生啖之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 127 (《资治通鉴》卷127) # c. 454 CE: Liu Yong's Consumption of Scabs, ''Book of Song'' #: '''English''': Liu Yong had a passion for eating scabs, believing the taste resembled abalone. He once visited Meng Lingxiu; Lingxiu had previously suffered from [[:w:Moxibustion|moxibustion]] sores, and the scabs had fallen upon the bed, whereupon Liu Yong took and ate them. Lingxiu was greatly alarmed. Liu Yong replied, "It is my nature to love this." Lingxiu then stripped away all remaining scabs from his body to provide for Liu Yong. After Liu Yong departed, Lingxiu wrote to He Xu, saying, "Liu Yong approached me and ate [scabs], until my whole body bled." In Nankang Commandery, some two hundred officials, regardless of whether they were guilty or innocent, were whipped in rotation so that the resulting scabs might constantly provide for his meals. #: '''Original:''' （刘）邕所至嗜食疮痂，以为味似鳆鱼。尝诣孟灵休，灵休先患灸疮，疮痂落床上，因取食之。灵休大惊。答曰：“性之所嗜。”灵休疮痂未落者，悉褫取以饴邕。邕既去，灵休与何勖书曰：“刘邕向顾见啖，遂举体流血。”南康国吏二百许人，不问有罪无罪，递互与鞭，鞭疮痂常以给膳。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Song|Book of Song]], Vol. 42 "Biographies, 2: Liu Muzhi et al." (《宋书·卷四十二·列传第二·刘穆之等》) ## c. 454 CE: Liu Yong's Consumption of Scabs, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': Liu Yong had a passion for eating scabs, believing the taste resembled abalone. He once visited Meng Lingxiu; Lingxiu had previously suffered from [[:w:Moxibustion|moxibustion]] sores, and the scabs fell upon the bed, which Liu Yong took and ate. Lingxiu was greatly alarmed; he then stripped away all remaining scabs to provide for Liu Yong. After Liu Yong departed, Lingxiu wrote to He Xu, saying, "Liu Yong approached me and ate [scabs], until my whole body bled." In Nankang Commandery, some two hundred officials, regardless of whether they were guilty or innocent, were whipped in rotation, and the scabs were constantly provided for his meals. ##: '''Original:''' （刘）邕性嗜食疮痂，以为味似鳆鱼。尝诣孟灵休，灵休先患灸疮，痂落在床，邕取食之。灵休大惊，痂未落者，悉褫取饴邕。邕去，灵休与何勖书曰：“刘邕向顾见啖，遂举体流血。”南康国吏二百许人，不问有罪无罪，递与鞭，疮痂常以给膳。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 15 "Biographies, 5: Liu Muzhi et al." (《南史·卷十五·列传第五·刘穆之等》) # 465 CE: Mutilation of Wang Yigong, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': The former deposed Emperor (Liu Ziye) was maddened and lawless. Wang Yigong and Liu Yuanjing conspired to depose him; the deposed Emperor led the Yulin guards to their residences and slew them, along with their four sons. He cut and severed the limbs of Wang Yigong, split open his abdomen and stomach, and plucked out his eyes to soak them in honey, calling them "Ghost-Eye [[:w:Zongzi|Zongzi]]." #: '''Original:''' 前废帝（刘子业）狂悖无道，（王）义恭、（柳）元景谋欲废立，废帝率羽林兵于第害之，并其四子。断析义恭支体，分裂腹胃，挑取眼睛以蜜渍之，以为鬼目粽。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 13 "Biographies, 3: Imperial Clan and Various Princes" (《南史·卷十三·列传第三·宋宗室及诸王上》) ## 465 CE: Mutilation of Wang Yigong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': The Emperor (the former deposed Emperor of the Southern Song, Liu Ziye) personally led the Yulin guards to attack Wang Yigong and slew him, along with his four sons. He severed the limbs of Wang Yigong, split open his intestines and stomach, plucked out his eyes, and soaked them in honey, calling them "Ghost-Eye Zongzi." ##: '''Original:''' 帝（南朝宋前废帝刘子业）自帅羽林兵讨（王）义恭，杀之，并其四子。断绝义恭支体，分裂肠胃，挑取眼睛，以蜜渍之，谓之“鬼目粽”。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 130 (《资治通鉴》卷130) # 498 CE: Cannibalism of Huang Yaoqi, ''Book of Southern Qi'' #: '''English''': The barbarian forces pursued and captured Huang Yaoqi; Wang Su recruited men to carve up and eat his flesh. #: '''Original:''' 虏追军获（黄）瑶起，王肃募人脔食其肉。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Southern Qi|Book of Southern Qi]], Vol. 57 "Biographies, 38: Wei Barbarians" (《南齐书·卷五十七·列传第三十八·魏虏》) ## 498 CE: Cannibalism of Huang Yaoqi, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': Wang Chen's brothers, Su and Bing, both fled to Wei; later they captured Huang Yaoqi, carved him up, and ate him. ##: '''Original:''' （王）琛弟肃、秉并奔魏，后得黄瑶起脔食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 23 "Biographies, 13: Wang Dan et al." (《南史·卷二十三·列传第十三·王诞等》) ## 498 CE: Cannibalism of Huang Yaoqi, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Huang Yaoqi was captured by Wei; the Lord of Wei bestowed him upon Wang Su, who carved him up and ate him. ##: '''Original:''' （黄）瑶起为魏所获，魏主以赐王肃，肃脔而食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 141 (《资治通鉴》卷141) # 499 CE: Siege of Maquan City, ''Book of Southern Qi'' #: '''English''': In the first year of Yongyuan, Chen Xianda supervised General Cui Huijing and forty thousand troops to besiege Maquan City in Nanxiang, three hundred li from Xiangyang, attacking for forty days. The barbarians' food was exhausted; they ate the flesh of dead men and tree bark. #: '''Original:''' 永元元年，（陈）显达督平北将军崔慧景众军四万，围南乡堺马圈城，去襄阳三百里，攻之四十日。虏食尽，啖死人肉及树皮。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Southern Qi|Book of Southern Qi]], Vol. 26 "Biographies, 7: Wang Jingze, Chen Xianda" (《南齐书·卷二十六·列传第七·王敬则 陈显达》) ## 499 CE: Siege of Maquan City, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': In the first year of Yongyuan, Chen Xianda supervised General Cui Huijing and forty thousand troops to besiege Maquan City in Nanxiang, three hundred li from Xiangyang. They attacked for forty days; the Wei army's food was exhausted, and they ate the flesh of dead men and tree bark. ##: '''Original:''' 永元元年，（陈）显达督平北将军崔慧景众军四万，围南乡界马圈城，去襄阳三百里。攻之四十日，魏军食尽，啖死人肉及树皮。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 45 "Biographies, 35: Wang Jingze et al." (《南史·卷四十五·列传第三十五·王敬则等》) ## 499 CE: Siege of Maquan City, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Chen Xianda fought Wei Yuanying and repeatedly defeated him. He sieged Maquan City for forty days; the food within the city was exhausted, and they ate the flesh of dead men and tree bark. ##: '''Original:''' 陈显达与魏元英战，屡破之。攻马圈城四十日，城中食尽，啖死人肉及树皮。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 142 (《资治通鉴》卷142) # 502 CE: Aftermath of Sun Wenming's Rebellion, Nan Shi #: '''English''': At that time, the remnants of the Eastern Tyrant, including Sun Wenming and others, rebelled. Zhang Hongce jumped over a wall to hide in the dragon stables, where he encountered rebels and was thereupon slain. The government army captured Sun Wenming and executed him in the East Market; the kinsmen of the Zhang family carved him up and ate him. #: '''Original:''' 时东昏余党孙文明等……作乱，……（张）弘策踰垣匿于龙厩，遇贼见害。……官军捕文明斩于东市，张氏亲属脔食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 46: Zhang Hongce et al." (《南史·卷五十六·列传第四十六·张弘策等》) # 502 CE: Siege of Baxi, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': In the sixth month of the first year of Tianjian, Yuan Qi arrived at Baxi. Ji Lian dispatched his general Li Fengbo to resist, but he was defeated. Ji Lian defended stubbornly, and Yuan Qi besieged him. Within the city, the dead lay pillowed upon one another; moreover, people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 天监元年六月，元起至巴西，（侯）季连遣其将李奉伯拒战，见败。季连固守，元起围之。城中饿死者相枕，又从而相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 13 "Biographies, 3: Imperial Clan of Song and Various Princes" (《南史·卷十三·列传第三·宋宗室及诸王上》) ## 502 CE: Siege of Baxi, ''Nan Shi(2)'' ##: '''English''': Yuan Qi advanced to camp at Xiping, whereupon Ji Lian began to defend the city. At that time, military chaos in Yizhou had long persisted and people abandoned farming; inside and outside there was Great Famine, and people ate each other in great numbers, the roads being severed. Ji Lian's resources were exhausted. ##: '''Original:''' 元起进屯西平，（侯）季连始婴城自守。时益州兵乱既久，人废耕农，内外苦饥，人多相食，道路断绝。季连计穷。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 55 "Biographies, 45: Wang Mao et al." (《南史·卷五十五·列传第四十五·王茂等》) ## 502 CE: Siege of Baxi, ''Liang Shu'' ##: '''English''': Military chaos in the Yizhou region had persisted long and the people abandoned farming; inside and outside there was Great Famine, and people ate each other in great numbers, the roads being severed. Ji Lian's resources were exhausted. ##: '''Original:''' 时益部兵乱日久，民废耕农，内外苦饥，人多相食，道路断绝，季连计穷。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Liang Shu|Liang Shu]], Vol. 10 "Biographies, 4: Xiao Yingda et al." (《梁书·卷十·列传第四·萧颖达等》) # 503 CE: Famine in Chengdu, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Within the city of Chengdu, food was exhausted; a sheng of rice cost three thousand coins. People ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 成都城中食尽，升米三千，人相食。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 145 (《资治通鉴》卷145) # 525 CE: Execution of Enemies by Xiao Baoyin, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Grand general Xiao Baoyin campaigned in the west; De Guang served as an Attendant of the [[:w:Shangshu Sheng|Imperial Secretariat]], recruiting troops for the expedition. After a victory, he personally slew his enemy with his own sword and ate their liver and lungs. #: '''Original:''' 大将军萧宝夤西讨，德广为行台郎，募众而征，战捷，乃手刃仇人，啖其肝肺。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 100 "Sequential Biographies, 88" (《北史·卷一百·序传第八十八》) # 525 CE: Siege of Fenzhou, ''Wei Shu'' #: '''English''': Liu Lisheng, a member of highland Hu, claimed divine arts, and the Hu people believed him and followed him. ...Previously, the government had lent grain to the people, but before it could be collected, there was rebellion. In consequence, the people of Fenzhou suffered Great Famine; people ate each other. The rebels knew the granaries were empty and intensified the siege; three or four in ten died. Pei Liang, driven by hunger and distress, fled with the city dwellers to Xihe. #: '''Original:''' 山胡刘蠡升自云圣术，胡人信之，咸相影附，旬日之间，逆徒还振。……先是官粟贷民。未及收聚，仍值寇乱。至是（汾州）城民大饥，人相食。贼知仓库空虚，攻围日甚，死者十三四。（裴）良以饥窘，因与城人奔赴西河。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 69 "Biographies, 57: Cui Xiu et al." (《魏书·卷六十九·列传第五十七·崔休等》) # 529 CE: Execution of Commanders by Yuan Hao, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Thereupon Yuan Hao beheaded Yang Yu and thirty-seven subordinate commanders, and ordered the Shu soldiers to cut open their bellies and eat their hearts. #: '''Original:''' 于是（元颢）斩（杨）昱下统帅三十七人，皆令蜀兵刳腹取心食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 41 "Biographies, 29: Yang Bo et al." (《北史·卷四十一·列传第二十九·杨播等》) ## 529 CE: Execution of Commanders by Yuan Hao, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Thereupon Yuan Hao beheaded Yang Yu and thirty-seven subordinate commanders, and ordered the Shu soldiers to cut open their bellies and eat their hearts. ##: '''Original:''' 于是（元颢）斩（杨）昱下统帅三十七人，皆令蜀兵刳腹取心食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 58 "Biographies, 46: Yang Bo" (《魏书·卷五十八·列传第四十六·杨播》) # 529 CE: Execution of Commanders by Yuan Hao, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Thereupon Yuan Hao beheaded the thirty-seven commanders of Yang Yu's division, and all had their hearts cut out and eaten. #: '''Original:''' 于是（元颢）斩（杨）昱所部统帅三十七人，皆刳心而食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 153 (《资治通鉴》卷153) ## 532 CE: Famine in the North, ''Bei Shi'' ##: '''English''': At that time, the years were calamitous and people ate each other in great numbers; Xin showed compassion for the hidden poor and provided much relief. ##: '''Original:''' （北方）于时年凶，人多相食，昕勤恤人隐，多所全济。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 24 "Biographies, 12: Cui Cheng et al." (《北史·卷二十四·列传第十二·崔逞等》) # 533 CE: Tyranny of Xiao Zhengde, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': In middle of the fourth year of Datong, Emperor Wu of Liang specially enfeoffed Xiao Zhengde as Prince of Linhe. Later, as Governor of Danyang, he was reported for the prevalence of robbery in his jurisdiction and removed. He was then appointed to Nan-Yanzhou, where he was harsh and oppressive, such that the people could not endure. The fertile lands of Guangling thus became desolate, until people ate each other. #: '''Original:''' 中大通四年，（梁武帝萧衍）特封（萧正德）临贺郡王。后为丹阳尹，坐所部多劫盗，复为有司所奏，去职。出为南兖州，在任苛刻，人不堪命。广陵沃壤，遂为之荒，至人相食啖。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 51 "Biographies, 41: Imperial Clan of Liang (I)" (《南史·卷五十一·列传第四十一·梁宗室上》) # 536 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': This year, there was Great Famine in Guanzhong; people ate each other, and seven to eight in ten died. #: '''Original:''' 是岁，关中大饥，人相食，死者十七八。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 5 "Annals of Wei, 5" (《北史·卷五·魏本纪第五》) ## 536 CE: Famine in Guanzhong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': In Western Wei, there was Great Famine in Guanzhong; people ate each other, and seven to eight in ten died. ##: '''Original:''' （西）魏关中大饥，人相食，死者什七八。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 157 (《资治通鉴》卷157) # 548 CE: Siege of Shitou City, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': When Hou Jing's supplies from the Shitou Ever-Normal Granaries were exhausted, he plundered the residents; thereafter, a sheng of rice cost seventy to eighty thousand coins, and people ate each other, some even eating their own children. Furthermore, he built earthen mountains without regard for rank, working day and night with indiscriminate beatings; those exhausted and weak were killed to fill the mountains, and the sound of wailing moved heaven and earth. #: '''Original:''' 景食石头常平仓既尽，便掠居人，尔后米一升七八万钱，人相食，有食其子者。又筑土山，不限贵贱，昼夜不息，乱加殴棰，疲羸者因杀以填山，号哭之声动天地。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Treacherous Officials" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 548 CE: Siege of Shitou City, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Once the Ever-Normal Granaries of Shitou were exhausted, Hou Jing's army lacked food; he then allowed soldiers to plunder the people's rice, gold, silk, and children. Thereafter, a sheng of rice cost seventy to eighty thousand coins, and people ate each other; five to six in ten died of hunger. ##: '''Original:''' 石头常平诸仓既尽，（侯景）军中乏食；乃纵士卒掠夺民米及金帛子女。是后米一升直七八万钱，人相食，饿死者什五六。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 161 (《资治通鉴》卷161) ## 548 CE: Hou Jing's Supply Crisis, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': The Heir Apparent of Poyang, the Marquis of Yong'an, Yang Yaren, Li Qian-shi, and Fan Wen-jiao led troops across the Huai and broke the outer fences of Hou Jing's eastern government city, camping east of the Qingxi River. Hou Jing dispatched Song Zixian to build fences west of the river to resist. Hou Jing's food gradually ran out, five to six in ten ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 鄱阳世子嗣、永安侯确、羊鸦仁、李迁仕、樊文皎率众度淮，攻破贼（侯景）东府城前栅，遂营于青溪水东。（侯）景遣其仪同宋子仙缘水西立栅以相拒。景食稍尽，人相食者十五六。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Treacherous Officials" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 548 CE: Hou Jing's Supply Crisis, ''Liang Shu'' ##: '''English''': Hou Jing dispatched Song Zixian to occupy the residence of the Prince of Nanping and build fences west of the river to resist. Hou Jing's food gradually ran out; at this time, though there were hundreds of thousands of hu of rice, fifteen to sixteen percent of the people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 景遣其仪同宋子仙顿南平王第，缘水西立栅相拒。景食稍尽，至是米斛数十万，人相食者十五六。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Liang Shu|Liang Shu]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 50: Hou Jing" (《梁书·卷五十六·列传第五十·侯景》) # 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': When the rebel Hou Jing first arrived, the city of Jianye could only barely maintain its defense and awaited reinforcements. Soon, communications inside and outside were severed; soldiers slaughtered horses between the palaces and halls to sell, mixing them with human flesh; those who ate thereof inevitably fell ill. #: '''Original:''' 贼（侯景）之始至，（建邺）城中才得固守，平荡之事，期望援军。既而中外断绝，……军人屠马于殿省间鬻之，杂以人肉，食者必病。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Traitorous Ministers" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Wei Shu'' ##: '''English''': Within the city, Xiao Yan suffered Great Famine; people ate each other. Rice cost eight hundred thousand per dou; human flesh was mixed with beef and horse meat and sold. ##: '''Original:''' （萧）衍城内大饥，人相食，米一斗八十万，皆以人肉杂牛马而卖之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Wei Shu|Wei Shu]], Vol. 98 "Biographies, 86: Island Barbarians, Xiao Daocheng et al." (《魏书·卷九十八·列传第八十六·岛夷萧道成等》) ## 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' (1) ##: '''English''': Soldiers slaughtered horses between the palaces and halls, mixing them with human flesh; those who ate thereof inevitably fell ill. ##: '''Original:''' （梁）军人屠马于殿省间，杂以人肉，食者必病。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 162 (《资治通鉴》卷162) ## 549 CE: Siege of Jianye, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' (2) ##: '''English''': Since Hou Jing began his rebellion, the roads of Jiankang were severed. Within a few months, people ate each other, yet still did not escape starvation; of those present, barely one or two in a hundred survived. Nobles and powerful clans gathered wild herbs for themselves; the dead filled the ditches and gullies beyond count. ##: '''Original:''' 自（侯）景作乱，（建康）道路断绝，数月之间，人至相食，犹不免饿死，存者百无一二。贵戚、豪族皆自出采稆，填委沟壑，不可胜纪。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 162 (《资治通鉴》卷162) # 549 CE: Famine in Jiujiang, ''Book of Liang'' #: '''English''': In this month (the seventh), there was Great Famine in Jiujiang; people ate each other, fourteen or fifteen out of every hundred. #: '''Original:''' 是月（七月），九江大饥，人相食十四五。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 4 "Imperial Chronicles, 4: Emperor Jianwen" (《梁书·卷四·本纪第四·简文帝》) ## 549 CE: Famine in Jiujiang, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': There was Great Famine in Jiujiang; those who ate each other were fourteen or fifteen out of every hundred. ##: '''Original:''' 九江大饥，人相食者十四五。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 8 "Imperial Chronicles of Liang, 8" (《南史·卷八·梁本纪下第八》) ## 549 CE: Famine in Jiujiang, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English''': In this year, the Emperor was imprisoned by Hou Jing and passed away. In the seventh month, there was Great Famine in Jiujiang; people ate each other, fourteen or fifteen out of every hundred. ##: '''Original:''' 是年，帝为侯景所幽，崩。七月，九江大饥，人相食十四五。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]], Vol. 21 "Treatises, 16: Astronomy II" (《隋书·卷二十一·志第十六·天文下》) # 550 CE: Hou Jing Rebellion, ''Book of Chen'' #: '''English''': During the chaos of the Liang house, Yao Cha followed his parents back to their village from Jinling. At that time, the eastern lands were ravaged by war and people suffered famine and ate each other; there was nowhere to buy grain. As Yao Cha's family was large, they gathered wild vegetables to sustain themselves. #: '''Original:''' 值梁室丧乱，（姚察）于金陵随二亲还乡里。时东土兵荒，人饥相食，告籴无处，察家口既多，并采野蔬自给。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Chen|Book of Chen]], Vol. 27 "Biographies, 21: Jiang Zong, Yao Cha" (《陈书· 卷二十七·列传第二十一·江总 姚察》) # 550 CE: Hou Jing Rebellion, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English''': Since the Jin dynasty crossed the river, the Three Wu regions were the most prosperous. When the rebellion of Hou Jing occurred, after gold and silk were exhausted, they plundered people to eat them, or sold them to the northern borders; the survivors were nearly extinct. #: '''Original:''' 自晋氏度江，三吴最为富庶，贡赋商旅，皆出其地。及侯景之乱，掠金帛既尽，乃掠人而食之，或卖于北境，遗民殆尽矣。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 163 (《资治通鉴》卷163) ## 550 CE: Great Famine of Liang, ''Book of Liang'' ##: '''English''': From spring until summer, there was Great Famine; people ate each other, and it was most severe in the capital. ##: '''Original:''' 自春迄夏，大饥，人相食，京师尤甚。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 4 "Imperial Chronicles, 4: Emperor Jianwen" (《梁书·卷四·本纪第四·简文帝》) ## 550 CE: Great Famine of Liang, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': From spring until summer there was a great drought; people ate each other, and it was most severe in the capital. ##: '''Original:''' 自春迄夏大旱，人相食，都下尤甚。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 8 "Imperial Chronicles of Liang, 8" (《南史·卷八·梁本纪下第八》) # 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Book of Liang'' #: '''English''': Hou Jing could not control the situation and fled in a single boat with several confidants. Upon reaching Hudou Isle, he was killed by Yang Kun. His body was sent to Wang Sengbian and his head to the Western Terrace, and the corpse was exposed in the market of Jiankang. The common people scrambled to eat his flesh as if it were butchered meat, and they burned his bones to scatter the ashes. #: '''Original:''' （侯）景不能制，乃与腹心数十人单舸走...至壶豆洲，前太子舍人羊鲲杀之...曝尸于建康市。百姓争取屠脍啖食，焚骨扬灰。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 50: Hou Jing" (《梁书·卷五十六·列传第五十·侯景》) ## 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Nan Shi'' ##: '''English''': After Hou Jing died, Wang Sengbian sent his two hands to Emperor Wenxuan of Qi and sent his head to Jiangling. Five dou of salt were placed in his belly and the body was exposed in the market. The common people scrambled to eat him as meat and soup until all was gone; the Princess of Liyang also partook. Hou Jing's bones were burned and ashes scattered; those who had suffered under him mixed the ashes with wine and drank it. ##: '''Original:''' 及（侯）景死，僧辩截其二手送齐文宣...暴之于市。百姓争取屠脍羹食皆尽，并溧阳主亦预食例。景焚骨扬灰，曾罹其祸者，乃以灰和酒饮之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 80 "Biographies, 70: Traitorous Ministers" (《南史·卷八十·列传第七十·贼臣》) ## 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Book of Northern Qi'' ##: '''English''': After Hou Jing was beheaded, his corpse was boiled in the market of Jianye. The common people ate him until the flesh was gone and the bones were gnawed. His head was sent to Jingzhou and hung in the capital street. ##: '''Original:''' 既斩侯景，烹尸于建业市，百姓食之，至于肉尽龁骨，传首荆州，悬于都街。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Northern Qi|Book of Northern Qi]], Vol. 45 "Biographies, 37: Wen Yuan" (《北齐书· 卷四十五·列传第三十七·文苑》) ## 552 CE: Execution of Hou Jing, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Wang Sengbian sent Hou Jing's head to Jiangling and cut off his hands to be sent to Qi by Xie Weirui. The corpse was exposed in the market, and soldiers and civilians scrambled to eat it until the bones were gone; the Princess of Liyang also partook. ##: '''Original:''' 僧辩传（侯景）首江陵，截其手，使谢葳蕤送于齐；暴景尸于市，士民争取食之，并骨皆尽；溧阳公主亦预食焉。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 164 (《资治通鉴》卷164) # 552 CE: Execution of Wang Wei, ''Book of Liang'' #: '''English''': Wang Wei was a man of Chenliu. He drafted Hou Jing's letters and proclamations and plotted the usurpation. When he was imprisoned and sent to Jiangling to be boiled in the market, those who had suffered his cruelty cut and roasted his flesh to eat. #: '''Original:''' 王伟，陈留人...及囚送江陵，烹于市，百姓有遭其毒者，并割炙食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Book of Liang|Book of Liang]], Vol. 56 "Biographies, 50: Hou Jing" (《梁书·卷五十六·列传第五十·侯景》) # 553 CE: Death of Xiao Yuan, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': Xiao Yuan said nothing further, only that his plans were mistaken. He was ordered to fast in prison; he gnawed and ate his own arms, and died after thirteen days. The world heard of this and grieved. #: '''Original:''' （萧）圆照更无所言，唯云计误。并命绝食于狱，齿臂啖之，十三日死，天下闻而悲之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 53 "Biographies, 43: Sons of Emperor Wu of Liang" (《南史·卷五十三·列传第四十三·梁武帝诸子》) ## 553 CE: Death of Xiao Yuan, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': Emperor Yuan (Xiao Yi) ordered Xiao Yuanzheng to fast in prison, until he gnawed his own arm to eat; he died after thirteen days, and those far and near heard of it and grieved. ##: '''Original:''' 上（梁元帝萧绎）并命（萧圆正）绝食于狱，至啮臂啖之，十三日而死，远近闻而悲之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 165 (《资治通鉴》卷165) # Customs of Bi Qian, ''Nan Shi'' #: '''English''': Regarding Bi Qian: "The laws of the state punished people by eating their flesh before the King." "The country did not accept visiting merchants; those who came were killed and eaten." #: '''Original:''' 毗骞：“国法刑人，并于王前啖其肉。”“国内不受估客，往者亦杀而食之。” #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]] (《南史》) # 554 CE: Campaign against highland Hu, ''History of Northern Dynasties'' #: '''English''': In the first month of spring, Emperor Wenxuan of Northern Qi defeated the highland Hu. Men aged twelve and above were beheaded; women and children were given as rewards to the army.During this campaign, a governor was wounded in battle, and his squad leader Lu Huili could not save him. The Emperor ordered his five viscera to be carved out and given to nine men to eat; the flesh and the filth were all consumed. From then on, he practiced such cruelty. #: '''Original:''' 五年春正月癸丑，帝（北齐文宣帝高洋）讨山胡大破之。男子十二已上皆斩，女子及幼弱以赏军。遂平石楼。石楼绝险，自魏代所不能至。于是远近山胡，莫不慑伏。是役也，有都督战伤，其什长路晖礼不能救，帝命刳其五藏，使九人分食之，肉及秽恶皆尽。自是始行威虐。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:History of Northern Dynasties|History of Northern Dynasties]], Vol. 7 "Imperial Chronicles of Qi, 7" (《北史·卷七·齐本纪中第七》) ## 554 CE: Campaign against highland Hu, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English''': A governor was wounded in battle, and his squad leader Lu Huili could not save him; Emperor Wenxuan ordered his five viscera to be carved out and commanded nine men to eat them; the flesh and the filth were all consumed. ##: '''Original:''' 有都督战伤，其什长路晖礼不能救，帝（北齐文宣帝高洋）命刳其五藏，令九人食之，肉及秽恶皆尽。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]], Vol. 165 (《资治通鉴》卷165) # 555 CE: Siege of Yingcheng, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': Murong Yan was appointed to govern Yingcheng. Hou Shen and Ren Yue joined forces to besiege the city. The inhabitants boiled locust tree leaves, mulberry bark, hemp roots, water smartweed, kudzu, mugwort, and consumed boots, leather belts, tendons, and horns. When people died, they were roasted and divided for food, leaving only the skeletal remains. #: '''Original:''' 众推（慕容）俨，遂遣镇郢城。……（侯）瑱、（任）约又并力围城。唯煮槐楮叶并纻根、水荭、葛、艾等及靴、皮带、筋角等食之。人死，即火别分食，唯留骸骨。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 53 "Biographies, 41: Wanqi Pu et al." (《北史·卷五十三·列传第四十一·万俟普等》) # 555-560 CE: Tyranny of Emperor Wenxuan, ''Sui Shu'' #: '''English''': After the sixth year of Tianbao, the Emperor became proud of his achievements and acted with extreme cruelty and madness. He placed great cauldrons, long saws, and crushing mortars in the court; should he feel displeased, he would personally butcher and tear victims apart with his own hands, or order his attendants to carve and eat the flesh to satisfy his whims. #: '''Original:''' 自（天保）六年之后，帝（北齐文宣帝高洋）遂以功业自矜，恣行酷暴，昏狂酗醟，任情喜怒。为大镬、长锯、剉碓之属，并陈于庭，意有不快，则手自屠裂，或命左右脔啖，以逞其意。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]], Vol. 25 "Treatises, 20: Penal Law" (《隋书·卷二十五·志第二十·刑法》) # Era Unknown: Customs of Ryukyu, ''Bei Shi'' (1) #: '''English''': The people of Ryukyu are fond of attacking one another. When two armies meet, the brave leap forward to shout and curse before fighting. If one army is defeated, they flee and send an envoy to apologize to reach peace. They gather and eat those who have died in battle; the skulls are then brought to the King, who grants them a crown, making them a captain. In the southern regions, customs differ slightly: when a person dies, the village eats them together. #: '''Original:''' 国人好相攻击，……两军相当，勇者三五人出前跳噪，交言相骂，因相击射。如其不胜，一军皆走，遣人致谢，即共和解。收取斗死者聚食之，仍以髑髅将向王所，王则赐之以冠，便为队帅。……其南境风俗少异，人有死者，邑里共食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 94 "Biographies, 82: Gao Li et al." (《北史·卷九十四·列传第八十二·高丽等》) ## Era Unknown: Customs of Ryukyu, ''Sui Shu'' (2) ##: '''English''': In the southern regions of Ryukyu, customs differ slightly: when a person dies, the village eats them together. ##: '''Original:''' 流求国，……南境风俗少异，人有死者，邑里共食之。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]], Vol. 81 "Biographies, 46: Eastern Barbarians" (《隋书·卷八十一·列传第四十六·东夷》) # Era Unknown: Customs of the Liao, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English''': The Liao are a distinct branch of the Southern Barbarians. Their nature is like that of beasts; in anger, they do not spare their own fathers or sons, killing first those who possess weapons. If they attack to avenge a grudge, they must kill and eat the victim. #: '''Original:''' 獠者，盖南蛮之别种……性同禽兽，至于忿怒，父子不相避，唯手有兵刃者先杀之。……若报怨相攻击，必杀而食之。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]], Vol. 95 "Biographies, 83: Man and Liao" (《北史·卷九十五·列传第八十三·蛮獠等》) # Era Unknown: Kingdom of Piqian, ''Liang Shu'' (1) #: '''English''': In the Kingdom of Piqian, the law dictates that criminals be eaten in the presence of the King. The kingdom does not accept foreign merchants; those who enter are killed and eaten, whereby merchants dare not visit. #: '''Original:''' 国法刑罪人，并于王前啖其肉。国内不受估客，有往者亦杀而啖之，是以商旅不敢至。 #: '''Source:''' [[:w:Liang Shu|Liang Shu]], Vol. 54 "Biographies, 48: Various Barbarians" (《梁书·卷五十四·列传第四十八·诸夷》) ## Era Unknown: Kingdom of Piqian, ''Nan Shi'' (2) ##: '''English''': In the Kingdom of Piqian, the law dictates that people be punished by eating their flesh in the presence of the King. The kingdom does not accept foreign merchants; those who enter are killed and eaten, whereby merchants dare not visit. ##: '''Original:''' 国法刑人，并于王前啖其肉。国内不受估客，有往者亦杀而啖之，是以商旅不敢至。 ##: '''Source:''' [[:w:Nan Shi|Nan Shi]], Vol. 78 "Biographies, 68: Yi and Mo (Part 1)" (《南史·卷七十八·列传第六十八·夷貊上》) == Sui dynasty == # 590 CE: Rebellion of Wu Shihua, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' Wu Shihua of Raozhou raised an army in rebellion; he sliced the county magistrate into pieces and ate his flesh. #: '''Original:''' 饶州吴世华起兵为乱，生脔县令，啖其肉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 63 "Biographies, 51: Zhou Huida et al." (《北史·卷六十三·列传第五十一·周惠达等》) # c. 581-600 CE: Defeat of Yang Wutong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' (Yang Wutong) and Zhou Fashang campaigned against the rebellious Liao of Jiazhou. The rebels, knowing his army was isolated, arrived in full force. Wutong fought for hundreds of li but was blocked on all sides. Wutong challenged them on horseback, fell from his mount, was captured by the rebels, killed, and eaten. #: '''Original:''' （杨武通）与周法尚讨嘉州叛獠，……贼知其孤军无援，倾部落而至。武通转斗数百里，为贼所拒，四面路绝。武通轻骑挑战，坠马，为贼所执，杀而啖之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 73 "Biographies, 61: Liang Shiyan et al." (《北史·卷七十三·列传第六十一·梁士彦等》) ## 581-600 CE: Defeat of Yang Wutong, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' (Yang) Wutong engaged in battle on light cavalry, fell from his horse, was captured by the rebels, killed, and eaten. ##: '''Original:''' （杨）武通轻骑接战，坠马，为贼所执，杀而啖之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 53 "Biographies, 18: Daxixian Changru" (《隋书·卷五十三·列传第十八·达奚长儒》) # c. 581-600 CE: Execution of Wang Wentong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' The men and women of the commandery wailed in the streets and various commanderies were terrified, each reporting the deeds of (Wang Wentong). The Emperor, hearing this, was greatly enraged and dispatched imperial messenger Daxi Shanyi to seize (Wang Wentong) in chains; he was beheaded at Hejian to appease the people. His enemies sliced open his coffin, carved his flesh, and ate it; in an instant, it was all consumed. #: '''Original:''' 郡中士女，号哭于路，诸郡惊骇，各奏其（王文同）事。帝闻大怒，遣使者违奚善意驰锁之（王文同），斩于河间，以谢百姓。仇人剖其棺，脔其肉啖之，斯须咸尽。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 87 "Biographies, 75: Cruel Officials" (《北史·卷八十七·列传第七十五·酷吏》) ## c. 581-600 CE: Execution of Wang Wentong, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' The men and women of the commandery wailed in the streets and various commanderies were terrified, each reporting the deeds of (Wang Wentong). The Emperor, hearing this, was greatly enraged and dispatched imperial messenger Daxi Shanyi to seize (Wang Wentong) in chains; he was beheaded at Hejian to appease the people. His enemies sliced open his coffinn, carved his flesh, and ate it; in an instant, it was all consumed. ##: '''Original:''' 郡中士女号哭于路，诸郡惊骇，各奏其（王文同）事。帝闻而大怒，遣使者达奚善意驰锁之，斩于河间，以谢百姓，仇人剖其棺，脔其肉而啖之，斯须咸尽。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 74 "Biographies, 39: Cruel Officials" (《隋书·卷七十四·列传第三十九·酷吏》) # 604-618 CE: Reign of Emperor Yang, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' Six armies were never at rest and a hundred labors were frequently imposed; those traveling did not return and those residing lost their livelihoods; people ate each other in hunger, villages became ruins, yet the Emperor above showed no compassion. #: '''Original:''' 六军不息，百役繁兴；行者不归，居者失业；人饥相食，邑落为墟，上弗之恤也。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 12 "Imperial Annals of Sui, Part 2" (《北史·卷十二·隋本纪下第十二》) ## 604-618 CE: Reign of Emperor Yang, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' Six armies were never at rest and a hundred labors were frequently imposed; those traveling did not return and those residing lost their livelihoods. People ate each other in hunger, villages became ruins, yet the Emperor above showed no compassion. ##: '''Original:''' 六军不息，百役繁兴，行者不归，居者失业。人饥相食，邑落为墟，上不之恤也。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 4 "Imperial Annals, 4: Emperor Yang, Part 2" (《隋书·卷四·帝纪第四·炀帝下》) # 613 CE: Execution of Yang Xuangan, ''Sui Shu'' #: '''English:''' When Yang Xuangan rebelled, the Emperor (Yang Guang) executed him and extended the punishment to his nine branches of kindred. The most severe punishments involved dismemberment and beheaded with their skulls displayed in public. He ordered the high officials and those below them to carve and eat his flesh. #: '''Original:''' 及杨玄感反，帝（隋炀帝杨广）诛之，罪及九族。其尤重者，行轘裂枭首之刑。或磔而射之。命公卿已下，脔啖其肉。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 25 "Treatises, 20: Penal Law" (《隋书·卷二十五·志第二十·刑法》) # 614 CE: Execution of Hu Sizheng, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' The Emperor again campaigned in the east; Goguryeo requested peace and thus delivered Hu Sizheng. He was brought in chains to the capital to be denounced before the ancestral temple. Yuwen Shu, General of the Left Wing Guard, requested that an unusual method of execution be carried out, which the Emperor granted. Hu Sizheng was taken to the Jinguang Gate and bound to a pillar; the ministers and officials all struck and shot him. His flesh was carved into pieces, and many ate thereof, after which he was boiled and burned, and his bone ashes scattered. #: '''Original:''' （隋炀）帝复东征，高丽请和，遂送（斛斯）政。锁至京师以告庙，左翊卫大将军宇文述请变常法行刑，帝许之。以出金光门，缚之于柱，公卿百僚，并亲击射。脔其肉，多有啖者，然后烹焚，扬其骨灰。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 49 "Biographies, 37: Zhu Rui et al." (《北史·卷四十九·列传第三十七·朱瑞等》) ## 614 CE: Execution of Hu Sizheng, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' The Emperor again campaigned in the east; Goguryeo requested surrender and sought to deliver Hu Sizheng. The Emperor granted this, and thus Hu Sizheng was returned in chains. Upon reaching the capital, he was denounced before the ancestral temple. Yuwen Shu, General of the Left Wing Guard, memorialized: "The crimes of Hu Sizheng are intolerable to heaven and earth, and both men and gods are equally indignant. If ordinary punishment be used, how shall traitorous ministers and rebellious sons be deterred? I request a departure from ordinary law." The Emperor granted this. Thereupon, Hu Sizheng was taken to the Jinguang Gate and bound to a pillar; the ministers and officials all personally struck and shot him, and carved his flesh, and many ate thereof. After eating, he was boiled, and his remaining bones were collected, burned, and scattered. ##: '''Original:''' （隋炀）帝复东征，高丽请降，求执送（斛斯）政。帝许之，遂锁政而还。至京师，以政告庙，左翊卫大将军字文述奏曰：“斛斯政之罪，天地所不容，人神所同忿。若同常刑，贼臣逆子何以惩肃？请变常法。”帝许之。于是将政出金光门，缚政于柱，公卿百僚并亲击射，脔割其肉，多有啖者。啖后烹煮，收其余骨，焚而扬之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 70 "Biographies, 35: Yang Xuangan" (《隋书·卷七十·列传第三十五·杨玄感》) ## 614 CE: Execution of Hu Sizheng, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' In the eleventh month, on the day Bingshen, Hu Sizheng was slain outside the Jinguang Gate according to the method used for Yang Jishan; his flesh was boiled and the hundred officials were made to eat it. The flatterers some ate until they were sated; his remaining bones were collected, burned, and scattered. ##: '''Original:''' 十一月，丙申，杀斛斯政于金光门外，如杨积善之法，仍烹其肉，使百官啖之，佞者或啖之至饱，收其馀骨，焚而扬之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 182 (《资治通鉴》卷182) # c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English:''' Externally, the people were plundered by bandits; internally, they were taxed by the commanderies and counties, leaving them with no means of livelihood. Added to this was Great Famine; the people began to gather tree bark and leaves, or pounded filth into powder, or boiled earth to eat. When all things were exhausted, they then ate each other. Yet the official granaries remained full; the officials feared the law and none dared to provide relief. #: '''Original:''' 民外为盗贼所掠，内为郡县所赋，生计无遗；加之饥馑无食，民始采树皮叶，或捣穢为末，或煮土而食之，诸物皆尽，乃自相食。而官食犹充牣，吏皆畏法，莫敢振救。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 183 (《资治通鉴》卷183) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Bei Shi'' ##: '''English:''' Bandits gathered like reeds and rose like hedgehog bristles. The great spanned provinces and commanderies, proclaiming themselves emperors and kings; the small formed groups of thousands or hundreds, attacking cities and plundering villages. Blood flowed like rivers and marshes, and the dead were as tangled hemp. Those who cooked did not have time to separate the skeletons, and those who ate had no leisure to exchange children. ##: '''Original:''' 相聚雚蒲，猬毛而起。大则跨州连郡，称帝称王；小则千百为群，攻城剽邑。流血成川泽，死人如乱麻；炊者不及析骸，食者不遑易子。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 12 "Imperial Annals of Sui, Part 2" (《北史·卷十二·隋本纪下第十二》) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Sui Shu'' (1) ##: '''English:''' Suddenly Yang Xuangan started the rebellion at Liyang, and the Xiongnu besieged Yanmen; the Son of Heaven abandoned the central lands and went far to Yangyue. Villains took advantage of the chaos, and the strong oppressed the weak; the passes and bridges were closed, and the imperial carriage departed and did not return. Added to this were the armies and the Great Famine; people wandered the roads and died in ditches, eighteen or nine out of ten. Thereupon, bandits gathered like reeds and rose like hedgehog bristles; the great spanned provinces and commanderies, proclaiming themselves emperors and kings; the small formed groups of thousands or hundreds, attacking cities and plundering villages. Blood flowed like rivers and marshes, and the dead were as tangled hemp. Those who cooked did not have time to separate the skeletons, and those who ate had no leisure to exchange children. ##: '''Original:''' 俄而玄感肇黎阳之乱，匈奴有雁门之围，天子方弃中土，远之扬越。奸宄乘衅，强弱相陵，关梁闭而不通，皇舆往而不反。加之以师旅，因之以饥馑，流离道路，转死沟壑，十八九焉。于是相聚萑蒲，蝟毛而起，大则跨州连郡，称帝称王，小则千百为群，攻城剽邑，流血成川泽，死人如乱麻，炊者不及析骸，食者不遑易子。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 4 "Imperial Annals, Emperor Yang, Part 2" (《隋书·卷四·帝纪第四·炀帝下》) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Sui Shu'' (2) ##: '''English:''' From Yan and Zhao extending to Qi and Han, and from Jianghuai into Xiang and Deng, from the lands of Luoyi in Eastern Zhou to the right of the Longshan mountains in Western Qin, pretenders invaded one another and bandits were rife. Palaces and temples were overgrown with lush grass, and the smoke and fire of village pavilions ceased; people ate each other, four or five out of ten. ##: '''Original:''' 自燕赵跨于齐韩，江淮入于襄邓，东周洛邑之地，西秦陇山之右，僭伪交侵，盗贼充斥。宫观鞠为茂草，乡亭绝其烟火，人相啖食，十而四五。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 24 "Treatise 19: Food and Money" (《隋书·卷二十四·志第十九·食货》) ## c.604-618 CE: Late Reign of Emperor Yang, Famine and Civil Unrest, ''Sui Shu'' (3) ##: '''English:''' At that time, the common people abandoned their trades and huddled in fortified castles, unable to support themselves. Yet the warehouses in every location remained full; the officials feared the law and none were willing to provide relief, whereby the distress increased. At first, they all stripped tree bark to eat; gradually they came to leaves. When bark and leaves were exhausted, they then boiled earth or pounded straw into powder to eat. Thereafter, people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 是时百姓废业，屯集城堡，无以自给。然所在仓库，犹大充爨，吏皆惧法，莫肯赈救，由是益困。初皆剥树皮以食之，渐及于叶，皮叶皆尽，乃煮土或捣稿为末而食之。其后人乃相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 24 "Treatise 19: Food and Money" (《隋书·卷二十四·志第十九·食货》) # 616 CE: Execution of Zhang Jincheng, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' #: '''English:''' Officials erected a trunk in the marketplace and suspended the head of Zhang Jincheng, stretching out his limbs and ordering his enemies to cut and eat him; whilst he yet lived, the singing and wailing did not cease. #: '''Original:''' 吏立木于市，悬其（张金称）头，张其手足，令仇家割食之；未死间，歌讴不辍。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 183 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十三》) # 617 CE: Execution of Yu Xin's Son, ''Jiu Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' Xue Rengao killed many and took their wives and concubines. He captured Yu Xin's son, Li; angered that he would not surrender, he roasted him over a fierce fire and gradually cut his flesh to feed the soldiers. #: '''Original:''' （薛仁杲）所至多杀人，纳其妻妾。获庾信子立，怒其不降，磔于猛火之上，渐割以啖军士。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jiu Tang Shu|Jiu Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 55 "Biographies, 5: Xue Ju et al." (《旧唐书·卷五十五·列传第五·薛举等》) # 617 CE: Execution of Yu Xin's Son, ''Xin Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' Xue Rengao once captured Yu Xin's son, Li; angered that he would not surrender, he cast him into the fire and gradually cut his flesh to feed the soldiers. #: '''Original:''' （薛仁诰）尝得庾信子立，怒其不降，砾之火，渐割以啖士。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Xin Tang Shu|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 86 "Biographies, 11: Xue, Li, Er, Liu, Gao, Xu" (《新唐书·卷八十六·列传第十一·薛李二刘高徐》) ## 617 CE: Execution of Yu Xin's Son, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Xue Rengao once captured Yu Xin's son, Li; angered that he would not surrender, he roasted him over a fire and gradually cut his flesh to feed the soldiers. ##: '''Original:''' （薛仁杲）尝获庾信子立，怒其不降，磔于火上，稍割以啖军士。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 183 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十三》) # 618 CE: Siege of Hedong, ''Bei Shi'' #: '''English:''' (Qutu) Tong led his army south in flight, leaving (Yao) Junsu in command of the Hedong defenses. Later, news arrived of the fall of Jiangdu and provisions were exhausted; men and women ate each other, and the hearts of the people were greatly estranged. #: '''Original:''' （屈突）通引兵南遁，置（尧）君素领河东通守。……后颇得江都倾覆消息，又粮尽，男女相食，众心离骇。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Bei Shi|Bei Shi]]'', Vol. 85 "Biographies, 73: Integrity" (《北史·卷八十五·列传第七十三·节义》) ## 618 CE: Siege of Hedong, ''Sui Shu'' ##: '''English:''' The common people had long suffered under the Sui; when the righteous uprising occurred, they hoped for rest. However, Junsu was skilled in leadership and his subordinates would not rebel. After a year, the city learned of the fall of Jiangdu. Provisions were exhausted and people had no means of survival; men and women ate each other, and the hearts of the people were greatly estranged. ##: '''Original:''' 时百姓苦隋日久，及逢义举，人有息肩之望。然君素善于统领，下不能叛。岁余，颇得外生口，城中微知江都倾覆。又粮食乏绝，人不聊生，男女相食，众心离骇。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Sui Shu|Sui Shu]]'', Vol. 71 "Biographies, 36: Sincerity and Integrity" (《隋书·卷七十一·列传第三十六·诚节》) ## 618 CE: Siege of Hedong, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Yao Junsu of the Sui guarded Hedong; the Emperor dispatched Lyu Shaozong, Wei Yijie, and Dugu Huaien to attack in succession, yet failed to take the city. After a long time, the granaries were emptied and people ate each other. ##: '''Original:''' 隋将尧君素守河东，上遣吕绍宗、韦义节、独孤怀恩相继攻之，俱不下。……久之，仓粟尽，人相食。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 184 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十四》) # 618 CE: Famine in the Right of the River, ''Jiu Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' Li Gui conscripted soldiers to build a platform to await the Jade Maiden, wasting much wealth, which the people lamented. Furthermore, there was a famine in the following years and people ate each other. Gui exhausted his family wealth to provide relief, but it was not sufficient. Xie Tongshi and others rebuked Cao Zhen, saying: "Those who starve are merely the weak; the brave and strong will not be distressed. The state granaries must be kept for emergencies; how can they be scattered to provide for the weak?" Gui deemed this correct, whereupon the soldiers and commoners grew resentful and many wished to rebel. #: '''Original:''' （李轨）征兵筑台以候玉女，多所糜费，百姓患之。又属年饥，人相食，轨倾家赈之，私家罄尽，不能周遍。（谢统师等）乃诟珍曰：“百姓饿者自是弱人，勇壮之士终不肯困，国家仓粟须备不虞，岂可散之以供小弱？仆射苟悦人情，殊非国计。”轨以为然，由是士庶怨愤，多欲叛之。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Jiu Tang Shu|Jiu Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 55 "Biographies, 5: Xue Ju et al." (《旧唐书·卷五十五·列传第五·薛举等》) ## 618 CE: Famine in the Right of the River, ''Xin Tang Shu'' ##: '''English:''' A Hu shaman falsely claimed that the Emperor would send a Jade Maiden from heaven. Li Gui thus summoned soldiers to build a platform to await her, causing great loss. A famine followed and people ate each other. Gui destroyed his family wealth to provide relief, but it was insufficient. When discussing the release of granary grain, Cao Zhen encouraged it. Xie Tongshi and others, former Sui officials who were not loyal, conspired with the Hu to exclude Gui's confidants and interrogated Zhen: "Those who starve to death are the weak and useless; the brave and strong will not be distressed. Since stored grain is for emergencies, should it be recklessly scattered to benefit the frail? The Pushe merely pleases the people, which is not a state strategy." Gui agreed and closed the granaries. The people grew more resentful and many wished to rebel. ##: '''Original:''' 有胡巫妄曰：“上帝将遣玉女从天来。”（李轨）遂召兵筑台以候女，多所糜损。属荐饥，人相食，轨毁家赀赈之，不能给，议发仓粟，曹珍亦劝之。谢统师等故隋官，内不附，每引结群胡排其用事臣，因是欲离沮其众，乃廷诘珍曰：“百姓饥死皆弱不足事者，壮勇士终不肯困。且储禀以备不虞，岂宜妄散惠孱小乎？仆射苟悦人情，殊非国计。”轨曰：“善。”乃闭粟。下益怨，多欲叛去。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Xin Tang Shu|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 86 "Biographies, 11: Xue, Li, Er, Liu, Gao, Xu" (《新唐书·卷八十六·列传第十一·薛李二刘高徐》) ## 618 CE: Famine in the Right of the River, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' A Hu shaman told Li Gui that the Emperor would send a Jade Maiden to descend from heaven. Gui believed this and employed the people to build a platform, causing extensive labor and expense. In the region to the right of the river there was famine and people ate each other. Gui exhausted his family wealth for relief; as it was insufficient, he summoned his ministers to discuss releasing granary grain. Cao Zhen and others said: "The state exists for the people; how can one value granary grain while sitting by and watching them die!" Xie Tongshi and others, former Sui officials who remained unsubmissive, secretly formed a faction with the Hu to exclude Gui's associates and rebuked Zhen: "Those who starve are the frail and weak; the brave and strong would not reach such a state. State granaries are for emergencies; how can they be scattered to feed the frail! The Pushe merely pleases the people and is not a state strategist, nor a loyal minister." Gui deemed this correct, and thereby the soldiers and people grew estranged and resentful. ##: '''Original:''' 有胡巫谓（李）轨曰：“上帝当遣玉女自天而降。”轨信之，发民筑台以候玉女，劳费甚广。河右饥，人相食，轨倾家财以赈之；不足，欲发仓粟，召群臣议之。曹珍等皆曰：“国以民为本，岂可爱仓粟而坐视其死乎！”谢统师等皆故隋官，心终不服，密与群胡为党，排轨故人，乃诟珍曰：“百姓饿者自是羸弱，勇壮之士终不至此。国家仓粟以备不虞，岂可散之以饲羸弱！仆射苟悦人情，不为国计，非忠臣也。”轨以为然，由是士民离怨。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 186 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十六》) # 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Jiu Tang Shu'' #: '''English:''' In the prefectures and counties captured by Zhu Can, he distributed stored grain for food, moved incessantly, and burned remaining wealth and destroyed city walls upon departure. He neglected farming and lived by plunder. Thereupon the people suffered Great Famine; the dead were piled high, and people ate each other. When the army's supplies were exhausted and there was nothing left to plunder, he took infants to be steamed and eaten, telling his soldiers: "In delicacy, can anything surpass human flesh? So long as other nations have people, what have I to fear?" He then ordered his subordinates to seize women and children to be boiled and distributed to the soldiers, and taxed the citadels for weak boys and girls to supplement military rations. Lu Congdian, a Sui Dynasty Editorial Assistant, and Yan Minchu, an imperial messenger, had been demoted to Nanyang; Zhu Can initially treated them as guests, but later during a famine, their entire families were eaten by the rebels. #: '''Original:''' 粲所克州县，皆发其藏粟以充食，迁徙无常，去辄焚余赀，毁城郭，又不务稼穑，以劫掠为业。于是百姓大馁，死者如积，人多相食。军中罄竭，无所虏掠，乃取婴儿蒸而啖之，因令军士曰：“食之美者，宁过于人肉乎！但令他国有人，我何所虑？”即勒所部，有略得妇人小儿皆烹之，分给军士，乃税诸城堡，取小弱男女以益兵粮。隋著作佐郎陆从典、通事舍人颜愍楚因谴左迁，并在南阳，粲悉引之为宾客，后遭饥馁，合家为贼所啖。 #: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Old Book of Tang|Jiu Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 56 "Biographies, 6: Xiao Mi et al." (《旧唐书·卷五十六·列传第六·萧铣等》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Xin Tang Shu'' ##: '''English:''' In the prefectures and counties captured by Zhu Can, he distributed stored grain for food, moved incessantly, and burned granaries and destroyed city walls upon departure. He neglected farming and lived solely by plunder. Thereupon the people suffered Great Famine; the dead hung from the roads. His army also grew destitute, whereupon he plundered children to be steamed and eaten. He cautioned his followers: "In delicacy, can anything surpass human flesh? So long as other nations have people, why should I worry of stores?" He ordered his subordinates to seize women and children to be boiled and shared, and taxed the cities for the weak to supplement rations. Lu Congdian, a Sui Dynasty Editorial Assistant, and Yan Minchu, an imperial messenger, were exiled to Nanyang; Zhu Can initially treated them as guests, but later ate both families. Soon after, the various cities feared him and people fled. ##: '''Original:''' 粲所克州县皆发藏粟以食，迁徙无常，去辄燔廥聚，毁城郭，不务稼穑，专以劫为资。于是人大馁，死者系路，其军亦匮，乃掠小儿烝食之。戒其徒曰：“味之珍宁有加人者？弟使佗国有人，我恤无储哉！”勒所部略妇人孺儿分烹之，又税诸城细弱以益粮。隋著作佐郎陆从典、通事舍人颜愍楚谪南阳，粲初引为宾客，后尽食两家。俄而诸城惧，皆逃散。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:New Book of Tang|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 87 "Biographies, 12: Xiao Fu, Shen, Li, Liang" (《新唐书·卷八十七·列传第十二·萧辅沈李梁》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Zhu Can had a force of two hundred thousand who plundered between the Han and Huai rivers. He moved incessantly; after capturing prefectures and counties and consuming their stored grain, he would depart, burning all remaining assets. He neglected farming, and the people suffered Great Famine; the dead were piled high. When Zhu Can had nothing left to plunder and the army lacked food, he [commanded / taught] his soldiers to boil women and infants to eat, saying: "In delicacy, nothing surpasses human flesh; so long as other nations have people, why worry about famine!" Lu Congdian, a Sui Dynasty Editorial Assistant, and Yan Minchu, an imperial messenger, were exiled officials in Nanyang; Zhu Can initially treated them as guests, but later, lacking food, their entire families were eaten. Minchu was the son of [[:w:Yan Zhitui|(Zhi)Tui]]. He further taxed the citadels for the weak to supply military food, whereupon the citadels led rebellions against him. ##: '''Original:''' 朱粲有众二十万，剽掠汉、淮之间，迁徙无常，攻破州县，食其积粟未尽，复他适，将去，悉焚其余资；又不务稼穑，民馁死者如积。粲无可复掠，军中乏食，乃教士卒烹妇人、婴儿啖之，曰：“肉之美者无过于人，但使他国有人，何忧于馁！”隋著作佐郎陆从典、通事舍人颜愍楚，谪官在南阳，粲初引为宾客，其后无食，阖家皆为所啖。愍楚，之推之子也。又税诸城堡细弱以供军食，诸城堡相帅叛之。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 187 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十七》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can, ''Chaoye Qianzai'' ##: '''English:''' During the chaos at the end of the Sui Dynasty, the mad rebel Zhu Can rose between Xiang and Deng. In the year of famine, a hu of rice cost ten thousand coins and was unobtainable; people ate each other. Zhu Can then drove men, women, and children into a great bronze bell, capable of holding two hundred shi, to boil human flesh to feed his lowly rebels. Countless lives were annihilated thus. Zhu Can even said: "In delicacy, can anything surpass human flesh!" ##: '''Original:''' 隋末荒亂，狂賊朱粲起於襄、鄧間，歲飢，米斛萬錢，亦無得處，人民相食。粲乃驅男女小大仰一大銅鐘，可二百石，煮人肉以矮賊。生靈殲於此矣。朱粲竟說：“食之美者，寧過於人肉乎！” ##: '''Source:''' Zhang Chu, ''Chaoye Qianzai'' (唐·張鷟《朝野僉載》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can; Execution of Duan Que, ''Xin Tang Shu'' ##: '''English:''' Duan Que, while drunk, joked with Zhu Can: "You have sliced many people; how is the taste?" Zhu Can replied: "Eating one who loves wine is exactly like eating a lees-fed pig." Duan Que was terrified and cursed: "Mad rebel, you were but a slave in the imperial court; do you now dare to eat people?" Zhu Can was angered, seized Duan Que and dozens of followers at the table, and boiled them all to feast his fellows. ##: '''Original:''' 段确醉，戏朱粲曰：“君脍人多矣，若为味？”粲曰：“啖嗜酒人，正似糟豚。”确悸，骂曰：“狂贼，归朝乃一奴耳，复得噬人乎？”粲惧，收确于坐，并从者数十悉饔之，以飨左右。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:New Book of Tang|Xin Tang Shu]]'', Vol. 87 "Biographies, 12: Xiao Fu, Shen, Li, Liang" (《新唐书·卷八十七·列传第十二·萧辅沈李梁》) ## 619 CE: Atrocities of Zhu Can; Execution of Duan Que, ''Zizhi Tongjian'' ##: '''English:''' Duan Que, taking advantage of his drunkenness, insulted Zhu Can: "I hear you love to eat people; what is the taste of a person?" Zhu Can replied: "Eating a drunkard is just like eating pig meat preserved in lees." Duan Que grew angry and cursed: "Mad rebel, when you entered the court, you were but a slave; do you now dare to eat people!" Zhu Can seized Duan Que and dozens of followers at the seat and boiled them all to eat with his fellows. ##: '''Original:''' 段确乘醉侮朱粲曰：“闻卿好啖人，人作何味？”粲曰：“啖醉人正如糟藏彘肉。”确怒，骂曰：“狂贼入朝，为一头奴耳，复得啖人乎！”粲于座收确及从者数十人，悉烹之，以啖左右。 ##: '''Source:''' ''[[:w:Zizhi Tongjian|Zizhi Tongjian]]'', Vol. 187 (《资治通鉴·卷一百八十七》) # Late Sui Dynasty: Cannibalism of Zhuge Ang and Gao Zan, ''Tangren Shuo Hui'' #: '''English:''' At the end of the Sui Dynasty, Zhuge Ang and Gao Zan had a fondness for eating human flesh. Gao Zan killed twin children and placed their heads, hands, and feet separately on plates to create a "Twin Banquet," which he enjoyed with Zhuge Ang. Zhuge Ang steamed his own favorite concubine and posed her in a cross-legged meditative posture, reapplying powder to her face; Zhuge Ang then personally tore meat from her thigh to offer Gao Zan to eat. #: '''Chinese:''' 隋末的诸葛昂與高瓒嗜食人肉。高瓒將双胞胎小孩杀掉，頭顱、手和腳分別裝在盤子裏，做成“双子宴”，與诸葛昂一起享用；诸葛昂则把自己的爱妾蒸熟，擺成盤腿打坐的姿勢，臉上重新塗好脂粉，諸葛昂親手撕她大腿上的肉請高瓒吃。 #: '''Source:''' ''Tangren Shuo Hui'', Vol. 5, citing Zhang Qian's ''Er Mu Ji'' (《唐人说荟》卷五，引张骞《耳目记》) ==唐== 安史之乱期间，张巡固守城池，城中人相食，张巡杀妾以飨将士，对于张巡以食人为代价的守土之功是否应该奖励，出现了一次伦理学的辩论，历代不息，《柏杨白话版资治通鉴》收集了若干历史上争论的意见。 黄巢之乱的时候，几支反叛军队成规模地常规性地以人为食，黄巢军“掠人为粮，生投于碓硙，并骨食之，号给粮之处曰‘舂磨寨’”，秦宗权军“啖人为储，军士四出，则盐尸而从”，李罕之军“不耕稼，专以剽掠为资，啖人为粮”。真是惨烈之甚。 唐朝陈藏器写的《本草拾遗》写人肉可以治病，这应该不是他的发明，而只是民间认知的一种总结，可能只是太多不得已的饥荒食人造成一种认知扭曲，但又反过来理性化了食人，到宋朝的时候，割肉疗亲开始出现。 # 621年，[[:w:唐高祖|唐高祖]]武德四年：（王）世充屯兵不散，仓粟日尽，城中人相食。或握土置瓮中，用水淘汰，沙石沉下，取其上浮泥，投以米屑，作饼饵而食之，人皆体肿而脚弱，枕倚于道路。其尚书郎卢君业、郭子高等皆死于沟壑。（《旧唐书·卷五十四·列传第四 王世充 窦建德》㉕*）<p>王（李世民）傅城，堑而守之。（王）世充粮且尽，人相食，至以水汨泥去砾，取浮土糅米屑为饼。民病肿股弱，相藉倚道上，其尚书郎卢君业、郭子高等皆饿死。御史大夫郑颋丐为浮屠，世充恶其言，杀之。（《新唐书·卷八十五·列传第十 王窦》㉕）</p> #621年: （单雄信）临将就戮，（李世）勣对之号恸，割股肉以啖之，曰：“生死永诀，此肉同归于土矣。”（《旧唐书·卷六十七·列传第十七·李靖等》㉕*）<p>（李世勣）乃割股肉以啖（单）雄信，曰：“使此肉随兄为土，庶几犹不负昔誓也！”（《资治通鉴》卷189）</p> # 627年: （王）君操密袖白刃刺杀之（杀父仇人李君则），刳腹取其心肝，啖食立尽，诣刺史具自陈告。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十八·列传第一百三十八·孝友》㉕*） # 643年，[[:w:唐太宗|唐太宗]]贞观十七年: 贞观末，（刘兰）以谋反腰斩。右骁卫大将军丘行恭探其心肝而食之，太宗闻而召行恭让之曰：“典刑自有常科，何至于此！必若食逆者心肝而为忠孝，则刘兰之心为太子诸王所食，岂至卿邪？”行恭无以答。（《旧唐书·卷六十九·列传第十九·侯君集等》㉕*）<p>鄠尉[[:w:游文芝|游文芝]]告代州都督[[:w:劉蘭成|劉蘭成]]谋反，戊申，兰成坐[[:w:腰斩|腰斩]]。右武候将军[[:w:丘行恭|丘行恭]]，探兰成心肝食之。上（唐太宗）闻而让之曰：兰成谋反，国有常刑，何至如此！若以为忠孝，则太子诸王先食之矣，岂至卿耶？行恭惭而拜谢。（《资治通鉴》卷196）</p> # 约650年：周智寿者，雍州同官人。其父永徽初被族人安吉所害。智寿及弟智爽乃候安吉于途，击杀之。兄弟相率归罪于县，争为谋首，官司经数年不能决。乡人或证智爽先谋，竟伏诛。临刑神色自若，顾谓市人曰：“父仇已报，死亦何恨！”智寿顿绝衢路，流血遍体。又收智爽尸，舐取智爽血，食之皆尽，见者莫不伤焉。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十八·列传第一百三十八·孝友》㉕*） # 662年: （郑）仁泰选骑万四千卷甲驰，绝大漠，至仙萼河，不见虏，粮尽还。人饥相食，比入塞，余兵才二十之一。（《新唐书·卷一百一十一·列传第三十六·郭二张三王苏薛程唐》㉕*)<p>（郑）仁泰将轻骑万四千，倍道赴之，遂逾大碛，至仙萼河，不见虏，粮尽而还。值大雪，士卒饥冻，弃捐甲兵，杀马食之，马尽，人自相食，比入塞，馀兵才八百人。（《资治通鉴》卷200）</p> # 682年，[[:w:唐高宗|唐高宗]]永淳元年：关中先水后早蝗，继以疾疫，米斗四百，两京间死者相枕于路，人相食。”（《资治通鉴》卷203）<p>六月，关中初雨，麦苗涝损，后旱，京兆、岐、陇螟蝗食苗并尽，加以民多疫疠，死者枕藉于路，诏所在官司埋瘗。京师人相食，寇盗纵横。（《旧唐书·卷五本纪第五·高宗下》㉕*）</p><p>永淳中，为雍州长史。时关中大饥，人相食，盗贼纵横。（《旧唐书·卷七十五·列传第二十五·苏世长等》㉕）</p><p>是月，大蝗，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三·本纪第三·高宗》㉕）</p><p>永淳元年，关中及山南州二十六饥，京师人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五》㉕）</p><p>（良嗣）徙雍州。时关内饥，人相食，良嗣政上严，每盗发，三日内必擒，号称神明。（《新唐书·卷一百三·列传第二十八·苏世长等》㉕）</p> # 约684年: 王友贞，怀州河内人也。父知敬，则天时麟台少监，以工书知名。友贞弱冠时，母病笃，医言唯啖人肉乃差。友贞独念无可求治，乃割股肉以饴亲，母病寻差。则天闻之，令就其家验问，特加旌表。（《旧唐书·卷一百九十二·列传第一百四十二·隐逸》㉕*） # [[:w:武則天|武則天]]時期，杭州臨安縣尉薛震好吃人肉，“有債主及奴詣臨安，于客舍，遂飲之醉。殺而臠之，以水銀和煎，并骨消盡。后又欲食其婦，婦覺而遁。縣令詰得其情，申州，錄事奏，奉敕杖殺之。”（《[[:w:朝野僉載|朝野僉載]]》） # 武則天時期，“周岭南首陳元光設客，令一袍褲行酒。光怒，令曳出，遂殺之。須臾爛煮，以食諸客。后呈其二手，客懼，攫喉而吐。”（出《摭言》。明抄本作出《朝野僉載》） # 697年: 丁卯，（李）昭德、（来）俊臣同弃市，时人无不痛昭德而快俊臣。仇家争啖俊臣之肉，斯须而尽，抉眼剥面，披腹出心，腾蹋成泥。（《资治通鉴》卷206） # 张鷟《[[s:朝野僉載_(四庫全書本)/卷2|朝野佥载]]》卷二：“后诛易之昌宗等，百姓脔割其肉，肥白如猪肪，煎炙而食。” # 唐玄宗開元中葉人[[:w:陳藏器|陳藏器]]（713年－741年）《[[:w:本草拾遺|本草拾遺]]》寫吃人肉可以治病。 # 739年: 内给事牛仙童使幽州，受张守珪厚赂。玄宗怒，命思勖杀之。思勖缚架之数日，乃探取其心，截去手足，割肉而啖之，其残酷如此。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十四·列传第一百三十四·宦官》㉕*）<p> 内给事牛仙童纳张守珪赂，诏付思勖杀之。思勖缚于格，箠惨不可胜，乃探心，截手足，剔肉以食，肉尽乃得死。（《新唐书·卷二百七·列传第一百三十二·宦者上》㉕）</p><p>739年: 上（唐玄宗李隆基）怒，甲戌，命杨思勖杖杀之（牛仙童）。思勖缚格，杖之数百，刳取其心，割其肉啖之。（《资治通鉴》卷214）</p> # 757年: （鲁）炅城中食尽，煮牛皮筋角而食之，米斗至四五十千，有价无米，鼠一头至四百文，饿死者相枕藉。……炅在围中一年，救兵不至，昼夜苦战，人相食。（《旧唐书·卷一百一十四·列传第六十四·鲁炅等》㉕*）<p>（鲁）炅被围凡一年，昼夜战，人至相食，卒无救。（《新唐书·卷一百四十七·列传第七十二·三王鲁辛冯三李曲二卢》㉕）</p> # 757年: 尹子奇攻围（睢阳）既久，城中粮尽，易子而食，析骸而爨，人心危恐，虑将有变。（张）巡乃出其妾，对三军杀之，以飨军士。曰：“诸公为国家戮力守城，一心无二，经年乏食，忠义不衰。巡不能自割肌肤，以啖将士，岂可惜此妇，坐视危迫。”将士皆泣下，不忍食，巡强令食之。乃括城中妇人；既尽，以男夫老小继之，所食人口二三万，人心终不离变。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十七下·列传第一百三十七·忠义下》㉕*）<p>（张）巡士多饿死，存者皆痍伤气乏。巡出爱妾曰：“诸君经年乏食，而忠义不少衰，吾恨不割肌以啖众，宁惜一妾而坐视士饥？”乃杀以大飨，坐者皆泣。巡强令食之，远亦杀奴僮以哺卒，至罗雀掘鼠，煮铠弩以食。……被围久，初杀马食，既尽，而及妇人老弱凡食三万口。人知将死，而莫有畔者。城破，遣民止四百而已。 （《新唐书·卷一百九十二·列传第一百一十七·忠义中》㉕） </p></p>（张巡守睢阳，）茶纸既尽，遂食马；马尽，罗雀掘鼠；雀鼠又尽，巡出爱妾，杀以食士，远亦杀其奴；然后括城中妇人食之；既尽，继以男子老弱。人知必死，莫有叛者，所馀才四百人。 （《资治通鉴》卷220）</p> # 758年: 明年，改乾元元年，伪德州刺史王暕、贝州刺史宇文宽等皆归顺，河北诸军各以城守累月，贼使蔡希德、安太清急击，复陷于贼，虏之以归，脔食其肉。（《旧唐书·卷二百上·列传第一百五十·安禄山等》㉕*） # 759年: 二年正月，史思明自率范阳精卒复陷魏州，乃伪称燕王。王师虽众，军无统帅，进退无所承禀，自冬徂春，竟未破贼，但引漳水以灌其城，城中食尽，易子而食。（《旧唐书·卷一百二十·列传第七十·郭子仪等》㉕*）<p> （安）庆绪自十月被围至二月，城中人相食，米斗钱七万余，鼠一头直数千，马食隤墙麦鞬及马粪濯而饲之。（《旧唐书·卷二百上·列传第一百五十·安禄山等》㉕）</p><p>（郭子仪军）连营进围相州，引漳水灌城，漫二时，不能破。城中粮尽，人相食。庆绪求救于史思明。（《新唐书·卷一百三十七·列传第六十二·郭子仪》㉕）</p><p> 乾元元年秋九月，帝诏郭子仪率九节度兵凡二十万讨庆绪，攻卫州，……王师围已固，筑浚城隍三周，决安阳水灌城。城中栈而处，粮尽，易口以食，米斗钱七万余，一鼠钱数千，屑松饲马，隤墙取麦秸，濯粪取刍，城中欲降不得。（《新唐书·卷二百二十五上·列传第一百五十上·逆臣上》㉕）</p> # 760年: 有纳赂于上言求官者，（吕）諲补之蓝田尉。五月，上言事泄笞死，以其肉令从官食之，諲坐贬太子宾客。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十五下·列传第一百三十五·良吏下》㉕*） # 760年: 三品钱行浸久，属岁荒，米斗至七千钱，人相食。 （《资治通鉴》卷221） # 760年: 时大雾，自四月雨至闰月末不止。米价翔贵，人相食，饿死者委骸于路。（《旧唐书·卷十·本纪第十·肃宗》㉕*）<p> 是时自四月初大雾大雨，至闰四月末方止。是月，逆贼史思明再陷东都，米价踊贵，斗至八百文，人相食，殍尸蔽地。（《旧唐书·卷三十六·志第十六·天文下》㉕） </p><p>乾元三年闰四月，大雾，大雨月余。是月，史思明再陷东都，京师米斗八百文，人相食，殍骸蔽地。（《旧唐书·卷三十七·志第十七·五行》㉕）</p> # 761年: 时洛阳四面数百里，人相食，州县为墟。（《旧唐书·卷二百上·列传第一百五十·安禄山等》㉕*）<p> 朝义虚怀礼下，事皆决大臣，然无经略才。当此时，洛阳诸郡人相食，城邑榛墟，（《新唐书·卷二百二十五上·列传第一百五十上·逆臣上》㉕）</p> # [[:w:唐代宗|唐代宗]]廣德元年（763年），江東大疫，“死者過半”，[[:w:獨孤及|獨孤及]]描述這次的災難：“辛丑歲（762年），大旱，三吳飢甚，人相食。明年大疫，死者十七八，城郭邑居為之空虛，而存者無食，亡者無棺殯悲哀之送。大抵雖其父母妻子也啖其肉，而棄其骸於田野，由是道路積骨相支撐枕藉者彌二千里，春秋以來不書。”（《吊道殣文》）<p>江、淮大饥，人相食。（《资治通鉴》卷222）</p> # [[:w:白居易|白居易]]（772年－846年）寫《輕肥》一詩有“是歲江南旱，衢州人食人。” # [[:w:張茂昭|張茂昭]]為節鎮，頻吃人肉，及除統軍，到京。班中有人問曰：聞尚書在鎮好人肉，虛實？” 昭笑曰：“人肉腥而且肕，爭堪吃。”（《盧氏雜記》） # 766年: 监军张志斌自陕入奏，（周）智光馆给礼慢，志斌责其不肃。智光大怒曰：“仆固怀恩岂有反状！皆由尔鼠辈作福作威，惧死不敢入朝。我本不反，今为尔作之。”因叱下斩之，脔其肉以饲从者。（《旧唐书·卷一百一十四·列传第六十四·鲁炅等》㉕*）<p>（周智光）叱下斩之（张志斌），脔食其肉。（《资治通鉴》卷224）</p> # 775年:承嗣既令（田）廷玠（或作田庭玠）守沧州，而（李）宝臣、朱滔兵攻击，欲兼其土宇。廷玠婴城固守，连年受敌，兵尽食竭，人易子而食，卒无叛者，卒能保全城守。（《旧唐书·卷一百四十一·列传第九十一·田承嗣等》㉕*） # 796年: 军士又呼曰：“仓官刘叔何给纳有奸。”杀而食之。（《资治通鉴》卷235） # 799年: 是日，汴州军乱，杀陆长源及节度判官孟叔度、丘颖，军人脔而食之。（《旧唐书·卷十三·本纪第十三·德宗下》㉕*）<p>兵士怨怒滋甚，乃执长源及叔度等脔而食之，斯须骨肉糜散。（《旧唐书·卷一百四十五·列传第九十五·刘玄佐等》㉕）</p><p>才八日，军乱，杀长源及叔度等，食其肉，放兵大掠。（《新唐书·卷一百五十一·列传第七十六·关董袁赵窦》㉕）</p><p>是日，军士作乱，杀（陆）长源、（孟）叔度，脔食之，立尽。（《资治通鉴》卷235）</p> # 803年: 盐夏节度判官崔文先权知盐州，为政苛刻。冬，闰十月，庚戌，部将李庭俊作乱，杀而脔食之。（《资治通鉴》卷236） # 807年: 锜不自安，亦请入朝，乃拜锜左仆射。锜乃署判官王澹为留后。既而迁延发期，澹与中使频喻之，不悦，遂讽将士以给冬衣日杀澹而食之。监军使闻乱，遣衙将赵锜慰喻，又脔食之。（《旧唐书·卷一百一十二·列传第六十二·李暠等》㉕*）<p>会使者召锜，称疾，留后王澹为具行，锜怒，阴教士脔食之，即胁使者为众奏天子，幸得留。（《新唐书·卷一百八十一·列传第一百六·陈夷行等》㉕）</p><p>807: （李）锜严兵坐幄中，（王）澹与敕使入谒，有军士数百噪于庭曰：“王澹何人，擅主军务！”曳下，脔食之；大将赵琦出慰止，又脔食之（《资治通鉴》卷237）</p> # 817年: 蔡将有李端者，过溵河降重胤。其妻为贼束缚于树，脔食至死，将绝，犹呼其夫曰：“善事乌仆射。”（《旧唐书·卷一百六十一·列传第一百一十一·李光进等》㉕*）<p>李湍妻。湍，吴元济之军人也。元和中，淮南未平，湍心怀向顺，乃急渡溵河，东降乌重胤。其妻遂为贼束缚在树，脔而食之，至死，叫其夫曰：“善事乌仆射。”观者义之。至是，重胤以其事请列史册。十三年，宪宗下诏从之。（《旧唐书·卷一百九十四上·列传第一百四十四上·突厥上》㉕）</p><p>李湍妻某氏。湍籍吴元济军，元和中，自拔归鸟重胤，妻为贼缚而脔食之，将死，犹号湍曰：“善事鸟仆射！”观者叹泣。重胤请以其事属史官，诏可。（《新唐书·卷二百五·列传第一百三十·列女》㉕）</p> # 822年: （王）播至淮南，属岁旱俭，人相啖食，课最不充，设法掊敛，比屋嗟怨。（《旧唐书·卷一百六十四·列传第一百一十四·王播等》㉕*）<p> 是时，南方旱歉，人相食，（王）播掊敛不少衰，民皆怨之。（《新唐书·卷一百六十七·列传第九十二·白裴崔韦二李皇甫王》㉕）</p> # 829年: 属岁旱俭，人至相食，楚均富赡贫，而无流亡者。（《旧唐书·卷一百七十二·列传第一百二十二·令狐楚等》㉕*） # 832年:（李）听先遣亲吏至徐州慰劳将士，苍头不欲听复来，说军士杀其亲吏，脔食之。（《资治通鉴》卷244） # 约841年: （杜牧）作《罪言》。其辞曰：……. 山东叛且三五世，后生所见言语举止，无非叛也，以为事理正当如此，沉酣入骨髓，无以为非者，至有围急食尽，啖尸以战。以此为俗，岂可与决一胜一负哉？（《新唐书·卷一百六十六·列传第九十一·贾杜令狐》㉕*） # 868年: 其年冬，庞勋杀崔彦曾，据徐州，聚众六七万。徐无兵食，乃分遣贼帅攻剽淮南诸郡，滁、和、楚、寿继陷。谷食既尽，淮南之民多为贼所啖。（《旧唐书·卷一百七十二·列传第一百二十二·令狐楚等》㉕*）<p> 勋还，果盗徐州，其众六七万。徐乏食，分兵攻滁、和、楚、寿，陷之，粮尽，啖人以饱。（《新唐书·卷一百六十六·列传第九十一·贾杜令狐》㉕）</p> # 868年: 一日，贼军乘间，步骑径入湘垒，淮卒五千人皆被生絷送徐州，为贼蒸而食之。（《旧唐书·卷一百七十二·列传第一百二十二·令狐楚等》㉕*）</p><p>湘乃彻警释械，日与勋众欢言。后贼乘间直袭湘垒，悉俘而食之，醢湘及监军郗厚本。（《新唐书·卷一百六十六·列传第九十一·贾杜令狐》㉕）</p> # 868年: 庞勋又令将刘贽攻濠州，陷之，囚刺史卢望回于回车馆，望回郁愤而死，仆妾数人皆为贼蒸而食之。（《旧唐书·卷十九上·本纪第十九上·懿宗》㉕*） # 869年: 吴迥守濠州，粮尽食人，驱女孺运薪塞隍，并填之，整旅而行，马士举斩以献。（《新唐书·卷一百四十八·列传第七十三·令狐张康李刘田王牛史》㉕*）<p>马举攻濠州，自夏及冬不克，城中粮尽，杀人而食之（《资治通鉴》卷251）</p> # 876年：李廷节妻崔。乾符中，廷节为郏城尉。王仙芝攻汝州，廷节被执。贼见崔妹美，将妻之，诟曰：“我，士人妻，死亡有命，奈何受贼污？”贼怒，刳其心食之。（《新唐书·卷二百五·列传第一百三十·列女》㉕*） # 878年: （李）尽忠械文楚等五人送斗鸡台下，（李）克用令军士玼食之，以骑践其骸。（《资治通鉴》卷253） # 881年，[[:w:唐僖宗|唐僖宗]]廣明二年：（[[:w:黃巢|黃巢]]攻佔長安，）時京畿百姓皆寨于山谷，累年費耕耘，賊坐空城，賦輸無如，谷食騰踴，米斗三十錢，官軍皆執山寨百姓，蠰于賊為食，人獲數十萬”（《[[:w:舊唐書|舊唐書]]·卷二百下·列传第一百五十·朱泚 黄巢 秦宗权》㉕*）<p> 二年春正月甲辰朔，天下勤王之师，云会京畿，京师食尽。贼食树皮，以金玉买人于行营之师，人获数百万。山谷避乱百姓，多为诸军之所执卖。（《旧唐书·卷十九下·本纪第十九下 僖宗》㉕）</p><p>于时畿民栅山谷自保，不得耕，米斗钱三十千，屑树皮以食，有执栅民鬻贼以为粮，人获数十万钱。（《新唐书·卷二百二十五下·列传第一百五十下·逆臣下》㉕）</p><p>民避乱皆入深山筑栅自保，农事俱废，长安城中斗米直三十缗。贼（黄巢）卖人于官军以为粮，官军或执山栅之民鬻之，人直数百缗，以肥瘠论价。（《资治通鉴》卷254）</p> # 883年，唐僖宗中和三年883年：时黄巢与宗权合从，纵兵四掠，远近皆罹其酷。时仍岁大饥，民无积聚，贼俘人为食，其炮炙处谓之“舂磨寨”，白骨山积，丧乱之极，无甚于斯。（《旧唐书·卷十九下·本纪第十九下 僖宗》㉕*）<p>贼（黄巢）围陈郡百日，关东仍岁无耕稼，人饿倚墙壁间，贼俘人而食，日杀数千。贼有舂磨砦，为巨碓数百，生纳人于臼碎之，合骨而食，其流毒若是。（《旧唐书·卷二百下·列传第一百五十 朱泚 黄巢 秦宗权》㉕）</p><p>巢已东，使孟楷攻蔡州。节度使秦宗权迎战，大败，即臣贼，与连和。楷击陈州，败死，巢自围之，略邓、许、孟、洛，东入徐、兖数十州。人大饥，倚死墙堑，贼俘以食，日数千人，乃办列百巨碓，糜骨皮于臼，并啖之。（《新唐书·卷二百二十五下·列传第一百五十下 逆臣下》㉕）</p><p>是时，陈州四面，贼寨相望，驱掳编氓，杀以充食，号为“舂磨寨”。（《旧五代史·卷一（梁书）·太祖纪一》㉕）</p><p>秦宗权以蔡州附巢，巢势甚盛，乃悉众围犨，置舂磨，糜人之肉以为食。（《新五代史·卷四十二·杂传第三十·朱宣等》㉕）</p><p>时民间无积聚，贼（黄巢）掠人为粮，生投于碓硙，并骨食之，号给粮之处曰“舂磨寨”。纵兵四掠，自河南、许、汝、唐、邓、孟、郑、汴、曹、濮、徐、兖等数十州，咸被其毒。 （《资治通鉴》卷255）</p> # 884年: （秦宗权）所至屠翦焚荡，殆无孑遗。其残暴又甚于巢，军行未始转粮，车载盐尸以从。北至卫、滑，西及关辅，东尽青、齐，南出江、淮，州镇存者仅保一城，极目千里，无复烟火。（《资治通鉴》卷256）<p> 巢贼虽平，而宗权之凶徒大集，西至金、商、陕、虢，南极荆、襄，东过淮甸，北侵徐、兖、汴、郑，幅员数十州。五六年间，民无耕织，千室之邑，不存一二，岁既凶荒，皆脍人而食，丧乱之酷，未之前闻。（《旧唐书·卷二十上·本纪第二十上·昭宗》㉕*）</p><p>（秦宗权）贼首皆慓锐惨毒，所至屠残人物，燔烧郡邑。西至关内，东极青、齐，南出江淮，北至卫滑，鱼烂鸟散，人烟断绝，荆榛蔽野。贼既乏食，啖人为储，军士四出，则盐尸而从。（《旧唐书·卷二百下·列传第一百五十·朱泚 黄巢 秦宗权》㉕）</p><p> 中和二年，关内大饥。四年，关内大饥，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五 稼穑不成》㉕）</p><p>中和四年，江南大旱，饥，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五·常旸》㉕）</p> # 886年: 荆南、襄阳仍岁蝗旱，米斗三十千，人多相食。（《旧唐书·卷十九下·本纪第十九下·僖宗》㉕*）<p> 光启二年二月，荆、襄大饥，米斗三千钱，人相食。（《新唐书·卷三十五·志第二十五·稼穑不成》㉕）</p><p>二年，荆、襄蝗、米斗钱三千，人相食；（《新唐书·卷三十六·志第二十六·五行三》㉕）</p> # 886年: （张）瑰固垒二岁，樵苏皆尽，米斗钱四十千，计抔而食，号为“通肠”。疫死者，争啖其尸，县首于户以备馔。（《新唐书·卷一百八十六·列传第一百一十一 ·周王邓陈齐赵二杨顾》㉕*） # 887年: 戊午，秦彦遣毕师铎、秦稠将兵八千出（扬州）城，西击杨行密。稠败死，士卒死者什七八。城中乏食，樵采路绝，宣州军始食之。（《资治通鉴》卷257）<p>五月，寿州刺史杨行密率兵攻（秦）彦，……重围半年，（扬州）城中刍粮并尽，草根木实、市肆药物、皮囊革带，食之亦尽。外军掠人而卖，人五十千。死者十六七，纵存者鬼形鸟面，气息奄然。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十二·列传第一百三十二·王重荣等》㉕*）</p><p>杨行密围扬州，毕师铎厚赍宝币，啖（杜）雄连和。雄率军浮海屯东塘。是时扬州围久，皮囊革带食无余，军中杀人代粮，才千钱。（《新唐书·卷一百九十·列传第一百一十五·三刘成杜钟张王》㉕）</p><p>是时，城中仓廪空虚，饥民相杀而食，其夫妇、父子自相牵，就屠卖之，屠者刲剔如羊豕。（《新五代史·卷六十一·吴世家第一》㉕）</p> # 887年: （高）骈家属并在道院，秦彦供给甚薄，薪蒸亦阙。奴仆彻延和阁栏槛煮革带食之，互相篡啖。（《旧唐书·卷一百八十二·列传第一百三十二·王重荣等》㉕*）<p>高骈在道院，秦彦供给甚薄，左右无食，至然木像、煮革带食之，有相啖者。（《资治通鉴》卷257）</p> # 887年，光启三年：（杨）行密攻围（广陵）弥急，城中食尽，米斗四十千，居人相啖略尽。十月，城陷，秦、毕走东塘，行密入广陵，辇外寨之粟以食饥民，即日米价减至三千。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十四·僭伪列传一》㉕*）<p>[[:w:杨行密|杨行密]]围广陵且半年，秦彦、毕师铎大小数十战多不利，城中无食，料值钱五十缗，草根木实皆尽，以堇泥为饼食之，饿死者大半。宣州军掠人诣肆卖之，驱缚屠割如羊豕，讫无一声，流血满于坊市。彦、师铎无如之何，颦蹙而已。（《资治通鉴》卷257）</p> # 887年: 周迪妻某氏。迪善贾，往来广陵。会毕师铎乱，人相掠卖以食。迪饥将绝，妻曰：“今欲归，不两全。君亲在，不可并死，愿见卖以济君行。”迪不忍，妻固与诣肆，售得数千钱以奉。迪至城门，守者谁何，疑其绐，与迪至肆问状，见妻首已在枅矣。迪里余体归葬之。（《新唐书·卷二百五·列传第一百三十·列女》㉕*） # 888年: （李）罕之与（张）言甚笃，然性猜暴。是时大乱后，野无遗秆，部卒日剽人以食。《新唐书·卷一百八十七·列传第一百一十二·二王诸葛李孟》㉕*）<p>时大乱之后，野无耕稼，罕之部下以俘剽为资，啖人作食。……自是罕之日以兵寇钞怀、孟、晋、绛，数百里内，郡邑无长吏，闾里无居民。……自是数州之民，屠啖殆尽，荆棘蔽野，烟火断绝，凡十余年。（《旧五代史·卷十五（梁书）·列传五》㉕）</p><p>罕之留其子颀事晋，乃之泽州，日以兵钞怀、孟间，啖人为食。（《新五代史·卷四十二·杂传第三十·朱宣等》㉕）</p><p>（李）罕之勇而无谋，性复贪暴，意轻（张）全义，闻其勤俭力穑，笑曰：“此田舍一夫耳！”…….（李）罕之所部不耕稼，专以剽掠为资，啖人为粮。……（李罕之）以寇钞为事，自怀、孟、晋、绛数百里间，州无刺史，县无令长，田无麦禾，邑无烟火者，殆将十年。（《资治通鉴》）</p> # 889年，[[:w:唐昭宗|唐昭宗]]龍紀元年：楊行密圍宣州，城中食盡，人相啖……（《資治通鑒》卷258） # 891年: 会吏盗减诸军禀食，（王）建怒其众曰：“招讨吏之谋也。”纵士执之，醢食于军。（《新唐书·卷二百二十四下·列传第一百四十九下·叛臣下》㉕*）<p>一日，（王）建阴令军士于行府门外擒（韦）昭度亲吏，脔而食之，（王）建徐启（韦）昭度曰：“盖军士乏食，以至于是耶！”昭度大惧，遂留符节与建，即日东还。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十六·僭伪列传三》㉕）</p><p>昭度迟疑未决，建遣军士擒昭度亲吏于军门，脔而食之，建入白曰：“军士饥，须此为食尔！”昭度大恐，即留符节与建而东。（《新五代史·卷六十三·前蜀世家第三》㉕）</p><p>庚子，（王）建阴令东川将唐友通等擒（韦）昭度亲吏骆保于行府门，脔食之，云其盗军粮。（《资治通鉴》卷258）</p> # 891年: 孙儒悉焚扬州庐舍，尽驱丁壮及妇女渡江，杀老弱以充食。（《资治通鉴》卷258） # 893年: 景福二年春，（李克用）大举以伐王镕，……王镕出师三万来援，武皇（李克用）逆战于叱日岭下，镇人败，斩首万余级。时岁饥，军乏食，脯尸肉而食之。（《旧五代史·卷二十六（唐书）·武皇纪下》㉕*）<p>（李克用的）河东军无食。脯其尸而啖之。 （《资治通鉴》卷259）</p> # 894年: 王建攻彭州，城中人相食（《资治通鉴》卷259） # 902年，唐昭宗天复二年：是冬，大雪，（凤翔）城中食尽，冻馁死者不可胜计，或卧未死，肉已为人所。市中卖人肉斤直钱百，犬肉值五百。”（《资治通鉴》卷263）<p>昭宗在凤翔，为梁兵所围，城中人相食，父食其子，而天子食粥，六宫及宗室多饿死。其穷至于如此，遂以亡。（《新唐书·卷五十二·志第四十二·食货二》㉕*）</p><p>（朱温的后）梁军围之（凤翔）逾年，（李）茂贞每战辄败，闭壁不敢出。城中薪食俱尽，自冬涉春，雨雪不止，民冻饿死者日以千数。米斗直钱七千，至烧人屎煮尸而食。父自食其子，人有争其肉者，曰：“此吾子也，汝安得而食之！”人肉斤直钱百，狗肉斤直钱五百。父甘食其子，而人肉贱于狗。天子于宫中设小磨，遣宫人自屑豆麦以供御，自后宫、诸王十六宅，冻馁而死者日三四。城中人相与邀遮茂贞，求路以为生。（《新五代史·卷四十·杂传第二十八·李茂贞等》㉕）</p> ==五代十國== # 906年:天祐三年，（朱）全忠自将攻沧州，……全忠环沧筑而沟之，内外援绝，人相食。（刘）仁恭求战，不许。（《新唐书· 卷二百一十二·列传第一百三十七·藩镇卢龙》㉕*）<p>汴人深沟高垒以攻沧州，内外阻绝，（刘）仁恭不能合战，城中大饥，人相篡啖，析骸而爨，丸土而食，转死骨立者十之六七。……城中乏食，米斗直三万，人首一级亦直十千，军士食人，百姓食墐土，驴马相遇，食其鬃尾，士人出入，多为强者屠杀。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十五·僭伪列传二》㉕）</p><p>梁军壁长芦，深沟高垒，（刘）仁恭不能近。沧州被围百余日，城中食尽，人自相食，析骸而爨，或丸墐土而食，死者十六七。（《新五代史·卷三十九·杂传第二十七·王镕等》㉕）</p><p>时汴军筑垒围沧州，鸟鼠不能通。（刘）仁恭畏其强，不敢战。城中食尽，丸土而食，或互相掠啖。（《资治通鉴》卷265）</p> # 909年:（刘）守文将吏孙鹤、吕兖等，立守文子延祚以距（刘）守光，守光围之百余日，城中食尽，米斛直钱三万，人相杀而食，或食墐土，马相食其骏尾，（吕）兖等率城中饥民食以麹，号“宰务”，日杀以饷军。（《新五代史·卷三十九·杂传第二十七·王镕等》㉕*）<p>刘守光围沧州久不下，执刘守文至城下示之，犹固守。城中食尽，民食堇泥，军士食人，驴马相啖尾。吕兖选男女羸弱者，饲以黮面而烹之，以给军食，谓之宰杀务。 （《资治通鉴》卷267）</p> # 911: （刘）守光大怒，推之（孙鹤）伏锧，令军士割其肉生啖之。鹤大呼曰：“百日之外，必有急兵矣！”守光命窒其口，寸斩之，有识为之嗟惋。（《旧五代史·卷一百三十五·僭伪列传二》㉕*）<p>（刘）守光怒，推之（孙鹤）伏锧，令军士割而啖之。（《新五代史·卷三十九·杂传第二十七·王镕等》㉕）</p><p>（刘）守光怒，伏诸质上，令军士剐而啖之。鹤呼曰：“百日之外，必有急兵！”守光命以土窒其口，寸斩之。（《资治通鉴》卷268）</p> # 916: 晋人围贝州逾年，城中食尽，啖人为粮。（《资治通鉴》卷269） # 922年: （李存勖）获（张）处球、处瑾、处琪并其母，及同恶高濛李翥、齐俭等，皆折足送行台，镇人请醢而食之；（《旧五代史·卷二十九（唐书）·庄宗纪三》㉕*） # 925年，後唐莊宗同光三年： （郭）崇韬欲诛（王）宗弼以自明，己巳，白（李）继岌收宗弼及王宗勋、王宗渥，皆数其不忠之罪，族诛之，籍没其家。蜀人争食宗弼之肉。 （《资治通鉴》卷274） # 929年: （董璋）遣其将李彦钊扼剑门关为七砦，于关北增置关，号永定。凡唐戍兵东归者，皆遮留之，获其逃者，覆以铁笼，火炙之，或刲肉钉面，割心而啖。（《新五代史·卷五十一·杂传第三十九·朱守殷等》㉕*） # 930: （董）璋怒，令军士十人，持刀刲割其（姚洪）肤，燃镬于前，自取啖食，洪至死大骂不已。（《旧五代史·卷七十（唐书）·列传二十二》㉕*）<p>（董）璋怒，然镬于前，令壮士十人刲其肉而食，洪至死大骂。（《新五代史·卷三十三·死事传第二十》㉕）</p><p>（董）璋怒，然镬于前，令壮士十人刲其（姚洪）肉自啖之，洪至死骂不绝声。（《资治通鉴》卷277）</p> # 约930年:（李）赞华好饮人血，姬妾多刺臂以吮之；婢仆小过，或抉目，或刀刲火灼；夏氏不忍其残，奏离婚为尼。 （《资治通鉴》卷277） # 934: （薛）文杰善数术，自占云：“过三日可无患。”送者闻之，疾驰二日而至，军士踊跃，磔文杰于市，闽人争以瓦石投之，脔食立尽。（《新五代史·卷六十八·闽世家第八》㉕*）<p>（薛）文杰出，（王）继鹏伺之于启圣门外，以笏击之仆地，槛车送军前，市人争持瓦砾击之。文杰善术数，自云过三日则无患。部送者闻之，倍道兼行，二日而至，士卒见之踊跃，脔食之（《资治通鉴》卷278）</p> # 约942年: （石）信所至黩货，好行杀戮。军士有犯法者，信召其妻子，对之刲剔支解，使自食其肉，血流盈前，信命乐饮酒自如也。（《新五代史·卷十八·汉家人传第六》㉕*） # 944年: 同（州）、华（州）奏，人民相食。（《旧五代史·卷七十（唐书）·列传二十二》㉕*） # 944年: （后晋少帝石重贵）命李守贞、符彦卿率师东讨。（杨）光远素无兵众，惟婴城（青州）自守，守贞以长连城围之。冬十一月，（杨）承勋与弟承信、承祚见城中人民相食将尽，知事不济，劝（杨）光远乞降，冀免于赤族。（《旧五代史·卷九十七（晋书）·列传十二》㉕*）<p>契丹已北，出帝（石重贵）复遣（李守贞、符彦卿东讨，光远婴城固守，自夏至冬，城中人相食几尽。（《新五代史·卷五十一·杂传第三十九·朱守殷等》㉕）</p> # 945年: 闽人或告福州援兵谋叛，闽主（王）延政收其铠仗，遣还，伏兵于隘，尽杀之，死者八千馀人，脯其肉以归为食。 （《资治通鉴》卷284） # 947年: （杨）承勋事晋为郑州防御使，（耶律）德光灭晋，使人召承勋至京师，责其劫父，脔而食之。（《新五代史·卷五十一·杂传第三十九·朱守殷等》㉕*）<p>戊子，（辽军）执郑州防御使杨承勋至大梁，责以杀父叛契丹，命左右脔食之。（《资治通鉴》卷286）</p> # 947年，后晋天福十二年（947年：大同元年春正月……己丑，以张彦泽擅徙重贵开封，杀桑维翰，纵兵大掠，不道，斩于市。晋人脔食之。（《辽史· 卷四·本纪第四·太宗下》㉕*）<p>戎王（辽太宗耶律德光）知其（张彦泽）众怒，遂令弃市，仍令高勋监决，断腕出锁，然后刑之。勋使人剖其心以祭死者，市人争其肉而食之。（《旧五代史·卷九十八（晋书）·列传十三》㉕）</p><p>百官皆请不赦（张彦泽），而都人争投状疏其恶，乃命高勋监杀之。彦泽前所杀士大夫子孙，皆缞绖杖哭，随而诟詈，以杖朴之，彦泽俯首无一言。行至北市，断腕出锁，然后用刑，勋剖其心祭死者，市人争破其脑，取其髓，脔其肉而食之。（《新五代史·卷五十二·杂传第四十·杜重威等》㉕）</p><p>己丑，斩（张）彦泽、（傅）住皃于北市，仍命高勋监刑。彦泽前所杀士大夫子孙，皆绖杖号哭，随而诟詈，以杖扑之。勋命断腕出锁，剖其心以祭死者。市人争破其脑取髓，脔其肉而食之。 （《资治通鉴》卷286）</p> # 948年: （苏）逢吉等秘不发丧，下诏称：“（杜）重威父子，因朕小疾，谤议摇众，皆斩之。”磔死于市，市人争啖其肉。（《旧五代史·卷一百（汉书）·高祖纪下》㉕*）<p>磔（杜）重威尸于市，市人争啖其肉，吏不能禁，斯须而尽。 （《资治通鉴》卷287）</p> # 948年: （李）守贞自谓天时人事合符于己，乃潜结草贼，令所在窃发，遣兵据潼关。朝廷命白文珂、常思等领兵问罪，复遣枢密使郭威西征。……既而城中粮尽，杀人为食。（《旧五代史·卷一百九（汉书）·列传六》㉕*）<p>（李）守贞（潼关）城中兵无几，而食又尽，杀人而食。（《新五代史·卷五十二·杂传第四十·杜重威等》㉕）</p> # 949年，後漢高祖乾佑元年二年：（赵）思绾粮尽，城中人相食（宋）（《宋史· 卷二百五十二·列传第十一·王景等》㉕*）<p>朝廷闻之，命郭从义、王峻帅师伐之（赵思绾）。及攻其城（长安），王师伤者甚众，乃以长堑围之。经年粮尽，遂杀人充食。思绾尝对众取人胆以酒吞之，告众曰：“吞此至一千，即胆气无敌矣。”（《太平广记》：贼臣赵思绾自倡乱至败，凡食人肝六十六，无不面剖而脍之。）（《旧五代史·卷一百九（汉书）·列传六》㉕）</p><p>隐帝（后汉隐帝刘承祐）遣郭威西督诸将兵，先围（李）守贞于河中。居数月，（赵）思绾城中食尽，杀人而食，每犒宴，杀人数百，庖宰一如羊豕。思绾取其胆以酒吞之，语其下曰：“食胆至千，则勇无敌矣！” （《新五代史·卷五十三·杂传第四十一·王景崇等》㉕）</p><p>赵思绾好食人肝，常面剖而脍之，脍尽，人犹未死。又好以酒吞人胆，谓人曰：吞此千数，则胆无敌矣。长安城中食尽，取妇女幼稚为军粮，日计数而给之。每犒军，辄屠数百人，如羊豖法。（《资治通鉴》卷288）</p> # 950年: （马希萼）脔食李弘皋、（李）弘节、唐昭胤、杨涤。（《资治通鉴》） # 苌从简（后唐、后晋武将），陈州人也。……好食人肉，所至多潜捕民间小儿以食。（《新五代史·卷四十七·杂传第三十五·华温琪等》㉕*） # [[:w:吴国 (五代十国)|吳國]]將領[[:w:高澧|高澧]]「嗜殺人而飲血，日暮，必於宅前，後掠行人而食之」。（《南村辍耕录》引《九国志》） ==辽宋金== 从《宋史》开始，二十五史开始频繁记载割肉疗亲的尽孝的故事，这反映了儒家伦理和人肉治病理念的普及，宋朝官方是褒奖这种做法的，之后元朝法律禁止，明清官方态度有所保留，但屡禁不止，愈演愈烈。 * 冠冕百行莫大于孝，范防百为莫大于义。先王兴孝以教民厚，民用不薄；兴义以教民睦，民用不争。率天下而由孝义，非履信思顺之世乎。太祖、太宗以来，子有复父仇而杀人者，壮而释之；刲股割肝，咸见褒赏；至于数世同居，辄复其家。一百余年，孝义所感，醴泉、甘露、芝草、异木之瑞，史不绝书，宋之教化有足观者矣。作《孝义传》。《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》 岳飞《满江红》的“壮志饥餐胡虏肉，笑谈渴饮匈奴血”可能是大众文化中最广泛流传的称赞吃人的文学作品。 # 辽穆宗时期（951年-969年）：初，女巫肖古上延年药方，当用男子胆和之。不数年，杀人甚多，至是（957年，应历七年），觉其妄，辛巳，射杀之。（《辽史·卷六·本纪第六·穆宗上》㉕*）<p>京师置百尺牢以处系囚。盖其（辽穆宗）即位未久，惑女巫肖古之言，取人胆合延年药，故杀人颇众。后悟其诈，以鸣镝丛射、骑践杀之。（《辽史·卷六十一·志第三十·刑法志上》㉕）</p> # 963年: 众皆感愤，遂破其众于平津亭，擒（张）文表脔而食之。（《宋史· 卷四百八十三·列传第二百四十二·世家六》㉕*） # 963年乾德元年：（李）处耘释所俘体肥者数十人，令左右分啖之，黥其少健者，令先入朗州。 （《宋史· 卷二百五十七·列传第十六· 吴廷祚等》㉕*） # 969年，開寶二年（969）：[[:w:王彥昇|王彥昇]]改防州防御使，是冬，又移原州（甘肅鎮原）。 西人（甘肅少數民族）有犯漢法者，彥升不加刑，召僚屬飲宴，引所犯，以手捽斷其耳，大嚼，巵酒下之。其人流血被體，股栗不敢動。前後啗者數百人。西人畏之，不敢犯塞。（[[:w:王辟之|王辟之]]《澠水燕談錄》，《宋史·卷二百五十·列传第九·王彥昇》㉕*） # 970年，开宝三年：命分司西京。（王）继勋残暴愈甚，强市民家子女备给使，小不如意，即杀食之，而棺其骨弃野外。……长寿寺僧广惠常与继勋同食人肉，令折其胫而斩之。洛民称快。（《宋史· 卷四百六十三·列传第二百二十二·外戚上》㉕*） # 1006年: 三年，（德恭）被疾，子承庆刲股肉食之。（《宋史· 卷二百四十四·列传第三·宗室一》㉕*） # 1048年，[[:w:宋仁宗|宋仁宗]]庆历八年：明年，河北大饥，人相食，（子）鼎经营赈救，颇尽力。（《宋史·卷三百·列传第五十九·杨偕等》㉕*）<p>河北、京東西大水為災，人相食，流民入京東者不可勝數（《[[:w:續資治通鑑|續資治通鑑]]》卷50）</p> # 约1053年，宋仁宗时期：[[:w:侬智高|（侬）智高]]母[[:w:阿侬|阿侬]]有计谋，智高攻陷城邑，多用其策，僭号皇太后，性惨毒，嗜小儿肉，每食必杀小儿。（《宋史· 卷四百九十五·列传第二百五十四·蛮夷三》㉕*） # 1087年，[[:w:宋哲宗|宋哲宗]]元祐二年，[[:w:苏辙|苏辙]]《因旱乞许群臣面对言事剳子》：“臣伏见二年以来，民气未和，天意未顺，災沴荐至，非水即旱。淮南饥饉，人至相食。河北流移，道路不绝。京东困弊，盗贼群起。二圣遇災忧惧，顷发仓廪以救其乏绝，独此三路所散，已仅三百万斛矣！異时赈賉未见此比。然而民力已困，国用己竭，而旱势未止，夏麦失望，秋稼未立，数月之后，公私无继，群盗蜂起，势有必至，臣未知朝廷何以待此？……” # 1102年: （高永年）行三十里，逢羌帐下亲兵，皆永年昔所推纳熟户也。永年不之备，羌遽执永年以叛，遂为多罗巴所杀，探其心肝食之，谓其下曰：“此人夺我国，使吾宗族漂落无处所，不可不杀也。”（《宋史· 卷四百五十三·列传第二百一十二·忠义八》㉕*） # 1118年，辽天庆八年（宋重和元年，1118年），十二月，“宁昌军（治懿州）节度使刘宏（无可考）以懿州（治宁昌，今阜新市东北之塔营子村）户三千降金。时山前诸路（此指辽东，非燕山之南）大饥，乾（辽宁北镇南）显（北镇北）宜（义县）锦（锦州市）兴中（朝阳市）等路，斗粟值数缣，民削榆皮食之，既而人相食。”（《辽史· 卷二十八·本纪第二十八·天祚皇帝二》㉕*） # 1121年: 贼（霍成富）怒，脔其（詹良臣）肉，使自啖之。良臣吐且骂，至死不绝声，见者掩面流涕，时年七十二。（《宋史· 卷四百四十六·列传第二百五·忠义一》㉕*） # “甲辰宣和六年（1124年）时转粮给燕山（府治北京西南）民力疲困，重以盐额科敛，加之连年凶荒，民食榆皮野菜不给，至自相食。于是饥民并起为盗。山东有张万仙者，众十万，号敢炽。张迪者，众五万，围濬州（濬州，平川军，治滑州黎阳）五日而去。濬州去京纔一百六十里，而初不知。河北有高托山者，号三十万。其余一二万者，不可胜计也。”（《九朝编年备要卷二十九》） # [[:w:宋徽宗|宋徽宗]]宣和七年（1125年）十二月，金两路攻宋。王禀皆破之，“然人众乏粮，三军先食牛马骡，次烹弓弩皮甲，百姓煮萍实、糠籺、草茭以充腹，既而人相食。[九月]城破，禀犹率羸卒巷战，突围出，金兵追之急，遂负太原庙中太宗御容赴汾水死，子荀殉之。”（《续资治通鉴卷九十七》） # 1125年: 刘敏行，平州人。登天会三年进士。除太子校书郎，累迁肥乡令。岁大饥，盗贼掠人为食。诸县老弱入保郡城，不敢耕种，农事废，畎亩荒芜。（《金史· 卷一百二十八·列传第六十六·循吏》㉕*） # 1129年：（建炎）三年，山东郡国大饥，人相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*） # 1131年: 有孙知微者，以朝请大夫通判舒州。绍兴元年，贼刘忠入其境，执知微以去，知微不屈，忠怒，脔而食之。（《宋史· 卷四百五十三·列传第二百一十二·忠义八》㉕*） # 1131年：五湖捕鱼人夏宁聚众千余，掠人为食，郭仲威余党出没淮南，邵青据通州，光世皆招降之。（《宋史·卷三百六十九·列传第一百二十八·张俊》㉕*）<p>五湖捕魚人夏寧，“聚其徒為盜，後有眾千餘，專掠人以為食，……寧等無食，半月之間復啖萬餘人，是日，始具舟迎之。由是江北鄉村愈覺凋殘矣。”（《续资治通鉴卷一零九》）</p> # 约1133年，宋高宗紹興三年：唐初，贼朱粲以人为粮，置捣磨寨，谓“啖醉人如食糟豚”。每览前史，为之伤叹。而自靖康丙午岁，金人乱华，六七年间，山东、京西、淮南等路，荆榛千里，斗米至数十千，且不可得。盗贼、官兵以至居民，更互相食。人肉之价，贱于犬豕，肥壮者一枚不过十五千，全躯暴以为腊。登州范温率忠义之人，绍兴癸丑岁泛海到钱唐，有持至行在犹食者。老瘦男子 词谓之“饶把火”，妇人少艾者名为“不羡羊”，小儿呼为“和骨烂”，又通目为“两脚羊”。唐止朱粲一军，今百倍于前世，杀戮焚溺饥饿疾疫陪堕，其死已众，又加之以相食。杜少陵谓“丧乱死多门”，信矣！不意老眼亲见此时，呜呼痛哉！ （莊綽《雞肋編》） # [[:w:宋宁宗|宋宁宗]]嘉定年間，[[:w:林千之|林千之]]任西欽州知州，得了一种病（末疾），有個醫士告訴他，吃童女的肉可以強筋健骨。于是，林千之派人在本州境內捕少女，制成肉乾，叫做“地雞”。<ref>王永寬《中國古代酷刑》</ref> # 1210年:（嘉定）三年春，建康府大飢，人相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*） # 1215年: 此數人者（李全等造反者），出沒島崓，寶貨山委而不得食，相率食人。（《宋史· 卷四百七十六·列傳第二百三十五·叛臣中》㉕*） # 1215年: 乙亥，中都降。（王）檝进言曰：“国家以仁义取天下，不可失信于民，宜禁虏掠，以慰民望。”时城中绝粒，人相食，乃许军士给粮，入城转粜，故士得金帛，而民获粒食。（《元史· 卷一百五十三·列传第四十·刘敏等》㉕*） # 1216: 是春，河朔人相食。（《金史· 卷二十三·志第四·五行》㉕*）<p>四年，河北行省侯摯言：“河北人相食，觀、滄等州鬥米銀十餘兩。（《金史· 卷五十·志第三十一·食貨五》㉕）</p><p>金人迁汴，河朔盗起，……太师、国王木华黎兵至城下，……是时兵乱，民废农耕，所在人相食。（《元史· 卷一百五十一·列传第三十八·薛塔剌海等》㉕）</p> # 1216年: 邸顺，保定行唐人，岁甲戌，（邸顺）率众来归（元），（元）太祖授行唐令。……丙子，真定饥，群盗据城叛，民皆穴地以避之，盗发地而啖其人，顺擒数百人杀之。（《元史· 卷一百五十一·列传第三十八·薛塔剌海等》㉕*） # 1224: 十一月……壬子，京城人相食。癸醜，詔曹門、宋門放士民出就食。（《金史· 卷十八·本紀第十八·哀宗下》㉕*） # 1227年: 时（李）全在围一年，食牛马及人且尽，将自食其军。初军民数十万，至是余数千矣。（《宋史· 卷四百七十七·列传第二百三十六·叛臣下》㉕*） # 1228年: （完颜）白撒辈纵军四出，剽掠俘虏，挑掘焚炙，靡所不至。哭声相接，尸骸盈野。都尉高禄谦、苗用秀辈仍掠人食之，而白撒诛斩在口，所过官吏残虐不胜，一饭之费有数十金不能给者，公私皇皇，日皆徯大兵至矣。（《金史· 卷一百十三·列传第五十一·完颜赛不等》㉕*） # 1232年: 时汴京内外不通，米升银二两。百姓粮尽，殍者相望，缙绅士女多行乞于市，至有自食其妻子者，至于诸皮器物皆煮食之，贵家第宅、市楼肆馆皆撤以爨。（《金史· 卷一百十五·列传第五十三·完颜奴申等》㉕*） # 1233年，绍定六年（1233年）：（南宋大将[[:w:史嵩之|史嵩之]]围唐州，）城中粮尽，人相食，金将乌库哩黑汉，杀其爱妾以啖士，士争杀其妻子（《金史· 卷一百二十三·列传第六十一·忠义三》㉕*，《续资治通鉴·宋纪》）<p>乙酉，大元召宋兵攻唐州，元帅右监军乌古论黑汉死于战，主帅蒲察某为部曲兵所食。城破，宋人求食人者尽戮之，余无所犯。（《金史· 卷十八·本纪第十八·哀宗下》㉕）</p> # 1233: 国用安，先名安用，本名咬儿，淄州人。红袄贼杨安儿、李全余党也。……移兵攻徐，（国）用安投水死，求得其尸，剖面系马尾，为怨家田福一军脔食而尽。（《金史· 卷一百十七·列传第五十五·徒单益都等》㉕*） # 1234年: 端平元年正月辛丑，黑气压（蔡州）城上，日无光，降者言：“城中绝粮已三月，鞍靴败鼓皆糜煮，且听以老弱互食，诸军日以人畜骨和芹泥食之，又往往斩败军全队，拘其肉以食，故欲降者众。”（《宋史· 卷四百一十二·列传第一百七十一·孟珙》㉕*） # 1234年:甲午，蔡州破，金主自焚死。时汴梁受兵日久，岁饥，人相食，速不台下令纵其民北渡以就食。（《元史· 卷一百二十一·列传第八·速不台》㉕*） # 约1237: 岁大饥，人相食，留守别之杰讳不诘，（徐）鹿卿命掩捕食人者，尸诸市。（《宋史· 卷四百二十四·列传第一百八十三·陆持之》㉕*） # 1272年:咸淳七年，江南大饥。八年冬，襄阳饥，人相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*） # 1276: 德祐二年正月，扬州饥。三月，扬州谷价腾踊，民相食。（《宋史· 卷六十七·志第二十·五行五》㉕*）<p>阿术攻扬（州）久不拔，乃筑长围困之。冬，城中食尽，死者满道。明年二月，饥益甚，赴濠水死者日数百，道有死者，众争割啖之立尽。……兵有烹子而食者，犹日出苦战。（《宋史·卷四百二十一·列传第一百八十·杨栋等》㉕）</p> # 1277: 十一月，泸州食尽，人相食，遂破之，安抚王世昌自经死。（《宋史· 卷四百五十一·列传第二百一十·忠义六》㉕*） # 益州双流人周善敏，丧父，庐于墓侧。母病，又割股肉以啖之，遂愈。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 杨庆，鄞人。父病，贫不能召医，乃刲股肉啖之，良已。其后母病不能食，庆取右乳焚之，以灰和药进焉，入口遂差，久之乳复生。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # （伊）审征幼以孝闻，母病，割股肉啖之。（《宋史· 卷四百七十九·列传第二百三十八·世家二》㉕*） # 刘孝忠，并州太原人。母病经三年，孝忠割股肉、断左乳以食母；（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 吕升，莱州人。父权失明，剖腹探肝以救父疾，父复能视而升不死。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 成象，渠州流江人。以诗书训授里中，事父母以孝闻。母病，割股肉食之，诏赐束帛醪酒。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 庞天祐，江陵人。以经籍教授里中。父疾，天祐割股肉食之；（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 张伯威，大安军人。……大母黄，年九十八，不忍之官。黄得血痢疾濒殆，伯威剔左臂肉食之，遂愈。继母杨因姑病笃，惊而成疾，伯威复剔臂肉作粥以进，其疾亦愈。伯威妹嫁崔均，其姑王疾，妹亦剔左臂肉作粥以进，达旦即愈。（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 母病，（奎）辄割股肉和药以进，母遂愈。（《宋史· 卷三百二十四·列传第八十三·石普》㉕*） # （张）掞幼笃孝，蕴病，刲股肉以疗。（《宋史· 卷三百三十三·列传第九十二·杨佐等》㉕*） # （常）真妻病，子晏割股肉以养母（《宋史· 卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 有朱云孙妻刘氏，姑病，云孙刲股肉作糜以进而愈。姑复病，刘亦刲股以进，又愈。尚书谢谔为赋《孝妇诗》。（《宋史· 卷四百六十·列传第二百一十九·列女》㉕*） # 聂孝女，字舜英，尚书左右司员外郎天骥之长女也。……崔立劫杀宰相，天骥被创甚，日夜悲泣，恨不即死。舜英谒医救疗百方，至刲其股杂他肉以进，而天骥竟死。时京城围久食尽，……葬其父之明日，绝脰而死。一时士女贤之，有为泣下者。（《金史· 卷一百三十·列传第六十八·列女》㉕*） # 呼延赞，并州太原人。……其子尝病，赞刲股为羹疗之。（《宋史·卷二百七十九·列传第三十八· 王继忠等》㉕*） # 蒋偕，字齐贤，华州郑县人。幼贫，有立志。父病，尝刲股以疗，父愈，诘之曰：“此岂孝邪？”曰：“情之所感，实不自知也。”（《宋史·卷三百二十六·列传第八十五·景泰等》㉕*） # 邑人朱氏女刲股愈母疾，人颂传之，以为治化所致。（《宋史·卷三百四十八·列传第一百七·傅楫等》㉕*） # 甲幼孤多难，母病，刲股以进。（《宋史·卷三百九十七·列传第一百五十六·徐谊等》㉕*） # 赵葵，字南仲，京湖制置使方之子。……葵母疾，谒告省侍不得，刲股杂药以寄之。母卒，葵求解官，不许，不得已，卒哭复视事。（《宋史·卷四百一十七·列传第一百七十六·乔行简等》㉕*） # 陈宗，永嘉人。年十六，母蔡病笃，刲股为饵，病愈。已而复病不救，宗一恸而绝。（《宋史·卷四百五十六·列传第二百一十五·孝义》㉕*） # 吕仲洙女，名良子，泉州晋江人。父得疾濒殆，女焚香祝天，请以身代，刲股为粥以进。（《宋史·卷四百六十·列传第二百一十九·列女》㉕*） ==元== 元朝法律禁止割肉疗亲，“诸为子行孝，辄以割肝、刲股、埋儿之属为孝者，并禁止之。（《元史· 卷一百五·志第五十三·刑法四》）”但《元史》记载了诸多此般事迹，可见屡禁不止，可能也反映了蒙汉的文化差异。 # 1262年:（中统三年），五月庚申，筑环城（济南）围之；甲戌，围合。（李）鋋自是不得复出，……分军就食民家，发其盖藏以继，不足，则家赋之盐，令以人为食。（《元史·卷二百六·列传第九十三·叛臣》㉕*） # 1301: 行省右丞刘深远征八百媳妇国，此乃得已而不已之兵也。彼荒裔小邦，远在云南之西南又数千里，……深欺上罔下，帅兵伐之，经过八番，纵横自恣，恃其威力，虐害居民，中途变生，所在皆叛。深既不能制乱，反为乱众所制，军中乏粮，人自相食，（《元史·卷一百六十八·列传第五十五·陈祐（天祥）等》㉕*） # 1308年:（至大元年六月）河南、山东大饥，有父食其子者，以两道没入赃钞赈之。（《元史· 卷二十二·本纪第二十二·武宗一》㉕*） # 1319年:延佑六年秋七月丙辰，“来安路总管岑世兴叛，据唐兴州”，杀兼州知州[[:w:黄克仁|黄克仁]]，分食其尸。<ref>《新元史·卷二百四十八·列传第一百四十五》；《招捕总录》</ref> # 约1329年: 贼稍引去，（褚不华）乃出，抵杨村桥，贼奄至，杀廉访副使不达失里，啖其尸。（《元史· 卷一百九十四·列传第八十一·忠义二》㉕*） # 约1329年: （褚）不华以余兵入淮安。……城中饿者仆道上，即取啖之，一切草木、螺蛤、鱼蛙、燕乌，及靴皮、鞍韂、革箱、败弓之筋皆尽，而后父子夫妇老稚更相食，撤屋为薪，人多露处，坊陌生荆棘。力既尽，城陷。（《元史· 卷一百九十四·列传第八十一·忠义二》㉕*） # 1328年: （天历元年十二月）陕西自泰定二年至是岁不雨，大饥，民相食。（《元史· 卷三十二·本纪第三十二·文宗一》㉕*）<p>天历元年八月，陕西大旱，人相食。（《元史· 卷五十·志第三上·五行一》㉕）</p> # 1329年: 天历二年，关中大旱，饥民相食。（《元史· 卷一百七十五·列传第六十二·张珪等》㉕*）<p>文宗天历二年三月，屯田总管兼管河渠司事郭嘉议言：“……近因奉元亢旱，五载失稔，人皆相食，流移疫死者十七八。”（《元史· 卷六十五·志第十七上·河渠二》㉕）</p><p>天历二年，（乃蛮台）迁陕西行省平章政事。关中大饥，……京兆民掠人而食之，则命分健卒为队，捕强食人者，其患乃已。（《元史· 卷一百三十九·列传第二十六·乃蛮台等》㉕）</p> # 1329:（天历二年夏四月）丙辰，行在所遣只儿哈郎等至京师。河南廉访司言：“河南府路以兵、旱民饥，食人肉事觉者五十一人，饿死者千九百五十人，饥者一万七千四百余人。乞弛山林川泽之禁，听民采食，行入粟补官之令，及括江淮僧道余粮以赈。”（《元史· 卷三十三·本纪第三十三·文宗二》㉕*） # 1338年: 重改至元四年，…. 贼怒，缚景茂于树，脔其肉，使自啖。景茂益愤骂，贼遂以刀决其口，至耳傍，景茂骂不绝声而死。（《元史· 卷一百九十三·列传第八十·忠义一》㉕*） # 1342年: 二年春正月…..，是月，大同饥，人相食，运京师粮赈之。（《元史· 卷四十·本纪第四十·顺帝三》㉕*）<p>至正二年，彰德、大同二郡及冀宁平晋、榆次、徐沟县，汾州孝义县，忻州皆大旱，自春至秋不雨，人有相食者。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕）</p> # 1343年: （至正）三年，卫辉、冀宁、忻州大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1344年: （至正四年）六月，河南巩县大雨，伊、洛水溢，漂民居数百家。济宁路兖州，汴梁鄢陵、通许、陈留、临颍等县大水害稼，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1344年: 八月戊午，祭社稷。丁卯，山东霖雨，民饥相食，赈之。（《元史· 卷四十一·本纪第四十一·顺帝四》㉕*）<p>1344年:（至正四年）八月，益都霖雨，饥民有相食者。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕）</p> # 1345年: 五年春，东平路须城、东阿、阳谷三县及徐州大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1347: 六月，……彰德路大饥，民相食。（《元史· 卷四十一·本纪第四十一·顺帝四》㉕*） # 1348: 刘秉直，字清臣，大都武清人。至正八年，来为卫辉路总管，……岁大饥，人相食，死者过半，秉直出俸米，倡富民分粟，馁者食之，病者与药，死者与棺以葬。（《元史· 卷一百九十二·列传第七十九·良吏二》㉕*） # 1349年: （至正）九年春，胶州大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # [[:w:元惠宗|元惠宗]]至正年间，大饑，“淮右军”軍隊開始吃人，“天下兵甲方殷，而淮右之軍嗜食人，以小兒為上，婦女次之，男子又次之。或使坐兩缸間，外逼以火。或於鐵架上生炙。或縛其手足，先用沸湯澆潑，卻以竹帚刷去苦皮。或盛夾袋中，入巨鍋活煮。或卦作事件而淹之。或男子則止斷其雙腿，婦女則特剜其雙乳。酷毒萬狀，不可具言。總名曰「想肉」，以為食之而使人想之也。”<ref>{{Cite web|title=南村輟耕錄 (四部叢刊本)/卷之九 - 維基文庫，自由的圖書館|url=https://zh.wikisource.org/zh-hant/%E5%8D%97%E6%9D%91%E8%BC%9F%E8%80%95%E9%8C%84_(%E5%9B%9B%E9%83%A8%E5%8F%A2%E5%88%8A%E6%9C%AC)/%E5%8D%B7%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%9D|website=zh.wikisource.org|access-date=2024-05-28|language=zh-Hant}}</ref> # 1352年: （至正）十二年，蕲州、黄州大旱，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1353年: 至正十二年，……明年，春夏大饥，人相食，（余阙）乃捐俸为粥以食之，得活者甚众。（《元史· 卷一百四十三·列传第三十·马祖常等》㉕*） # 1354年: （至正）十四年，怀庆河内县、孟州，汴梁祥符县，福建泉州，湖南永州、宝庆，广西梧州皆大旱。祥符旱魃再见，泉州种不入土，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1354年: 十四年春，浙东台州，江东饶，闽海福州、邵武、汀州，江西龙兴、建昌、吉安、临江，广西静江等郡皆大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1355: 京师大饥，加以疫疠，民有父子相食者。（《元史· 卷四十三·本纪第四十三·顺帝六》㉕*） # 1358年: 十八年春，莒州蒙阴县大饥，斗米金一斤。冬，京师大饥，人相食，彰德、山东亦如之。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1358年: （至正）十八年春，蓟州旱。莒州、滨州、般阳淄川县、霍州、鄜州、凤翔岐山县春夏皆大旱。莒州家人自相食，岐山人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1358年: 顺德九县民食蝗，广平人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1359年: （至正）十九年，大都霸州、通州，真定，彰德，怀庆，东昌，卫辉，河间之临邑，东平之须城、东阿、阳谷三县，山东益都、临淄二县，潍州、胶州、博兴州，大同、冀宁二郡，文水、榆次、寿阳、徐沟四县，沂、汾二州，及孝义、平遥、介休三县，晋宁潞州及壶关、潞城、襄垣三县，霍州赵城、灵石二县，隰之永和，沁之武乡，辽之榆社、奉元，及汴梁之祥符、原武、鄢陵、扶沟、杞、尉氏、洧川七县，郑之荥阳、汜水，许之长葛、郾城、襄城、临颍，钧之新郑、密县，皆蝗，食禾稼草木俱尽，所至蔽日，碍人马不能行，填坑堑皆盈。饥民捕蝗以为食，或曝干而积之。又罄，则人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 十九年正月至五月，京师大饥，银一锭得米仅八斗，死者无算。通州民刘五杀其子而食之。保定路莩死盈道，军士掠孱弱以为食。济南及益都之高苑，莒之蒙阴，河南之孟津、新安、黾池等县皆大饥，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 1359年: 十八年二月，江西陈友谅遣贼党王奉国等，号二十万，寇信州。明年正月，伯颜不花的斤自衢引兵援焉。……时军民唯食草苗茶纸，既尽，括靴底煮食之，又尽，掘鼠罗雀，及杀老弱以食。五月，大破贼兵。（《元史· 卷一百九十五·列传第八十二·忠义三》㉕*） # 1360: 至正二十年，（丁好礼）遂拜中书参知政事。时京师大饥，天寿节，庙堂欲用故事大宴会，好礼言：“今民父子有相食者，君臣当修省，以弭大患，燕会宜减常度。”不听，乞谢事，乃以集贤大学士致仕，给全俸家居。（《元史· 卷一百九十六·列传第八十三·忠义四》㉕*） # 1360年: 李仲义妻刘氏，名翠哥，房山人。至正二十年，县大饥，平章刘哈剌不花兵乏食，执仲义欲烹之。仲义弟马儿走报刘氏，刘氏遽往救之，涕泣伏地，告于兵曰：“所执者是吾夫也，乞矜怜之，贷其生，吾家有酱一瓮、米一斗五升，窖于地中，可掘取之，以代吾夫。”兵不从，刘氏曰：“吾夫瘦小，不可食。吾闻妇人肥黑者味美，吾肥且黑，愿就烹以代夫死。”兵遂释其夫而烹刘氏。闻者莫不哀之。（《元史· 卷二百一·列传第八十八·列女二》㉕*） # 1362年:（至正）二十二年，河南洛阳、孟津、偃师三县大旱，人相食。（《元史·卷五十一·志第三下·五行二》㉕*） # 萧道寿，京兆兴平人。……母尝有疾，医累岁不能疗，道寿刲股肉啖之而愈。至元八年，赐羊酒，表其门。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 宁猪狗，山丹州人。母年七十余，患风疾，药饵不效，猪狗割股肉进啖，遂愈。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 潭州万户移剌琼子李家奴，九岁，母病，医言不可治，李家奴割股肉，煮糜以进，病乃痊。抚州路总管管如林、浑州民朱天祥，并以母疾刲割股，旌其家。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 孔全，亳州鹿邑人。父成病，刲股肉啖之，愈。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 赵荣，扶风人。母强氏有疾，荣割股肉啖之者三。（《元史·卷一百九十七·列传第八十四·孝友一》㉕*） # 胡伴侣，钧州密县人。其父实尝患心疾数月，几死，更数医俱莫能疗。伴侣乃斋沐焚香，泣告于天，以所佩小刀于右胁傍刲其皮肤，割脂一片，煎药以进，父疾遂瘳，其伤亦旋愈。朝廷旌表其门。（《元史· 卷一百九十八·列传第八十五·孝友二》㉕*） # 郎氏，湖州安吉人，宋进士朱甲妻也。……家居，养姑甚谨。姑尝病，郎祷天，刲股肉进啖而愈。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 许氏女，安丰人。父疾，割股啖之乃痊。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 秦氏二女，河南宜阳人，逸其名。父尝有危疾，医云不可攻。姊闭户默祷，凿己脑和药进饮，遂愈。父后复病欲绝，妹刲股肉置粥中，父小啜即苏。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 张义妇，济南邹平人，年十八归里人李伍。……张独家居，养舅姑甚至。父母舅姑病，凡四刲股肉救不懈。（《元史·卷二百·列传第八十七·列女一》㉕*） # 武用妻苏氏，真定人，徙家京师。用疾，苏氏刲股为粥以进，疾即愈。（《元史· 卷二百一·列传第八十八·列女二》㉕*） ==明== [[:w:李時珍|李時珍]]完成《本草綱目》，他蒐集藥名是為了「凡經人用者，皆不可遺」，「人部」舉凡毛髮、指甲、牙齒、屎尿、唾液、乳汁、眼淚、汗水、人骨、胞衣（[[:w:紫河車|紫河車]]）、體垢、月水、人勢（陰莖）、人膽、結石……皆可入藥。頭髮可治傷寒、肚疼，男性陰毛治蛇咬，人魄（人吊死級的魂魄）可以安神定魄。 明朝没有像元朝一样法律禁止割肉疗亲，但朱元璋和其礼部尚书公开表示不赞同，但此后仍然多次出现，而且得到政府表彰，还有王族如此做，可见此风难止。 * 至（洪武）二十七年九月，山东守臣言：“日照民江伯儿，母疾，割肋肉以疗，不愈。祷岱岳神，母疾瘳，愿杀子以祀。已果瘳，竟杀其三岁儿。”帝大怒曰：“父子天伦至重。《礼》父服长子三年。今小民无知，灭伦害理，亟宜治罪。”遂逮伯儿，仗之百，遣戍海南。因命议旌表例。礼臣（任亨泰）议曰：“人子事亲，居则致其敬，养则致其乐，有疾则医药吁祷，迫切之情，人子所得为也。至卧冰割股，上古未闻。倘父母止有一子，或割肝而丧生，或卧冰而致死，使父母无依，宗祀永绝，反为不孝之大。皆由愚昧之徒，尚诡异，骇愚俗，希旌表，规避里徭。割股不已，至于割肝，割肝不已，至于杀子。违道伤生，莫此为甚。自今父母有疾，疗治罔功，不得已而卧冰割股，亦听其所为，不在旌表例。”制曰：“可。”（《明史·卷一百三十七·列传第二十五·刘三吾等》） 食人事件的记载： # [[:w:韩观|韩观]]杀人甚多，御史欲弹劾他。一日，观召御史饮，以人皮为坐褥，耳目口鼻显然，发散垂褥，首披椅后。肴上，设一人首，观以箸取二目食之，曰：“他禽兽目皆不可食，惟人目甚美。”观前席坐，每拿人至，命斩之，不回首视，已而血流满庭。观曰： “此辈与禽兽不异，斩之如杀虎豹耳。”御史战栗失措曰：“公，神人也。”竟不能劾。<ref>《[[s:湧幢小品/09#韓都督應變|湧幢小品 韓都督應變]]》朱国桢</ref> # 1385年，洪武十八年：（韩）林儿本起盗贼，无大志，又听命福通，徒拥虚名。诸将在外者率不遵约束，所过焚劫，至啖老弱为粮，且皆福通故等夷，福通亦不能制。（《明史·卷一百二十二·列传第十·郭子兴 韩林儿》㉕*） # 约1426年，宣德年间：得（朱）有熺掠食生人肝脑诸不法事，于是并免为庶人。（《明史·卷一百十六·列传第四·诸王》㉕*） # 1454年，景泰五年：景泰五年，广西古丁等洞贼首蓝伽、韦万山等，纠合蛮类，劫掠南宁、上林、武缘诸处。……贼首韦朝威据古田，县官窜会城，遣典史入县抚谕，烹食之。（《明史·卷三百十七·列传第二百五·广西土司》㉕*） # 1457年，天顺元年：北畿、山東並飢，發塋墓，斫道樹殆盡。父子或相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 约1465年，成化初：成化初，（彭伦）从赵辅，平大藤峡贼。……（彭）伦大会所部目、把缚俘囚，置高竿，集健卒乱射杀之，复割裂肢体，烹啖诸壮士。（《明史·卷一百六十六·列传第五十四·韩观等》㉕*） # 1484年，成化二十年：是秋，陝西、山西大旱饑，人相食。停歲辦物料，免稅糧，發帑轉粟，開納米事例振之。（《明史·卷十四·本纪第十四·宪宗二》㉕*）<p>又有虎臣者，麟游人。成化中贡入太学。……省亲归，会陕西大饥，……上言：“臣乡比岁灾伤，人相食，由长吏贪残，赋役失均。请敕有司审民户，编三等以定科徭。”从之。（《明史·卷一百六十四·列传第五十二·邹缉等》㉕）</p><p>十六年（何乔新）擢右副都御史，巡抚山西。……进左副都御史。……召拜刑部右侍郎。山西大饥，人相食。命往振，活三十余万人，还流冗十四万户。（《明史·卷一百八十三·列传第七十一·何乔新等》㉕）</p><p>汪奎，字文灿，婺源人。……（成化）二十一年，星变，偕同官疏陈十事，言：“……山、陕、河、洛饥民多流郧、襄，至骨肉相啖。请大发帑庾振济，消弭他变。”（《明史·卷一百八十·列传第六十八·张宁等》㉕）</p> # 1504年，弘治十七年：十七年，淮、扬、庐、凤洊饥，人相食，且发瘗胔（坟墓尸体）以继之。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1518年，正德十三年：佛郎机，近满剌加。正德中，据满剌加地，逐其王。十三年遣使臣加必丹末等贡方物，请封，始知其名。诏给方物之直，遣还。其人久留不去，剽劫行旅，至掠小儿为食。（《明史·卷三百二十五·列传第二百十三·外国六》㉕*） # 正德五年（1510年）八月，[[:w:刘瑾|刘瑾]]被磔死，凌迟三日，共剐3300余刀。行刑之日，北京鼎沸，百姓相爭以一钱买刘瑾一塊肉，生吞以泄恨。{{Citation needed}} # 1519年，正德十四年：是岁，淮、扬饥，人相食。（《明史·卷十六·本纪第十六·武宗》㉕*）<p>十四年三月，有诏南巡，（黄）巩上疏曰：……今江、淮大饥，父子兄弟相食。（《明史·卷一百八十九·列传第七十七·李文祥等》㉕）</p><p>（吴）一鹏极陈四方灾异，言：“自去年六月迄今二月，其间天鸣者三，地震者三十八，秋冬雷电雨雹十八，暴风、白气、地裂、山崩、产妖各一，民饥相食二。非常之变，倍于往时。愿陛下率先群工，救疾苦，罢营缮，信大臣，纳忠谏，用回天意。”（《明史·卷一百九十一·列传第七十九·毛澄等》㉕）</p> # 1524年，嘉靖三年：三年，湖广、河南、大名、临清饥。南畿诸郡大饥，父子相食，道殣相望，臭弥千里。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）<p>（张）汉卿言：“……今东南洊饥，民至骨肉相食，而搜括之令频行，臣等窃以为不可。”（《明史·卷一百九十二·列传第八十·杨慎》㉕）</p><p>世宗即位，（韩邦靖）起山西左参议，分守大同。岁饥，人相食，奏请发帑，不许。（《明史·卷二百一·列传第八十九·陶琰等》㉕）</p><p>嘉靖四年二月（余珊）应诏陈十渐，其略曰：……近年以来，黄纸蠲放，白纸催征；额外之敛，下及鸡豚；织造之需，自为商贾。江、淮母子相食，兖、豫盗贼横行，川、陕、湖、贵疲于供饷。（《明史·卷二百八·列传第九十六·张芹等》㉕）</p><p>嘉靖初，（湛若水）入朝，……明年进侍读，复疏言：“一二年间，天变地震，山崩川涌，人饥相食，殆无虚月。”（《明史·卷二百八十三·列传第一百七十一·儒林二》㉕）</p> # 1529年，嘉靖八年：（杨爵）登嘉靖八年进士，授行人。帝方崇饰礼文，（杨）爵因使王府还，上言：“臣奉使湖广，睹民多菜色，挈筐操刃，割道殍食之。（《明史·卷二百九·列传第九十七·杨最等》㉕*） # 1549年，嘉靖二十八年：有吴国佐者，洪州司特峒寨苗也，….. 其党石纂太称“太保”，合攻上黄堡，诱败参将黄冲霄，追至永从县，杀守备张世忠，炙而啖之。（《明史·卷二百四十七·列传第一百三十五·刘綎等》㉕*） # 1552年，嘉靖三十一年：宣、大二镇大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1553年，嘉靖三十二年：京师大饥，人相食，米石二两二钱。（《历代社会风俗事物考》引《金垒子》） # 1557年，嘉靖三十六年：三十六年，辽东大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1559年，嘉靖三十八年八月：以辽东连年饥馑，至有父食死子者，发银糴粟赈之。（《中外历史年表》） # 1588，万历十六年：十六年，河南饥，民相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1591年，万历十九年：（万历）十九年，（子俊民）还理部事。河南大饥，人相食，请发银米各数十万。（《明史·卷二百十四·列传第一百二·杨博等》㉕*） # 1593年，万历二十二年：二十二年，河南大饥，人相食，命（钟）化民兼河南道御史往振。荒政具举，民大悦。（《明史·卷二百二十七·列传第一百十五·庞尚鹏等》㉕*）</p><p>（陈登云）出按河南。岁大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷二百三十三·列传第一百二十一·姜应麟等》㉕）</p> # 1601年，万历二十九年：二十九年，两畿饥。阜平县饥，有食其稚子者。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1611年，万历三十九年：马孟祯，字泰符，桐城人。万历二十六年进士。……三十九年夏，怡神殿灾。孟祯言：“二十年来，郊庙、朝讲、召对、面议俱废，通下情者惟章奏。……畿辅、山东、山西、河南，比岁旱饥。民间卖女鬻儿，食妻啖子，铤而走险，急何能择。”（《明史·卷二百三十·列传第一百十八·蔡时鼎等》㉕*） # 康熙十二年修《青州府志》第20卷载，万历四十三年（1615年），山东青州府推官[[:w:黄槐开|黄槐开]]在一件申文中说：“自古饥年，止闻道殣相望与易子而食、析骸而爨耳。今屠割活人以供朝夕，父子不问矣，夫妇不问矣，兄弟不问矣。剖腹剜心，支解作脍，且以人心味为美，小儿味尤为美。甚有鬻人肉于市，每斤价钱六文者；有腌人肉于家，以备不时之需者；有割人头用火烧熟而吮其脑者；有饿方倒而众刀攒割立尽者；亦有割肉将尽而眼瞪瞪视人者。间有为人所诃禁，辄应曰："我不食人，人将食我。"愚民恬不为怪，有司法无所施。枭獍在途，天地昼晦。” # 1616年，万历四十四年：四十四年，山东饥甚，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）<p>今春以来，天鼓两震于晋地，流星昼陨于清丰，地震二十八，天火九，石首雨菽，河内女妖，辽东兵端吐火，即春秋二百四十年间，未有稠于今日者。且山东大昆，人相食，黄河水稽天。（《明史·卷二百五十七·列传第一百四十五·张鹤鸣等》㉕）</p><p>“以山东大饥，致母食死儿，夫食死妻，再振之。”（《中外历史年表》）</p> # 萬曆四十五年（1617年）連兩年山東大饑，蔡州有人肉市。“中州兄弟两无子，去山东买妾，遇二女，自称姑嫂，骗兄弟往。兄得小姑。小姑私语之曰：汝弟已为我嫂制成肉羹矣。兄急往视，弟头尚扔炕下。兄急诉之县，抵嫂于罪，兄带小姑去。”（《[[:w:棗林杂俎|棗林杂俎]]》） # 近日福建抽稅太監高采謬聽方士言：食小兒腦千餘，其陽道可復生如故。乃遍買童稚潛殺之。久而事彰聞，民間無肯鬻者，則令人遍往他所盜至送入，四方失兒者無算，遂至激變掣回。此等俱飛天夜叉化身也。<ref>[[s:萬曆野獲編/卷28#食人]]</ref> # 约1621年，天启初：天启初，奢崇明反，率众薄城。（董）尽伦偕知州翁登彦固守。贼遣使说降，尽伦大怒，手刃贼使，抉其睛啖之，屡挫贼锋，城获全。（《明史·卷二百九十·列传第一百七十八·忠义二》㉕*） # 1622年，天启二年：万化亦率苗仲九股陷龙里，遂围贵阳，自称罗甸王，时天启二年二月也。……外援既绝，攻益急，城中粮尽，人相食，而拒守不遗余力。（《明史·卷三百十六·列传第二百四·贵州土司》㉕*）<p>方官廪之告竭也，米升直二十金。食糠核草木败革皆尽，食死人肉，后乃生食人，至亲属相啖。彦方、运清部卒公屠人市肆，斤易银一两。枟尽焚书籍冠服，预戒家人，急则自尽，皆授以刀缳。城中户十万，围困三百日，仅存者千余人。（《明史·卷二百四十九·列传第一百三十七·朱燮元等》㉕）</p> # 1627年，清皇太极之天聪元年，天启七年：（清）国中大饥，斗米价银八两（天启时金一两合銀十两），人有相食者。国中银两虽多，无外贸易，是以银贱而诸物腾贵。良马银300两，牛一银百两，蟒缎一，银百五十两，布一匹，银九两。（《清太宗实录卷三》） # “天启辛酉，延安、庆阳、平凉旱，岁大饥。东事孔棘，有司惟顾军兴，征督如故，民不能供，道殣相望。或群职富者粟，惧捕诛，始聚为盗。盗起，饥益甚，连年赤地，斗米千钱不能得，人相食，从乱如归。饥民为贼由此而始。”<ref>《怀陵流寇始终录》，卷1，1页。</ref> # 1629年，崇禎二年，殺[[:w:袁崇煥|袁崇煥]]。[[:w:張岱|張岱]]《石匱書後集》：“（袁崇煥）遂於鎮撫司綁發西市，寸寸臠割之。割肉一塊，京師百姓從劊子手爭取生啖之。劊子亂撲，百姓以錢爭買其肉，頃刻立荊開腔出其腸胃，百姓群起搶之，得其一節者，和燒酒生嚙，血流齒頰間，猶唾地罵不已。拾得其骨者，以刀斧碎磔之，骨肉俱盡，止剩一首，傳視九邊。”，“时百姓怨恨，争啖其肉，皮骨已尽，心肺之间犹叫声不绝，半日而止，所谓活剐者也……百姓将银一钱，买肉一块，如手指大，噉之。食时必骂一声，须臾崇焕肉悉卖尽。”（[[:w:计六奇|计六奇]]：《[[:w:明季北略|明季北略]]》卷五） # 1633年，崇祯六年：（陈）三接，文水人。举崇祯六年乡试，知河间县。岁旱饥，人相食。（《明史·卷二百九十一·列传第一百七十九·忠义三》㉕*） # 1634年，崇祯七年：七年，京师饥，御史龚廷献绘《饥民图》以进。太原大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）<p>七年，西北大旱，秦、晋人相食，（吴甘来）疏请发粟以振。（《明史·卷二百六十六·列传第一百五十四·马世奇等》㉕）</p> # 1636年，崇祯九年：山西大饥，人相食。（《明史·卷二十三·本纪第二十三·庄烈帝一》㉕*） # 1637年，崇祯十年：十年浙江大饥，父子、兄弟、夫妻相食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 崇禎十二年（1639年）[[:w:鄭鄤|鄭鄤]]以「杖母、姦妹」罪被磔死。《[[:w:明季北略|明季北略]]》记载鄭鄤被凌迟三千六百刀後，为“都人士”药用：“炮声响后，人皆跻足引领，顿高尺许，拥挤之极……归途所见，买生肉为疮疥药料者，遍长安市。二十年前之文章气节，功名显宦，竟与参术甘皮同奏肤功，亦大奇也。” # 1639年，崇祯十二年：十二年，两畿、山东、山西、陕西、江西饥。河南大饥，人相食，卢氏、嵩、伊阳三县尤甚。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*） # 1640年，崇禎十三年，全國有123州縣發生“人相食”，98州縣蝗災。{{Citation needed}}<p>是年，两畿、山东、河南、山、陕旱蝗，人相食。（《明史·卷二十四·本纪第二十四·庄烈帝二》㉕*）</p><p>关河大旱，人相食，土寇蜂起，陕西窦开远、河南李际遇为之魁，饥民从之，所在告警。（《明史·卷二百五十二·列传第一百四十·杨嗣昌等》㉕）</p><p>十三年，北畿、山东、河南、陕西、山西、浙江、三吴皆饥。自淮而北至畿南，树皮食尽，发瘗胔（坟墓里的尸体）以食。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕）</p> # 1641年，崇祯十四年：德州斗米千钱，父子相食，行人断绝。大盗滋矣。（《明史·卷三十·志第六·五行三（金 土）·年饥》㉕*）</p><p>及崇祯时，常洵地近属尊，朝廷尊礼之。常洵日闭阁饮醇酒，所好惟妇女倡乐。秦中流贼起，河南大旱蝗，人相食，民间藉藉，谓先帝耗天下以肥王，洛阳富于大内。（《明史·卷一百二十·列传第八·诸王五》㉕）</p><p>芳奕，慷慨负智略，与秉衡同举于乡，为昌乐知县。解官归，岁大歉，人相食，倾橐济之。（《明史·卷二百九十三·列传第一百八十一·忠义五》㉕）</p><p>十四年（左懋第）督催漕运，道中驰疏言：“臣自静海抵临清，见人民饥死者三，疫死者三，为盗者四。米石银二十四两，人死取以食，惟圣明垂念。”（《明史·卷二百七十五·列传第一百六十三·张慎言等》㉕）</p> 崇禎十四年（1641年），「浙江大旱，飛蝗蔽天，食草根幾盡，人饑且疫」。崇祯十四年二月，时山东荒旱，寇盗益炽，徐德（南端到北端）数千里-{}-白骨纵横，父子相食，人迹断绝。（彭贻孙《平寇志》） # 1641年，崇祯十四年：（九月）十一日，秦师食尽，宗龙杀马骡以享军。明日，营中马骡尽，杀贼取其尸分啖之。（《明史·卷二百六十二·列传第一百五十·傅宗龙等》㉕*） # 明朝末年，四川大饑，“蜀大飢，人相食。先是丙戌、丁亥，連歲干涸，至是彌甚。赤地千里，糲米一斗價二十金，養麥一斗價七八金，久之亦無賣者篙芹木葉，取食殆盡。時有裹珍珠二昇，易一面不得而殆：有持數百金，買一飽不得而死。於是人皆相食，道路飢殍，剝取殆盡。無所得，父子、兄弟、夫妻，轉相賊殺。”（清·彭遵泅《蜀碧》卷四） # 「庚辰山西大饑，人相食，剖心，其竅多寡不等。或無竅，或五六，其二、三竅為多，心大小各異。」（《[[:w:棗林雜俎|棗林雜俎]]·和集》） # 明朝崇禎末年，河南和山東發生饑荒和蝗災，可以吃的東西都已經吃完，唯一剩下的可以吃的就只有人，於是便有了公開的人肉市場，其販賣的乃是活生生的人，稱之曰“[[:w:菜人|菜人]]”。[[:w:紀昀|紀昀]]《[[:w:閱微草堂筆記|閱微草堂筆記]]》有這樣的記載：“婦女幼孩，反接鬻於市，謂之菜人”。<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=《閱微草堂筆記》 |wslink=閱微草堂筆記 |chapter=卷2 |author=紀昀 | authorlink=紀昀}}</ref>而在[[:w:屈大均|屈大均]]創作的一首七言古詩《[[s:菜人哀|菜人哀]]》，內容即以第一視角描述一對夫妻在崇禎末年，一位丈夫因過於飢餓，將妻子賣予一家屠戶成為“菜人”。 # 《陕西通志》第86卷载有明朝崇祯年间[[:w:马懋才|马懋才]]的《备陈灾变疏》，疏中写道：“臣乡延安府，自去岁一年无雨，草木枯焦。八、九月间，民争采山间蓬草而食，其粒类糠皮，其味苦而涩，食之仅可延以不死。至十月以后而蓬尽矣；则剥树皮而食。诸树惟榆树差善，杂他树皮以为食，亦可稍缓其死。殆年终而树皮又尽矣，则又掘山中石块而食。甘石名青叶，味腥而腻，少食辄饱，不数日则腹胀下坠而死。民有不甘于食石以死者始相聚为盗，而一、二稍有积贮之民遂为所劫，而抢掠无遗矣。有司亦不能禁治。间有获者亦恬不知畏；且曰：“死于饥与死于盗等耳，与其坐而饥死，何若为盗而死，犹得为饱鬼也。” # [[:w:計六奇|計六奇]]說：“天降奇荒，所以资自成也！”<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=《明季北略》 |wslink=明季北略 |chapter=卷05 |author=計六奇|authorlink=計六奇}}</ref>。 # 崇禎十四年（1641年）二月，[[:w:李自成|李自成]]攻陷洛陽，殺重達三百六十多斤的福王[[:w:朱常洵|朱常洵]]，用他的肉和皇家園林裡的[[:w:梅花鹿|梅花鹿]]一同烹煮，在洛陽西關周公廟舉行宴會，賜給部下食用，名曰“福祿宴”。<ref>《明季北略·卷十七》：王体肥，重三百余筋，贼置酒大会，以王为菹，杂鹿肉食之，号福禄酒。</ref> # 约1644年，顺治二年：（刘）泽清颇涉文艺，好吟咏。尝召客饮酒唱和。幕中蓄两猿，以名呼之即至。一日，宴其故人子，酌酒金瓯中，瓯可容三升许，呼猿捧酒跪送客。猿狰狞甚，客战掉，逡巡不敢取。泽清笑曰：“君怖耶？”命取囚扑死阶下，剜其脑及心肝，置瓯中，和酒，付猿捧之前。饮酹，颜色自若。其凶忍多此类。（《明史·卷二百七十三·列传第一百六十一·左良玉等》㉕*） # 明末：中原盗起十余年，所在荼毒，督抚莫能办，率倡抚议，苟且幸无事，盗且服且叛。而河南比年大旱蝗，人相食，民益蜂起为盗。（《清史稿·卷五百·列传二百八十七·遗逸一》㉕*） # 时有将军安氵侃者，一岁丧母，事其父以孝闻。父病革，刲臂为汤饮父，父良已。（《明史·卷一百十六·列传第四·诸王》㉕*） # 襄陵王冲秌，宪王第二子，有至性。母病，刲股和药，病良已。（《明史·卷一百十八·列传第六·诸王三》㉕*） # （襄陵王冲秌之）子范址服其教，母荆罹危疾，亦刲股进之，愈。（《明史·卷一百十八·列传第六·诸王三》㉕*） # 刘铉，字宗器，长洲人。生弥月而孤。及长，刲股疗母疾。母卒，哀毁，以孝闻。（《明史·卷一百六十三·列传第五十一·李时勉等》㉕*） # （孙）祖寿初守固关，遘危疾，妻张氏割臂以疗，绝饮食者七日。祖寿生，而张氏旋死，遂终身不近妇人。（《明史·卷二百七十一·列传第一百五十九·贺世贤》㉕*） # 朱鉴，字用明，晋江人。童时刲股疗父疾。举乡试，授蒲圻教谕。（《明史·卷一百七十二·列传第六十·罗亨信等》㉕*） # 储巏，字静夫，泰州人。九岁能属文。母疾，刲股疗之，卒不起。（《明史·卷二百八十六·列传第一百七十四·文苑二》㉕*） # 许琰，字玉仲，吴县人。幼有至性，尝刲臂疗父疾。（《明史·卷二百九十五·列传第一百八十三·忠义七》㉕*） # 沈德四，直隶华亭人。祖母疾，刲股疗之愈。己而祖父疾，又刲肝作汤进之，亦愈。洪武二十六年被旌。寻授太常赞礼郎。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 上元姚金玉、昌平王德儿亦以刲肝愈母疾，与德四同旌。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 至二十七年九月，山东守臣言：“日照民江伯儿，母疾，割肋肉以疗，不愈。祷岱岳神，母疾瘳，愿杀子以祀。已果瘳，竟杀其三岁儿。”帝大怒曰：“父子天伦至重。《礼》父服长子三年。今小民无知，灭伦害理，亟宜治罪。”遂逮伯儿，仗之百，遣戍海南。因命议旌表例。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 永乐间，江阴卫卒徐佛保等复以割股被旌。（《明史·卷二百九十六·列传第一百八十四·孝义》㉕*） # 夏子孝，字以忠，桐城人。六岁失母，哀哭如成人。九岁父得危疾，祷天地，刲股六寸许，调羹以进，父食之顿愈。翌日，子孝痛创，父诘其故，始知之。（《明史·卷二百九十七·列传第一百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 金子良亦有孝行，父病，刲股为羹以进，旋愈。（《明史·卷二百九十七·列传第一百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 唐俨，全州诸生也。父荫，郴州知州，归老得危疾。俨年十二，潜割臂肉进之，疾良已。及父殁，哀毁如成人。其后游学于外，嫡母寝疾。俨妻邓氏年十八，奋曰：“吾妇人，安知汤药。昔夫子以臂肉疗吾舅，吾独不能疗吾姑哉？”于是割胁肉以进，姑疾亦愈。（《明史·卷二百九十七·列传第一百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 刘孝妇，新乐韩太初妻。……刘事姑谨，姑道病，刺血和药以进。……及姑疾笃，刲肉食之，少苏，逾月而卒，殡之舍侧。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 程氏，扬州胡尚絅妻。尚絅婴危疾，妇刲腕肉啖之，不能咽而卒。妇号恸不食二日。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 杨泰奴，仁和杨得安女。许嫁未行。天顺四年，母疫病不愈。泰奴三割胸肉食母，不效。一日薄幕，剖胸取肝一片，昏仆良久。及苏，以衣裹创，手和粥以进，母遂愈。母宿有膝挛疾，亦愈。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 后有张氏，仪真周祥妻。姑病，医百方不效。一方士至其门曰：“人肝可疗。”张割左胁下，得膜如絮，以手探之没腕，取肝二寸许，无少痛，作羹以进姑，病遂瘳。（《明史·卷三百一·列传第一百八十九·列女一》㉕*） # 李孝妇，临武人，名中姑，适江西桂廷凤。姑邓患痰疾，将不起，妇涕泣忧悼。闻有言乳肉可疗者，心识之。一日，煮药，巘香祷灶神，自割一乳，昏仆于地，气已绝。廷凤呼药不至，出视，见血流满地，大惊呼救，倾骇城市，邑长佐皆诣其庐，命亟治。俄有僧踵门曰：“以室中蕲艾傅之，即愈。”如其言，果苏，比求僧不复见矣。乃取乳和药奉姑，姑竟获全。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # 洪氏，怀宁章崇雅妻。崇雅早卒，洪守志十年。姑许，疾不能起，洪剜乳肉为羹而饮之，获愈，余肉投池中，不令人知。数日后，群鸭自水中衔出，鸣噪回翔，小童获以告姑。姑起视之，乳血犹淋漓也。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # 倪氏，兴化陆鳌妻。性纯孝，舅早世，悯姑老，朝夕侍寝处，与夫睽异者十五年。姑鼻患疽垂毙，躬为吮治，不愈，乃夜焚香告天，割左臂肉以进，姑啖之愈。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # 刘氏，张能信妻，太仆卿宪宠女，工部尚书九德妇也。性至孝，姑病十年，侍汤药不离侧。及病剧，举刀刲臂，侍婢惊持之。舅闻，嘱医言病不宜近腥腻，力止之。逾日，竟刲肉煮糜以进，则乃姑已不能食，乃大悔恨曰：“医绐我，使姑未鉴我心。”复刲肉寸许，恸哭奠箦前，将阖棺，取所奠置棺中曰：“妇不获复事我姑，以此肉伴姑侧，犹身事姑也。”乡人莫不称其孝。（《明史·卷三百二·列传第一百九十·列女二》㉕*） # （颍）州又有台氏，诸生张云鹏妻。夫病，氏单衣蔬食，祷天愿代，割臂为糜以进。（《明史·卷三百三·列传第一百九十一·列女三》㉕*） ==清== 《清史稿》记载的割肉疗亲的事迹比二十五史以往各朝都多，但其实雍正有一段诏书不赞同割肉疗亲，朝廷的实际做法似乎是迫于民情不得已的情况下低调褒奖（“破格报可”），社会风气看来是称赞这种行为的。 * 雍正六年三月壬子，世宗谕曰：“……父母爱子，无所不至，若因己病而致其子割肝刲股以充饮馔、和汤药，纵其子无恙，父母未有不惊忧恻怛惨惕而不安者，况因此而伤生，岂父母所忍闻乎？父母有疾，固人子尽心竭力之时，傥能至诚纯孝，必且感天地、动鬼神，不必以惊世骇俗之为，著奇于日用伦常之外。……倘训谕之后，仍有不爱躯命，蹈于危亡者，朕亦不概加旌表，以成激烈轻生之习也。”（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》） * 清兴关外，俗纯朴，爱亲敬长，内悫而外严。既定鼎，礼教益备。定旌格，循明旧。亲存，奉侍竭其力；亲殁，善居丧，或庐于墓；亲远行，万里行求，或生还，或以丧归。友于兄弟，同居三五世以上，号义门，及诸义行，皆礼旌。亲病，刲股刳肝；亲丧，以身殉：皆以伤生有禁，有司以事闻，辄破格报可。所以教民者，若是其周其密也。国史承前例，撰次孝友传，亦颇及诸义行。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》） 历史记载中清朝的食人事件： # 努尔哈赤时代：扬古利，舒穆禄氏，世居浑春。父郎柱，为库尔喀部长，率先附太祖，……扬古利手刃杀父者，割耳鼻生啖之，时年甫十四，太祖深异焉。（《清史稿·卷二百二十六·列传十三·扬古利等》㉕*） # 清初：虞尔忘、尔雪，江南无锡人。国初江南多盗，尔忘、尔雪父罕卿董乡团，……罕卿死桥下矣。……知为盗杜息（所杀）。….. 比明，尔忘抱罕卿木主至，尔雪于其旁爇釜，尔忘取（杜）息舌，尔雪探心肝，且祭且啖，尔忘乃断（杜）息头。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 1627年，天聪元年，《太宗实录卷三》：“时国中大饥，斗米价银八两，人有相食者。国中银两虽多，无外贸易，是以银贱而诸物腾贵。良马，银三百两。牛一，银百两。蟒缎一，银百五十两。布匹一，银九两。盗贼繁兴，偷窃牛马，或行劫杀。于是诸臣入奏曰：盗贼若不按律严惩，恐不能止息。上恻然，谕曰：今岁国中因年饥乏食，致民不得已而为盗耳。缉获者，鞭而释之可也。遂下令，是岁谳狱，姑从宽典。仍大发帑金，散赈饥民。” # 1631年，皇太极天聪四年：顷大凌河之役，城中人相食，明人犹死守，及援尽城降，而锦州、松、杏犹不下。（《清史稿·卷二·本纪二·太宗本纪一》㉕*）<p>旋有王世龙者，越城出降，言城中粮竭，商贾诸杂役多死，存者人相食，马毙殆尽。（《清史稿·卷二百三十四·列传二十一·孔有德等》㉕）</p><p>祖大壽疏奏：“被圍將及三月，城中食盡，殺人相食。”（《崇禎長編》卷五二）。</p><p>明大凌河城內，糧絕薪盡。軍士飢甚，殺其修城夫役及商賈平民為食，析骸而炊。又執軍士之羸弱者，殺而食之。（《清太宗實錄·卷十》）</p> # 1635年，皇太极天聪八年：先是，察哈尔林丹西奔图白特，其部众苦林丹暴虐，逗遛者什七八，食尽，杀人相食，屠劫不已，溃散四出。（《清史稿·卷二·本纪二·太宗本纪一》㉕*） # 1645年，顺治二年：二年，耒（枣？）阳、襄阳、光化、宜城大饥，人相食。”（{{cite wikisource |title=《清史稿·卷44·志十九·災異五》 |wslink=清史稿/卷44 |author=趙爾巽|authorlink=趙爾巽}}㉕*） # 1648年，顺治五年：五年春，广州、鹤庆（大理，洱海之北）嵩明（昆明市东北）大饥，人相食。”（{{cite wikisource |title=《清史稿·卷42·志十七·災異三》 |wslink=清史稿/卷42 |author=趙爾巽|authorlink=趙爾巽}}㉕*） # 順治九年八月，漳州被圍半年，城中缺糧，一碗稀粥索價白銀四兩。居民以老鼠、麻雀、樹根、樹葉、水萍、紙張和皮革等物為食，餓死者不計其數，“城中人自相食，百姓十死其八，兵馬盡皆枵腹”<ref>《明清史料》丁編，第一本，第七十五頁《查明漳州解圍功次殘件》。</ref>。 # 1654年，顺治十一年：顺治十一年，明将李定国攻新会，城守阅八月，食尽，杀人马为食。（《清史稿·卷五百十·列传二百九十七·列女三》㉕*） # 顺治年間，“安邑知县鹿尽心者，得痿痺疾。有方士挟乩术，自称刘海蟾，教以食小儿脑即愈。鹿信之，辄以重价购小儿击杀食之，所杀伤甚众，而病不减。因复请于乩仙，复教以生食乃可愈。因更生凿小儿脑吸之。致死者不一，病竟不愈而死。事随彰闻，被害之家，共置方士于法。”<ref>[[:w:王士祯|王士祯]]：《池北偶谈·鹿尽心》</ref> # 康熙十八年（1679年），山东“终年不雨，大饥，人相食。”（乾隆《青城（即今高青）县-{}-志》卷10） # 1681年，康熙二十年：诇知粮将罄，人相食，与诸将环而攻之。（吴）世璠众内乱，欲擒世璠以降，世璠自杀。（《清史稿·卷二百五十四·列传四十一·赉塔等》㉕*） # 1698年，康熙三十七年春：三十七年春，平定、乐平大饥，人相食。”（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1703年，康熙四十二年：永年（邯郸东北）、东明（大名府之南部，山东曹州西）饥。秋：沛县、亳州、东阿、曲阜、蒲县（属隰州，非蒲城县）、滕县大饥。冬，汶上、沂州、莒州、兖州、东昌、郓城大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1704年，康熙四十三年：四十三年春，泰安大饥，人相食，死者枕藉。肥城，东平大饥，人相食。武定（惠民）、滨州（武定东）、商河（武定西南）、阳信（武定北）、利津、沾化饥；兖州、登州大饥，民死大半，至食屋草；昌邑、即墨、掖县、高密、膠州大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1785年，乾隆五十年：秋，寿光、昌乐、安丘、诸城大饥，父子相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1786年，乾隆五十一年：五十一年春，山东各府、州、县大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*）<p>《病榻梦痕录》卷上乾隆五十一年（１７８６）条记载了苏皖鲁等地的灾情，时灾民卖妻鬻子，“流丐载道”，“尸横道路”，尸体“埋于土，辄被人刨发，刮肉而啖”。</p> # 1801，嘉庆六年: 罗思举，字天鹏，四川东乡人。……（嘉庆）六年，歼张世龙于铁溪河，……自是转战老林，饷不时至，煮马鞯，啗贼肉以追贼。……尝酒酣袒身示人，战创斑斑，为父母刲股痕凡七，其忠孝盖出天性云。（《清史稿·卷三百四十七·列传一百三十四·杨遇春等》㉕*） # 1832年，道光十二年：夏，紫阳大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1833年，道光十三年：夏，保康、郧县、房县饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1834年，道光十四年：十四年春，归州、兴山大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1847年，道光二十七年：二十七年，南乐饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1857年，咸丰七年：七年春，肥城、东平大饥，死者枕藉；鱼台、日照、临朐亦饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1863年，同治二年，[[:w:石達開|石達開]]的軍隊為[[:w:大渡河|大渡河]]的涨水所阻，當時石部全軍已是“覓食無所得，有相殺噬人肉者”。（许亮儒遗著《擒石野史》） # [[:w:陈康祺|陈康祺]]《郎潜纪闻二笔》记载“同治三、四年，皖南到处食人，人肉始买三十文一斤，后增至一百二十文一斤，句容、二溧，八十文一斤，惨矣。” # 同治三年（1864年），皖南人相食，人肉價格大漲。《曾国藩日记》同治三年四月廿二日记载：“皖南到处食人，人肉始卖三十文一斤，近闻增至百二十文一斤，句容、二溧八十文一斤。”《曾國藩日記》又記載：“[[:w:太平天国|洪楊]]之亂，[[:w:江蘇|江蘇]]人肉賣九十文一斤，漲到一百三十文錢一斤。” # 1866年，同治五年：五年，兰州饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*） # 1867年，同治六年：五年，（穆图善）收灵州。……明年，署陕甘总督，值岁大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四百五十四·列传二百四十一·刘锦棠》㉕*） # 1868年，同治七年：七年春，即墨、孝义厅、蓝田、沔县饥。夏，泾州大饥，人相食。《清史稿·卷四十四·志十九·灾异五》㉕*）<p>时庆阳大饥，人相食。（《清史稿·卷四百五十四·列传二百四十一·刘锦棠等》㉕）</p><p> 同治七年（1868年），[[:w:定西|定西]]、[[:w:通渭|通渭]]大旱，時逢戰亂，瘟疫並起，人相食。{{Citation needed|Date=January 2025}}</p> # 1877年，光绪三年：是岁，山、陕大旱，人相食。（《清史稿·卷二十三·本纪二十三·德宗本纪一》㉕*）<p>丁戊奇荒是中国华北地区发生于清朝光绪元年（1875年）至四年（1878年）之间的一场罕见的特大旱灾饥荒。灾害波及山西、直隶、陕西、河南、山东、甘肃等好几个省份，“饿殍载途，白骨盈野”，饿死的人竟达一千万以上，逃亡两千万以上。随著灾情的发展，可食之物的罄尽，“人食人”的惨剧发生了。大旱的第三年（1877年）冬天，重灾区山西，到处都有人食人现象。吃人肉、卖人肉者，比比皆是。有活人吃死人肉的，还有将老人或孩子活杀吃的……无情旱魔，把灾区变成了人间地狱! 在河南，侥幸活下来的饥民大多奄奄一息，“既无可食之肉，又无割人之力”，一些气息犹存的灾民，倒地之后即为饿犬残食。{{Citation needed|Date=January 2025}}《申报》1877年12月7日载：“今岁豫省之灾，亦不减于山右，……灾黎数百万，几有易子析骸之惨”</p> # 1900年，光绪二十六年：二十六年，两宫西狩，关中大饥，人相食，（唐）锡晋醵金四十万往赈，历二州八县，艰困不少阻。（《清史稿·卷四百五十二·列传二百三十九·洪汝奎等》㉕*） # 1910年，宣统二年十二月：是月，江、淮饥，人相食。东三省疫。（《清史稿·卷二十五·本纪二十五·宣统皇帝本纪》㉕*） # 1911年，宣统三年：钟麟同，字建堂，山东济宁州人。威海武备学堂毕业。……宣统三年九月初九日，七十三标兵变，夜半，自北校场入城。……以手枪自击而仆，变军碎其尸，剖心啖之。上闻，有“忠骸支解，惨不忍闻”之谕，谥忠壮。（《清史稿·卷四百九十六·列传二百八十三·忠义十》㉕*） # 光熙，本名惠熙，字亮臣。少从盛昱游，励学。钟琦遘危疾，尝刲股和药以进。（《清史稿·卷四百六十九·列传二百五十六·恩铭等》㉕*） # 礼堂，字和贵。事亲孝。父继宏，久疟，冬月畏火，礼堂潜以身温被。居丧如礼，笑不见齿。母遘危疾，刲股合药，私祷于神，减齿以延亲寿。（《清史稿·卷四百八十一·列传二百六十八·儒林二》㉕*） # 宋大樽，字左彝，仁和人。弱岁，刲股愈母疾，让产其弟。（《清史稿·卷四百八十五·列传二百七十二·文苑二》㉕*） # 潘德舆，字四农，山阳人。年五六岁，母病不食，亦不食。父咯血，刲臂肉和药进，父察其色动，泣曰：“固知儿有是也！”（《清史稿·卷四百八十六·列传二百七十三·文苑三》㉕*） # 曾艾，字虎卿，湖南新化人。尝割左臂疗父疾。（《清史稿·卷四百八十九·列传二百七十六·忠义三》㉕*） # 陈源兖，字岱云，湖南茶陵州人。道光十八年进士，改翰林，授编修，旋授江西吉安府。先是源兖妻易氏以源兖遘疾几殆，籥天原以身代，刲臂和药饮源兖，源兖以愈，易氏旋病卒。同乡公举孝妇，请旌于朝。（《清史稿·卷四百九十·列传二百七十七·忠义四》㉕*） # 沈瀛，字士登，江苏吴县人。尝刲臂疗母疾。（《清史稿·卷四百九十六·列传二百八十三·忠义十》㉕*） # 李盛山，福建罗源人。母病，割肝以救，伤重，卒。巡抚常赉疏请旌，下礼部，礼部议轻生愚孝，无旌表之例。雍正六年三月壬子，世宗谕曰：“……父母爱子，无所不至，若因己病而致其子割肝刲股以充饮馔、和汤药，纵其子无恙，父母未有不惊忧恻怛惨惕而不安者，况因此而伤生，岂父母所忍闻乎？父母有疾，固人子尽心竭力之时，傥能至诚纯孝，必且感天地、动鬼神，不必以惊世骇俗之为，著奇于日用伦常之外。……倘训谕之后，仍有不爱躯命，蹈于危亡者，朕亦不概加旌表，以成激烈轻生之习也。”盛山仍予旌表。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 吕斅孚，湖南永定人。父孟卿，贫，以客授自给。母病将殆，思肉食，斅孚方七岁，贷诸屠，屠不可，泣而归。闻母呻吟，益痛，内念股肉可啗母，取厨刀砺使利，割右股四寸许，授其女弟，方五岁，令就炉火炙以进。母疾良已，孟卿归，察斅孚足微跛，得其状，与母持以哭。斅孚曰：“毋然，儿固无所苦也。”……孟卿亦尝刲股愈父病，然斅孚割股时，初不知父有是事也。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 汪灏，江南休宁人。晨、日昂、日升，其弟也。父病咯血，灏年十六，割股和药进，良愈。后数年病足，晨割股炼为末，敷治亦愈。又数年复咯血，晨复割臂以疗。更数年，疾大作，灏复割臂，勿瘳。晨病，日昂泣曰：“吾兄割臂愈父，吾不能割以愈吾兄乎？”众尼之。懵且仆，匠治棺，日升持匠斧断指，血淋漓，调药以饮晨。有司表其门曰“一门四孝友”。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 觉罗色尔岱，满洲镶红旗人，德世库七世孙也。性笃孝。年十七，父病，医不效，乃割左臂为糜以进，病稍间，旋歾。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 康熙间，以割臂疗亲旌者，有翁杜、佟良，与色尔岱同时有克什布。翁杜，满洲镶白旗人；佟良，蒙古镶黄旗人：官防御。克什布，满洲镶红旗人，官三等侍卫。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 奚缉营，字圣辉，江苏宝山人。父士本，以孝旌。缉营幼读论语，至“父母之年，不可不知”，辄陨涕簌簌，师奇之，谓真孝子子也。母病，刲臂以疗。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 张三爱，江南歙县人。为人役。事母孝，母病，不能具药物。或谓之曰：“汝欲愈母病，盍刲肝？”三爱祷于丛祠，破腹，肝堕出，以右手劙肝，得指许，左手纳于腹，束以白麻。归以肝和羹饮母，母良愈，三爱创亦合。（《清史稿·卷四百九十七·列传二百八十四·孝义一》㉕*） # 杨献恒，山东益都人。父加官，与济南杨开泰有隙，……开泰计必欲杀献恒，遣其子承恩至青州谋诸吏。献恒潜知之，持铁骨朵挟刃至所居。承恩方与吏耳语，伺其出，以铁骨朵击之，仆，急拔刀断其喉，又抉其睛啖之，诣县自陈，出所藏银为证。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 刘希向，江南山阳人。……父病，希向为割股，良愈。希向年六十，病噎，其子亦割股，刀钝，肉不决，剪之，乃下，然希向竟不瘳。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 县有嫠张陈氏，家贫，刲肉以奉姑，训予田十亩助其养。（《清史稿·卷四百九十八·列传二百八十五·孝义二》㉕*） # 李孔昭，字光四，蓟州人。……崇祯十五年进士，……母病，刲股疗之。（《清史稿·卷五百一·列传二百八十八·遗逸二》㉕*） # 萧学华妻贺，湖南安化人。贺父徙陕西，学华赘其家。年余，学华归省母，贺欲与俱，父不许，贺割股肉付夫以奉姑。姑適病，学华烹肉进，病良已。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 子日焜妻李，尝刲股愈母病，事祖姑及姑孝。姑病，割臂进，病目，舐以舌，良已。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 王钜妻施，钜，萧山人；施，富阳人。姑严，小不当意，辄呵斥，施屏息不敢声。姑病反胃甚，医以为不治，施刲股和药进，病良已，姑遇施如故。钜疾作，施视疾惫，病瘵卒，姑犹不善施。钜以刲股事告，视其尸，信，乃大恸曰：“吾负孝妇！”（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 陈文世妻刘，郧人。陈、刘皆农家，刘待年于陈。既婚，姑年七十二，病噎，刘割臂和药以进，疾少间；既而复作，不食已十日，垂尽矣。刘夜屏人，杀鸡誓于神，持小刀自劙其胸二寸许，出肝刲半，取布束创，以肝与鸡同瀹汤奉姑。姑久不言，忽曰：“汤香甚！”饮之竟，病良愈，刘亦旋平。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 林经妻陈，连江人，姑盲性卞，常臆妇藐己，陈断三指自明，姑为之悔。经病，刲股；经卒，以节终。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 林云铭妻蔡，云铭，闽人；……耿精忠反，下云铭狱，蔡忧之，呕血殷紫，女瑛佩剜臂肉入药，旋苏。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 崔龙见妻钱，名孟钿，字冠之，一字浣青。龙见，永济人；钱，武进人，侍郎维城女。九岁刲臂疗父疾。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # 张茂信妻方，茂信，河津人；方仪徵人。方尝割股愈舅疾，舅与茂信皆卒，奉姑刘。（《清史稿·卷五百八·列传二百九十五·列女一》㉕*） # （袁）进忠病，疡生于胫，（养）女刲股以疗，家人皆不知，而长女虐愈甚。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 王前洛聘妻林，潜山人。前洛病，林父饣鬼药，林潜刲股入药。前洛卒，固请奔丧，引刀誓不嫁。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 徐文经聘妻姚，名淑金，侯官人。文经卒，淑金屡求死，乃归于徐。贫，舅殁，姑疾作，刲股以疗。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 乔涌涛聘妻方，桐城人。涌涛卒，涌涛母丁亦病，方请于父母，归于乔。以姑病寒疾，亦薄其衣当风雪。刲股以进姑，病良已。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 袁绩懋妻左，绩懋见《忠义传》。左名锡璇，字芙江，阳湖人。事亲孝，父病，刲臂和药进。工诗善画，书法尤精，著有卷葹阁诗集。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 何其仁聘妻李，路南人。嘉庆十一年，年十六，未行。其仁及其父皆病笃，李割股畀叔母使送婿家。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 林国奎妻郑，闽人。国奎卒，有子二。郑将殉，姑诫以存孤，乃已。一子殇，遂自沉于江，渔者拯以还。姑疾，刲肝杂糜进，疾良已。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 吉山妻瓜尔佳氏，名惠兴，满洲人，杭州驻防。早寡，事姑谨，尝刲肱疗姑疾。（《清史稿·卷五百九·列传二百九十六·列女二》㉕*） # 王如义妻向，涪州人。幼能为诗文。如义，农家子，向恒劝之读。道光十六年，如义暴卒，姑喻之嫁，矢以死。舅病，为刲股。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 许会妻张，颍州人。姑姣而虐，恶张端谨不类，日诟且挞，张事姑益恭。姑病，刲股以疗，姑虐如故。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 安于磐妻朱、后妻田，于磐，贵州蛮夷司长官。初娶朱，事姑孝，姑病，刲股，卒。复娶田，于磐病，刲股。于磐卒，抚诸子成立。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 田养民妻杨，养民，朗溪司长官；杨，邑梅司人也。年十二，母病，刲股。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 伊嵩阿，拜都氏，满洲镶黄旗人；妻希光，钮祜禄氏，正白旗人，总督爱必达女也。伊嵩阿为大学士永贵从子，早卒。方病时，希光割股进，终不起，许以死。爱必达、永贵共喻之，誓毕婚嫁乃殉。为伊嵩阿弟娶，嫁女妹及二女，次女行之明日，自缢死。张遗诗于壁，略谓：“十载要盟，此日当报命。”乾隆四十六年三月事也。永贵疏闻，高宗为赋诗，旌其节。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） # 朱承宇妻曹，承宇，无锡人；曹，武进人：皆农家也。生二子、一女，而承宇死。承宇弟迫之嫁，曹以死拒。……哭于承宇墓，还，遂缢。……及敛，左臂创未合，盖承宇病时尝割臂也。父为讼于县，罪迫嫁者。（《清史稿·卷五百十一·列传二百九十八·列女四》㉕*） ==中华民国== 1936年“3月1日万源曹家沟某家七人，饿毙四人；余三人气息奄奄，竟为逃荒饥民杀死，分割炙食无余。”{{cfn|许汉三|y=1985}} 1936年3月19日四川省报载：“北川县人肉每斤五百文。片口镇饥民张彭氏、何张氏、陈顺氏因饥饿难忍，挖掘死尸围食，被捕。”{{cfn|许汉三|y=1985}} 1936年四川《民间意识》杂志汇载四川各地吃人的消息：“松潘半边街居民陈氏，自杀其八岁的亲生女而食，食尽仍病饿而死。沿途数百里内，人血、白骨与饿死者，填满沟壑。”{{cfn|许汉三|y=1985}} 民國30年（1941）-民國32年（1943）河南省大旱，人相食。1942年河南省赈济会推选[[:w:杨一峰|杨一峰]]、[[:w:刘庄甫|刘庄甫]]、[[:w:任兆鲁|任兆鲁]]三人等赴[[:w:重庆|重庆]]，请国民党中央免除徵賦，蒋介石拒不接见。大公报主笔[[:w:王芸生|王芸生]]在1942年的一篇《看重庆，念中原》的社论中写道：“饿死的暴骨失肉，逃亡的扶老携幼，妻离子散，挤人丛，挨棍打，未必能够得到赈济委员会的登记证。吃杂草的毒发而死，吃干树皮的忍不住刺喉绞肠之苦。把妻女驮运到遥远的人肉市场，未必能够换到几斗粮食。”[[:w:冯小刚|冯小刚]]於2012年拍摄的电影《一九四二》讲的正是这段时期发生的故事。 1948年6月[[:w:國共內戰|國共內戰]]期間，[[:w:中共|中共]]将领[[:w:林彪|林彪]]進行[[:w:長春圍城|長春圍城]]，禁止糧食進城，國軍于是收集城內的糧食，造成很多人餓死街頭。10月21日，城內守軍[[:w:鄭洞國|鄭洞國]]投降。活過來的人說，「就喝死人腦瓜殼裡的水，都是蛆。就這麼熬著，盼著，盼開卡子放人。就那麼幾步遠，就那麼瞅著，等人家一句話放生。卡子上天天宣傳，說誰有槍就放誰出去。真有有槍的，真放，交上去就放人。每天都有，都是有錢人，在城裡買了準備好的，都是手槍。咱不知道。就是知道，哪有錢買呀！」參加圍城的中共官兵說：「在外邊就聽說城裡餓死多少人，還不覺怎麼的。從死人堆裡爬出多少回了，見多了，心腸硬了，不在乎了。可進城一看那樣子就震驚了，不少人就流淚了。」<ref>张正隆：《雪白血红》</ref> ==中華人民共和國== === 三年大跃进时期 === 1959年－1961年「[[:w:大跃进|大躍進]]」期間，中國大陸發生“[[:w:三年困难时期|三年大饑荒]]”，据各方估计共造成1500万-5500万[[:w:非正常死亡|非正常死亡]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=The Institutional Causes of China's Great Famine, 1959–1961|author=|url=https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pyared/papers/famines.pdf|first1=XIN|last2=QIAN|first2=NANCY|date=2015-01|journal=Review of Economic Studies|issue=4|doi=10.1093/restud/rdv016|others=|year=|volume=82|page=|pages=1568–1611|pmid=|last3=YARED|first3=PIERRE|archive-date=2019-09-06|url-status=|via=|last1=MENG|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906163322/https://www0.gsb.columbia.edu/faculty/pyared/papers/famines.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":29">{{Cite web|title=西方学术界的大跃进饥荒研究|url=http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/webmanager/wkfiles/2012/201503_38_paper.pdf|author=陈意新|date=2015-01|format=|work=[[:w:香港中文大学|香港中文大学]]|publisher=《江苏大学学报》|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517052743/http://ww2.usc.cuhk.edu.hk/PaperCollection/webmanager/wkfiles/2012/201503_38_paper.pdf|archive-date=2021-05-17|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=SITES OF HORROR: MAO'S GREAT FAMINE [with Response]|author=Felix Wemheuer|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41262812|date=2011|journal=The China Journal|issue=66|doi=|others=|year=|editor-last=Dikötter|editor-first=Frank|volume=|page=|pages=155–164|issn=1324-9347|pmid=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727141524/https://www.jstor.org/stable/41262812|archive-date=2020-07-27|dead-url=no}}</ref>。餓殍遍野，到處都有餓死倒斃在路邊的人，有些地方甚至出現吃人肉的現象。[[:w:楊繼繩|杨继绳]]所著的《[[:w:墓碑 (书籍)|墓碑]]》一書援引梁志遠的《關於「特種案件」的匯報——安徽亳縣人吃人見聞錄》記載指人吃人並不是個別現象：“其面積之廣，數量之多，時間之長，實屬世人罕見”{{cfn|楊繼繩|y=2008|p=274}}。 1960年春，吃人肉情況不斷發生，人肉的交易市場也隨之出現在城郊、集鎮、農民擺攤等{{cfn|楊繼繩|y=2008|p=278}}。三年大饑荒的[[:w:口述歷史|口述歷史]]《[[:w:尋找大饑荒倖存者|尋找大饑荒倖存者]]》记载了四十九起人吃人事件<ref name="rfa">{{Cite news|url=https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/wenyitiandi-cite/yujie-01082014125845.html|title=为当代中国修筑一面“哭墙”--依娃《寻找大饥荒幸存者》|publisher=[[:w:自由亚洲电台|自由亚洲电台]]|date=2014-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210722001314/https://www.rfa.org/mandarin/pinglun/wenyitiandi-cite/yujie-01082014125845.html|archive-date=2020-07-22|dead-url=no|language=zh|author=余杰|authorlink=余杰}}</ref>。人吃人事件在[[:w:四川|四川]]、[[:w:甘肅|甘肅]]、[[:w:青海|青海]]、[[:w:西藏|西藏]]、[[:w:陝西|陝西]]、[[:w:寧夏|寧夏]]、[[:w:河北|河北]]、[[:w:遼寧|遼寧]]皆有耳聞，幾乎遍及全國{{cfn|貝克|y=2005}}。據作家[[:w:沙青|沙青]]的[[:w:报告文学|報告文學]]記載：「有一戶農家，吃得只剩了父親和一男一女兩個孩子。一天，父親將女兒趕出門去，等女孩回家時，弟弟不見了，鍋裡浮著一層白花花油乎乎的東西，灶邊扔著一具骨頭。幾天之後，父親又往鍋裡添水，然後招呼女兒過去。女孩嚇得躲在門外大哭，哀求道：『爸爸，別吃我，我給你摟草、燒火，吃了我沒人給你做活。』」<ref>{{Cite web|title=依稀大地湾——大饥荒年代|url=https://boxun.com/news/gb/z_special/2004/12/200412281348.shtml?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=pmd_cf65954eb189551663c797db8d490efde1f84d97-1626912600-0-gqNtZGzNAg2jcnBszQti|author=沙青|date=2004-12-28|publisher=[[:w:博讯|博讯]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822033646/http://www.peacehall.com/news/gb/z_special/2004/12/200412281348.shtml|archive-date=2008-08-22|dead-url=no}}</ref> * '''四川'''：《[[:w:中國大饑荒，1958-1962|中國大饑荒，1958-1962]]》引用的中國官方檔案中有吃人記載，如在[[:w:四川省|四川省]][[:w:石柱土家族自治縣|石柱土家族自治縣]]的桥头区，老妇人罗文秀是第一个开始吃人肉的人。在家人一家七口全部死去后，罗文秀把三岁女童马发慧的尸体挖出来。她把小女孩儿的肉割下来，用辣椒调味，然后蒸熟吃掉<ref name="紐約時報">{{cite news|url=http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20120917/c17famine/|title=記錄大饑荒人相食的慘劇|publisher=《[[:w:紐約時報|紐約時報]]》|date=2012年9月17日|archive-date=2013年10月23日|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023013637/http://cn.nytimes.com/china/20120917/c17famine/|dead-url=no|author=DIDI KIRSTEN TATLOW|language=zh}}</ref>。另一份1961年1月27日的文件，讲述了一个四川母亲用毛巾勒死了自己五岁大的儿子，“吃了四顿”。调查者王德明写道，“这样令人震惊的可怕事件远非只有这一起。”<ref name="紐約時報" /> * '''河南'''：1959年10月至1960年4月，[[:w:信阳事件|信陽事件]]，[[:w:商丘|商丘]]、[[:w:開封|開封]]餓得人身浮腫，吃樹皮，餓死100萬（到數百萬）人口，時諺：“人吃人，狗吃狗，老鼠餓得啃磚頭。”“信陽五里店村一個14、15歲的小女孩，将4、5歲的弟弟殺死煮了吃了，因爲父母都餓死了，只剩下這兩個孩子，女孩餓得不行，就吃弟弟。”{{cfn|楊繼繩|y=2008}} 河南省[[:w:固始县|固始縣]]官方記載有二百例人吃人事件，縣委以“破壞屍體”為名，逮捕群眾{{cfn|貝克|y=2005|p=180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hjpdAAAAIAAJ&q=固始縣+二百}}。鹿邑、夏邑、虞城、永城等县共发现吃死人肉的情况20多起。据中央工作组魏震报告，鹿邑县从1959年10月到1960年11月，发现人吃人的事件6起。马庄公社马庄大队庞王庄18岁女子王玉娥于1960年4月19日将堂弟弟5岁的王怀郎溺死煮食，怀郎14岁的亲姐姐小朋也因饥饿吃了弟弟的肉。<ref>{{cite news |title=[杨继绳]《墓碑》――中国六十年代大饥荒纪实. |url=http://|publisher=第54頁 |accessdate=2022-03-23}}</ref> * '''甘肃'''：[[:w:通渭县|通渭縣]]，1958年全縣糧食實產8300多萬斤，虛報1.8億斤。人口大量死亡；有人回憶“1959年11月到臘月，死的人多。老百姓一想那事就要流淚。餓死老人家的，餓死婆娘的，日子過得糊裡糊塗。把人煮了吃，肉割來煮了吃……人甚麼也不想，甚麼也不怕，就想吃，想活。把娃娃、自己的娃娃吃下的，也有；把外面逃到村上的人殺了吃的，也有。吃下自己娃娃的，浮腫，中毒，不像人樣子。有的病死了，也有救下的。吃了娃娃心裡慘的，吃過就後悔了，自己恨自己。在村子里住不下去，沒人理他，嫌他臟。”（《50年代末大飢荒驚人記實》） * '''青海'''：人吃人事件110多起，漢東公社楊家灘生產隊的婦女竟吃了9個小孩<ref>武文軍:《餓魂祭:中國六十年代饑荒考》，蘭州學刊2005年專輯，蘭州社會科學院主編，p110-110</ref>。 * '''湖南'''：据余习广《吃人饿鬼：[[:w:刘家远惨杀亲子食子案|刘家远惨杀亲子食子案]]》記載，[[:w:湖南|湖南]][[:w:澧县|澧县]]如东公社男子刘家远，將自己儿子殺害後烹煮食用。刘家远也因食子而被處決<ref>{{cite news|title=毛泽东时代惨剧：三年大饥荒饥民十大奇吃|url=https://www.dwnews.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/59674203/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%83%A8%E5%89%A7%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92%E9%A5%A5%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%87%E5%90%83|publisher=[[:w:共识网|共识网]]|archive-date=2020-11-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201105165243/https://www.dwnews.com/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD/59674203/%E6%AF%9B%E6%B3%BD%E4%B8%9C%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3%E6%83%A8%E5%89%A7%E4%B8%89%E5%B9%B4%E5%A4%A7%E9%A5%A5%E8%8D%92%E9%A5%A5%E6%B0%91%E5%8D%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%A5%87%E5%90%83|dead-url=no|author=惠风（原作者：彭劲秀）|date=2014-03-11|language=zh|agency=[[:w:多維新聞|多維新聞]]}}</ref>。 * '''安徽'''：作家[[:w:王立新 (1949年)|王立新]]1980年代曾赴[[:w:凤阳县|凤阳]]采访过，他在报告文学中写道：“梨园乡小岗生产队严俊冒告诉我：1960年，我们村附近有个死人塘，浮埋着许多饿死的人。为什么浮埋？饿得没力气呀，扔几锹土了事。说起来，对不起祖先，也对不起冤魂。人饿极了，什么事都干得出来。我的一位亲戚见人到死人塘割死人的腿肚子吃，她也去了。开始有点怕，后来惯了，顶黑去顶黑回。我问她：‘怎么能……？’她叹息道：‘饿极了。’”<ref>[[:w:李锐 (1917年)|李锐]]《大跃进亲历记》（南方出版社1999年版）</ref> === 文化大革命时期 === {{main|:w:广西文革屠杀}} [[:w:文化大革命|文化大革命]]時期（1966-1976年），[[:w:广西壮族自治区|广西壮族自治区]]除[[:w:广西文革屠杀|私刑、屠杀事件众多]]外，亦傳出多起食人事件<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=不反思“文革”的社会，就是个食人部落|url=http://history.people.com.cn/n/2013/0305/c200623-20680503.html|author=[[:w:张鸣 (学者)|张鸣]]|date=2013-03-05|format=|work=|publisher=《[[:w:中国青年报|中国青年报]]》|agency=[[:w:人民网|人民网]]|language=zh|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625141907/http://history.people.com.cn/n/2013/0305/c200623-20680503.html|archivedate=2020-06-25|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=我参与处理广西文革遗留问题|url=http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html|accessdate=2019-11-29|author=晏乐斌|date=|format=|work=|publisher=《[[:w:炎黄春秋|炎黄春秋]]》|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207031844/http://www.yhcqw.com/34/8938.html|archive-date=2019-12-07|dead-url=yes}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=广西文革中的吃人狂潮|url=http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c155-201605003.pdf|accessdate=|author=[[:w:宋永毅|宋永毅]]|date=|format=|publisher=[[:w:香港中文大学|香港中文大学]]|language=zh|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180127184237/http://www.cuhk.edu.hk/ics/21c/media/articles/c155-201605003.pdf|archive-date=2018-01-27|dead-url=no}}</ref>。作家[[:w:鄭義 (作家)|鄭義]]曾在文革後赴廣西調查，于1993年出版《[[:w:红色纪念碑|红色纪念碑]]》一书，據他的統計廣西全省至少有一千人被食。紀錄片「文革廣西[[:w:武宣县|武宣縣]]紅衛兵吃人肉事件」評論称：“這些食人事件並不是因為飢荒，而是因為政治運動製造出來的仇恨心態<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vR2JhwcEM1A |title=文革廣西武宣縣紅衛兵吃人肉事件 |accessdate=2015-07-25 |archive-date=2016-03-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316105309/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vR2JhwcEM1A |dead-url=no }}</ref>”。 其中人食人最厲害的地方之一是廣西[[:w:武宣县|武宣縣]]，官方调查发现至少38人被吃<ref name=":0" />，民间研究调查则发现有70余人<ref name=":4" />甚至上百人被吃<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Chronology of Mass Killings during the Chinese Cultural Revolution (1966-1976)|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976|accessdate=|author=[[:w:宋永毅|宋永毅]]|date=2011-08-25|format=|publisher=[[:w:巴黎政治学院|巴黎政治学院]]（Sciences Po）|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190425062821/https://www.sciencespo.fr/mass-violence-war-massacre-resistance/en/document/chronology-mass-killings-during-chinese-cultural-revolution-1966-1976|archive-date=2019-04-25|dead-url=no}}</ref>。武宣县“一女民兵因参与杀人坚定勇敢，且专吃男人生殖器而臭名远播，并因此入党做官，官至武宣县革委副主任。处遗时期中共中央书记处一天一个电话催问处理结果，并严厉责问：‘像这样的人，为什么还不赶快开除党籍？’但该副主任拒不承认专吃生殖器，只承认一起吃过人。最后的处理是开除党籍，撤销领导职务。现已调离武宣。”{{cfn|鄭義|y=1993|p=74-75|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBxAAAAIAAJ&q=武宣縣+副主任}} == 参考文献 == === 引用 === {{Reflist|30em}} === 来源 === {{refbegin}} * 王永寬：《中國古代酷刑》 * [[:w:黃文雄 (作家)|黃文雄]]：《中國食人史》 * 黃粹涵：《中國食人史料鈔》 * {{cite book |author=许汉三 |title=《黃炎培年谱》 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z2djAAAAIAAJ |year=1985年 |publisher=文史资料出版社 |ref=harv |access-date=2021-04-19 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426094608/https://books.google.com/books?id=z2djAAAAIAAJ }} * {{cite book |author=鄭義 |title=《紅色紀念碑》 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBxAAAAIAAJ |year=1993年 |publisher=華視文化 |isbn=978-957-572-048-3 |ref=harv |access-date=2021-04-19 |archive-date=2021-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210426200250/https://books.google.com/books?id=IJBxAAAAIAAJ }} * {{cite book |author=楊繼繩 |author-link=楊繼繩 |title=《墓碑——中國六十年代大饑荒紀實 上篇》 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GnglAQAAMAAJ |year=2008年 |publisher=天地圖書 |isbn=978-988-211-909-3 |ref=harv |access-date=2021-04-19 |archive-date=2021-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210419003552/https://books.google.com/books?id=GnglAQAAMAAJ }} * {{cite book | author=賈斯柏‧貝克 | translator=姜和平 | title=《餓鬼：毛時代大饑荒揭秘》 | publisher=明鏡出版社 | date=2005年10月 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=hjpdAAAAIAAJ | isbn=978-1-932138-30-6 | ref = {{SfnRef|貝克|2005}}}} * [[:w:有線電視|有線電視]]財經資訊台《神州穿梭》 「文革廣西武宣縣紅衛兵吃人肉事件」 {{refend}} == 外部链接 == *[[:w:钱理群|钱理群]]：《[http://www.aisixiang.com/data/3951-2.html 钱理群：说“食人”——周氏兄弟改造国民性思想之一]》{{Wayback|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150605170543/http://www.aisixiang.com/data/3951-2.html |date=20150605170543 }} [[Category:History of China]] fj1mij50yzxx66ngjn3rq7gdm1adgbw 2 328661 2818153 2817726 2026-07-12T06:32:37Z ThinkingScience 3061446 /* Taking responsibility for famous people or people to focus on in Draft:The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea */ temporarily choosing famous people 2818153 wikitext text/x-wiki == Main focus: my "idea" == * This is my [[Draft:The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea]]. There goes the "main effort" based on my other smaller effort in various places and also by using the methodology I one day hope I will make. * [[User:ThinkingScience/ND_Inspired_Idea_Notebook|Daily Diary of ND Inspired Idea]] * These are my course notes: [[User:ThinkingScience/Draftspace/Coursera]] === Secondary Goals === These are secondary goals in no particular order: * Contribute to Wikiversity by understanding and improving on content: ** I begin with interpreting the [[Neurodiversity Movement]] by creating this subpage: [[User:ThinkingScience/Neurodiversity_Movement_Interpretation]] * Documenting all "Quasi-AI" inputs and outputs related to a particular action: ** [[User:ThinkingScience/All General AI Prompt History Archive|All General AI Prompt History Archive]] == Taking responsibility for famous people or people to focus on in [[Draft:The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea]] == I need to take responsibility for the choices I make. If any of my choices resulted in a harm to a real person I am responsible whether I agree or not to any blame being put on me. This section may be moved to a sub-page if I think it starts getting too "cluttered" and later into more sub-pages if the list just grows and grows. === T === ==== '''Taylor Swift''' ==== Taylor Swift. Why I chose Taylor Swift. I have watched interviews with her before. She is an interesting person to me. I discovered she is open about her creation process. I value that in human beings and that includes people I meet offline, in the "real world" but it will be a challenge for me to make video notes that are "Do no harm". I may be "way in over my head". Please help me if you think I'm doing something wrong. She has a dedicated follower base which may have a large influence. Maybe I'll suffer for this but keeping my "idea" locked inside "my head" I think will cause greater harm to me than good. I know what risk I am taking...or probably not but I gotta move forward or try to. Perhaps my fears are greater than real risks in reality but who knows? ==== '''Tom Hanks''' ==== I chose Tom Hanks because I need to move on. In my personal notes I have tens of famous people and not. Now that I'm adding people here I need to adhere to the Wikiversity rules and guidelines so the list will be limited, or will it? Maybe it will grow because applying "Do no harm" is a very good foundation considering I am not consciously trying to come up with idea how my comparisons here will do not harm and I think that is healthy for both me and for everyone! ==== Anybody else ==== I may not have chosen a deadline for this project as was recommended to me on the Colloquium but to speed up the process anyone else I add they will be added temporarily and may not be chosen for the 'final run' when I'm going to prove one or more hypotheses... That's why I will call it that I add the next ones "temporarily". == April 20th experiment, "AI Decisions, sure. AI-generation NEVER" == Starting today on April 20th after 08:46 UTC Time(I got UTC time on this computer where I'm so far only using this account), I'll begin by editing Wikiversity resources by being more encouraged by "yeah, do that" comments by Large Language Models. Nothing of it will be "AI-generated" but the decisions I take: the reason for the decisions I take may be because of "AI-generation" but of course I will try to stay away from clear stupidity like if the AI-generation says "jump off a cliff". An extreme example, but I wanted to make a point that I won't take any decision and I will question the "AI/LLM" if it suggests something that to me sounds insane. If you see anything weird please comment on my talk page after you've reverted my edits. When this experiment ends, I don't have a plan for that yet. User input might help. This is where I make notes of decisions that may motivate me to do edits in places. It should include both inputs and outputs and what kind of "version" of "AI"s/LLMs I'm using: * [[/April 20th Experiment Notes|"AI Notes" for motivation purposes in this "experiment"]] === Defining the end goal === The end goal is supposed to make me make useful edits or being able to make edits or contributions on more than just only the projects I'm "mainly" interested in. '''Success Criteria''' * "Did the AI's output lead me to make a useful edit on a page I wouldn't have thought about and/or chosen on my own?" ** This question was modified by myself based on an AI's output(this part was generated by "AI Mode" on May 1, 2026) == Coursera schedule and notes == Today April 16, 2026 my contributions contain a lot of spelling mistakes. They may be present other days too. You'll probably spot spelling mistakes all over. My studying schedule as I've understood it so far(studying with my mother): This schedule is not reliable(cause my studying partner keeps changing the time, which is not necessarily bad): UTC TIME: 07:30 - 09:30 (2 hours a day, 6 hours a week) * Monday * Thursday * Saturday == I'm studying on Coursera and about their Terms of Use == '''Nothing here is legal advice'''. This is very important. Nothing in this "Wikisection" constitutes legal advice! Please don't blindly follow my advice and if someone copies some parts of this text without providing context then they are responsible for what they share! If you have been tricked by scammers that's sad but I am NOT responsible for illegal activities. * web.archive.org/web/20260325233813/https://www.coursera.org/about/terms "When you create your Coursera account, and when you subsequently use certain features, you must provide us with accurate and complete information, and you agree to update your information to keep it accurate and complete." My interpretation of that is that on Coursera I have to provide a real name. There is a field for "Full name"(retrieved 2026-04-09 UTC YYYY-MM-DD). How does that correspond to these terms? It doesn't say "Real name" but even if it did, what if I choose a name for myself and I'd like to call myself ThinkingScience? Is it still accurate? They don't specify what I actually have to do, just based on my quote. It would be nice for me and other Coursera learners to know what is true. Is the privacy on Wikiversity better? I'd say it is because on Coursera we are forced to provide an email address to create an account. We are not forced to do that on Wikiversity, Wikidata etc. == notes about this account == This account is an alternative account on a computer I don't trust. It should never be allowed to vote and if it does please block this account. Doubling down on this today at 2026-04-30!(intent unchanged) It's an alt of [[User:Dekatriofovia]] which unfortunately I have to prove right now despite me being in a hurry...so I'll edit my account at Dekatriofovia at the same time almost and publish at the same time...so you know it's me. The reason for this account is it's on a computer with a bigger screen so I can more easily read books and documents. == a thing I did not regret(modified section title) == This may be blathering but it ends with another Wikilink where I will pass my "idea" through '''Wikiversity:Research ethics''' and through anything else that might be required before anything enters Draft space. The "idea" is "'''The Neurodiversity-inspired idea'''". [[Protoscience]] was an interesting read. I think it will be calming for me if my idea is proven to be pseudoscience cause I can stop worrying about it and leave it behind me. "The Neurodiversity-inspired idea"(in lack for a better name, for now) will not be published in main space, only in draft space. [[Wikiversity:Original research]] made me think "I may be way over my head" (though I stumbled around a bit due to not knowing English at an advanced enough level...this parenthesis is about some unimportant trivia). I'm gonna place everything regarding "The Neurodiversity-inspired idea" into draft space and pass it through '''Wikiversity:Research ethics'''(sorry for repeating myself) and anything else I can find and also ask the community here on Wikiversity what else to place it through. I thought I was gonna create '''User:ThinkingScience/The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea'''(but turns out I was encouraged to create it in Draft: space ... (this paragraph has been modified. Edit history might keep the original). Here are my notes again which I wanted to link to [[User:ThinkingScience/ND Inspired Idea Notebook]] '''Draft:The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea''' that probably is in line with "be bold". === It happened, a small burden has been lifted === I posted to the [[Wikiversity:Colloquium]] https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Wikiversity:Colloquium&oldid=2805080 Thing may be archive in the future. I've lost many things that way.(but also re-discovered many things that landed in the archive that I had posted too!) One week. One small burden lifted. It was the only way forward. I may have been driven insane otherwise or this is just a very bad day I'm having. Full of things that "real life" is demanding of me. More specifically, this is what I posted [[Wikiversity:Colloquium#Advice_needed:_A_Neurodiversity-inspired_Idea/observation]] == Posting on talk pages using "Quasi-AI" depending on user preference == This is a list of users who have told me how they prefer maximum amount of characters/words to be if I post on their talk page using "Quasi-AI"[1](whatever that is since there's no such Q item nor alias on Wikidata right now regarding that term): * [[User:Juandev]] - max amount of words: 100 ([[#Ref 2|#2]]) as long as it respects [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] * [[User:Jtneill]] - no restrictions but advising to read [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] ([[#Ref 3|#3]]) == References == === Ref 1 === [1] - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=Is_the_output_of_ChatGPT_copyrighted%3F&oldid=2711065 {{quote|ChatGPT is an automated quasi-AI technology that allows human-like text console interaction online in which a human can ask questions and ChatGPT returns answers.}} === Ref 2 === [2] - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AJuandev&diff=2807627&oldid=2807367 {{quote|I am OK with "Quasi-AI" response if it respectes [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence]] policy. Max amount words 100 thx}} === Ref 3 === [3] - https://en.wikiversity.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk%3AJtneill&diff=2816511&oldid=2816496 {{quote|I don't much care whether or not content is AI-generated, but note the principles suggested by [[Wikiversity:Artificial intelligence|Wikiversity's artificial intelligence policy]].}} e0bf50qmro9vks2m4xbskzrzc0ull8u 2 329177 2818152 2817727 2026-07-12T06:11:00Z ThinkingScience 3061446 /* July 05, 2026, Sunday */ == July 05, 2026, Sunday == NotebookLM...discovered it recently 2818152 wikitext text/x-wiki Template Links: * {{tl|Draft}} * {{tl|underconstruction}} '''On this page I plan to add daily notes regarding [[Draft:The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea]].''' == "Diary" == == April 18, 2026 == A suggestion I got was that it may help the project if I provide some questions along with the idea. Also to make a main space where I gather info about my progress but that will probably be the draft itself if I move forward. Now if I write a "diary" that will be only regarding the project. Turned "me language" into expressing that everyone is welcome, that I don't "own" [[Draft:The Neurodiversity-inspired Idea]]. Now everything that says "I did this" "I did that" should be gone. I think this was an improvement of some sort. Plan for next edits on the draft page: Add an <nowiki>" == Old Methodology needing updating == "</nowiki> where I will add old methodologies where I had not planned ahead too good and the "Do no harm" I did not know about or could not focus on. That was before I created my own Draft that feels like it only happened some days ago. Interaction I thought was an efficient method but how would methodology be modified today with what I know now and will know in the future? == April 20, 2026 == Why does it seem like I'm the only one using the word "methodology"? Did the [[Wikiversity:Research ethics]] mention it? * I cannot find it! I checked all infoboxes! It must have been generated and I probably never questioned it...until now. == April 21, 2026 == I think I put a new subsection on the Draft space something that was related to developing my method/methodology into the "Do no harm". Considering I have almost not developed anything but I still gotta work on this...to do... == April 22, 2026 == I am yearning / looking forward to working on video notes in a "Do no harm" way. I don't feel like it has happened yet. I did make modifications but it may have increased complexity. A complexity that will make it harder for me to work or just different. == April 27, 2026 == I met with my father and he is a friend of the sciences. One word: hypothesis. He asked what my main hypothesis is. Of course hypothesis is a way to test if the idea is sound or if it's for the trashcan. I'm glad he gave me this feedback or interest in trying to learn more. Today I woke up being inspired by that: * Is there a hypothesis or a number of hypotheses related to the idea? ** Can this idea be proven false? Why it's important to prove a hypothesis false: so that we don't waste time on trash ideas. If they are not provable we give time to the creator of the suggestion/idea to prove make a hypothesis. Only when the creator fails to provide any sort of hypothesis and maybe suggests their own idea be removed because as hard as they tried they couldn't make a functioning hypothesis...then I guess that's one of the more 'natural' ways for a project to more naturally leave Wikiversity. Deadlines etc. can help me keep moving... What a hypothesis is: "I predict this will happen" and then checking results what happens and whether it fulfilled the prediction or not and sometimes we stumble upon new things we did not expect. [[Operationalization]] is then also needed to make "ambiguous ideas" measurable. My father remembers that I "wanted to save the world" but it was nothing other than an observation I wanted to share with other people that I had made that began years earlier. June 16 should be 2 months roughly after the creation of the Draft:Idea... == April 29, 2026 == Just made my father aware of this "idea" that so far doesn't have a published hypothesis of any kind, not even in a "basic stage". Only the deadline for June 16 exists right now. I'm happy he did not reject me working on it. He encourages me to work harder. I got a "Great job so far!" compliment. === Google's "AI Mode" === This part was 100% AI-generated: {{quote|What you are describing is a core concept in the philosophy of science called Falsification. It was popularized by Karl Popper, who argued that science doesn't progress by "proving things right," but by rigorously trying to prove things wrong and failing to do so.}} == April 30, 2026 == Was gonna start writing on the Colloquium again and composed a large message to reply/'talk to' Jtneill but I got input from "AI Mode" and then I realized after a while, maybe what I'm trying to ask I can find out with the help of "AI Mode" leading me to the right resources? ie. formatting on talk pages...how important is that? Prioritizing... Also replying to everything? Is it really needed? Would I like to be known as "Needy ThinkingScience"? I can't do anything on my own? So yeah, I started thinking maybe I can focus on doing more. Starting by talking less and the tools we have available can fix a lot anyway, LLMs are great but designed in interesting and challenging ways! Do I even need a mentor or do I '''just think I need one'''? I am very much a needy guy in terms of hand-holding and being related to a social context "historically" in my life, or at least that's what I thought. What I think I need for myself may be completely wrong. People in talk pages I interpreted as saying that I shouldn't put obstacles in my path by being mean to myself and putting pressure on myself to do certain things in a certain amount of time but I guess I couldn't stop myself! I also need a social context but would I just drag others into my "bad routines"? It all depends on who one interacts with...which now makes me think about "the idea" again. I guess I should see this as a warning sign :) My father suggested peer-review related activities and here I am looking inward and isolating myself. I don't know... :I figured today I begin with {{quote|April 20th experiment, "AI Decisions, sure. AI-generation NEVER"}} == May 5, 2026 == Today I became very emotional when thinking about the importance of taking the decision to finally "unload" my idea on and trying to develop it on Wikiversity while talking to a friend. It's important to know when I last felt this deep of an "emotion unload". The original question from my friend in the original language: {{quote|"Σκεφτόμουν εάν αυτή η συναισθηματική αντίδραση σου συμβαίνει συχνά ή εάν έτυχε απλώς τώρα στην συνάντησή μας?"}} which I'll translate for you. I was also pondering the "suitability" of adding foreign languages to Wikiversity. It would make sense as long as that is the training material for the course which is in English about learning a foreign language. The question as I interpret it as of this moment and which may be incorrect is this: {{quote|I was thinking if this emotional reaction happens to you often or if it just happened now at the meeting?}} And I think I remember my answer being that it only happened now. It was very important for me because no longer will only I think about this draft in my own mind but other people can think too about what I describe about it. Any data I can find will also then be able to be studied by contributors or interested parties. So far, no data at all. My point: Not having to carry this weight anymore. It was too heavy. It was basically too hard for me to formulate "coherent" sentences and only thought about them at brief periods while waking up or during "Aha!" moments. == May 18, 2026, Monday == As I wrote in the diary of my main user account, screen arrived. I can now work. I will continue work on the translation for my unfinished draft "idea" on the Greek Wikiversity. I'm following the "Be bold". Translating also means processing, that means that a different "take" on the idea may happen. That may lead to a better formulated text. == May 19, 2026, Tuesday == [[v:el:Χρήστης:ThinkingScience|User ThinkingScience on Greek Wikiversity]] Today I can work on the translation and other work on Greek Wikiversity regarding my idea. This is good so I can continue the work on explaining to friends and family regarding my "idea"/"observation". I might work right now...maybe make more notes later today? == June 22, 2026, Monday == I think I'm forced to side-track due to nobody yet having shown interest in learning what my draft is about, nor interacted with me in any meaningful way yet. All initiative has come from me so it's only right it continues to come from me. In the topic of [[Neurodiversity Movement]] I may begin to contribute. Well I guess that I managed to contact at least 1 user. Wouldn't hurt with multiple but I guess I have to choose my "battles" and I only had so much "mental energy" for today...and it may sound silly but I need a break now...I think... == July 05, 2026, Sunday == Maybe time to interact with somebody in a meaningful way? My first talk page message written by an "LLM"? == July 12, 2026, Sunday == Google NotebookLM also exists. I should make a habit of jotting down sources. Making sure there are "meta sources" that control how the LLM program behaves etc. That way I can add my first Google Notebook LM reference. 7qd6msarpt57f1butaoj2o8ohyz8gwb 0 330317 2818120 2817656 2026-07-11T17:23:03Z James500 297601 /* Japanese */ Add 2818120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of languages. World *Keith Brown and Sarah Ogilvie. Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Elsevier. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Anatole V Lyovin, Brett Kessler and William R Leben. An Introduction to the Languages of the World. 2nd Ed: 2017: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RQGTDQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Asya Pereltsvaig. Languages of the World: An Introduction. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8q06xer0vHkC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Merritt Ruhlen. A Guide to the World's Languages. Vol 1 (Classification). Stanford University Press. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WAMbAAAAIAAJ] *Bernard Comrie. The World's Major Languages. 2nd Ed: 2009: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9S0rDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *George L. Campbell and Gareth King. Compendium of the World's Languages. 3rd Ed: 2013: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Martin D Joachim. Languages of the World: Cataloging Issues and Problems. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=6u18PtO0BoQC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Origin *Roy Harris. Origin Of Language. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=386lU_0oUWoC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *James R Hurford. Origins of Language: A Slim Guide. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=InTiAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Merritt Ruhlen. The Origin of Language: Tracing the Evolution of the Mother Tongue. 1994. [https://books.google.com/books?id=retrAAAAIAAJ] *Language Origin: A Multidisciplinary Approach. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=z_yPBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1933#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jürgen Trabant and Sean Ward (eds). New Essays on the Origin of Language. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Pt501C6Zv94C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Claire Lefebvre, Bernard Comrie and Henri Cohen (eds). New Perspectives on the Origins of Language. Studies in Language Companion series, vol 144. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S64bAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Denis Bouchard. The Nature and Origin of Language. 2013. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4cRoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Giorgio Fano. The Origins and Nature of Language. Indiana University Press. [https://books.google.com/books?id=fdlrAAAAIAAJ] *Jean Aitchison. The Seeds of Speech: Language Origin and Evolution. 1996. Canto Ed: 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=68Y5gUavbzwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Morris Swadesh. The Origin and Diversification of Language. 2006. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=klUPEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Prehistory *Rudolf Botha and Chris Knight (eds). The Prehistory of Language. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=36tLTfV_hLcC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *G Révész. The Origins and Prehistory of Language. Longmans, Green and Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GxRZAAAAMAAJ] History *Tore Janson. 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[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oyRshxHVV5sC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Story *Charles Barber. The Story of Language. Pan Books. 1964. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gx0RAQAAIAAJ] *[[w:en:Mario Pei|Mario Pei]]. The Story of Language. 1949. Lippincott. Revised Ed: 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lqEviMzgv7wC]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aaCvFv11ZJ4C 67] The Literary Guide 82 (May 1952) Classification *April McMahon and Robert McMahon. Language Classification by Numbers. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CrEUDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *CF and FM Voegelin. Classification and Index of the World's Languages. (Foundations of Linguistics series). Elsevier. New York. 1977. ISBN 0444001557. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2LAuAAAAYAAJ] Extinct *Johannes Friedrich. Extinct Languages. 1957. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SzcDAAAAMAAJ] *K David Harrison. When Languages Die: The Extinction of the World's Languages and the Erosion of Human Knowledge. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GTfRCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Dead *Coulter H George. How Dead Languages Work. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xEfWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Indo-European languages *Mate Kapović (ed). The Indo-European Languages. 2nd Ed: 2017: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8i0lDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paolo Ramat (eds). The Indo-European Languages. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vwUMNCYbLL0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **La Lingue Indoeuropee. 1993. *Philip Baldi. An Introduction to the Indo-European Languages. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=lq-mkL23oh8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *W B Lockwood. A Panorama of Indo-European Languages. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QTLMEQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xJ0cAQAAIAAJ] Anatolian languages *Donald C Swanson. A Select Bibliography of the Anatolian Languages. 1948. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OR3KP8kCjzUC] Reprinted from Bulletin of the New York Public Library, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ktkaAAAAMAAJ vol 52], nos 5 and 6, May and June 1948, pp 3 to 26. Hittite *Theo van den Hout. The Elements of Hittite. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QDJNg5Nyef0C&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Harry A Hoffner Jr and H Craig Melchert. A Grammar of the Hittite Language. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gq1QEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Edgar H Sturtevant and E Adelaide Hahn. A Comparative Grammar of the Hittite Language. 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5GRiAAAAMAAJ] *Jaan Puhvel. Hittite Etymological Dictionary. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=kghtOX_crPMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Edgar H Sturtevant. A Hittite Glossary. 2nd Ed: 1936. Maltese *See [[w:mt:Bibljografija tal-lingwa Maltija]] Judaeo-Spanish (Ladino) *See [[w:lad:Vikipedya:Bibliografia del djudeo-espanyol]] Asian *Cliff Goddard. The Languages of East and Southeast Asia: An Introduction.2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=364UDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] South Asian *Kārumūri V Subbārāo. South Asian Languages: A Syntactic Typology. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZCfiGYvpLOQC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Veneeta Dayal and Anoop Mahajan. Clause Structure in South Asian Languages. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=puC-wWcl7tQC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] East Asian *Papers in East Asian Languages [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JIO5KcazJnYC] *Nam-kil Kim and Henry H Tiee. Studies in East Asian Linguistics. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vxoaAQAAIAAJ] *Linguistic Interfaces in East-Asian Languages: A Festschrift in Honor of Yoshihisa Kitagawa. (Studies in East Asian Linguistics.) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k8QYEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Benjamin A Elman (ed). Rethinking East Asian Languages, Vernaculars, and Literacies, 1000–1919. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1Q6JBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Chinese, Japanese and Korean *Reading in Asian Languages: Making Sense of Written Texts in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HZmpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Insup Taylor and Martin M Taylor. Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese. (Studies in Written Language and Literacy 3). 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WDw4gBaPjZgC&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=XW9IAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Chinese and Japanese *Teruhiro Ishiguro and Kang Kwong Luke. Grammar in Cross-Linguistic Perspective: The Syntax, Semantics, and Pragmatics of Japanese and Chinese. (Linguistic insights, vol 57). Peter Lang. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=p1OqlAEACAAJ] Japan and Korea; Japanese and Korean *Nicolas Tranter (ed). The Languages of Japan and Korea. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QB3DD8qSVnAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hajime Hoji (ed). Japanese/Korean Linguistics. 1990. vol 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Suwm4WrQB6IC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jieun Kiaer and Ben Cagan. Pragmatics in Korean and Japanese Translation. 2023. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vnJ_EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *J Marshall Unger. The Role of Contact in the Origins of the Japanese and Korean Languages. University of Hawaii Press. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sYULAQAAMAAJ] Japonic *Michinori Shimoji. An Introduction to the Japonic Languages: Grammatical Sketches of Japanese Dialects and Ryukyuan Languages. Brill. 2022. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TO77EAAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yosuke Igarashi, Kenan Celik, Tatsuya Hirako and Hayato Aoi. Word-Prosodic Systems of Japonic Languages. Brill. 2026. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=B_3CEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Japanese and Ryukyuan *Moriyo Shimabukuro. The Accentual History of the Japanese and Ryukyuan Languages: A Reconstruction. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=n_V5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Japan *Masayoshi Shibatani. The Languages of Japan. CUP. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sD-MFTUiPYgC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Handbook of Historical Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xjz3EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Christopher Seeley. A History of Writing in Japan. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=KCZ2ya6cg88C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Series *Handbooks of Japanese Language and Linguistics Ryukyuan *Handbook of the Ryukyuan Languages: History, Structure, and Use [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g_FeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] Ainu *Handbook of the Ainu Language [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FAmKEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Katsunobu Izutsu. The Ainu Language: A Linguistic Introduction. Hokkaido University of Education. 2004. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ty5kAAAAMAAJ] *Kirsten Refsing. The Ainu Language: The Morphology and Syntax of the Shizunai Dialect. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LDJkAAAAMAAJ] *Batchelor. An Ainu-English-Japanese Dictionary. 1889: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3gzhqi__TbEC&pg=PP7#v=onepage&q&f=false]. 2nd Ed: 1905: [https://archive.org/details/ainuenglishjapan00batcuoft/page/n4/mode/1up]. *Batchelor. A Grammar of the Ainu Language. 1903. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G_xK9M0bOb8C] ==Japanese== See [[Universal Bibliography/Languages/Japanese|Japanese]] ==Chinese== Chinese to English *英語大補帖~裝扮篇. Travelcom. (Taiwan). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g7cWyH9k26EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 9] [[Category:Languages]] h5w1mnndxbaih0pn5nkg6hck5y1lg6n 0 330345 2818154 2818011 2026-07-12T08:12:51Z DavidMCEddy 218607 /* SLAPP */ note on Donziger 2818154 wikitext text/x-wiki :''This discusses a 2026-07-02 interview with [[w:Robert Corn-Revere|Robert Corn-Revere]] about the [[w:Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression|Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression]] (FIRE), including a video and 29:00 mm:ss podcast excerpted from the interview. The podcast is released 2026-07-11 to the fortnightly "Media & Democracy" show<ref name=M&D><!--Media & Democracy-->{{cite Q|Q127839818}}</ref> syndicated for the [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica Radio]]<ref><!--Pacifica Radio Network-->{{cite Q|Q2045587}}</ref> Network of [[w:List of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates|over 200 community radio stations]].''<ref><!--list of Pacifica Radio stations and affiliates-->{{cite Q|Q6593294}}</ref> :''It is posted here to invite others to contribute other perspectives, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] while [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV>The rules of writing from a neutral point of view citing credible sources may not be enforced on other parts of Wikiversity. However, they can facilitate dialog between people with dramatically different beliefs.</ref> and treating others with respect.''<ref name=AGF>[[Wikiversity:Assume good faith|Wikiversity asks contributors to assume good faith]], similar to Wikipedia. The rule in [[w:Wikinews|Wikinews]] was different: Contributors there were asked to [[Wikinews:Never assume|"Don't assume things; be skeptical about everything."]] That's wise. However, we should still treat others with respect while being skeptical.</ref> [[File:Interview with Robert Corn-Revere about the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression.webm|thumb|2026-07-02 interview with [[w:Robert Corn-Revere|Robert Corn-Revere]] about the [[w:Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression|Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression]].]] [[File:Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression.ogg|thumb|29:00 mm:ss excepted from the 2026-07-02 interview with [[w:Robert Corn-Revere|Robert Corn-Revere]] about the [[w:Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression|Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression]].]] [[w:Robert Corn-Revere|Robert Corn-Revere]], Chief Counsel at the [[w:Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression|Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression]] (FIRE), discusses their mission and activities and his recommendations for changes in media law to improve democracy. Corn-Revere has appeared on multiple lists of best lawyers since 2017. Some of his expertise is summarized in his (2021) ''The Mind of the Censor and the Eye of the Beholder : the First Amendment and the Censor's Dilemma'', building on his extensive research and experience including three earlier books.<ref>Corn-Revere, ed. (1997), Corn-Revere (1998), Zuckman et al. (1999).</ref> ==Maintaining principle in a time of polarization== Corn-Revere's 2026-03-11 keynote<ref>Corn-Revere (2026).</ref> for the Delaware Inns of Court<ref>The [[w:American Inns of Court|American Inns of Court]] includes several in Delaware. They held a joint meeting [https://inns.innsofcourt.org/for-members/inns/the-randy-j-holland-delaware-workers-compensation-american-inn-of-court/meetings-2025-2026/ 2026-03-11 with a"Free CLE programming followed by Keynote Speaker Robert Corn-Revere, Chief Counsel of Foundation of Individual Rights and Expression".]</ref> described, "Maintaining principle in a time of polarization". He began with, :''We live in interesting times.'' === Interesting times === He then noted that the "ancient Chinese curse, '[[w:May you live in interesting times|May you live in interesting times]]'" is ''not'' Chinese: It has been traced to [[w:Austen Chamberlain|Austen Chamberlain]], brother of the British Prime Minister, [[w:Neville Chamberlain|Neville Chamberlain]]. Corn-Revere mentioned a vaguely related Chinese aphorism, that it is "Better to be a dog in times of tranquility than a human in times of chaos." He then said, "Some days, when I look at our two [[w:Australian Shepherd|Australian Shepherd]]s, [[w:Lenny Bruce|Lenny and Bruce]], and think I wouldn't mind trading places."<ref>Should we be surprised that a [[w:First Amendment to the United States Constitution|First Amendment]] lawyer would name his dogs after a comedian famously prosecuted for obscenity?</ref> === Learned Hand: "Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women" === He praised [[w:Learned Hand|Learned Hand]], who issued more than 3,000 legal opinions in his 52 years as a US federal judge, which as of 2014 had reportedly been quoted more often than those of any other US judge who had not served on the Supreme Court. He rose to fame outside the legal profession after describing "The Spirit of Liberty" to a crowd of 150,000 newly naturalized US citizens 1944-05-21. Hand said, {{quote| Liberty lies in the hearts of men and women; when it dies there, no constitution, no law, no court can save it; no constitution, no law, no court can even do much to help it.}} === A culture of free expression === Corn-Revere said we need a culture of free expression. {{quote| [I]t is essential to provide breathing space for all points of view, even for those we detest. Perhaps ''especially'' for those we detest.}} He quoted Justice [[w:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.|Holmes]] from a 1929 dissent that supported the "principle of free thought — not free thought for those who agree with us but freedom for the thought that we hate." === FIRE's business Model === Corn-Revere continued that FIRE's president, [[w:Greg Lukianoff|Greg Lukianoff]], has been told they have "a terrible business model, because it guarantees we are going to annoy every faction in American politics at one point or another. ... We take it as a point of pride. ... The corollary to our motto {{quote| If it is protected, we will defend it}} is this: {{quote| If you are a censor, we will fight you.}} === Free speech is the best and perhaps only way to resolve disputes without violence or coercion === Corn-Revere continued, claiming that :[[q:Robert Corn-Revere#2026|'''''free speech is the best and perhaps only way to resolve disputes without violence or coercion.''''']] We try "to remind people that there is a possibility they might not be right about everything." Judge Hand said that the spirit of liberty “is not too sure that it is right." Former Justice [[w:Anthony Kennedy|Anthony Kennedy]] described the flip-side of this concept. “Self-assurance,” he wrote, “has always been the hallmark of a censor.” A mind filled with certainty is a closed mind. Corn-Revere continued, {{quote| I think for most issues, you are more likely to be persuasive if your objective isn’t to explain to someone why they are dead wrong. Maybe it is enough just to learn a little more about why you disagree. ... [D]ialogue is the beginning of finding a peaceful resolution of any problem. ... I believe the era we are living through now will make us stronger still. ... [W]e went through the [[w:First Red Scare|Red Scare of 1919]], World War II, the [[w:McCarthyism|McCarthy Era]], the [[w:Civil rights movement|civil rights]] and [[w:Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|antiwar demonstrations]] of the 60s and 70s, and since then an upheaval in the technology of how we communicate. Each was seen at the time as an existential crisis. ... Is success guaranteed? No, of course not, and it never was. What is certain is that history is written by those who stand up, not by those who bend the knee to temporary power. ... [F]or those who find themselves confronted with frivolous litigation brought by figures of great influence, it means not settling what you know to be meritless claims. Doing so may at the time seem expedient and even rational. But ... it represents short-term thinking. If you doubt this, just ask the law firms targeted with executive orders who settled with the administration, as distinguished from those who stood on their rights.}} == Highlights == :''These excerpts from the interview are rushed, lightly edited for readability, and may not be in final form. The ultimate authority on what was said is the accompanying video.'' When asked for the most important things he would like to communicate to this audience, Corn-Revere said, {{quote| I think the most important thing is to understand and respect and use your First Amendment rights. Surveys over the years have shown that most people don't really understand what the First Amendment is, or what role it plays. They know of it as sort of the freedom of speech amendment, but in fact the First Amendment protects five freedoms: # freedom of religion, # freedom of speech, # freedom of the press, # freedom of assembly, and # freedom to petition the government. Those five freedoms are central to who we are as Americans and how our system works, so it's important for people to understand that and to exercise their First Amendment rights.}} Graves asked, "What about the freedom to hear contrary perspectives?" Corn-Revere replied, "That's implied by the freedom of speech, because, of course, if you don't have an audience, then the freedom of speech means little. So a corollary to those five freedoms is the freedom to listen to those competing views and to make up your mind as to which ones you're going to subscribe to." === What's FIRE === Graves asked, "Give us a brief overview of the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression." Corn-Revere replied, {{quote| FIRE, the Foundation for Individual Rights and Expression, started out as an organization devoted exclusively to freedom of speech and due process issues on American college campuses. Originally, we were known as the "Foundation for Individual Rights in Education". Over time the mission of FIRE was expanded beyond campus to cover free speech issues in general throughout society. We kept the same acronym, FIRE, but with a broadened mission. For those first 22 or 23 years, FIRE focused on free speech in higher education. During that time, when I was still in private practice, FIRE was one of my clients. We litigated a number of campus free speech cases on behalf of FIRE. I joined FIRE in 2023 after the mission was expanded to help with that and to focus on free speech issues throughout society. FIRE is expressly nonprofit and nonpartisan. We take First Amendment issues regardless of the point of view of the speaker, because that's the point of the First Amendment. The glory of the First Amendment is its neutrality between what your views are, or what your religion is, for that matter. If you're talking about the freedom of religion aspects of the First Amendment, it is to protect the freedom of the human mind.}} === The freedom to say unpopular things === Graves said, "In the late 60s, I remember the [[w:American Civil Liberties Union|American Civil Liberties Union]] saying that in any country in the world you're free to say whatever you want -- as long as it's popular with those in power. It's only the freedom to say unpopular things that needs to be protected. Your comment?" Corn-Revere agreed: "I think that's always been true, that people don't object to your speech, and people in power in the government don't object to your speech, as long as you fall in line and parrot the government's message. But if you are a dissenter, if you are someone who is out of step, if you are an unpopular minority, that's when you need the protections of our Constitution, and in particular the protections of the First Amendment." === Funding === Graves asked, "Where do you get your funding?" Corn-Revere replied, We get most of our funding from individual donors: 75%. We also get foundation funding and other some large donors, but most of our funding comes from individuals." Graves added, "And from libertarians and the left ... ." Corn-Revere agreed, "across the political spectrum." === How does FIRE decide what to work on ? === Graves asked, "How does FIRE decide what what issues to focus on?" Corn-Revere said, {{quote| There's a lot of internal discussion about that. We try to deal not just with legal protections for the First Amendment, but we try and promote what we call a culture of free expression, and that is the willingness of people to accept the idea that freedom means people are going to disagree with you and to promote the idea that that kind of civil public discussion is really what this country is supposed to be about. We have various missions. * We have a ''litigation'' mission, and that's primarily where I work in taking cases where we think that the government in one way or another has infringed First Amendment rights. * We also have a ''public advocacy'' section that deals with trying to bring public pressure and attention on what we see as violations of the First Amendment. * We also have a ''campus rights advocacy'' group that works with specific restrictions on college campuses, harkening back to FIRE's origins, very much doing the same thing that FIRE had always done in that space. * And we also have a ''legislative'' group that works with trying to not only oppose legislation that we think is ill advised and contrary to our constitutional values, but also to promote legislative solutions that we think are more effective and better ways of dealing with those problems. So, across the board, in all aspects of society, we try and come up with speech protective solutions that deal both with legal issues and with public perceptions.}} === JAWBONE Act=== Graves asked about legislation they are promoting. Corn-Revere said, {{quote| We support something called the JAWBONE Act that has just been introduced.<ref>Cruz and Ron Wyden (2026a, b), Iodice (2026).</ref> This is a law that would give real protections to prevent efforts by those in government from whichever party that try and use the power of leverage and the power of threats to try and suppress speech. A classic example that just may resonate with many of your listeners is the current chairman of the [[w:Federal Communications Commission|FCC]], [[w:Brendan Carr|Brendan Carr]], making threats against the [[w:American Broadcasting Company|ABC network]] because he didn't like something in a [[w:Jimmy Kimmel|Jimmy Kimmel]] monolog, and telling the network, do something about Kimmel, or there'll be more work for the FCC, the Federal Communications Commission, to do, :and we can do this the easy way or the hard way. I haven't heard language like that since I saw ''[[w:The Godfather|The Godfather]]''. The anti-JAWBONE act is designed to get at those kinds of regulatory threats and transgressions that we see as obvious First Amendment violations. This legislation, if it passes, will provide a federal cause of action for those who are the recipients of threats like that. It will also require those in government to be transparent. They can't use these sort of back room threats and pressure tactics. They have to be reported, which then could be the subject of litigation. We also are monitoring legislative efforts in the area of regulating social media and in regulating [[w:Artificial intelligence|AI]] and trying to make sure that the sort of techno-panic<ref name=tp>[https://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=Techno-Panic Tecno-Panic]</ref> that surrounds many of those technologies doesn't lead to more unwise legislation. ...}} === Jury decisions against Meta and Google === Graves asked, "Comment on the recent jury trial decision against Meta in New Mexico<ref>McQue (2026).</ref> and against Meta and Google in Los Angeles."<ref>Allyn (2026).</ref> Corn-Revere said, "I really don't know enough to speak intelligently about those decisions." Graves said, "They were sued not for speech but for the impact."<ref>More on this is available in the 2026-05-06 interview in this series with [[w:Yael Eisenstat|Yael Eisenstat]] on [[Online platforms' effects on public health, safety and democracy]], accessed 2026-07-09.</ref> Corn-Revere replied, {{quote| Well, yeah, you can say that it's not for speech, and that it's for impact. But this is in line with when I talked about techno-panic earlier.<ref name=tp/> You can name a technology throughout history, and you will see the same kinds of arguments being made: It's addictive. The same argument was made about video games. The arguments that have been marshaled in the past have not been, I think, particularly persuasive usually. If you look back, people wonder what was all that fuss about on that technology. === Social media === With social media, we're dealing with a new phenomenon that everyone has access to. I've often said with the internet in general, not just social media in particular, that :''the best thing about the internet is exactly the same thing as the worst thing about the internet, and that is that it allows instant access to a global audience for everybody.'' There's a lot of good that comes with that, and we forget how much good comes from it. And there's bad stuff that comes from it too, which all requires us to be more vigilant as free humans to try and make wise choices. The problem is that many people think that the first solution is to find someone to blame and bring a lawsuit, or to have government regulated in your name. The problem is, the more powerful the technology, the more important it is ''not'' to let the government have control over it, because ultimately that is control over all of us. Just because these issues come in a new package is not a reason to deviate from the principles that have protected us. That being said, there has been a lot of talk about young people and social media these days, but a lot of it is driven by really a one-sided narrative. So, for example, many people in the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit just pointed to this in a recent decision,<ref>Marchese (2024).</ref> pointed to a 2024 advisory of the Surgeon General, saying that social media can have deleterious effects for young people.<ref>Chapman (2024).</ref> The problem with that is, if you actually read the Surgeon General's advisory,<ref>U. S. Surgeon General (2023).</ref> you'll find that it says that they don't know what the evidence is, they have no definitive answer, and that what they do find this is far more nuanced: Social media has beneficial effects for young people, and it can have detrimental effects for some subset of young people if there's excessive use or whatever. But those issues and those problems are usually tied to some other underlying question. The benefits of social media have included things like making marginalized kids feel like they're not alone ... . So to say that we're going to impose either through a jury verdict or through legislation sort of a one size fits all solution ignores that aspect of what makes those technologies beneficial in the first place. A better solution than either trying to sue someone you want to blame for a problem or to find a legislative solution is to educate the public and educate kids. Certain states, New Jersey, for example, has passed a K-12 curriculum on media education, talking talks about online safety, and so on.<ref>More on media literacy education is included in the 2026-05-29 interview in this series with [[w:Nolan Higdon|Nolan Higdon]] on "[[Let's agree to disagree and seek common ground]]".</ref> So it begins with understanding the media that we use. That's especially important the more powerful the media, whether or not you're talking about online media and social media or AI: It begins with education and is going to be an inherently less restrictive means than handing over the reins of power to government. People forget that these technologies have so many more ways to give families control over how they want to consume the media in their households. ... You preserve freedom and you preserve people's choices if you empower them through knowledge and through technical tools to be able to handle these powerful technologies. The ability to determine what you want your kids to do experience online begins with you. There are protections built into the technologies, both at the network level and the individual device level. ... It does require people to actively understand them and use them. That's a feature, not a bug. That means that you need to be more proactive in dealing with these technologies. The real rap on kids and social media is that it is a distraction: It diverts their attention span. It makes them stay up too late. Two things: # One is there's no reason why anyone needs to have their phone at their desk in school. Schools can have control over that kind of thing by having phone lockers or having non-phone policies in class, so that people pay attention to actually what's happening in class. # As a parent ... if you think your kids are staying up too late, there's no reason why the phone needs to go with them to the bedroom. Make a decision about how you want to parent, and most of your problems will be solved.}} === Shouting ''fire'' in a crowded theater=== Graves said, "Talk about '[[w:Shouting fire in a crowded theater|shouting ''fire'' in a crowded theater.]]'" Corn-Revere replied, {{quote| The expression has become almost American folklore, "You can't shout fire in a crowded theater." Well, in fact, you can. That aphorism comes from Justice [[w:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.|Oliver Wendell Holmes]], who was influential in the formation of American First Amendment law. In one of the decisions in which he actually had written in favor of government restrictions on speech, when during World War I there were very stringent restrictions on the ability to criticize the war effort through the [[w:Sedition Act of 1918|Sedition Act]] and the [[w:Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act]]. There were some 2000 prosecutions of American citizens during that period. Those kinds of restrictions on speech led to the formation of the [[w:American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]]. In one of the early Supreme Court decisions, I believe it was the ''[[w:Schenck v. United States|Schenck]]'' decision upholding the restrictions, Holmes wrote that no one would argue that you can shout that free speech protects shouting fire in a crowded theater. The actual quote is to say :you cannot shout fire ''falsely'' in a theater in a crowded theater and cause a panic. Those elements of what he was writing about are part of our law to this day, but the protections have been expanded, so that you have to have that element of ''falsity'' and you have to have the element of ''immediacy'', for example, incitement to crime, which was one of the issues that came up in these cases. You cannot incite a crowd by inciting them to commit a crime immediately ''and under circumstances where that is likely to happen.''<ref>Corn-Revere mentioned three elements that need to be present for someone to be punished for "shouting fire in a crowded theater": # Falsity, # Immediacy, and # Circumstances that will likely bring about "substantive evils that Congress has a right to prevent", [[w:Shouting fire in a crowded theater#Decision|in the words of Justice Holmes in the ''Schenck'' decision.]]</ref> The first amendment, the right to speak is protected, but there are very narrow exceptions that require the government to clear very high hurdles before you are able to sanction that speech. But that aphorism, "You can't shout fire any crowded theater", is one of those things that it is partially understood and often misused.}} === Suing or being sued by major media? === Graves claimed, "There are cases to be made that the increasing concentration of ownership of the major media shifts the terms of the debate. So I might want to sue the major media for stampeding, for example, the US into invading Iraq in 2003 on grounds that the senior executives should have known at the time were at best questionable and likely fraudulent. I was wondering if I could sue them for shouting fire at a crowded theater over that?" Corn-Revere replied, {{quote| That's a lesson that goes back to the founding of the country. It goes back to the [[w:Alien and Sedition Acts#Sedition Act|Sedition Act of 1798]] where Congress, with John Adams as president, passed a law that basically prohibited anyone from telling falsehoods about the president or about Congress, not the vice president, because that was at the time was Thomas Jefferson, and he was in opposition to all of that. That was one of the lessons of history that led to ultimately the way the First Amendment was interpreted and has developed. We saw that as our first big mistake under the new Constitution. When Thomas Jefferson succeeded Adams as president, one of the first acts was to let the Sedition Act lapse. It became a nullity, and all of the people who had been convicted under it were pardoned, and their fines were remitted.<ref name=sedition>Corn-Revere (2021, p. 181).</ref> Jefferson later wrote to [[w:Abigail Adams|Abigail Adams]] that he considered that to be as palpable a constitutional violation as if the government had called forced people to fall down and worship a golden image.<ref name=sedition/> That was one of the lessons of history that then got carried into the development of First Amendment law during the 20th century. If you go to the seminal decision of ''[[w:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan|New York Times v. Sullivan]]'' in 1964, the Supreme Court recounted that example of the Sedition Act, and said, "This is why we can't have the government being the arbiter of truth. We can't allow it through government legislation, and we can't allow it through private lawsuits." At the time the southern states were using defamation suits against the northern newspapers, and in particular ''[[w:The New York Times|The New York Times]]'', because they wanted to blunt the coverage of the civil rights movement. And they were being very successful at it. ''The New York Times'' were being sued for over $6 million. There were a large number of efforts beyond just the ''Times'', and ultimately the issue went to the Supreme Court. That's one of the reasons why our law of defamation and libel developed the way it did. ... We were not going to let the government become the arbiter of truth. ...}} === SLAPP === Graves asked about [[w:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|SLAPP lawsuits]]: "For example, if I put together a mock trial like the [[w:Russell Tribunal|Russell Tribunal]] of the 1960s, under what circumstances could I be hit with a SLAPP lawsuit, strategic lawsuit against public participation?"<ref>Graves also asked about [[w:Steven Donziger|Steven Donziger]], a former attorney in the US, who was disbarred and placed under house arrest for refusing to give [[w:Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] his electronic devices, when they sued him under the [[w:Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act|Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]] (RICO) after he won a $9.5 billion judgement against Chevron in Ecuador for over 30,000 farmers and Indigenous people who allegedly suffered environmental damage and health problems caused by Chevron. Corn-Revere said, "I've heard of the case, but I really can't speak to the specifics of it."</ref> Corn-Revere replied, {{quote| The acronym, SLAPP, is "Strategic Litigation Against Public Participation". They are designed specifically like the campaign against ''The New York Times'' that I mentioned. They are designed specifically to silence the speaker and to generally use dubious legal arguments to be able to do that. In the 60s, when there was the campaign against ''The New York Times'' using defamation cases, libel law was very robust, and there were few constitutional limits on the ability to bring a libel case. Those constitutional limits have provided a measure of protection, but beyond that, most states now have passed what are called anti-SLAPP laws. They're designed to discourage the ability to bring frivolous cases in court. The anti-SLAPP movement is important. For many years, there's been an attempt to get a federal anti-SLAPP law, but that hasn't been successful so far. The case by President Trump against [[w:Ann Selzer|Ann Selzer]] and ''[[w:The Des Moines Register|The Des Moines Register]]'' is another example of a SLAPP suit, ... that is not just dubious but frivolous. There's absolutely no legal basis for for this case, and because it was brought in a state where there was not up until recently an anti-SLAPP law, it's being evaluated under normal legal standards. But under any standards the case is frivolous and should be dismissed.<ref>More on this case is available in the section on "[[w:Ann Selzer#2024 presidential election|2024 presidential election]] in the Wikipedia article on [[w:Ann Selzer|Ann Selzer]], accessed 2026-07-08.</ref> It is a significant problem. Your question reminds me of a question I often got when I was in private practice: My client would ask me, "Can I get sued if I do x?" The answer to that question is always, "Yes. You can get sued under any circumstances." The important question is, "If I get sued, will I lose?"}} Graves noted that, {{quote| [[w:Lawrence Lessig|Lawrence Lessig]] in his book on ''[[w:Free Culture (book)|Free Culture]]'' described a college student in the early 2000s that had improved a search engine that was used internally to a university, and the [[w:Recording Industry Association of America|Recording Industry Association of America]] sued him. He had an uncle who was an attorney who told him that it'll cost you a million bucks to defend yourself, and even if you win, you will not recover your legal fees. So, they asked him, "How much money do you have?" And he said he'd save $12,000 for his college education.<ref>In the interview, Graves said it was $17,000, when it was actually only $12,000.</ref> They took his savings and settled the case. Your comment?}} Corn-Revere replied, {{quote| That is the problem of SLAPP suits, and it's one of the reasons why most states have adopted protections against that. What those laws tend to do is to provide early dismissal of those kinds of cases. They can also provide a way to avoid [[w:Discovery (law)|discovery]], which is often the most important and expensive part of litigation, and get an early evaluation and a right of immediate appeal. If you don't automatically have that case at the outset dismissed, you can also recover legal fees in much of that legislation, and it's one of the reasons why it would be a very good idea to adopt federal legislation giving a federal anti-SLAPP law. ... Anti-SLAPP laws are not themselves the First Amendment, but they support First Amendment values: They provide an important procedural protection that reinforces those constitutional protections that the Constitution doesn't automatically provide on its own. [[w:Section 230|Section 230]], which many people have heard about, of the [[w:Communications Decency Act|Communications Decency Act]], is similar. I compare it often to an anti-SLAPP law in that it insulates the platforms that host third-party speech from being responsible legally for the speech posted by third parties. The reason it's important is that the internet and the platforms that we use to access the internet allow us, for the first time in human history, to access a global audience, and for that global audience to speak. The problem is, if those platforms that host millions and millions of users are responsible for everything that is said on their platforms, they're not going to host anybody. So that thing that is ultimately really beneficial also has its downsides. But the benefit of being able to speak to a global audience, to hear from a global audience, to have the world's knowledge at your fingertips, that depends on not saddling the platforms that host that material with an impossible burden of trying to vet everything that is on their platforms. Otherwise they're simply not going to take the chance on hosting it. Section 230 was one of the things that Congress actually got right, even if not entirely consciously, for how that would be important for internet speech.}} === The contributions of comedy to free speech and a First Amendment martyr === :''A portion of the video (37:20 - 42:07 mm:ss) that are not in the 29:00 mm:ss podcast discuss the contributions of two comedians to First Amendment law.'' Corn-Revere continued, {{quote| Section 230 was part of the [[w:Communications Decency Act|Communications Decency Act]], which was part of the [[w:Telecommunications Act of 1996|Telecommunications Act of 1996]]. The reason it's called the Communications Decency Act is that it was an amendment to another part of the Telecommunications Act that regulated the internet: It regulated the language that could be used online. The part of that legislation that was known as the Communications Decency Act was the part that tried to impose FCC indecency rules on the internet, those rules that came from the [[w:George Carlin|George Carlin]] monolog, "[[w:Seven dirty words|The Seven Dirty Words]]", which [[w:Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica]] listeners should be well familiar with, because it was the [[w:FCC v. Pacifica Foundation|Pacifica case]] that said that those seven words could be regulated on broadcasting. It is the only time in history I will say that we had a legal standard developed by a stand-up comic. George Carlin had a bit called "Filthy Words". He originally had various variations on it, but he originally started with the seven dirty words. That bit was used, broadcasted on [[w:WBAI|WBAI Pacifica]] in 1975. That became the subject of the test case that the FCC used to justify its indecency standard. It was very narrowly upheld to regulate broadcasting. Congress, when it was legislating for the first time with the internet in the mid 1990s said, "Let's use that standard that we use for broadcasting. We're going to restrict what can be said on the internet." The other part, Section 230, got added as an amendment to that. The indecency regulations were struck down by the Supreme Court in ''[[w:Reno v. American Civil Liberties Union|Reno versus ACLU]]'' in 1997, but section 230 remained. And that is essentially the anti-SLAPP provision that gives you early dismissal of cases trying to hold platforms responsible for the third party speech. Very long answer, I know, to a very simple question, but that is the kind of legislation that can help and support the First Amendment, like anti-SLAPP legislation.}} Graves then asked, "You mentioned George Carlin. I read ... you have two dogs named 'Lenny' and 'Bruce'. Talk about that." Corn-Revere laughed and replied, {{quote| I'll start with the dogs. My dogs, Lenny and Bruce, are two [[w:Australian Shepherds|Australian Shepherds]]. They're about a year and a half old. We love them very much. They are two brothers from the same litter. We were trying to think of names for them, and then it just seemed just natural to call them 'Lenny' and 'Bruce'. Part of that is because one of the things that I've done during my career was to write a petition to [[w:George Pataki|Governor Pataki of New York]] to grant a posthumous pardon to the late, great comedian [[w:Lenny Bruce|Lenny Bruce]], who not so voluntarily became a First Amendment martyr, because he was prosecuted around the country in San Francisco, Los Angeles, Chicago, and New York of all places for obscenity for late night comedy routines in adults only night clubs. That's how much the law has changed since the mid 1960s: Now the language for many of Lenny Bruce's routines wouldn't really raise an eyebrow, but at the time it was shocking. Some tried to say obscene, and even under the developing law at the time, simply made no sense. But Lenny was convicted in New York, and that conviction remained on the books. And the authors of a book, ''The Trials of Lenny Bruce'',<ref>Collins and Skover (2002).</ref> approached me -- they're friends of mine -- and asked if I'd be interested in getting involved in a drive to get a posthumous pardon in New York. In 2004 that was granted. We were kind of floored by that; we had no idea it would succeed. So when we got our dogs last year, we decided, in honor of Lenny Bruce, to name them Lenny and Bruce.}} === In sum === Graves then noted that we were out of time and asked for parting comments. Corn-Revere replied, {{quote| Just keep standing up for your rights. We are often told that right now we're going through a threatening period, whether or not we're going to be able to maintain our ability as a republic to protect our rights. We are sliding into authoritarianism. There are reasons to be concerned. But having gone through periods like this in our past, I try and take a longer view and see what we're going through in this moment as something that will strengthen us as a society. If you look through the 20th century until now, those things that have strengthened our ability to protect free speech the most are those things that seemed like existential threats at the time. I mentioned the prosecutions during World War I,<ref>prosecutions under the [[w:Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act of 1917]] and the [[w:Sedition Act of 1918|Sedition Act of 1918]], discussed above with the quotes from Justice Holmes.</ref> for example. Or you can think about the [[w:McCarthyism|McCarthy era]], or the [[w:Civil rights movement|Civil Rights era from the 60s]], or the [[w:Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|anti-war movement]]. All of those crises led to what became our critical, pivotal protections for freedom of speech.}} == The need for media reform to improve democracy == This article is part of [[:category:Media reform to improve democracy]]. A summary of episodes to 2025-11-15 is available in [[Media & Democracy lessons for the future]]. ==Discussion == :''[Interested readers are invited to comment here, subject to the Wikimedia rules of [[w:Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|writing from a neutral point of view]] [[w:Wikipedia:Citing sources|citing credible sources]]<ref name=NPOV/> and treating others with respect.<ref name=AGF/>]'' == Notes == {{reflist}} == Bibliography == * <!--Bobby Allyn (2026-03-25) "Jury finds Meta and Google negligent in social media harms trial-->{{cite Q|Q139572103}} * <!--Michelle Chapman (2024-06-17) "Tobacco-like warning label for social media sought by US surgeon general who asks Congress to act-->{{cite Q|Q140473041}} * <!--Ronald K.L. Collins and David M. Skover (2002) The trials of lenny bruce-->{{cite Q|Q140472611}} * <!--Robert Corn-Revere, ed. (1997) Rationales & rationalizations : regulating the electronic media-->{{cite Q|Q140322854|editor=Robert Corn-Revere}} * <!--Robert Corn-Revere (1998-03-01) Unreasonable Access: Another Turn of the Regulatory Spin Cycle-->{{cite Q|Q140323237}} * <!--Robert Corn-Revere (2021) The Mind of the Censor and the Eye of the Beholder : the First Amendment and the Censor's Dilemma-->{{cite Q|Q140323606}} * <!--Robert Corn-Revere (2026-03-11) "Maintaining principle in a time of polarization"-->{{cite Q|Q140325219}} * <!--Ted Cruz and Ron Wyden (2026-06-11a) Cruz, Wyden Introduce Legislation to Guard First Amendment Speech Rights Against Government Jawboning-->{{cite Q|Q140467468|date=2026a}} * <!--Ted Cruz and Ron Wyden (2026-06-11b) S. 4749 To amend the Communications Act of 1934 to create a Federal cause of action to address jawboning, and for other purposes-->{{cite Q|Q140467733|date=2026b}} * <!--Carolyn Iodice (2026-06-11) FIRE backs JAWBONE Act to end backdoor censorship-->{{cite Q|Q140469215}} * <!--Lawrence Lessig (2004-03-25) Free Culture-->{{cite Q|Q830526}} * <!--Chris Marchese (2024-01-05) NetChoice v. Yost (Ohio)-->{{cite Q|Q140473137}} * <!--Katie McQue (2026-04-24) " Meta ordered to pay $375m after being found liable in child exploitation case-->{{cite Q|Q139572337}} * <!--U. S. Surgeon General (2023-05-23) Social Media and Youth Mental Health: The U.S. Surgeon General’s Advisory-->{{cite Q|Q118978725|author=U. S. Surgeon General}} * <!--Harvey Zuckman, Robert Corn-Revere, Rob Frieden, Charles H. Kennedy (1999-01-01) Modern Communication Law-->{{cite Q|Q140323259}} [[Category:Media]] [[Category:News]] [[Category:Democracy]] [[Category:Politics]] [[Category:Media literacy]] [[Category:Constitutional Law]] [[Category:Media reform to improve democracy]] <!--list of categories https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Wikiversity:Category_Review [[Wikiversity:Category Review]]--> 4dyxgt31si7vvf5vmkwf7j7lc3qs6zu 2 330421 2818142 2818099 2026-07-12T00:47:07Z Sabbier 3098112 2818142 wikitext text/x-wiki Hi ! I'm a librarian that occasionally edits on Wikipedia and Wikiversity. == Things I'm working on == [[Creating Wikiversity Courses]] === Bartending Wikiversity Course === ==== Notes to Myself ==== # Course with several lesson subpages - could use the box template to organize. # Add more about legal obligation of bartenders (and a source for students to look up their area) under Safety # Add a section about not taking abuse or being a punching bag under Safety # Finish/Build up the Hospitality Lesson # Add an Advanced Bartending lesson with more recipes/mixology/significant bartenders/freepouring? # Change recipes to say "ingredients" when listing all ingredients # Move stirring photo in skills for mobile friendly placement ==== Course Outline ==== # Bartending Basics ## Sources of alcohol ## Types of alcohol ## Tools of Bartending ## Safety # Mixing Drinks ## Glassware ## Typology of Cocktails ## Preparation and Skills ## Essential Cocktails # Hospitality ## What is Hospitality? ## Steps of Service ## Internal Hospitality ## Developing Taste # Industry ## History of pubs/bartenders/mixologists ## Wages + tips ## Hours + Working conditions ## Unions # Recommended Reading List ## Mr. Boston's Official Bartender's Guide - Available on Internet Archive # References ## [[wikipedia:Pub|Public House]] page ## [[wikipedia:Portal:Liquor|Liquor Portal]] ## https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Bartending = Bartending for Beginners = === Introduction === Mixing drinks, talking to people, and making money: that's bartending! If you find that definition to be less-than-enough, this course will guide you through the essential skills of a bartender. This course is intended for adults of legal drinking age where they live who want to start bartending in a professional establishment either as a side gig or a career. Adults wanting to learn about bartending in general or how to mix drinks at home can also benefit from this course. No prior experience is required. By the end of the course, you should know: how to mix common drinks ordered at different types of bars and how they are related to one another; the liquors, spirits, ales, wines and other drinks used at the bar; the tools of the trade; the basics of safety as a bartender; how to create a hospitable environment for bar patrons; and details on the bartending industry, customs and history. This course makes use of the [[wikipedia:Wikimedia_Foundation#Projects_and_initiatives|Wikimedia ecosystem]] of projects. Throughout the course, there will be links to Wikipedia pages, Wiktionary entries, and images from Wikimedia Commons. When a link is casually included in a lesson, I encourage you to browse its contents. Occasionally, clicking a link and digesting its contents will be formally assigned as part of the course. === Structure of the Course === This course is comprised of lessons which each focus on a component of bartending. It is recommended to complete them in order, as each lesson will build on the previous. The lessons can be found below: # Bartending Basics # Mixing Drinks # Hospitality # Industry (Under Construction) === Course Objectives === By the of the course, you should be able to: * Share information about and identify the different types of alcohol * Identify and use the tools of a bartender to complete common techniques * Mix the 20 essential cocktails * Serve bar patrons safely and hospitably === Recommended Materials === Bartending is a physical practice, and theory alone is not enough to prepare yourself. There will be activities that you complete at home as part of the course. The materials required to complete these activities are: # Boston shaker (Preferably not a Cobbler shaker or a Parisian shaker, though they may be easier to find.) # Hawthorn Strainer # Bar Spoon # Jigger #A glass for mixing, and a glass to pour drinks into (Don't worry about the style of glass, it just needs to be large enough to hold ice and 10 oz of liquid.) [[File:Bartender_Photo.jpg|left|thumb|Bartender with Boston Shaker]] [[File:Cocktail-strainer.jpg|thumb|Hawthorne Strainer]] [[File:Jigger.jpg|center|thumb|160x160px|Jigger]] In addition to these materials, you will also need to ingredients to the recipes we'll prepare. Those will be discussed when we talk about mixing drinks. Many of these materials can bought online or found at secondhand or thrift shops depending on your area. There may also be a specialty store near you catering to restaurants and bars. Having these materials at home are an invaluable way to practice mixing drinks, with the added benefit of allowing you to entertain guests at home! If you cannot acquire these materials, the course is still completable in theory, but you will miss out on the practical aspects of the course. No materials are needed for lesson one. In addition to these materials, you will also need to ingredients to the recipes we'll prepare. Those will be discussed when we talk about mixing drinks. Many of these materials can bought online or found at secondhand or thrift shops depending on your area. There may also be a specialty store near you catering to restaurants and bars. Having these materials at home are an invaluable way to practice mixing drinks, with the added benefit of allowing you to entertain guests at home! If you cannot acquire these materials, the course is still completable in theory, but you will miss out on the practical aspects of the course. No materials are needed for lesson one. In addition to these materials, you will also need to ingredients to the recipes we'll prepare. This will be discussed when we talk about mixing drinks. Start here with Lesson One: Bartending Basics. = Bartending Basics = What is a [[wikipedia:Bartender|bartender]]? At its simplest, a bartender serves drinks in a bar. In reality, a bartender selects, mixes, pours, and serves drinks while hosting patrons and creating a hospitable atmosphere at a bar, pub, restaurant, nightclub, living room or [[wikipedia:Parking_lot|parking lot]]. A bartender must have a variety of skills, both technical and interpersonal in order to be successful. A bartender can work in many locations, but this course will focus on bartenders that tend to tend in bars. This lesson covers: #Sources of Alcohol #Types of Alcohol # Tools of Bartending # Safety == Sources of Alcohol == Behind the bar, you are the expert in the room on alcohol. While no one can claim to know everything on alcohol, it's important to have the basics. This and the next lesson focus on learning what alcohol is and what kind of drinks and liquors are made with it. Every alcoholic drink you've ever had has included the same basic type of alcohol: [[wikipedia:Ethanol|Ethanol]]. Ethanol is one of three types of alcohol and the only alcohol humans can safely drink. All alcoholic beverages whether it be beer, wine or a spirit all contain Ethanol. There are hundreds of different beverages and liquors that are served at bars around the world. The method of refining raw ingredients into a final product with Ethanol is what distinguishes each type of beverage. Fortunately they're all related to each other (since they all contain Ethanol) and have some major categories to guide us in understanding what they are. The first step to make any type of alcohol is [[wikipedia:fermentation|fermentation]]. === Fermentation === [[File:40168_2022_1274_Fig6.webp|thumb|People get very scientific with it.]] Using a process that has existed for thousands of years, we can employ a fungus called [[wikipedia:Yeast#Uses|yeast]] to create alcohol. This process is called fermentation. At it base, fermentation for alcohol production is the process of using yeast to convert sugars to ethanol. "Sugars" is intentionally plural. There are many places you can find sugar suitable for fermentation, and you can derive sugar from grains, fruits and vegetables. The source of the sugar is often what defines what type of final alcoholic beverage you get. We'll talk more on how fermenting different materials yields different drinks in a moment. Fermentation happens in a couple of steps. # '''Mashing''': Grains like barley or rice are milled into a coarse flour and fruits are mashed into a pulp. These are sometimes mixed with hot water, where enzymes convert starches to sugars. For beer, this mash is then often boiled. # '''Fermentation''': The mash is transferred to a fermentation vessel. Yeast is added, and fermentation begins. Over a varying period of time (often 5-10 days), yeast consumes the sugars, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide. This is called primary fermentation. # '''Conditioning and Packaging''': After primary fermentation, there is often secondary fermentation or conditioning to add or mature flavors and to clarify. It’s then sometimes carbonated and packaged. Now fermented, there is some amount of alcohol in your drink. But what if ''some'' isn't enough? A secondary process called [[wikipedia:Distillation|distillation]] allowed for fermented drinks and solutions to be concentrated into spirits. === Distillation === [[File:Alambins_industrials_per_a_la_destil·lació_de_licors_a_Catalunya.jpg|left|thumb|Industrial stills for liquor production in Catalonia]] Distillation is a process by which brewers can concentrate the level of alcohol in a drink. Fermentation alone cannot make alcohol concentrations like that of vodka or gin. To reach that level of concentration, [[wiktionary:distiller|distillers]] (referring to both the apparatus that distills and the person that runs it) can boil off and collect the alcohol produced by fermentation. Distillation happens in a few steps: # The fermented substance is placed into a vessel called a [[wikipedia:Still|still]] (this is where di''still''ation gets its name). # The ferment is heated slowly from room temperature until it reaches the boiling point of ethanol. The boiling point of ethanol is lower than the boiling point of water, so the ethanol will vaporize, leaving the water behind. # The ethanol vapor rises through a column until it reaches the condenser. In the condenser, the vapor makes contact with the a cold surface that cools it back into a liquid state. # The ethanol is collected, and the process is often repeated to further concentrate and purify the result. Sometimes the process is done without having to stop and restart in a process called continuous distillation. The result of distillation is a liquor with a higher amount of alcohol by volume (ABV) than before. === Alcohol By Volume === The amount of alcohol in a drink is calculated based on the percent of ethanol compared to non-ethanol in the total beverage, which is called Alcohol by Volume or ABV for short. For example, if a beverage has an ABV of 50%, half of liquid in the drink will be ethanol and the other half will be everything else. ABV is important to understand, because it is the basis of drinking and serving drinks safely as well as how many drinks are categorized. While all alcohol is made through fermentation, the process of fermentation alone can only create a concentration of alcohol of about 5% to 20% ABV. Spirits are generally distilled liquids that have a higher ABV (20% or more, as high as 95%). This distinction lower-ABV drinks like wine, beer and cider versus higher-ABV spirits like vodka, gin and whiskey. == Types of Alcohol == Fermentation and distilling are the core of all alcohol production, but there many more ways that brewers and distillers affect their final product. This incredible flow chart shows many of the processes of fermentation, distillation, carbonation, ageing and processing that make different alcoholic drinks. Take a look at it and compare the different starting ingredients with each other, and then compare the starting ingredients with their final products. [[File:Alcohol_Flow_Chart.svg|center|frame|Alcohol Flow Chart]] There is so much to learn about alcohol, and while you should be knowledgeable on the different types, you by no means need to be an expert (see: sommelier) to be a bartender. Below follows an overview of each family of alcohol, but if you want to learn more you can click on the links to Wikipedia pages in each subsection below, or I recommend browsing the [[wikipedia:Portal:Liquor|Liquor Portal]] to view all that Wikipedia has to offer. Hopefully it's easier to see now how beverages and spirits can both be categorized based on what they're fermented from and how concentrated their alcohol content is. Let's use these categories to talk more about each major type of alcohol. === Wine, Beer and Cider (Low-ABV Drinks) === ==== Wine ==== We call fermented grape juice [[wikipedia:wine|wine]]. Yeast is added to pressed grapes to develop it into one of four types: [[wikipedia:Red_wine|red]], [[wikipedia:white_wine|white]], [[wikipedia:rose_wine|rosé]], and [[wikipedia:Orange_wine|orange]]. The type of grape and the duration of the contact with the skins of the grapes help to define which type of wine is produced. The table below is from the Wikipedia page on wine. {| class="wikitable" |+Colors of wine ! !Long contact with grape skins !Short contact with grape skins |- !Red grapes |'''''Red wine''''', made from dark-colored red grape varieties. The actual color of the wine can range from dark pink to almost black. The juice from red grapes is actually pale gray; the color of red wine and some of its flavor (notably tannins) comes from phenolics in the skin, seeds and stem fragments of the grape, extracted by allowing the grapes to soak in the juice. |'''''Rosé wine''''', which gains color from red grape skins, but not enough to qualify it as a red wine. The color can range from a very pale pink to pale red. There are two primary ways to produce rosé wine. The preferred technique is allowing a short period of maceration after crushing red grapes, which extracts a certain amount of color. The juice is then fermented like a white wine. An alternative is blending a small amount of finished red wine into finished white wine. |- !White grapes |'''''Orange wine''''', sometimes called amber wine, is made with white grapes but with the skins allowed to macerate during and beyond fermentation, similar to red wine production. This results in their darker color compared to white wines, and produces a deliberately astringent result. |'''''White wine''''', typically made from white grape varieties (those with yellow or green skins), and range from practically colorless to golden. When skin contact is used, to improve the flavor or to increase the body or aging potential, it is usually limited to between four and 24 hours; any longer leads to bitterness. |} ''Common names: There are thousands of wine varietals. Red wines like Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Pinot Noir, Malbec, Zinfandel; white wines like Chardonnay, Sauvignon Blanc, Pinot Grigio, Riesling; and rosé wines like Provence, White Zinfandel and Pink Moscato.'' In addition to the colors of wine, wine can be [[wikipedia:Sparkling_wine|sparkling]] or still. Wine can also be [[wikipedia:Fortified_wine|fortified]]. Fortifying a wine is the process of adding a distilled spirit to the fermented wine. ''Common names: Sparkling wine includes Champagne, Prosecco and other Brut wines. Fortified wines include Port, Sherry and Vermouth.'' ==== Fruit Wine, Cider and Perry ==== [[wikipedia:Fruit_wine|Fruit wine]] is mostly what it sounds like: wine made from fruits other than grapes. A variety of fruits can be used, some common ones include cherry, plum, dandelion and pineapple. Fruit wine is far less common than traditional grape wines, and is often called by the fruit it's fermented from (ex. "cherry wine" or "dandelion wine"). [[wikipedia:Cider|Cider]] is a beverage made specifically from fermenting apples. Despite being a sort of wine fermented from fruit, it isn't considered a fruit wine due to its unique cultural history as a beverage. Its name can cause some confusion particularly in the United States and Canada, where "cider" also refers to unfiltered and sometimes spiced apple juice that has not been fermented. The term "hard cider" is sometimes used to distinguish the alcoholic beverage due to this overlap. Cider can also be carbonated to make a sparkling cider. [[wikipedia:Perry|Perry]], or Pear Cider, is another fruit wine exception. Fermented pears create a drink called perry, that though technically is a wine made from fruit, is considered its own thing. ''Common names: There are thousands of brands of fruit wine, cider and perry. You may have some on tap or bottled; it's mostly important to know the names of what you have.'' [[File:Beer_in_glasses_and_steins_on_a_table_with_bottles_in_the_background_and_a_brick_wall_(15700131777).jpg|thumb|264x264px|There are many varieties of beer.]] ==== Beer ==== [[wikipedia:beer|Beer]] is an ancient drink that has been brewed around the world for hundreds of years. Most beers have four basic ingredients: grain, hops, yeast and water. [[wikipedia:Hops|Hops]] are a type of dried flower that give beer flavor. While there are thousands of brands of beer, there are only a few main types: * '''Lagers''' - One of the two main types of beer, with Ales. Lighter and crisp, refreshing, less bitter than Ale. ** Amber Lager - A medium, amber color with a slight bitterness. ''Common Names: Yuengling'' ** Pale Lager - Light in color and flavor, not very bitter. Easy drinking and very popular. ''Common Names: Red Stripe, Heineken, Pabst Blue Ribbon (PBR), Hamms'' ** Pilsner - Medium amber in color. Hoppy and flavorful. ''Common Names: Modelo Especial, Stella Artois, Pilsner Urquell'' * '''Ales''' - The other main type of beer, with Lager. Richer and flavorful, more bitter than Lager. ** Pale Ale - A diverse group of beer that various depending on its country of origin. Generally balanced taste that pairs with many foods. ''Common Names: Sierra Nevada, Boulevard'' ** Indian Pale Ale (IPA) - Often very bitter and fruity. A unique tasting beer with bite. ''Common Names: Voodoo Ranger, many other large brands have an IPA'' ** Stouts and Porters - Dark beers that have rich, roasted flavors often imitating chocolate or coffee. These beers can feel like a meal. ''Common Names: Guinness, Imperial Stouts, Breakfast Stouts'' ** Wheat Beer - Ales that have some wheat added to them. It can give them a fruity, almost banana like flavor. ''Common Names: Blue Moon'' * Radlers and Shandys - Beers that have been mixed with a fruit juice. Radlers can be any type of citrus while Shandys are always lemon juice. Very refreshing, summary drinks. * Sour Beer - Beer that's, well, sour. Tangy and punchy, usually served in a smaller "sour beer" glass since they pack a punch. * Light Beer - Any beer with an especially low ABV is a light beer (less than 4% ABV), though the term is sometimes also used for low-calorie beers. ''Common Names: Bud Light, Coors Light'' ==== Sake ==== [[wikipedia:sake|Sake]] is a drink brewed from rice, and is sometimes also called rice wine though it is brewed more similarly to beer. Like beer and wine, sake has a wide range of flavor profiles though it is often fruity and light. It is sometimes served lightly warmed in ceramic cups depending on the variety of sake. ''Common Names: Dassai, Hakutsuru, Kubota'' === Spirits (High-ABV Drinks) === [[File:Alcoholic beverages.jpg|thumb|High-ABV spirits like vodka and brandy.]] ==== Vodka ==== [[wikipedia:vodka|Vodka]] is a spirit that can be distilled from many sources including grains, potatoes and sugarcane before the pure ethanol is diluted with water. It is generally a neutral spirit, meaning it has little taste and is mostly pure ethanol and water. This isn't entirely true though, as each vodka has its own impurities and subtle flavor profiles. Vodka is also commonly flavored, as its neutral taste allows it to take on flavor easily. It can served up, often freezer chilled, or mixed into many cocktails. ''Common Names: Absolut, Smirnoff, Kettle One'' ==== Gin ==== [[wikipedia:Gin|Gin]] is a spirit flavored with [[wikipedia:juniper_berries|juniper berries]] and other botanicals. It has a distinct herbal flavor, and different brands will have their own flavor profile, and perceived dryness. [[File:Agave tequilana 2.jpg|thumb|Agave is a plant native to Mexico.]] ''Common Names: Beefeater, Tanqueray, Hendrick's, Plymouth'' ==== Mezcal (Tequila) ==== [[wikipedia:mezcal|Mezcal]] is a spirit distilled from Agave. The most common type of mezcal is [[wikipedia:tequila|Tequila]], which is distilled only from [[wikipedia:blue_agave|blue agave]]. Many people mistake mezcal for a type of tequila due to tequila's popularity, but it is the other way around. Mezcal and tequila are often aged, which impart a darker, more amber color the longer it sits. Mezcal often has a smokey flavor and can also be sweet, fruity or earthy, and can be enjoyed chilled, up or in many popular cocktails. ''Common Names: Casamigos, Patrón, Jose Cuervo'' ==== Rum ==== [[wikipedia:rum|Rum]] is a spirit distilled from [[wikipedia:sugarcane|sugarcane]] then aged in barrels. The less-aged rum has a lighter color, and is called "light rum". It is most commonly used in cocktails, like the Mojito and the Daiquiri. "Aged" or "Dark" rum has a much deeper flavor is often drank straight or on the rocks. Rum originates from and maintains strong ties to the history of the people of the [[wikipedia:caribbean|Caribbean]] and appears commonly in cultural cuisines as well as drinks. I encourage you to learn about the history of rum, as it can teach a lot about sugarcane as a [[wikipedia:Sugar_plantations_in_the_Caribbean|plantation crop]] and the[[wikipedia:Atlantic_slave_trade|Transatlantic Slave Trade]]. ''Common Names: Baccardi, Captain Morgan, Malibu'' ==== Brandy ==== [[wikipedia:Brandy|Brandy]] is made by distilling wine. While most brandy is made from grapes, it can be made from any fruit to yield a [[wikipedia:Fruit_brandy|fruit brandy]]. ''Common names: Cognac and Armagnac'' ==== Whiskey ==== [[wikipedia:whiskey|Whiskey]] is made by fermenting, distilling then aging in barrels various grains. Whiskey drinkers can be particular, as there are many types of whiskey. Some whiskey is "malted", meaning it uses grains that have been malted. Malting is the process of allowing grains to germinate (begin to sprout), before heating them to halt the germination. This yields "malt whiskey". The specific grain used also yields different types of whiskey, for example fermenting rye yields "rye whiskey". "[[wikipedia:Scotch_whisky|Scotch]]" is simply whiskey from Scotland and is also called Scotch Whiskey. ''Common Names: Jameson, Jack Daniel's, Crown Royale'' ==== Soju ==== [[wikipedia:soju|Soju]] is a made by distilling rice or other grains. Similarly to vodka, it is a neutral spirit that is most flavorless. It is often flavored with fruits and florals. It can be served up or mixed into cocktails. ''Common Names: Jinro'' ==== Liqueurs ==== [[wikipedia:liqueur|Liqueurs]] are spirits that have been heavily flavored and sweetened. They are used very frequently in cocktails to impart their particular flavor. Liqueurs can be used to add a flavor that would otherwise be troublesome, like coffee, liquorish, or almond. Sometimes they're served up as a dessert or a [[wikipedia:digestif|digestif]]. ''Common Names: Kahlua'' == Tools of Bartending == You'll be using both common and specialty tools as a bartender. A collection of such tools are below. Start by trying to name as many of them as you can. Note how many are familiar to you, how many you've seen but cannot name, and how many are unfamiliar. A key to the image follows. [[File:Bartools2.jpg|border|center]] Answer key: (1) champagne bottle stopper, (2) kitchen knife, (3) ice tongs, (4) ice scoop, (5) ice bucket, (6) small bar spoon, (7) cocktail-pick, (8) jigger, (9) mesh strainer, (10) boston shaker (metal bottom), (11) bar spoon, (12) lime/lemon squeezer, (13) hawthorn strainer, (14) zester, (15) boston shaker (mixing glass), (16) muddler, (17) citrus reamer, (18) fine grater, (19) Y-peeler, (20) wine key. How'd you do? Some of these items you'll see more often than others. I want to draw special attention these crucial pieces: * '''Jigger''' (8) - A small double sided measuring device used to quickly portion spirits and other ingredients. Though the exact measurements may change depending on where you are and the manufacturer, in the US most jiggers measure 1.5 oz on one end and 0.75 oz on the other. * '''Juicer and Peeler''' (12 & 19) - Many cocktails rely on citrus for flavor and fragrance. The handheld juicer and the peeler are commonly used both at the start of the shift to prep the citrus for the day, collecting fresh citrus juice and peels for adding to cocktails. * '''The Boston Shaker''' (10 & 15) - This is the industry standard for fast, versatile and accurate cocktail mixing. Coming in two parts, often one side is glass and the other is metal, though often both are metal. The two parts are sealed together allowing for a cocktail to be shaker vigorously inside before being cracked apart without spilling. * '''The Hawthorn Strainer''' (23) - The final piece to any Boston Shaker. This uniquely shaped strainer allows for cocktails to be poured into a glass while leaving the ice in the shaker. These are tools you will see every time you step in to bar to make a cocktail. == Safety == A good bartender is the difference between a safe time for your bar patrons and an unsafe environment. It is your responsibility to keep both yourself and your bar patrons safe. It is important first to understand how alcohol affects the body in order to understand how to properly make and serve drinks, so first let's review ABV. Alcohol by Volume is a percentage of ethanol to all other contents of a drink. However, ABV does not tell you everything about drink. A standard beer has about 5% ABV while a shot of whiskey has about 40% ABV, but because you would only drink about 1.5 oz of whiskey, and would drink 12 oz beer, the total amount of alcohol ingested would actually be about the same. This is the idea behind a "standard drink". A standard drink contains one "unit" of alcohol regardless of how much liquid it contains in total. The chart below shows some examples of standard drink equivalents. Each of the below drinks contain one unit of alcohol. [[File:NIH standard drink comparison.jpg|center|frame|National Institute of Health's "standard drink".]] Some general best practices when consuming alcohol: * One unit of alcohol per hour is around what a liver can process. This is generally a safer cadence of drinking. * Drink a glass of water for every unit of alcohol consumed to stay hydrated. * Avoid drinking on an empty stomach. Eating while consuming alcohol slows the alcohol's absorption into the blood and curbs its effects. * Don't order a double. Ordering and serving drinks with more than one standard unit of alcohol in it can cause you or others to become more impaired more quickly than intended. Try to keep it to the cadence of one standard drink per hour. Standards should be upheld both with your own drinking and the drinking of the patrons at your bar. Some standards to uphold in your bar are: * '''Never drink and drive'''. Alcohol impairs motor coordination and clouds judgement. Drinking and then driving puts your own life and the lives of everyone around you in immediate danger. Even if you are under the legal limit in your area, you are impaired after one drink. This should be enforced both for yourself and for your bar patrons. * '''You can say no'''. It's always okay to say no to a drink. Ordering something without alcohol is always an option. Good friends don't pressure you to drink when you don't want to. You can leave a situation when you are uncomfortable. * '''Alcohol is not medicine'''. Addiction is real and treatable. Help is available. Sometimes people drink more than they intended and may become too inebriated to be served. Some signs that this is the case are: * Slurred speech * Stumbling * Glazed over or unfocused eyes * Speaking too loudly or two softly * Repeating questions or ordering from multiple bartenders If you meet a bar patron who has had too much to drink, you can help by offering water, tea, coffee or food, helping them find their group, or asking another member of the staff at your bar for help. It may be that what's needed is to no longer serve the bar patron. This is called "cutting them off". When a bar patron is cut off, they will no longer be served alcohol for the rest of the service. This can be embarrassing, both for the bar patron and the bartender, so it's best practice to be kind, clear and discrete. If a patron is aggressive however, all bets are off and they should be removed from the bar. Bartenders have legal obligations depending on where you work. This can include checking the legal age of the patrons at your bar and monitoring the alcohol intake of the patrons at your bar. Sometimes, a bartender can be held individually liable for the failure to meet these obligations. Take the time to find a reputable source to discover what the legal obligation of bartenders in your area are now. This concludes Lesson 1: Bartending Basics. You can move on now to Lesson 2: Mixing Drinks. = Mixing Drinks = Congratulations! You've made it to the fun part of the course. Mixing and serving drinks are fundamental to bartending, and they're fun to do. In this lesson we'll focus on the most common and most important recipes you'll encounter working at a bar along with the basic techniques and know-how needed to complete them. In this lesson we'll discuss: # Glassware # Typology of cocktails # Preparation and Skills # Essential Cocktails This is the part of the course that really benefits from hands-on practice. When we talk about preparing fruit and mixing cocktails, follow along! It isn't necessary to build an entire bar in your home in order to practice, but having some of the basics and making substitutions when needed will go a long way to making these actions feel natural and easy. If you have a bartending gig in your future, even doing each of these recipes once will put you leagues ahead of your first try being on the clock. == Glassware == Before you can mix a drink, you have to know what glass you're gonna pour it in. Wikipedians have done an excellent job of creating a near comprehensive list of the glasses commonly used to serve alcohol. I've transcluded a navigation box below to all of their pages. Take the time to familiarize yourself with these glasses and their uses by clicking on the pages and digesting the contained information. You don't have to know the history and origin of every glass, just be familiar their shape and general use. The most important ones for this course are: * Collins * Highball * Old fashioned (or Lowball or Rocks) * Champaign Coupe (or just Coupe) * Champaign Flute * Cocktail Glass (or Martini glass) * Hurricane Glass * Wine Glass (Red and White) When we get to cocktails, each recipe will place the drink in a specific type of glass, and you can return here as a reference tool if you need it. {{Navbox | name = Glassware | title = [[:wikipedia:List of glassware|Glassware]] |listclass = hlist |state = expanded |group1 = [[:wikipedia:Tumbler (glass)|Tumblers]] |list1 = * {{Nowrap|[[File:Collins glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Collins glass|Collins glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Granyonyi Stakan Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Faceted glass|Faceted glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Highball glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Highball glass|Highball glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Ofgcup.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Old fashioned glass|Old fashioned glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Shot glass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Shot glass|Shot glass]]}} |group2 = [[:wikipedia:Beer glassware|Beer glassware]] |list2 = * {{Nowrap|[[File:beer stein.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Beer stein|Beer stein]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Pilsner glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Beer glassware#Pilsner glass|Pilsner glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Pint glass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Pint glass|Pint Glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Pony Glass Silhouette.svg|14x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Pony glass|Pony glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Tankard Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Tankard|Tankard]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Wheat beer glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Wheat beer glass|Wheat beer glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:yardglass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Yard of ale|Yard glass]]}} |group3 = [[:wikipedia:Stemware|Stemware]] |list3 = * {{Nowrap|[[File:Absinthe Glass Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Absinthiana#Absinthe glass|Absinthe glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Chalice Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Chalice|Chalice]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Coppa Asti sagoma.svg|24x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Champagne glass#Coupe|Champagne coupe]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:flutesil.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Champagne glass#Flute|Champagne flute]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Coctail glass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Cocktail glass|Cocktail glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Glencairn Whisky Glass Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Glencairn whisky glass|Glencairn whisky glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Hurricane Glass Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Hurricane glass|Hurricane glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Margarita Glass Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Margarita#Glass|Margarita glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:Alcohol glass nick and nora.svg|24x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Nick & Nora (glass)|Nick & Nora]]}} * [[:wikipedia:Rummer|Rummer]] * {{Nowrap|[[File:Sherry Glass Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Wine glass#Sherry glass|Sherry glass]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:brandysnifsi.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Snifter|Snifter]]}} * {{Nowrap|[[File:wineglass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert]] [[:wikipedia:Wine glass|Wine glass]]}} }} == Typology of Cocktails (Cocktail Families) == One last thing before we starting preparing garnishes and mixing drinks! I promise! Cocktails and their recipes didn't just appear from nothing in a vacuum. They were developed over time as tastes changed and different ingredients became available or popular. Because of this process, we can group cocktails into broad categories called Cocktail Families. Not all bartenders and mixologists agree on how cocktails should be grouped or how many families there are, but by understanding generally how cocktails relate to each other you can prioritize your learning and remember what goes in which cocktail easier. The families we're going to talk about are: * Sour Cocktails * Ancestral/Aromatic Cocktails * Lengthened Cocktails * Frozen Cocktails This isn't by any means comprehensive, but they'll cover most the cocktails we'll explore shortly. === Sour Cocktails === [[wikipedia:Sour_(cocktail)|Sour cocktails]] are an old family of cocktails who's drinks that are all, well sour. The template for a sour cocktail is simple: <u>Shake</u> with ice: Spirit + Sweetener + Something Sour + Egg (sometimes) The "Something Sour" is most often a citrus juice like lemon or lime. Many sour cocktails will have "sour" in the name, like a Gin Sour, Rum Sour, Whiskey Sour, or Amaretto Sour. Some other notable sour cocktails are the Daiquiri, Cosmopolitan and Margarita. Note that it doesn't matter what base spirit you use, any base spirit can be used in a sour. A sub-family of sour cocktails replaces the traditional sweetener of simple syrup with a liqueur. These cocktails are called a "Daisy". === Ancestral or Aromatic Cocktails === Ancestral or Aromatic Cocktails are spirit-forward drinks that use bitters and sometimes liqueur to give an aromatic taste. The template to an aromatic cocktail is: <u>Stir</u> with ice: Spirit + Sweetener + Bitters These cocktails let the taste of the spirit shine while deepening the flavor with bitters. Some common aromatic cocktails are the Martini, Manhattan, Old Fashioned, Sazerac and Negroni. === Lengthened Cocktails === Lengthened Cocktails are drinks that have been "lengthened" by adding a carbonated beverage. Two major sub-families of lengthened cocktails are "Highballs" and "Spritz" cocktails. A Highball is just a spirit lengthened with non-alcoholic mixer, think Gin and Tonic or Rum and Coke. A Spritz is a wine lengthened with a mixer, most often soda or sparkling wine. An example you'll find more in Spain is the Kalimotxo (KAL-EE-MO-KO), a drink with Red Wine and Coca Cola. Don't knock it 'till you try it! There are hundreds of combinations to make Lengthened Cocktails, Highballs and Spritz are just the major subtypes. === Frozen Cocktails === Frozen drinks are frozen! They are just so unlike a non-frozen drink that they get their own family. Frozen drinks are either blended with ice or churned over frozen metal to make a slushy consistency. Many frozen cocktails were adapted from classic cocktails, like a Frozen Daiquiri, but others are always frozen, like a Piña Colada. These are often "batched" or made ahead of time, especially if they're going to come from a slushy machine. == Preparation and Skills == In a bar, preparation is all the steps that are taken before a service starts to get ready in advance. Sometimes this is things that are done at close the night before, and sometimes these are things done in the hours before a service. Some examples of prep are: * Stocking fridges with beer and wine * Stocking the bar's backstock of spirits * Juicing citrus * Cutting garnishes for drinks * Making syrups * Topping up bottles * Cleaning and preparing tools for the service All of these make a good bartender. We'll talk more about how good prep is good hospitality, and how it defines a good bartender later. Some of these are self explanatory, but some merit further investigation to make you a more effective and efficient bartender. While you go through this section, I recommend you actually follow along and prepare the ingredients listed ''especially the lemons and limes''. Immediately following prep, we'll start mixing cocktails that use these ingredients. Store them in an air tight, labeled and dated container if you plan on mixing some drinks within the next day or two. Cut citrus doesn't last that long, so don't overkeep it. You can always get more practice by preparing more garnishes. A lemon wedge can be used for a dozen other things anyway (I like one with my Coke). [[File:Hellingshoek_antoineren_02.png|left|thumb|241x241px|This isn't me. I don't know who this man is. Thanks to him for uploading this picture though. Curl your fingers away from the knife.]] === Before you prep === Most preparation can and should be done with a small paring knife. A larger chef knife can be used for large fruits but is harder to maneuver especially when working with small, round fruits and fragile herbs. When cutting something with a knife, curl the fingers of your non-dominant hand away from the blade. This will help protect your fingertips and cut faster with less risk. You should always have clean hands when you handle food. Before touching food, wash your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds, and dry them with a clean towel. Rewash to your hands whenever you step away from your task or touch something dirty like your phone. === Juicing Citrus === [[File:Citrus × aurantium - fruits cut.jpg|thumb|The lengthwise cut (left) is unsuitable for juicing. The widthwise cut (right) is perfect to juice.]] Most bars will have one or two types of juicer: a handheld citrus squeezer and/or a countertop citrus reamer. The handheld squeezer is faster and more efficient but cannot fit larger citrus like grapefruit. There are few wrongs ways to juice citrus, but doing it well will save you a lot of time during the prep. There are a few things to keep in mind when juicing citrus at the bar: # Start with room temperature citrus. Cold citrus will yield less juice. If you have a particularly hard lime or lemon, place it on the counter and put your palm on top. Roll the citrus back and forth while applying firm pressure. This can free up some juice. # Cut the fruit widthwise down the middle, so that you have two even sections. The cut face of the citrus should look like a wagon wheel with dot of pith in the center. # Place your fruit cut-side down in the squeezer. Squeeze the citrus through a mesh strainer to remove any seeds or pulp. Squeeze with strength from your arms, not your wrists to avoid injury over time. # Always label and date fresh juice and store in a sealed container in a refrigerator (Ex. Lime Juice Date: 2/27). === Making Simple Syrup === Simple syrup is an appropriately named combination of sugar and water made by combining a ratio of 1 parts granulated sugar and 1 parts water. It's a common ingredient used to sweeten cocktails by pre-dissolving the sugar. Here's the recipe: # Place your sealable storage container on a scale and tare the scale so that it shows zero. # Add a quantity of white granulated sugar to your container and note the measurement (ex. 200 grams of sugar). # Add an equal amount of room temperature water (ex. 200 grams of water, making a total measurement of 400 grams). # Seal the container and shake the mixture until the sugar has dissolved. It may be cloudy, but it with clarify as the mixture settles. # Label and date your syrup (ex. Simple Syrup Date: 8/29). If you're preparing this at home and don't have a scale (you're probably American), you can measure by volume, but it will be less accurate and may affect the final result. In a bar, always measure by weight. === Preparing Garnishes === There are so many things that can be put in drinks to improve their overall look and taste. There are a few, however, that you will find at most bars. If your bar has a specialty garnish, they should train you on how to prepare the house garnishes. For fruit garnishes, they should be used the same day they're cut and discarded at the end of the service. Let's go over some garnishes you'll find just about anywhere. [[File:Knife_by_Bob_Kramer_(17970647591).jpg|thumb|How beautiful [[File:Face-kiss.svg|20x20px]] ]] ==== Cutting Citrus Half-Moons ==== # Cut the fruit in half lengthwise pole-to-pole. The cut-side of the fruit should have a stripe of pith down the center. # Place the halves cut-side down, so that the nubs on each end are facing to your left and right. # Cutting straight ahead, make slices about a quarter inch thick. # Store in a sealed, labeled and dated container in a refrigerator until needed. ==== Cutting Citrus Wedges ==== # Trim the top and bottom of the fruit to create two flat surfaces. The flat surfaces should look like a wagon wheel with a white dot of pith in the center, or may be entirely pith. This step can be skipped for grapefruit, as they are large enough to rest on a side without additional cuts. # Rest the fruit on its end, and cut it in half lengthwise. This should reveal a stripe of pith down the center of the cut face. # Looking at the cut-side, make a shallow cut perpendicular to the pith extending about a half inch either side. Cut through about half of the meat of the fruit, but not all the way through to the peel. # Placing the fruit cut-side down, cut the half further into quarters, then angling your knife, cut those fourths in half as well. Smaller fruits may only yield three wedges per half fruit. # Store in a sealed, labeled and dated container in a refrigerator until needed. ==== Cutting Citrus Wheels ==== # Trim the nub off one end of the fruit. The cut should be deep enough to reveal a small wagon wheel shape with a dot of pith in the center. # With the cut side facing to your left or right depending on your dominant hand, slice straight away from you creating about quarter inch thick circles until you no longer have enough fruit to safely hold while cutting. # You many way to score a slit in the wheels depending on if you are putting them on the rim of a glass. # Store in a sealed, labeled and dated container in a refrigerator until needed. ==== Cutting Citrus Peels and Twists ==== # Holding the fruit in your non-dominant hand, drag a y-peeler starting away from you and pulling towards you. # If peeling an orange or grapefruit, using a paring knife, trim away excess pith from the back of the peel. # Optionally, using a paring knife, trim the edges of the peel to make straight even sides. ==== Cutting Grapefruit "Horses Neck" ==== # Holding the grapefruit in your non-dominant hand, use a y-peeler to peel around the circumference of the fruit creating a long peel. # Optionally, trim the ends with a paring knife for a cleaner look. ==== Preparing Pineapple Wedges ==== # Using a large chef knife, cut off the top of the pineapple. # Resting on its bottom with the cut-side up, cut the pineapple in half from top to bottom. # Resting the pineapple on its cut-side, angle your knife and cut the fruit into three equal parts creating triangle shapes. # Take each section and slice into about inch thick wedges. # You may way to score the point of each wedge to be able to hang it on a glass. # Store in a sealed, labeled and dated container in a refrigerator until needed. ==== Preparing Mint ==== # Place a damp paper towel in the bottom of a sealable storage container. # Take a sprig of mint in one hand, and pick the leaves at the bottom of the stem. Leave the ones at the top of the sprig attached to the stem. Place the leaves in the prepared container. # Bunch the stems of the picked sprigs together and trim them to be only a couple inches long. === Essential Skills === There are a couple techniques that are used over and over in bartending. The two most essential to mix cocktails are shaking and stirring. Refer back to these steps the first few times you mix a cocktail in the next section. [[File:Bartender Photo.jpg|thumb|Shaking a sealed Boston shaker.]] ==== Using a Boston Shaker ==== A Boston shaker comes in two parts. One will be a large metal mixing cup, and the other will either be a smaller metal mixing cup or a glass mixing cup. Using a shaker comes in a few steps: # We will always start by building a shaken cocktail in the small or glass mixing cup. Add the liquid ingredients (including egg, if being used), then add the ice after. The longer the liquids are in contact with the ice, the more they will be diluted as the ice melts. # The large mixing cup is placed over top the smaller mixing cup with enough force to create a seal. Feel free to whack the back of the large tin with the palm of your hand to ensure a seal. # With one hand on either cup holding them together, the assembled cups are then flipped over so that the drink is primarily in the larger mixing cup. # The most efficient way to shake is horizontally, so that the drinks sloshes vigorously from left to right. Shaking vertically will achieve the same result, but it is more energy intensive and slower as it throws the drink upwards before slamming it back down. You will feel the metal become cold, and it may frost as the drink is chilled. These are signs that you can stop shaking. # At this point, the cold from the ice has caused the metal tins to contract and shrink slightly which will bind them together tightly. To unseal the shaker, hold the larger cup or place it on a counter. Identify which was the smaller cup is leaning. With the palm of your hand, strike the smaller cup away from the direction it's leaning. There should be a crack as the seal is broken (this is called "cracking" a shaker open).[[File:Stirring with a bar spoon.jpg|thumb|230x230px|Stirring with a Bar Spoon]] # To strain, place the Hawthorn strainer over the mouth of the larger cup, and pour the drink through the strainer. ==== Stirring a Cocktail ==== It sounds simple, but there's a right way and a wrong way to stir a cocktail. The goal is to incorporate and chill the ingredients without agitating, decarbonating or introducing air. Here are a few simple steps: # Insert a bar spoon to the bottom of the mixing glass containing you ingredients and ice. Push the spoon all the way to the bottom edge of the mixing glass. # Swirl the spoon so that it stays in contact with the edge of the glass, rotating the ice in a circle. ==== Serving Sparking Wine ==== # Use the tab to peel away the foil. # Keep one hand on top of the cage and cork. Lift the handle and twist it open. # Keep the cage on the cork. Hold the cage and the cork with your dominant hand. # Holding the bottle in your non-dominant hand, twist the bottle back and forth. The goal is to gradually release the pressure in the bottle, not to make a loud "pop". Ideally, you should open the bottle almost silently. # Holding the bottle at the base with one hand (if possible), pour slowly into the glass as the bubbles will climb. [[File:Pouring wine into a decanter.jpg|left|thumb|Pouring wine|296x296px]] ==== Uncorking Still Wine ==== # Find a wine key with a double-hinge. # Using the knife, cut the foil around the lip of the bottle. Using the bottle opener end of the key, peel back to foil to expose the cork. # Insert the corkscrew into the center of the cork by twisting until most of the screw is embedded. # Place the first hinge on the lip of the bottle, and use it as leverage to lift up on the wine key (lifting the cork partially). # Place the second hinge of the lip of the bottle, and completely remove the cork. '''Serving Beer''' # Whether pouring from a bottle or a tap, tilt the glass 45° and pour the beer down the side of glass to prevent too much foam, or "head", from developing. # At the end of the pour, straighten the glass to allow for some head to form. == Essential Cocktails == Here we are, finally mixing some drinks! It can be overwhelming to open a book of cocktail recipes and see the hundreds of drinks with unique names and recipes. Take a deep breath, because there isn't a bartender in the world that knows all of those cocktails by heart, and you aren't expected to either. Over time, you'll pick up on more drinks and their makeup, but that takes time! That's why it's important to focus on the essential cocktails that every bartender knows and that any bar patron might order. What follows are 20 cocktail recipes for classic cocktails that you might make every day at a bar. I highly encourage you to make these drinks at home. If you intend to become a bartender, the difference between your first attempt at a recipe being in the privacy of your home and on your first day on the job is ''enormous''. That raises the question, "How am I supposed to supply all the ingredients needed to make all these drinks‽" Start with things you can buy at the grocery store: * Lemons, Limes and Oranges * Club Soda * White Sugar You may already have these things from trying out the preparation techniques above. If you don't, go out and grab these ingredients, cut some garnishes, and prepare some simple syrup. The most expensive part of any cocktail is the spirit. I've color coded the following recipes by which spirit they use. The list generally starts with easy recipes and becomes more complicated as you descend. I recommend staring with one type of spirit and trying a few recipes that use that spirit. For example, with only vodka, you can make a Highball, Cosmopolitan, Moscow Mule, Bloody Mary and a (Vodka) Martini. That's one fifth of the list done, with a spirit you likely already have at home. I don't recommend buying fancy or expensive spirits for this. Buy something cheap or middle-of-the-road to practice with. That's like what your bar patrons are going to be ordering most often anyhow. All that being said, 20 recipes is a lot to learn. Take your time, maybe make one or two a day. The recipes aren't changing, and some are very simple. You by no means have to drink what you make. You DO have to TASTE what you make. Bartenders, when trying a drink on the job, will smell a drink, swirl it in their mouth and spit it out. Do this at least twice for each drink if you don't intend to drink them. Take note of the taste, the balance of the drink and your personal preference for or against it. Please don't make all 20 in one night and get hammered. A daiquiri will be a daiquiri tomorrow, and it'll be sweeter for the waiting. Well, get started! === Spirit Color Key === {{RoundBoxLeft|theme=1|width=50}} Vodka {{RoundBoxRight|theme=2|width=50}} Gin {{LeftRightBoxClose}} {{RoundBoxLeft|theme=3|width=50}} Rum {{RoundBoxRight|theme=4|width=50}} Tequila {{LeftRightBoxClose}} {{RoundBoxLeft|theme=5|width=50}} Whiskey {{RoundBoxRight|theme=11|width=50}} Other/Mixed {{LeftRightBoxClose}} === Highball === Highballs are a class of cocktail sometimes called "plus one" cocktails because they're a blend of a spirit plus a mixer. Some common highballs are Gin and Tonic, Rum and Coke, Whiskey and Ginger Ale, and Scotch and Soda. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Glass:''' Highball [[File:Highball glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon Wedges with soda, Lime Wedges with Tonic, Cola and Ginger Beer/Ale '''Ingredients''' 2 oz of Spirit Mixer of choice, to top '''Combine''' Spirit and ice. Stir. Add Mixer to fill. Drag spoon through drink a few times to gently combine. Garnish {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Cosmopolitan === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Glass:''' Coupe or Martini Nowrap|[[File:Coctail glass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon Twist '''Ingredients''' 1 ½ oz Vodka (Preferably Citron Vodka) ⅓ oz Lime Juice ⅓ oz Cointreau (or other orange liqueur) ⅓ oz Sweet Cranberry Juice '''Shake''' all ingredients with ice until chilled. Strain into glass. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Margarita === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Glass:''' Rocks [[File:Ofgcup.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lime Wedge and ask preference for Salt, Sugar, or Tajin rim '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Tequila ½ oz Agave Nectar 1 oz Lime Juice ½ oz Triple Sec '''Moisten''' the rim of the glass with a lime wedge, then roll exterior of glass in rimming material careful to avoid getting any inside the glass. Combine all ingredients in shaker with ice. Shake. Add ice to glass. Strain. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Paloma === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=4}} '''Glass:''' Highball [[File:Highball glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Grapefruit Wedge or Lime Wheel '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Tequila ½ oz Lime Juice Dash of Salt Grapefruit Soda, to top '''Combine''' Tequila, Sale and Lime Juice in glass with ice. Stir to chill. Add Grapefruit Soda to fill. Drag spoon through drink a few times to gently combine. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Whiskey Sour === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}} '''Glass:''' Sour or Coupe [[File:Coppa Asti sagoma.svg|24x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon Wheel and Cherry '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Whiskey 1 oz Lemon Juice ½ tsp. Sugar or Simple Syrup '''Shake''' ingredients with ice. Strain. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Moscow Mule === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Glass:''' Mule Mug [[File:Alcohol_glass_copper_mug.svg|24x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lime wheel (optional) '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Vodka ½ oz Lime Juice 3 oz Ginger Beer '''Combine''' all ingredients in a copper mug filled with ice. Stir. Garnish, optionally. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Spritz === Spritz are a class of cocktails that follow the same general 3-2-1 recipe of 3 oz Prosecco, 2 oz liqueur, 1 oz club soda. The most common is the Aperol Spritz. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Glass:''' Highball or Wine Glass [[File:wineglass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Orange Wheel '''Ingredients''' 3 oz Prosecco 2 oz Liqueur (Aperol, for an Aperol Spritz) 1 oz Club Soda '''Combine''' Prosecco and Liqueur with ice in glass. Stir gently. Top with Club Soda. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Mojito === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Glass:''' Highball [[File:Highball glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Mint Sprig '''Ingredients''' 1 ½ oz White Rum 5 to 6 mint leaves 1 oz Lime Juice 2 tsp Sugar Soda water '''Muddle''' the mint, lime juice and sugar until well mixed but not mushy. Add the rum and fill the glass with ice. Top with soda water. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Daiquiri === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Glass:''' Coupe [[File:Coppa Asti sagoma.svg|24x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lime wheel (optional) '''Ingredients''' 1 ½ oz White Rum 2 tsp Sugar 1 oz Fresh Lime Juice '''Shake''' all ingredients with ice until chilled and frothy. Strain into a coupe glass. Garnish, optionally. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === French 75 === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Glass:''' Champagne Flute [[File:flutesil.svg|24x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon Twist '''Ingredients''' 1 oz Gin ½ oz Lemon Juice ½ oz Simple Syrup 3 oz Champagne (or other sparkling wine) '''Shake''' Gin, Lemon Juice and Simple Syrup with ice. Strain into glass. Top with Champagne. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Gimlet === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Glass:''' Coupe [[File:Coppa Asti sagoma.svg|24x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lime Wheel '''Ingredients''' 2 ½ oz Gin ½ oz Lime Juice ½ oz Simple Syrup '''Shake''' Gin, Lime Juice and Simple Syrup with ice. Strain into glass. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Manhattan === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}} '''Glass:''' Rocks [[File:Ofgcup.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon Twist and/or Cherry '''Ingredients''' 1 ½ oz Rye Whiskey ½ oz Sweet Vermouth 1 Dash Angostura Bitters '''Chill''' rocks glass by combining ice and water, or use pre-chilled glass. Combine ingredients in a mixer with ice. Stir. Strain. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Mai Tai === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Glass:''' Rocks [[File:Ofgcup.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Pineapple Wedge, Cherry, and Mint Spring '''Ingredients''' 1 oz Light Rum 1 oz Gold Rum ½ oz Orange Curaçao ½ oz Orgeat ½ oz Lime Juice '''Shake''' ingredients with ice. Strain into ice filled glass. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Pina Colada === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=3}} '''Glass:''' Hurricane [[File:Hurricane Glass Silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Pineapple Wedge '''Ingredients''' 1 ½ oz Rum (Preferably Coconut, like Malibu) 1 ½ oz Coconut Cream 1 oz Pineapple Juice ½ oz Lime Juice '''Combine''' ingredients with ice in a blender. Blend on high for 20-30 seconds or until a flowing slushy consistency. If too stiff add water, if too thin add ice and re-blend for 2-3 seconds. Pour into glass. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Bloody Mary === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Glass:''' Pint or Highball [[File:Highball glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon Wheel or Celery Stalk (or anything savory) '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Vodka 6 dashes Worcestershire sauce 3 dashes Tobasco Sauce Pinch of Salt Pinch of Ground Black Pepper ½ Lemon, juiced 5 oz Tomato Juice '''Combine''' all ingredients in a glass. Add ice and stir. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Negroni === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Glass:''' Rocks [[File:Ofgcup.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Orange Twist or Orange Wheel '''Ingredients''' 1 oz Dry Gin 1 oz Sweet Vermouth 1 oz Compari 1 oz Sparkling Water '''Combine''' all ingredients in a glass. Add ice, preferably 2 large rocks. Stir. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Old Fashioned === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=5}} '''Glass:''' Rocks [[File:Ofgcup.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Orange twist '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Whiskey 1 Sugar Cube 4 dashes Aromatic Bitters 1 dash Soda Water '''Muddle''' Sugar, Bitters and Soda Water in a glass until a uniform syrup is made. Add Whiskey. Add Ice. Stir. Express Orange Twist over drink then add to glass. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Tom Collins === {{RoundBoxTop|theme=2}} '''Glass:''' Collins or Highball [[File:Collins glass silhouette.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon Wheel and Cherry (optional) '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Gin 1 oz Lemon Juice ½ oz Simple Syrup Club Soda, to top '''Combine''' Gin, Lemon Juice and Simple Syrup in glass. Add ice to top. Fill with Club Soda. Stir gently. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Martini === Martinis are kind of their own thing, and there's some vocab to go over. There are many drinks that call themselves a martini, and the Classic Martini itself has many variations to suit each bar patron's taste. To make a Martini to order, first you have to have a conversation with your bar patron. # First, ask if they prefer Gin or Vodka. Gin is traditional, but it can be made with either. # Second determine how much Vermouth they would like. The amount of Vermouth will determine how "Dry" or "Wet" the Martini is. "Extra Dry" or "In and Out" = Vermouth is swirled in the glass then poured out, then the drink is entirely Gin or Vodka "Dry" = 1 part Vermouth to 5 parts Gin or Vodka "Wet" = 1 part Vermouth to 2 parts Gin or Vodka "50/50" = 1 part Vermouth to 1 part Gin or Vodka "Dirty" = 1 part Olive Brine to 5 parts Gin or Vodka, instead of Vermouth. Garnish with Olives instead of lemon. The following recipe is for a Dry Martini. You can modify it to make it a Dirty Martini or to suit your taste of Vermouth. Martinis are often stirred, but they can be shaken on request. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=11}} '''Glass:''' Martini [[File:Coctail glass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' Lemon twist '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Gin or Vodka (patron preference) ½ oz Dry Vermouth '''Chill''' glassware by pouring water and ice in a glass, or use a pre-chilled glass. Combine ingredients with ice in a mixing glass. Stir until chilled. Strain into chilled glass. Garnish. {{RoundBoxBottom}} === Espresso Martini === The Espresso Martini is really not much like a Classic Martini at all. The word Martini really gets thrown around. Nonetheless, it's delicious. If your bar has an espresso machine, you'll be trained on how to pull an espresso shot. Otherwise, your bar may use cold brew concentrate made in house or from a can. {{RoundBoxTop|theme=1}} '''Glass:''' Martini [[File:Coctail glass.svg|16x28px|alt=|link=|class=skin-invert|right]] '''Garnish:''' 3 Coffee Beans '''Ingredients''' 2 oz Vodka ½ oz Coffee Liqueur (often Kahlúa) 1 oz Espresso, or cold brew concentrate 1/4 oz Simple Syrup '''Chill'' glass with water and ice, or use pre-chilled glass. Shake ingredients with ice. Strain into glass. Garnish by place 3 coffee beans in center. {{RoundBoxBottom}} Hey! Congrats! You've made it to the bottom of the list. These 20 recipes are just the beginning of the possibilities when it comes to mixing drinks, but if you can nail these down you can get through just about any shift at any bar. That was an undertaking, and you did a great job. This concludes Lesson 2: Mixing Drinks. You can move on now to Lesson 3: Hospitality. = Hospitality = In this lesson, we'll be talking about some points of service and hospitality that are as essential to bartending as alcohol. The sections in this lesson are: # What is Hospitality? # Steps of Service # Internal Hospitality # Developing Taste == What is Hospitality? == Mixing drinks is only half the job, maybe even less than half. The real job is [[wiktionary:hospitality|hospitality]].<blockquote>The act or service of welcoming, receiving, hosting, or entertaining guests; an appropriate attitude of openness, respect, and generosity toward guests. </blockquote>In German the word is ''gastfreundschaft'' or guest-friendship. This encapsulates the charge of all bartenders to make the patrons of our bars feel welcome from the moment the walk through our doors to the moment they leave. Ideally, they still feel welcome long after they've left—they might just come back! '''If you want to be there, so will they.''' People can immediately tell if you want to be there or not. If your vibes a drag, people won't want to talk to you. There's the catch: ''people need to talk to you to get drinks''. If people don't want to talk to you, they'll leave, and they won't come back. If you can find time to smile at people while behind the bar, you'll find your job is actually easier. == Steps of Service == Service and hospitality are related, but separate ideas. Service is the mechanics of bartending: mixing drinks, closing tabs, cleaning and clearing. Hospitality is how you make your patrons feel. Keeping your service up will go a long ways towards making an environment hospitable. If the drink service is slow and the bar is messy, patrons are not gonna feel good. That's an example of service impacting hospitality. When a patron comes to a bar, there's steps to how the they should be served that blend hospitality and service technique. Let's go over the steps of providing good service. # <u>Greet the Patron</u> - Make eye contact with each person as they enter or approach your bar. Try to keep a relaxed, or at least welcoming posture. Greet them warmly, making it clear that you see them and that you're happy they're here. Offer then a menu and pour them a water if your bar allows. # <u>Take the Order</u> - Once they've had a moment, or if they look immediately ready, ask what they would like to order or if they have any questions. Repeat what they've order back to them so that they can let you know if you misheard. # <u>Mix the Drinks</u> - Maybe they've ordered beer or wine that just need to be poured, or maybe they've ordered several shaken drinks. Now's the time to make them. While you're making drinks, be sure to look up at the bar and greet people as they arrive. # <u>Drop the Drinks</u> - Bring finished drinks to guests as soon as they're finished. Mixed drinks have a short shelf life, and should be delivered promptly. # <u>Check in</u> - Give them a few moments to taste their drinks. Check in with an open ended question. "How is everything?" Many people won't tell you if they don't like the drink, so feel free to try to make them comfortable with giving honest feedback. You can always remake a drink! # <u>Clear and Ask</u> - When they're done with their drinks, clear any unneeded dishes and give the bar a wipe (avoiding pushing any crumbs onto your patron's lap). Then ask if they'd like another round. It's best to keep this question open and neutral. We don't need to push people to get another drink. A simple, "What's next?" gives patrons the floor to tell you what they need. # <u>Close Out</u> - When they've asked for a check, close out and bring the check quickly. The dead time when a patron wants to leave but can't yet is a vibe killer. You should prioritize closing them out and letting them leave quickly. When you drop the check, make eye contact, smile and thank them for coming. == Internal Hospitality == Hospitality isn't something reserved for the patrons of your bar. Hospitality is something that should be shown to your teammates and everyone you work with. Think of it like this: <blockquote>If you're willing to give 100% attention, kindness and respect to complete strangers who walk up to your bar, shouldn't you be willing to give even more to the people you work with and see every day?</blockquote>The people you work with at your bar will be the most valuable and important resource you have, making them feel good when they're around you is equally if not more important than patron hospitality. They will give you invaluable tips, unlock opportunities you've never imagined, and maybe become lifelong friends, but only if you treat them with the same, or more, hospitality you give to bar patrons. One step further, hospitality is something you can show yourself. If we return to the definition of hospitality ''as an appropriate attitude of openness, respect, and generosity'', you can absolutely show hospitality to yourself. Respect your needs, be generous with time away from work and be open to making mistakes and learning. You'll find that bartending will be more pleasurable and that positive feeling will make your job even easier. == Developing Taste == Oftentimes patrons of your bar will ask your opinion on drinks, the menu and even the area around the bar. It's good hospitality to be able to answer their questions to the best of your ability. Here's some tips on each of those topics. === Tasting Alcohol === Tasting alcohol, including straight spirits, is a unique experience that is often undervalued. Skilled sommeliers can detect subtle notes at different moments when drinking a wine. Something similar can be done with spirits. Just a reminder that you don't have to swallow a drink to taste it. It's common for bartenders to spit a drink out when tasting it, especially on the job. # Smell the spirit. Don't stick your nose straight into it! Hover your nose above the spirit so that you can get a natural whiff of the aroma. # Take a sip and swirl it around. Your mouth can hold on to tastes for quite a while, and this first swirl will clear that up. # Take another sip, and appreciate the flavor. This is the part that takes time, patience and skill. There are several ways to break up flavors. What did you taste the second it hit your tongue? What about after spitting it out or swallowing? You can try to pick up on the biggest notes first. Is it smokey? Sour? Bitter? Then try honing in on something more subtle. Are there herbal notes? Fruity? === Giving Recommendations === One of the most common responses you'll get when taking someone's order is some variation of "I don't know", "What you recommend?", and "What do you like?". All of these mean basically the same thing: "Talk to me about what's on your menu." If you bar has a menu, this should be an easier task as the first think you'll do after you arrive is memorize the menu. Giving recommendations isn't as easy as knowing the menu though. In these moments, it's important to engage with the patron to find out what kind of drink would suit their taste. ''If you're reading this, this lesson is still under construction! Feel free to add, edit, or [[User:Sabbier|message me]].'' 6tpvag8lezuqwbe4imwngyy2a5qd2t5 0 330426 2818121 2817653 2026-07-11T17:29:56Z James500 297601 /* */ Add 2818121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} See also [[w:en:Japanese dictionary]] This page is part of [[Universal Bibliography/Languages|bibliography of languages]]. This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of Japanese. Bibliography *Harald Suppanschitsch and Jürgen Stalph. Japanische Sprache und Schrift: eine Bibliographie des in deutscher Sprache veröffentlichten Schrifttums. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7tBw_wLMOagC&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Oskar Nachod. "Linguistics". Bibliography of the Japanese Empire 1906-1926. 1928. vol 2. Chapter XII. pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002oska/page/613/mode/1up 613] to 628, 753 and 754. *Wenckstern. "Philology: The Japanese Language". A Bibliography of the Japanese Empire. Chapter VI. vol 1, pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dcVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false 74] to 88. vol 2, pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002frvo/page/74/mode/1up 74] to 89. General *Haruhiko Kindaichi. The Japanese Language. Tuttle. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s_UZAQAAIAAJ] 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PdzkyasVMMoC] 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Osamu Mizutani. Japanese: The Spoken Language in Japanese Life. Japan Times. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jZsPAAAAYAAJ] *Charles Berlitz. Passport to Japanese. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSQ04TeVfWYC] Periodicals *Japanese Language and Literature. (Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese.) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?&id=QpkmAQAAIAAJ] Kokugo *Paul H Clark. The Kokugo Revolution: Education, Identity, and Language Policy in Imperial Japan. (Japan Research Monograph 16). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F6jSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yeounsuk Lee. The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan. University of Hawaii Press. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=54wBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Kokugo To Iu Shisō: Kindai Nihon No Gengo Ninshiki. (Japanese: 「国語」という思想: 近代日本の言語認識). Iwanami Shoten. Tokyo. 1996. Nihongo *Makoto Sugawara. Nihongo: A Japanese Approach to Japanese. East Publications. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKkPAAAAYAAJ] *Roy Andrew Miller. Nihongo: In Defence of Japanese. The Athlone Press. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oRxkAAAAMAAJ] *Nihongo Notes. The Japan Times. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdkpAQAAIAAJ] *Yutaka Sato and Margaret Y. Yamashita. Nihongo: Introductory Japanese. 1994. vol 2. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ptACuS6HnpUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Minna No Nihongo I. 3A Corporation. (スリーエーネットワーク). 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G-bl2P5lRl4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Minna No Nihongo II. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nHnMa4Zw-MC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Introductions *A E Backhouse. The Japanese Language: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vawPAAAAYAAJ] *Richard Bowring and Haruko Uryū Laurie. An Introduction to Modern Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gu3k3eiOXWAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Understanding *Yasuko Obana. Understanding Japanese: A Handbook for Learners and Teachers. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I9IPAAAAYAAJ] Learn *Yuko Fukuroi. Learn Japanese. Institute of Asian Studies. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0SJkAAAAMAAJ] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: New College Text: Volume IV. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rxwxLVwW2t0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: Pattern Approach. University of Maryland. 1963. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pG1AsovGf3AC] *Nobuko Mizutani. Let's Learn Japanese. (Radio Japan). 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4urrPQAACAAJ] *Senko K Maynard. Learning Japanese for Real: A Guide to Grammar, Use, and Genres of the Nihongo World. University of Hawaii Press. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QF4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Muneo Kimura. Learning Japanese: Techniques for Intermediate and Advanced Student. (Orientation Seminars on Japan, number 23). Office for the Japanese Studies Center, The Japan Foundation. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZyUHAQAAIAAJ] *Miwa Kai. Listen & Learn Japanese. 1959. Reprinted 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wBrYftZU6z4C&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Study *Jun Maeda. Let's Study Japanese. (Tuttle Language Library). 1st Ed: 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itdGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Courses *Fudeko Obazawa Reekie. A First Course in Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvmrFBsaXOkC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Intensive Course in Japanese. Language Services Co Ltd. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SRhIAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0ytIAAAAMAAJ] *Akiyama. Nucleus Course in Japanese. Institute of Modern Languages. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iGw-AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari and Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x9MTAQAAMAAJ] *Clay MacCauley. An Introductory Course in Japanese. 1897. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hmvl19e6ld4C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Fundamentals *Toyoaki Uehara and Gisaburo N Kiyose. Fundamentals of Japanese. Indiana University Press. Bloomington and London. Tenri University Press. Tenri 1974. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/598969] and Hiroshi Miyaji, "Book Reviews" (1976) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EilkAAAAMAAJ 11] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 106 (No 1: January 1976) Essential *Essential Japanese: Speak Japanese with Confidence. Tuttle. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aJzTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lynne Strugnell. Essential Japanese. Berlitz. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vxBU3vjytQC] *Samuel E Martin. Essential Japanese: An Introduction to the Standard Colloquial Language. 1954. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rx5kAAAAMAAJ] *Helmut Morsbach and Kazue Kurebayashi. Essential Japanese: A Guidebook to Language and Culture. Penguin Books.1990. ISBN 9780140101881. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3rqgQ7zW3AsC] Ultimate *Ultimate Japanese **Suguru Akutsu. Ultimate Japanese: Advanced. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VV4RAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GnMqAQAAIAAJ 33] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 111 (No 2: October 1999) Easy *Samuel E Martin. Easy Japanese: A Direct Learning Approach for Immediate Communication. 1st Ed: 1957. 2nd Ed: 1959. 3rd Ed: 1962. 4th Ed: 2006: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CKHTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jack Seward. Easy Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQIraVXUxN0C] *Fumiko Koide. Easy Japanese. Nippon Kyooiku Kiki Fukyu Center Company. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q4JEAQAAMAAJ] *Emiko Konomi. Easy Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese Quickly! [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mjtRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Basic *Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese. [Practice Makes Perfect]. Premium 3rd Ed: 2023.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JmeYEAAAQBAJ] *NTC's Basic Japanese. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hLyZCKpa8jMC] *Samuel E. Martin and Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese in 10 Easy Lessons. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F1RSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Shoko Hamano and Takae Tsujioka. Basic Japanese: A Grammar and Workbook. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l0fJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Demystified, Dummies *Eriko Sato. Japanese Demystified. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ak7AlXKi3pYC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Eriko Sato. Japanese For Dummies. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Oi6lpE_NC-wC] Hiroko Chiba and Erik Sato. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gql7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate *Michael L Kluemper and Lisa Berkson. Intermediate Japanese Textbook. 2022. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7hl2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Intermediate Japanese Workbook. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4qB-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiyaku: An Intermediate Japanese Course. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9ZDtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Haruko Laurie and Richard Bowring. Cambridge Intermediate Japanese. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E1wLAQAAMAAJ] *Yasuko Ito Watt and Richard Rubinger. Readers Guide to Intermediate Japanese: A Quick Reference to Written Expressions. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8ACEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate to advanced *The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Advanced *Noriko Ishihara and Magara Maeda. Advanced Japanese: Communication in Context. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gmBQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *An Introduction to Advanced Spoken Japanese. Inter-university Center for Japanese Language Studies. Delmer M Brown. 1987. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Og96QDPsx18C] For high school students; High school programs *Esther M T Sato, Loren I Shishido and Masako Sakihara. Japanese Now. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k17cHllNfTAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1] **Esther M T Sato and Masako Sakihara. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vufHtRpVZt4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 4]. For scientists and engineers *Edward E. Daub, R Byron Bird and Nobuo Inoue. Basic Technical Japanese. 科学技術日本語の基礎. University of Wisconsin Press. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oN23JJhjFpwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Readings *Joseph K Yamagiwa (ed). Readings in Japanese Language and Linguistics. University of Michigan Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=76wPAAAAYAAJ] Vocabulary *Akira Miura. Essential Japanese Vocabulary. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZZvTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Vocabulary [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fV0NAAAACAAJ] *Carol and Nobuo Akiyama. Japanese Vocabulary. Barron's. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Aa6PAAACAAJ] Words *Akira Miura. Japanese Words & Their Uses. Charles E Tuttle. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MVVzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Verbs *Complete Japanese Verb Guide. Tuttle. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I_EPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *P Suski. Japanese Verbs. (Super Review). Research & Education Association. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9t6oHZh5gecC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Naoko Chino. Japanese Verbs at a Glance. Kodansha International. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-8AjAQAAIAAJ] *600 Basic Japanese Verbs. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wZgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Roland A Lange. 501 Japanese Verbs. Barron's. 1988. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ANQXAAAAIAAJ] **201 Japanese Verbs. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dve2QgAACAAJ] *Rita Lampkin. Japanese Verbs and Essentials of Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of Japanese. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P_CyQgAACAAJ] *Suski. Conjugation of Japanese Verbs in the Modern Spoken Japanese. 1942. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SZIPAAAAYAAJ] *G F Verbeck. A Synopsis of All the Conjugations of the Japanese Verbs. 1887. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jEJlAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ready Conjugator of Japanese Verbs and Adjectives [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jrNDAQAAIAAJ] *Tadao Miyamoto. The Light Verb Construction in Japanese: The Role of the Verbal Noun. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pHKVTctA-WwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Adjectives *Ann Tarumoto. Complete Japanese Adjective Guide. Tuttle. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SIC4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Copula *Tomiko Narahara. The Japanese Copula: Forms and Functions. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UKOHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064474] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44486751] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176893] Idioms *Kodansha's Dictionary of Basic Japanese Idioms. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mQ5gyagWePMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuo Akiyama and Carol Akiyama. Japanese Idioms. Barron's. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V5YPAAAAYAAJ] *Michael L Maynard and Senko K Maynard. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HXI-Xvv5dMYC] Grammar *Stefan Kaiser, Yasuko Ichikawa, Noriko Kobayashi and Hilofumi Yamamoto. Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammar. 2001. 2nd Ed: 2013: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vJH3CumpiZEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Naomi H McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian and Tomomi Kakegawa. Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical Guide. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qcdBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yuki Johnson. Fundamentals of Japanese Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=keIZAQAAIAAJ] *Kazuhiro Teruya. A Systemic Functional Grammar of Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SJcqAQAAIAAJ] *Kimihiko Nomura. Japanese Grammar: The Connecting Point. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I913EQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Grammar [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZMYsHvuhXIC] *Masahiro Tanimori and Eriko Sato. Essential Japanese Grammar. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CUXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Zeljko Cipris and Shoko Hamano. Making Sense of Japanese Grammar: A Clear Guide through Common Problems. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GZ0BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Carol Akiyama and Nobuo Akiyama. Pocket Japanese Grammar. 4th Ed: 2020: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aga9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Grammar. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cO5wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Harold G Henderson. Handbook of Japanese Grammar. 1945. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NYEBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *W P Lehmann and Lloyd Faust. A Grammar of Formal Written Japanese. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, vol 5). 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50s0AAAAIAAJ] Read; Reading *[[w:en:Eleanor Jorden|Eleanor Harz Jorden]] and Hamako Ito Chaplin. Reading Japanese. Yale University Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1MF6kCogEx0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jiří Jelínek and Patricia A Heron. Reading Japanese: A self-instructional manual for beginners, leading to independent translating ability. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1975. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *Dale P Crowley, with the assistance of Yoshiyuki Kawata and Yoko Kawata. Manual for Reading Japanese. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nK0PAAAAYAAJ] *John Braden. Read Practical Japanese. Kenkyusha. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3MAPAAAAYAAJ] *Setsuko Aihara, with Graham Parkes. Strategies for Reading Japanese: A Rational Approach to the Japanese Sentence. Japan Publications Trading Company. Tokyo. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tMs_AQAAIAAJ] *Len Walsh. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hjBEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn 400 Practical Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QcrXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur Rose-Innes. Japanese Reading for Beginners. K Yoshikawa & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cP1z4IcbiO4C] ==Writing== Written; Writing *David Ashworth and Ikumi Hitosugi. Written Japanese: An Introduction. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fLDhgDHj7_EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Heath Rose. The Japanese Writing System: Challenges, Strategies and Self-regulation for Learning Kanji. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZDU8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1924#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Basil Hall Chamberlain. A Practical Introduction to the Study of Japanese Writing. 1899. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-SWFGQkuJN8C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Handwritten *P G O'Neill. A Reader of Handwritten Japanese. Kodansha International. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r-MZAQAAIAAJ] ==Characters and syllabaries== *Andrew N Nelson. Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1962. 1st Revised Ed: 1966. 2nd Revised Ed: 1974. Classic Ed: 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKuHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: The Incorporated Linguist, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E2MtAQAAMAAJ vol 5], no 1, p 24. **John H Haig. The Compact Nelson: Japanese - English Character Dictionary. Tuttle. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3bzewAEACAAJ] *Mark Spahn and Wolfgang Hadamitzky. Japanese Character Dictionary: With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji. 漢英熟語リバ一ス字典. Nichigai Associates. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RqEPAAAAYAAJ] *NTC's New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1993. ISBN 0844284343. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rZoFwQEACAAJ] **New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Kenyusha. Tokyo. 1990. ISBN 4767490405. Hiragana and katakana *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana for Beginners. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZPs8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kenneth G Henshall and Tetsuo Takagaki. Learning Japanese Hiragana and Katakana. Revised 2nd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Guide to Learning Hiragana & Katakana. Tuttle. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=18i1QgAACAAJ] *Glen McCabe. Japanese Hiragana and Katakana Flash Cards. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aSFFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Richard S Keirstead. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana: Language Practice Pad. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yPxHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Hiragana *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Hiragana. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CvQZAQAAIAAJ] *James W Heisig. Remembering the Hiragana: a complete course on how to teach yourself the Japanese syllabary in 3 hours. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VdEPAAAAYAAJ] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana for Beginners. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dR_RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Hiragana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YtZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Yuko Green. My First Hiragana Activity Book. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C-OKxX_cdpgC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Katakana *Tina Wells. Easy Katakana: How to Read and Write English Words Used in Japanese. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ZSDP-9i9oUC] *Helmut Morsbach, Kazue Kurebayashi and James W. Heisig. Remembering the Katakana. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeAPAAAAYAAJ] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Katakana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rNZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Katakana for Beginners: First Steps to Mastering the Japanese Writing System. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W5sdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji and kana *Wolfgang Hadamitzky and Mark Spahn. Japanese Kanji and Kana: A Complete Guide to the Japanese Writing System. 1981. 2nd Ed: 1997. 3rd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w7QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji *James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji. 1977. 5th Ed: 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TtEaylKrGaMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. Remembering the Kanji 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PYOUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji: A systematic guide to reading Japanese characters. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *James W Heisig and Tanya Sienko. Remembering the Kanji 3. 1994. 2nd Ed: 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wTZ4x_BHe5EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Editorial staff of The East magazine. Kanji Kanji. The East Publications Inc. Tokyo. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HcYPAAAAYAAJ]. Revised Ed: 1983: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T8YPAAAAYAAJ]. *Andrew Dykstra. Kanji 1-2-3. Kanji Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SnBWAAAAYAAJ] *The Learner's Japanese Kanji Dictionary. Tuttle. *Naoomi Kuratani, Akemi Kobayashi and Shunsuke Okunishi (eds). A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage あたらしい漢字用法辞典. Gakken. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5-C4AAAAIAAJ]. Review: "The Slimline Kanji Dictionaries" (1996) 9 International Journal of Lexicography 132 (No 2: June). Abstracts: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vYPAQAAMAAJ] [https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article-abstract/9/2/132/930154] *Jack Halpern. The Kodansha Kanji Usage Guide: An A to Z of Kun Homophones. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qgWQEAAAQBAJ] *Laurence Matthews. Kanji Fast Finder 漢字早引き辞典. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7SdpPwAACAAJ] *Glen Nolan Grant. Mastering Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0L1GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. *John Millen. Kanji Power: A Workbook for Mastering Japanese Characters. Tuttle Publishing. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uPu4AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari. Standard Kanji. Revised Ed. 1949. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b1Q98sCcgV0C] *P G O'Neill. Essential Kanji. Weatherhill. 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VYadVK-DqSYC]. Paperback Ed: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dQ25AAAAIAAJ]. *Essential Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gr5GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F8A0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Kodansha's Compact Kanji Guide: A new character dictionary for students and professionals. Kodansha International. 1991. Review: Gerald B Mathias and Timothy J Vance (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2loLAQAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 47 (No 1: April 1992) *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Kanji. Passport Books. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R7ZM9Dao7NMC] *Erik Sato. Learning Japanese Kanji: Practice Book. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IcA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *The Second 100 Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gUjRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn Kanji: An Introduction to Radicals, Components and 250 Very Basic Kanji. Kodansha International. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=khnrnBXLciIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Richard Glenn Covington, Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn More Kanji: Family Groups, Learning Strategies, and 300 Complex Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLEOAAAACAAJ] ==Linguistics== *Yoko Hasegawa (ed). The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CC5RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48828212] [https://online.ucpress.edu/jjs/article-abstract/46/2/536/210735/Review-The-Cambridge-Handbook-of-Japanese] *Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4CS07LRO8O8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Natsuko Tsujimura. An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. 1996. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/489672] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/417343]. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdaYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yoko Hasegawa. Japanese: A Linguistic Introduction. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpeiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Toshiko Yamaguchi. Japanese Linguistics in Use: An Introduction for Language Learners. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QP-YEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Linguistics: An Introduction. 2007. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25173131] **Japanese Language in Use: An Introduction. 2007. *Natsuko Tsujimura. Japanese Linguistics. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bgJ8PgAACAAJ] *Tetsuo Harada. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tateshina Print Company. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jTcHAQAAIAAJ] Periodicals, Linguistics *Papers in Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iZomAQAAIAAJ] *Journal of Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=458mAQAAIAAJ] Issues *Takashi Imai and Mamoru Saito (eds). Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (Studies in Generative Grammar 29). Foris Publications. Dordrecht, Holland. 1987. ISBN 90-6765-284-9. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bYiFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yukio Otsu and Ann Farmer (eds). Theoretical Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 2). 1980. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RDeBAAAAIAAJ] Kokugogaku and nihongogaku *Lidia Tanaka. "Japanese language studies: Kokugo as an ideology, nihongo as an autonomous and global scholarship?". Kaori Okano and Yoshio Sugimoto (eds). Rethinking Japanese Studies: Eurocentrism and the Asia-Pacific Region. Routledge Contemporary Japan Series. 2018.Chapter 3. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false 32] to 52. Nihongogaku (Japanese: [[w:ja:日本語学|日本語学]]) (English: Japanese linguistics; Japanese language studies) *[https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/rnavi/humanities/post_198 日本語学に関する文献を探すには（主題書誌）]. [[w:en:National Diet Library|NDL]]. Cf. Kokugogaku (Japanese: [[en:wikt:国語学|国語学]]) (English: national language studies) Syntax and semantics *Masayoshi Shibatani. Syntax and Semantics. Japanese Generative Grammar 5. Academic Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sPJZEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kuroda. Japanese Syntax and Semantics: Collected Papers. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OXnrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Hinds and Irwin Howard (eds). Problems in Japanese Syntax and Semantics. Kaitakusha Co Ltd. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_yBkAAAAMAAJ] Semantics and pragmatics *Wesley M Jacobsen and Yukinori Takubo (eds). Handbook of Japanese Semantics and Pragmatics. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wUUCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Elin McCready, Katsuhiko Yabushita and Kei Yoshimoto (eds). Formal Approaches to Semantics and Pragmatics: Japanese and Beyond. 2014. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZeBcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false] Morphology and phonology *Jeroen Maarten van de Weijer and Tetsuo Nishihara (eds). Issues in Japanese Phonology and Morphology. (Studies in Generative Grammar 51).  2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4p_t7jy28AC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Phonetics and Phonology *Haruo Kubozono (ed). Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8vFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiromi Otaka. Phonetics and Phonology of Moras, Feet and Geminate Consonants in Japanese. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=39Q_AQAAIAAJ] *James D McCawley. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. Mouton & Co NV. The Hague. 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3JoPAAAAYAAJ] Syntax *Masayoshi Shibatani, Shigeru Miyagawa and Hisashi Noda (eds). Handbook of Japanese Syntax. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tk8_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuko Hasegawa. Japanese Syntax in Comparative Grammar. Kuroshio Publishers. Tokyo. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ztApAQAAIAAJ] Phonetics *Daniel Lepetit and Reiko Makino. Japanese Phonetics: A Thematic Bibliography. Canadian Scholars. 1996. ISBN 1551300923. Catalogue: Canadian Books in Print: Author and Title Index 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q2WLJa9rY5MC&pg=PA1063#v=onepage&q&f=false p 1063]. *Society Newsletter. 1926 to 1996. [[w:ja:日本音声学会|The Phonetic Society of Japan]]. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication/society-newsletter] **Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan. 1997 onwards. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. Lincom Europa. 1997. [https://books.google.com/books?id=guUZAQAAIAAJ] *P M Suski. The Phonetics of Japanese Language: With Reference to Japanese Script. 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpthAAAAMAAJ]. 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9DuiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Phonology *Laurence Labrune. The Phonology of Japanese. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ix9r6CbEl6IC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonology: A Functional Approach. Lincom Europa. 2000. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R-QZAQAAIAAJ] *Mieko Shimizu Han. Japanese Phonology: An Analysis Based on Sound Spectrograms. Kenkyusha. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T3Xl7SviXB4C] Pragmatics *Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Yoshiko Matsumoto, Junko Mori (eds). Pragmatics of Japanese: Perspectives on grammar, interaction and culture. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2wZTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Gabriele Kasper. Pragmatics of Japanese as Native and Target Language. Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaiʼi at Mānoa. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2_8ifcjhpYQC] *Naoko Taguchi. Pragmatic Competence. (Mouton Series in Pragmatics). 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=14dEa1EZm4oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Sociolinguistics *Roy Andrew Miller. The Japanese Language in Contemporary Japan: Some Sociolinguistic Observations. 1977. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9RxkAAAAMAAJ] ==Translation== *Yoko Hasegawa. The Routledge Course in Japanese Translation. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5kX1O4bCx_oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24394410] *Judy Wakabayashi. Japanese–English Translation: An Advanced Guide. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nqf7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Dialects and regions== Dialects *Nobuko Kibe, Tetsuo Nitta and Kan Sasaki (eds). Handbook of Japanese Dialects. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8_Y9EQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kansai *Peter Tse. Kansai Japanese: The Language of Osaka, Kyoto, and Western Japan. (Tuttle Language Library). 1993. Reprinted 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FvVkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *DC Palter and Kaoru Slotsve. Colloquial Kansai Japanese: The Dialects and Culture of the Kansai Region. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rJEdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==History== *Bjarke Frellesvig. A History of the Japanese Language. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lone Takeuchi. The Structure and History of Japanese: From Yamatokotoba to Nihongo. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sr8PAAAAYAAJ] *Ohno Susumu. The Origin of the Japanese Language. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai. Tokyo. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqcPAAAAYAAJ] *N A Syromiatnikov. The Ancient Japanese Language. Nauka Publishing House. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OB5kAAAAMAAJ] *Yaeko Sato Habein. The History of the Japanese Written Language. University of Tokyo Press. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xh1kAAAAMAAJ] ==Old Japanese== *John R Bentley. A Descriptive Grammar of Early Old Japanese Prose. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Eoqv_NcLJ4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Alexander Vovin. A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ba1xEQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] 2nd Ed: 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xfP_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. ==Classical Japanese== Introduction *Akira Komai and Thomas H Rohlich. An Introduction to Classical Japanese. Bonjinsha. Tokyo. 1991. Review: "Textbook Review by Questionnaire" (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tClnAAAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 50 (No 1: April 1992) Grammar *Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Lincom Europa. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PHoLAQAAMAAJ] *Haruo Shirane. Classical Japanese: A Grammar. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M5-vVlcVEDkC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/209495/summary] *Alexander Vovin. A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=24GTVscUCX0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Akira Komai. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Culver Publishing. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sL0PAAAAYAAJ] *Tadashi Ikeda. Classical Japanese Grammar Illustrated with Texts. The Toho Gakkai (The Institute of Eastern Culture). 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQjUAAAAMAAJ] Dictionary *Ivan Morris. Dictionary of Selected Forms in Classical Japanese Literature. Columbia University Press. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O70PAAAAYAAJ] *Jiří Jelínek. Classical Japanese-English Grammar Dictionary. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qOEPAAAAYAAJ] Clauses *Stefan Kaiser. Circumnominal Relative Clauses in Classical Japanese: An Historical Study. Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1991. ISBN 344703212X. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GHsPAAAAYAAJ] [[Category:Japanese]] 3lpatdrgagofaalgsgm954vcy9dwbb5 2818122 2818121 2026-07-11T17:31:40Z James500 297601 /* */ Add 2818122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} This page is part of [[Universal Bibliography/Languages|bibliography of languages]]. This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of Japanese. Bibliography *Harald Suppanschitsch and Jürgen Stalph. Japanische Sprache und Schrift: eine Bibliographie des in deutscher Sprache veröffentlichten Schrifttums. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7tBw_wLMOagC&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Oskar Nachod. "Linguistics". Bibliography of the Japanese Empire 1906-1926. 1928. vol 2. Chapter XII. pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002oska/page/613/mode/1up 613] to 628, 753 and 754. *Wenckstern. "Philology: The Japanese Language". A Bibliography of the Japanese Empire. Chapter VI. vol 1, pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dcVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false 74] to 88. vol 2, pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002frvo/page/74/mode/1up 74] to 89. General *Haruhiko Kindaichi. The Japanese Language. Tuttle. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s_UZAQAAIAAJ] 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PdzkyasVMMoC] 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Osamu Mizutani. Japanese: The Spoken Language in Japanese Life. Japan Times. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jZsPAAAAYAAJ] *Charles Berlitz. Passport to Japanese. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSQ04TeVfWYC] Periodicals *Japanese Language and Literature. (Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese.) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?&id=QpkmAQAAIAAJ] Kokugo *Paul H Clark. The Kokugo Revolution: Education, Identity, and Language Policy in Imperial Japan. (Japan Research Monograph 16). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F6jSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yeounsuk Lee. The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan. University of Hawaii Press. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=54wBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Kokugo To Iu Shisō: Kindai Nihon No Gengo Ninshiki. (Japanese: 「国語」という思想: 近代日本の言語認識). Iwanami Shoten. Tokyo. 1996. Nihongo *Makoto Sugawara. Nihongo: A Japanese Approach to Japanese. East Publications. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKkPAAAAYAAJ] *Roy Andrew Miller. Nihongo: In Defence of Japanese. The Athlone Press. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oRxkAAAAMAAJ] *Nihongo Notes. The Japan Times. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdkpAQAAIAAJ] *Yutaka Sato and Margaret Y. Yamashita. Nihongo: Introductory Japanese. 1994. vol 2. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ptACuS6HnpUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Minna No Nihongo I. 3A Corporation. (スリーエーネットワーク). 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G-bl2P5lRl4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Minna No Nihongo II. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nHnMa4Zw-MC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Introductions *A E Backhouse. The Japanese Language: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vawPAAAAYAAJ] *Richard Bowring and Haruko Uryū Laurie. An Introduction to Modern Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gu3k3eiOXWAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Understanding *Yasuko Obana. Understanding Japanese: A Handbook for Learners and Teachers. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I9IPAAAAYAAJ] Learn *Yuko Fukuroi. Learn Japanese. Institute of Asian Studies. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0SJkAAAAMAAJ] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: New College Text: Volume IV. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rxwxLVwW2t0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: Pattern Approach. University of Maryland. 1963. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pG1AsovGf3AC] *Nobuko Mizutani. Let's Learn Japanese. (Radio Japan). 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4urrPQAACAAJ] *Senko K Maynard. Learning Japanese for Real: A Guide to Grammar, Use, and Genres of the Nihongo World. University of Hawaii Press. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QF4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Muneo Kimura. Learning Japanese: Techniques for Intermediate and Advanced Student. (Orientation Seminars on Japan, number 23). Office for the Japanese Studies Center, The Japan Foundation. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZyUHAQAAIAAJ] *Miwa Kai. Listen & Learn Japanese. 1959. Reprinted 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wBrYftZU6z4C&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Study *Jun Maeda. Let's Study Japanese. (Tuttle Language Library). 1st Ed: 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itdGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Courses *Fudeko Obazawa Reekie. A First Course in Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvmrFBsaXOkC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Intensive Course in Japanese. Language Services Co Ltd. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SRhIAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0ytIAAAAMAAJ] *Akiyama. Nucleus Course in Japanese. Institute of Modern Languages. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iGw-AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari and Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x9MTAQAAMAAJ] *Clay MacCauley. An Introductory Course in Japanese. 1897. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hmvl19e6ld4C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Fundamentals *Toyoaki Uehara and Gisaburo N Kiyose. Fundamentals of Japanese. Indiana University Press. Bloomington and London. Tenri University Press. Tenri 1974. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/598969] and Hiroshi Miyaji, "Book Reviews" (1976) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EilkAAAAMAAJ 11] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 106 (No 1: January 1976) Essential *Essential Japanese: Speak Japanese with Confidence. Tuttle. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aJzTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lynne Strugnell. Essential Japanese. Berlitz. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vxBU3vjytQC] *Samuel E Martin. Essential Japanese: An Introduction to the Standard Colloquial Language. 1954. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rx5kAAAAMAAJ] *Helmut Morsbach and Kazue Kurebayashi. Essential Japanese: A Guidebook to Language and Culture. Penguin Books.1990. ISBN 9780140101881. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3rqgQ7zW3AsC] Ultimate *Ultimate Japanese **Suguru Akutsu. Ultimate Japanese: Advanced. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VV4RAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GnMqAQAAIAAJ 33] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 111 (No 2: October 1999) Easy *Samuel E Martin. Easy Japanese: A Direct Learning Approach for Immediate Communication. 1st Ed: 1957. 2nd Ed: 1959. 3rd Ed: 1962. 4th Ed: 2006: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CKHTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jack Seward. Easy Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQIraVXUxN0C] *Fumiko Koide. Easy Japanese. Nippon Kyooiku Kiki Fukyu Center Company. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q4JEAQAAMAAJ] *Emiko Konomi. Easy Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese Quickly! [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mjtRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Basic *Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese. [Practice Makes Perfect]. Premium 3rd Ed: 2023.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JmeYEAAAQBAJ] *NTC's Basic Japanese. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hLyZCKpa8jMC] *Samuel E. Martin and Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese in 10 Easy Lessons. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F1RSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Shoko Hamano and Takae Tsujioka. Basic Japanese: A Grammar and Workbook. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l0fJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Demystified, Dummies *Eriko Sato. Japanese Demystified. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ak7AlXKi3pYC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Eriko Sato. Japanese For Dummies. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Oi6lpE_NC-wC] Hiroko Chiba and Erik Sato. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gql7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate *Michael L Kluemper and Lisa Berkson. Intermediate Japanese Textbook. 2022. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7hl2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Intermediate Japanese Workbook. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4qB-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiyaku: An Intermediate Japanese Course. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9ZDtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Haruko Laurie and Richard Bowring. Cambridge Intermediate Japanese. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E1wLAQAAMAAJ] *Yasuko Ito Watt and Richard Rubinger. Readers Guide to Intermediate Japanese: A Quick Reference to Written Expressions. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8ACEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate to advanced *The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Advanced *Noriko Ishihara and Magara Maeda. Advanced Japanese: Communication in Context. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gmBQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *An Introduction to Advanced Spoken Japanese. Inter-university Center for Japanese Language Studies. Delmer M Brown. 1987. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Og96QDPsx18C] For high school students; High school programs *Esther M T Sato, Loren I Shishido and Masako Sakihara. Japanese Now. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k17cHllNfTAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1] **Esther M T Sato and Masako Sakihara. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vufHtRpVZt4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 4]. For scientists and engineers *Edward E. Daub, R Byron Bird and Nobuo Inoue. Basic Technical Japanese. 科学技術日本語の基礎. University of Wisconsin Press. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oN23JJhjFpwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Readings *Joseph K Yamagiwa (ed). Readings in Japanese Language and Linguistics. University of Michigan Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=76wPAAAAYAAJ] Dictionaries See also [[w:en:Japanese dictionary]] Vocabulary *Akira Miura. Essential Japanese Vocabulary. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZZvTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Vocabulary [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fV0NAAAACAAJ] *Carol and Nobuo Akiyama. Japanese Vocabulary. Barron's. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Aa6PAAACAAJ] Words *Akira Miura. Japanese Words & Their Uses. Charles E Tuttle. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MVVzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Verbs *Complete Japanese Verb Guide. Tuttle. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I_EPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *P Suski. Japanese Verbs. (Super Review). Research & Education Association. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9t6oHZh5gecC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Naoko Chino. Japanese Verbs at a Glance. Kodansha International. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-8AjAQAAIAAJ] *600 Basic Japanese Verbs. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wZgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Roland A Lange. 501 Japanese Verbs. Barron's. 1988. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ANQXAAAAIAAJ] **201 Japanese Verbs. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dve2QgAACAAJ] *Rita Lampkin. Japanese Verbs and Essentials of Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of Japanese. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P_CyQgAACAAJ] *Suski. Conjugation of Japanese Verbs in the Modern Spoken Japanese. 1942. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SZIPAAAAYAAJ] *G F Verbeck. A Synopsis of All the Conjugations of the Japanese Verbs. 1887. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jEJlAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ready Conjugator of Japanese Verbs and Adjectives [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jrNDAQAAIAAJ] *Tadao Miyamoto. The Light Verb Construction in Japanese: The Role of the Verbal Noun. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pHKVTctA-WwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Adjectives *Ann Tarumoto. Complete Japanese Adjective Guide. Tuttle. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SIC4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Copula *Tomiko Narahara. The Japanese Copula: Forms and Functions. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UKOHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064474] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44486751] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176893] Idioms *Kodansha's Dictionary of Basic Japanese Idioms. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mQ5gyagWePMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuo Akiyama and Carol Akiyama. Japanese Idioms. Barron's. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V5YPAAAAYAAJ] *Michael L Maynard and Senko K Maynard. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HXI-Xvv5dMYC] Grammar *Stefan Kaiser, Yasuko Ichikawa, Noriko Kobayashi and Hilofumi Yamamoto. Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammar. 2001. 2nd Ed: 2013: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vJH3CumpiZEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Naomi H McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian and Tomomi Kakegawa. Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical Guide. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qcdBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yuki Johnson. Fundamentals of Japanese Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=keIZAQAAIAAJ] *Kazuhiro Teruya. A Systemic Functional Grammar of Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SJcqAQAAIAAJ] *Kimihiko Nomura. Japanese Grammar: The Connecting Point. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I913EQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Grammar [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZMYsHvuhXIC] *Masahiro Tanimori and Eriko Sato. Essential Japanese Grammar. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CUXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Zeljko Cipris and Shoko Hamano. Making Sense of Japanese Grammar: A Clear Guide through Common Problems. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GZ0BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Carol Akiyama and Nobuo Akiyama. Pocket Japanese Grammar. 4th Ed: 2020: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aga9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Grammar. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cO5wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Harold G Henderson. Handbook of Japanese Grammar. 1945. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NYEBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *W P Lehmann and Lloyd Faust. A Grammar of Formal Written Japanese. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, vol 5). 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50s0AAAAIAAJ] Read; Reading *[[w:en:Eleanor Jorden|Eleanor Harz Jorden]] and Hamako Ito Chaplin. Reading Japanese. Yale University Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1MF6kCogEx0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jiří Jelínek and Patricia A Heron. Reading Japanese: A self-instructional manual for beginners, leading to independent translating ability. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1975. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *Dale P Crowley, with the assistance of Yoshiyuki Kawata and Yoko Kawata. Manual for Reading Japanese. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nK0PAAAAYAAJ] *John Braden. Read Practical Japanese. Kenkyusha. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3MAPAAAAYAAJ] *Setsuko Aihara, with Graham Parkes. Strategies for Reading Japanese: A Rational Approach to the Japanese Sentence. Japan Publications Trading Company. Tokyo. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tMs_AQAAIAAJ] *Len Walsh. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hjBEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn 400 Practical Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QcrXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur Rose-Innes. Japanese Reading for Beginners. K Yoshikawa & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cP1z4IcbiO4C] ==Writing== Written; Writing *David Ashworth and Ikumi Hitosugi. Written Japanese: An Introduction. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fLDhgDHj7_EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Heath Rose. The Japanese Writing System: Challenges, Strategies and Self-regulation for Learning Kanji. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZDU8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1924#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Basil Hall Chamberlain. A Practical Introduction to the Study of Japanese Writing. 1899. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-SWFGQkuJN8C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Handwritten *P G O'Neill. A Reader of Handwritten Japanese. Kodansha International. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r-MZAQAAIAAJ] ==Characters and syllabaries== *Andrew N Nelson. Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1962. 1st Revised Ed: 1966. 2nd Revised Ed: 1974. Classic Ed: 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKuHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: The Incorporated Linguist, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E2MtAQAAMAAJ vol 5], no 1, p 24. **John H Haig. The Compact Nelson: Japanese - English Character Dictionary. Tuttle. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3bzewAEACAAJ] *Mark Spahn and Wolfgang Hadamitzky. Japanese Character Dictionary: With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji. 漢英熟語リバ一ス字典. Nichigai Associates. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RqEPAAAAYAAJ] *NTC's New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1993. ISBN 0844284343. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rZoFwQEACAAJ] **New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Kenyusha. Tokyo. 1990. ISBN 4767490405. Hiragana and katakana *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana for Beginners. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZPs8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kenneth G Henshall and Tetsuo Takagaki. Learning Japanese Hiragana and Katakana. Revised 2nd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Guide to Learning Hiragana & Katakana. Tuttle. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=18i1QgAACAAJ] *Glen McCabe. Japanese Hiragana and Katakana Flash Cards. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aSFFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Richard S Keirstead. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana: Language Practice Pad. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yPxHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Hiragana *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Hiragana. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CvQZAQAAIAAJ] *James W Heisig. Remembering the Hiragana: a complete course on how to teach yourself the Japanese syllabary in 3 hours. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VdEPAAAAYAAJ] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana for Beginners. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dR_RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Hiragana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YtZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Yuko Green. My First Hiragana Activity Book. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C-OKxX_cdpgC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Katakana *Tina Wells. Easy Katakana: How to Read and Write English Words Used in Japanese. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ZSDP-9i9oUC] *Helmut Morsbach, Kazue Kurebayashi and James W. Heisig. Remembering the Katakana. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeAPAAAAYAAJ] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Katakana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rNZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Katakana for Beginners: First Steps to Mastering the Japanese Writing System. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W5sdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji and kana *Wolfgang Hadamitzky and Mark Spahn. Japanese Kanji and Kana: A Complete Guide to the Japanese Writing System. 1981. 2nd Ed: 1997. 3rd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w7QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji *James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji. 1977. 5th Ed: 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TtEaylKrGaMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. Remembering the Kanji 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PYOUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji: A systematic guide to reading Japanese characters. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *James W Heisig and Tanya Sienko. Remembering the Kanji 3. 1994. 2nd Ed: 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wTZ4x_BHe5EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Editorial staff of The East magazine. Kanji Kanji. The East Publications Inc. Tokyo. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HcYPAAAAYAAJ]. Revised Ed: 1983: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T8YPAAAAYAAJ]. *Andrew Dykstra. Kanji 1-2-3. Kanji Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SnBWAAAAYAAJ] *The Learner's Japanese Kanji Dictionary. Tuttle. *Naoomi Kuratani, Akemi Kobayashi and Shunsuke Okunishi (eds). A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage あたらしい漢字用法辞典. Gakken. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5-C4AAAAIAAJ]. Review: "The Slimline Kanji Dictionaries" (1996) 9 International Journal of Lexicography 132 (No 2: June). Abstracts: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vYPAQAAMAAJ] [https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article-abstract/9/2/132/930154] *Jack Halpern. The Kodansha Kanji Usage Guide: An A to Z of Kun Homophones. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qgWQEAAAQBAJ] *Laurence Matthews. Kanji Fast Finder 漢字早引き辞典. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7SdpPwAACAAJ] *Glen Nolan Grant. Mastering Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0L1GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. *John Millen. Kanji Power: A Workbook for Mastering Japanese Characters. Tuttle Publishing. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uPu4AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari. Standard Kanji. Revised Ed. 1949. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b1Q98sCcgV0C] *P G O'Neill. Essential Kanji. Weatherhill. 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VYadVK-DqSYC]. Paperback Ed: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dQ25AAAAIAAJ]. *Essential Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gr5GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F8A0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Kodansha's Compact Kanji Guide: A new character dictionary for students and professionals. Kodansha International. 1991. Review: Gerald B Mathias and Timothy J Vance (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2loLAQAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 47 (No 1: April 1992) *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Kanji. Passport Books. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R7ZM9Dao7NMC] *Erik Sato. Learning Japanese Kanji: Practice Book. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IcA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *The Second 100 Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gUjRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn Kanji: An Introduction to Radicals, Components and 250 Very Basic Kanji. Kodansha International. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=khnrnBXLciIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Richard Glenn Covington, Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn More Kanji: Family Groups, Learning Strategies, and 300 Complex Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLEOAAAACAAJ] ==Linguistics== *Yoko Hasegawa (ed). The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CC5RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48828212] [https://online.ucpress.edu/jjs/article-abstract/46/2/536/210735/Review-The-Cambridge-Handbook-of-Japanese] *Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4CS07LRO8O8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Natsuko Tsujimura. An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. 1996. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/489672] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/417343]. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdaYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yoko Hasegawa. Japanese: A Linguistic Introduction. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpeiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Toshiko Yamaguchi. Japanese Linguistics in Use: An Introduction for Language Learners. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QP-YEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Linguistics: An Introduction. 2007. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25173131] **Japanese Language in Use: An Introduction. 2007. *Natsuko Tsujimura. Japanese Linguistics. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bgJ8PgAACAAJ] *Tetsuo Harada. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tateshina Print Company. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jTcHAQAAIAAJ] Periodicals, Linguistics *Papers in Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iZomAQAAIAAJ] *Journal of Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=458mAQAAIAAJ] Issues *Takashi Imai and Mamoru Saito (eds). Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (Studies in Generative Grammar 29). Foris Publications. Dordrecht, Holland. 1987. ISBN 90-6765-284-9. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bYiFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yukio Otsu and Ann Farmer (eds). Theoretical Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 2). 1980. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RDeBAAAAIAAJ] Kokugogaku and nihongogaku *Lidia Tanaka. "Japanese language studies: Kokugo as an ideology, nihongo as an autonomous and global scholarship?". Kaori Okano and Yoshio Sugimoto (eds). Rethinking Japanese Studies: Eurocentrism and the Asia-Pacific Region. Routledge Contemporary Japan Series. 2018.Chapter 3. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false 32] to 52. Nihongogaku (Japanese: [[w:ja:日本語学|日本語学]]) (English: Japanese linguistics; Japanese language studies) *[https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/rnavi/humanities/post_198 日本語学に関する文献を探すには（主題書誌）]. [[w:en:National Diet Library|NDL]]. Cf. Kokugogaku (Japanese: [[en:wikt:国語学|国語学]]) (English: national language studies) Syntax and semantics *Masayoshi Shibatani. Syntax and Semantics. Japanese Generative Grammar 5. Academic Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sPJZEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kuroda. Japanese Syntax and Semantics: Collected Papers. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OXnrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Hinds and Irwin Howard (eds). Problems in Japanese Syntax and Semantics. Kaitakusha Co Ltd. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_yBkAAAAMAAJ] Semantics and pragmatics *Wesley M Jacobsen and Yukinori Takubo (eds). Handbook of Japanese Semantics and Pragmatics. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wUUCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Elin McCready, Katsuhiko Yabushita and Kei Yoshimoto (eds). Formal Approaches to Semantics and Pragmatics: Japanese and Beyond. 2014. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZeBcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false] Morphology and phonology *Jeroen Maarten van de Weijer and Tetsuo Nishihara (eds). Issues in Japanese Phonology and Morphology. (Studies in Generative Grammar 51).  2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4p_t7jy28AC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Phonetics and Phonology *Haruo Kubozono (ed). Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8vFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiromi Otaka. Phonetics and Phonology of Moras, Feet and Geminate Consonants in Japanese. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=39Q_AQAAIAAJ] *James D McCawley. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. Mouton & Co NV. The Hague. 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3JoPAAAAYAAJ] Syntax *Masayoshi Shibatani, Shigeru Miyagawa and Hisashi Noda (eds). Handbook of Japanese Syntax. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tk8_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuko Hasegawa. Japanese Syntax in Comparative Grammar. Kuroshio Publishers. Tokyo. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ztApAQAAIAAJ] Phonetics *Daniel Lepetit and Reiko Makino. Japanese Phonetics: A Thematic Bibliography. Canadian Scholars. 1996. ISBN 1551300923. Catalogue: Canadian Books in Print: Author and Title Index 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q2WLJa9rY5MC&pg=PA1063#v=onepage&q&f=false p 1063]. *Society Newsletter. 1926 to 1996. [[w:ja:日本音声学会|The Phonetic Society of Japan]]. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication/society-newsletter] **Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan. 1997 onwards. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. Lincom Europa. 1997. [https://books.google.com/books?id=guUZAQAAIAAJ] *P M Suski. The Phonetics of Japanese Language: With Reference to Japanese Script. 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpthAAAAMAAJ]. 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9DuiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Phonology *Laurence Labrune. The Phonology of Japanese. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ix9r6CbEl6IC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonology: A Functional Approach. Lincom Europa. 2000. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R-QZAQAAIAAJ] *Mieko Shimizu Han. Japanese Phonology: An Analysis Based on Sound Spectrograms. Kenkyusha. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T3Xl7SviXB4C] Pragmatics *Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Yoshiko Matsumoto, Junko Mori (eds). Pragmatics of Japanese: Perspectives on grammar, interaction and culture. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2wZTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Gabriele Kasper. Pragmatics of Japanese as Native and Target Language. Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaiʼi at Mānoa. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2_8ifcjhpYQC] *Naoko Taguchi. Pragmatic Competence. (Mouton Series in Pragmatics). 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=14dEa1EZm4oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Sociolinguistics *Roy Andrew Miller. The Japanese Language in Contemporary Japan: Some Sociolinguistic Observations. 1977. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9RxkAAAAMAAJ] ==Translation== *Yoko Hasegawa. The Routledge Course in Japanese Translation. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5kX1O4bCx_oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24394410] *Judy Wakabayashi. Japanese–English Translation: An Advanced Guide. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nqf7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Dialects and regions== Dialects *Nobuko Kibe, Tetsuo Nitta and Kan Sasaki (eds). Handbook of Japanese Dialects. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8_Y9EQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kansai *Peter Tse. Kansai Japanese: The Language of Osaka, Kyoto, and Western Japan. (Tuttle Language Library). 1993. Reprinted 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FvVkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *DC Palter and Kaoru Slotsve. Colloquial Kansai Japanese: The Dialects and Culture of the Kansai Region. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rJEdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==History== *Bjarke Frellesvig. A History of the Japanese Language. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lone Takeuchi. The Structure and History of Japanese: From Yamatokotoba to Nihongo. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sr8PAAAAYAAJ] *Ohno Susumu. The Origin of the Japanese Language. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai. Tokyo. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqcPAAAAYAAJ] *N A Syromiatnikov. The Ancient Japanese Language. Nauka Publishing House. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OB5kAAAAMAAJ] *Yaeko Sato Habein. The History of the Japanese Written Language. University of Tokyo Press. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xh1kAAAAMAAJ] ==Old Japanese== *John R Bentley. A Descriptive Grammar of Early Old Japanese Prose. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Eoqv_NcLJ4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Alexander Vovin. A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ba1xEQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] 2nd Ed: 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xfP_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. ==Classical Japanese== Introduction *Akira Komai and Thomas H Rohlich. An Introduction to Classical Japanese. Bonjinsha. Tokyo. 1991. Review: "Textbook Review by Questionnaire" (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tClnAAAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 50 (No 1: April 1992) Grammar *Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Lincom Europa. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PHoLAQAAMAAJ] *Haruo Shirane. Classical Japanese: A Grammar. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M5-vVlcVEDkC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/209495/summary] *Alexander Vovin. A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=24GTVscUCX0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Akira Komai. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Culver Publishing. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sL0PAAAAYAAJ] *Tadashi Ikeda. Classical Japanese Grammar Illustrated with Texts. The Toho Gakkai (The Institute of Eastern Culture). 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQjUAAAAMAAJ] Dictionary *Ivan Morris. Dictionary of Selected Forms in Classical Japanese Literature. Columbia University Press. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O70PAAAAYAAJ] *Jiří Jelínek. Classical Japanese-English Grammar Dictionary. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qOEPAAAAYAAJ] Clauses *Stefan Kaiser. Circumnominal Relative Clauses in Classical Japanese: An Historical Study. Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1991. ISBN 344703212X. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GHsPAAAAYAAJ] [[Category:Japanese]] 2twguvyrpcs2syxqy0yxogzmfbbwbt5 2818123 2818122 2026-07-11T17:32:53Z James500 297601 /* */ Add 2818123 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} This page is part of [[Universal Bibliography/Languages|bibliography of languages]]. This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of Japanese. Bibliography *Harald Suppanschitsch and Jürgen Stalph. Japanische Sprache und Schrift: eine Bibliographie des in deutscher Sprache veröffentlichten Schrifttums. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7tBw_wLMOagC&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Oskar Nachod. "Linguistics". Bibliography of the Japanese Empire 1906-1926. 1928. vol 2. Chapter XII. pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002oska/page/613/mode/1up 613] to 628, 753 and 754. *Wenckstern. "Philology: The Japanese Language". A Bibliography of the Japanese Empire. Chapter VI. vol 1, pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dcVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false 74] to 88. vol 2, pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002frvo/page/74/mode/1up 74] to 89. General *Haruhiko Kindaichi. The Japanese Language. Tuttle. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s_UZAQAAIAAJ] 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PdzkyasVMMoC] 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Osamu Mizutani. Japanese: The Spoken Language in Japanese Life. Japan Times. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jZsPAAAAYAAJ] *Charles Berlitz. Passport to Japanese. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSQ04TeVfWYC] Periodicals *Japanese Language and Literature. (Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese.) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?&id=QpkmAQAAIAAJ] Kokugo *Paul H Clark. The Kokugo Revolution: Education, Identity, and Language Policy in Imperial Japan. (Japan Research Monograph 16). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F6jSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yeounsuk Lee. The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan. University of Hawaii Press. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=54wBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Kokugo To Iu Shisō: Kindai Nihon No Gengo Ninshiki. (Japanese: 「国語」という思想: 近代日本の言語認識). Iwanami Shoten. Tokyo. 1996. Nihongo *Makoto Sugawara. Nihongo: A Japanese Approach to Japanese. East Publications. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKkPAAAAYAAJ] *Roy Andrew Miller. Nihongo: In Defence of Japanese. The Athlone Press. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oRxkAAAAMAAJ] *Nihongo Notes. The Japan Times. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdkpAQAAIAAJ] *Yutaka Sato and Margaret Y. Yamashita. Nihongo: Introductory Japanese. 1994. vol 2. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ptACuS6HnpUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Minna No Nihongo I. 3A Corporation. (スリーエーネットワーク). 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G-bl2P5lRl4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Minna No Nihongo II. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nHnMa4Zw-MC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Introductions *A E Backhouse. The Japanese Language: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vawPAAAAYAAJ] *Richard Bowring and Haruko Uryū Laurie. An Introduction to Modern Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gu3k3eiOXWAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Understanding *Yasuko Obana. Understanding Japanese: A Handbook for Learners and Teachers. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I9IPAAAAYAAJ] Learn *Yuko Fukuroi. Learn Japanese. Institute of Asian Studies. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0SJkAAAAMAAJ] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: New College Text: Volume IV. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rxwxLVwW2t0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: Pattern Approach. University of Maryland. 1963. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pG1AsovGf3AC] *Nobuko Mizutani. Let's Learn Japanese. (Radio Japan). 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4urrPQAACAAJ] *Senko K Maynard. Learning Japanese for Real: A Guide to Grammar, Use, and Genres of the Nihongo World. University of Hawaii Press. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QF4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Muneo Kimura. Learning Japanese: Techniques for Intermediate and Advanced Student. (Orientation Seminars on Japan, number 23). Office for the Japanese Studies Center, The Japan Foundation. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZyUHAQAAIAAJ] *Miwa Kai. Listen & Learn Japanese. 1959. Reprinted 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wBrYftZU6z4C&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Study *Jun Maeda. Let's Study Japanese. (Tuttle Language Library). 1st Ed: 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itdGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Courses *Fudeko Obazawa Reekie. A First Course in Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvmrFBsaXOkC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Intensive Course in Japanese. Language Services Co Ltd. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SRhIAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0ytIAAAAMAAJ] *Akiyama. Nucleus Course in Japanese. Institute of Modern Languages. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iGw-AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari and Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x9MTAQAAMAAJ] *Clay MacCauley. An Introductory Course in Japanese. 1897. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hmvl19e6ld4C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Fundamentals *Toyoaki Uehara and Gisaburo N Kiyose. Fundamentals of Japanese. Indiana University Press. Bloomington and London. Tenri University Press. Tenri 1974. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/598969] and Hiroshi Miyaji, "Book Reviews" (1976) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EilkAAAAMAAJ 11] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 106 (No 1: January 1976) Essential *Essential Japanese: Speak Japanese with Confidence. Tuttle. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aJzTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lynne Strugnell. Essential Japanese. Berlitz. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vxBU3vjytQC] *Samuel E Martin. Essential Japanese: An Introduction to the Standard Colloquial Language. 1954. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rx5kAAAAMAAJ] *Helmut Morsbach and Kazue Kurebayashi. Essential Japanese: A Guidebook to Language and Culture. Penguin Books.1990. ISBN 9780140101881. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3rqgQ7zW3AsC] Ultimate *Ultimate Japanese **Suguru Akutsu. Ultimate Japanese: Advanced. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VV4RAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GnMqAQAAIAAJ 33] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 111 (No 2: October 1999) Easy *Samuel E Martin. Easy Japanese: A Direct Learning Approach for Immediate Communication. 1st Ed: 1957. 2nd Ed: 1959. 3rd Ed: 1962. 4th Ed: 2006: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CKHTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jack Seward. Easy Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQIraVXUxN0C] *Fumiko Koide. Easy Japanese. Nippon Kyooiku Kiki Fukyu Center Company. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q4JEAQAAMAAJ] *Emiko Konomi. Easy Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese Quickly! [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mjtRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Basic *Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese. [Practice Makes Perfect]. Premium 3rd Ed: 2023.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JmeYEAAAQBAJ] *NTC's Basic Japanese. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hLyZCKpa8jMC] *Samuel E. Martin and Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese in 10 Easy Lessons. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F1RSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Shoko Hamano and Takae Tsujioka. Basic Japanese: A Grammar and Workbook. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l0fJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Demystified, Dummies *Eriko Sato. Japanese Demystified. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ak7AlXKi3pYC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Eriko Sato. Japanese For Dummies. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Oi6lpE_NC-wC] Hiroko Chiba and Erik Sato. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gql7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate *Michael L Kluemper and Lisa Berkson. Intermediate Japanese Textbook. 2022. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7hl2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Intermediate Japanese Workbook. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4qB-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiyaku: An Intermediate Japanese Course. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9ZDtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Haruko Laurie and Richard Bowring. Cambridge Intermediate Japanese. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E1wLAQAAMAAJ] *Yasuko Ito Watt and Richard Rubinger. Readers Guide to Intermediate Japanese: A Quick Reference to Written Expressions. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8ACEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate to advanced *The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Advanced *Noriko Ishihara and Magara Maeda. Advanced Japanese: Communication in Context. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gmBQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *An Introduction to Advanced Spoken Japanese. Inter-university Center for Japanese Language Studies. Delmer M Brown. 1987. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Og96QDPsx18C] For high school students; High school programs *Esther M T Sato, Loren I Shishido and Masako Sakihara. Japanese Now. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k17cHllNfTAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1] **Esther M T Sato and Masako Sakihara. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vufHtRpVZt4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 4]. For scientists and engineers *Edward E. Daub, R Byron Bird and Nobuo Inoue. Basic Technical Japanese. 科学技術日本語の基礎. University of Wisconsin Press. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oN23JJhjFpwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Readings *Joseph K Yamagiwa (ed). Readings in Japanese Language and Linguistics. University of Michigan Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=76wPAAAAYAAJ] Dictionaries See also [[w:en:Japanese dictionary]] and [[w:en:Category:Japanese dictionaries]] Vocabulary *Akira Miura. Essential Japanese Vocabulary. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZZvTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Vocabulary [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fV0NAAAACAAJ] *Carol and Nobuo Akiyama. Japanese Vocabulary. Barron's. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Aa6PAAACAAJ] Words *Akira Miura. Japanese Words & Their Uses. Charles E Tuttle. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MVVzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Verbs *Complete Japanese Verb Guide. Tuttle. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I_EPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *P Suski. Japanese Verbs. (Super Review). Research & Education Association. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9t6oHZh5gecC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Naoko Chino. Japanese Verbs at a Glance. Kodansha International. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-8AjAQAAIAAJ] *600 Basic Japanese Verbs. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wZgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Roland A Lange. 501 Japanese Verbs. Barron's. 1988. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ANQXAAAAIAAJ] **201 Japanese Verbs. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dve2QgAACAAJ] *Rita Lampkin. Japanese Verbs and Essentials of Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of Japanese. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P_CyQgAACAAJ] *Suski. Conjugation of Japanese Verbs in the Modern Spoken Japanese. 1942. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SZIPAAAAYAAJ] *G F Verbeck. A Synopsis of All the Conjugations of the Japanese Verbs. 1887. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jEJlAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ready Conjugator of Japanese Verbs and Adjectives [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jrNDAQAAIAAJ] *Tadao Miyamoto. The Light Verb Construction in Japanese: The Role of the Verbal Noun. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pHKVTctA-WwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Adjectives *Ann Tarumoto. Complete Japanese Adjective Guide. Tuttle. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SIC4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Copula *Tomiko Narahara. The Japanese Copula: Forms and Functions. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UKOHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064474] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44486751] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176893] Idioms *Kodansha's Dictionary of Basic Japanese Idioms. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mQ5gyagWePMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuo Akiyama and Carol Akiyama. Japanese Idioms. Barron's. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V5YPAAAAYAAJ] *Michael L Maynard and Senko K Maynard. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HXI-Xvv5dMYC] Grammar *Stefan Kaiser, Yasuko Ichikawa, Noriko Kobayashi and Hilofumi Yamamoto. Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammar. 2001. 2nd Ed: 2013: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vJH3CumpiZEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Naomi H McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian and Tomomi Kakegawa. Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical Guide. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qcdBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yuki Johnson. Fundamentals of Japanese Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=keIZAQAAIAAJ] *Kazuhiro Teruya. A Systemic Functional Grammar of Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SJcqAQAAIAAJ] *Kimihiko Nomura. Japanese Grammar: The Connecting Point. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I913EQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Grammar [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZMYsHvuhXIC] *Masahiro Tanimori and Eriko Sato. Essential Japanese Grammar. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CUXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Zeljko Cipris and Shoko Hamano. Making Sense of Japanese Grammar: A Clear Guide through Common Problems. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GZ0BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Carol Akiyama and Nobuo Akiyama. Pocket Japanese Grammar. 4th Ed: 2020: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aga9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Grammar. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cO5wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Harold G Henderson. Handbook of Japanese Grammar. 1945. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NYEBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *W P Lehmann and Lloyd Faust. A Grammar of Formal Written Japanese. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, vol 5). 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50s0AAAAIAAJ] Read; Reading *[[w:en:Eleanor Jorden|Eleanor Harz Jorden]] and Hamako Ito Chaplin. Reading Japanese. Yale University Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1MF6kCogEx0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jiří Jelínek and Patricia A Heron. Reading Japanese: A self-instructional manual for beginners, leading to independent translating ability. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1975. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *Dale P Crowley, with the assistance of Yoshiyuki Kawata and Yoko Kawata. Manual for Reading Japanese. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nK0PAAAAYAAJ] *John Braden. Read Practical Japanese. Kenkyusha. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3MAPAAAAYAAJ] *Setsuko Aihara, with Graham Parkes. Strategies for Reading Japanese: A Rational Approach to the Japanese Sentence. Japan Publications Trading Company. Tokyo. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tMs_AQAAIAAJ] *Len Walsh. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hjBEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn 400 Practical Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QcrXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur Rose-Innes. Japanese Reading for Beginners. K Yoshikawa & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cP1z4IcbiO4C] ==Writing== Written; Writing *David Ashworth and Ikumi Hitosugi. Written Japanese: An Introduction. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fLDhgDHj7_EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Heath Rose. The Japanese Writing System: Challenges, Strategies and Self-regulation for Learning Kanji. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZDU8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1924#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Basil Hall Chamberlain. A Practical Introduction to the Study of Japanese Writing. 1899. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-SWFGQkuJN8C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Handwritten *P G O'Neill. A Reader of Handwritten Japanese. Kodansha International. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r-MZAQAAIAAJ] ==Characters and syllabaries== *Andrew N Nelson. Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1962. 1st Revised Ed: 1966. 2nd Revised Ed: 1974. Classic Ed: 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKuHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: The Incorporated Linguist, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E2MtAQAAMAAJ vol 5], no 1, p 24. **John H Haig. The Compact Nelson: Japanese - English Character Dictionary. Tuttle. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3bzewAEACAAJ] *Mark Spahn and Wolfgang Hadamitzky. Japanese Character Dictionary: With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji. 漢英熟語リバ一ス字典. Nichigai Associates. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RqEPAAAAYAAJ] *NTC's New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1993. ISBN 0844284343. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rZoFwQEACAAJ] **New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Kenyusha. Tokyo. 1990. ISBN 4767490405. Hiragana and katakana *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana for Beginners. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZPs8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kenneth G Henshall and Tetsuo Takagaki. Learning Japanese Hiragana and Katakana. Revised 2nd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Guide to Learning Hiragana & Katakana. Tuttle. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=18i1QgAACAAJ] *Glen McCabe. Japanese Hiragana and Katakana Flash Cards. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aSFFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Richard S Keirstead. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana: Language Practice Pad. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yPxHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Hiragana *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Hiragana. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CvQZAQAAIAAJ] *James W Heisig. Remembering the Hiragana: a complete course on how to teach yourself the Japanese syllabary in 3 hours. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VdEPAAAAYAAJ] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana for Beginners. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dR_RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Hiragana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YtZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Yuko Green. My First Hiragana Activity Book. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C-OKxX_cdpgC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Katakana *Tina Wells. Easy Katakana: How to Read and Write English Words Used in Japanese. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ZSDP-9i9oUC] *Helmut Morsbach, Kazue Kurebayashi and James W. Heisig. Remembering the Katakana. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeAPAAAAYAAJ] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Katakana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rNZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Katakana for Beginners: First Steps to Mastering the Japanese Writing System. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W5sdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji and kana *Wolfgang Hadamitzky and Mark Spahn. Japanese Kanji and Kana: A Complete Guide to the Japanese Writing System. 1981. 2nd Ed: 1997. 3rd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w7QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji *James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji. 1977. 5th Ed: 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TtEaylKrGaMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. Remembering the Kanji 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PYOUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji: A systematic guide to reading Japanese characters. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *James W Heisig and Tanya Sienko. Remembering the Kanji 3. 1994. 2nd Ed: 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wTZ4x_BHe5EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Editorial staff of The East magazine. Kanji Kanji. The East Publications Inc. Tokyo. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HcYPAAAAYAAJ]. Revised Ed: 1983: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T8YPAAAAYAAJ]. *Andrew Dykstra. Kanji 1-2-3. Kanji Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SnBWAAAAYAAJ] *The Learner's Japanese Kanji Dictionary. Tuttle. *Naoomi Kuratani, Akemi Kobayashi and Shunsuke Okunishi (eds). A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage あたらしい漢字用法辞典. Gakken. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5-C4AAAAIAAJ]. Review: "The Slimline Kanji Dictionaries" (1996) 9 International Journal of Lexicography 132 (No 2: June). Abstracts: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vYPAQAAMAAJ] [https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article-abstract/9/2/132/930154] *Jack Halpern. The Kodansha Kanji Usage Guide: An A to Z of Kun Homophones. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qgWQEAAAQBAJ] *Laurence Matthews. Kanji Fast Finder 漢字早引き辞典. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7SdpPwAACAAJ] *Glen Nolan Grant. Mastering Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0L1GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. *John Millen. Kanji Power: A Workbook for Mastering Japanese Characters. Tuttle Publishing. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uPu4AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari. Standard Kanji. Revised Ed. 1949. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b1Q98sCcgV0C] *P G O'Neill. Essential Kanji. Weatherhill. 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VYadVK-DqSYC]. Paperback Ed: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dQ25AAAAIAAJ]. *Essential Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gr5GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F8A0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Kodansha's Compact Kanji Guide: A new character dictionary for students and professionals. Kodansha International. 1991. Review: Gerald B Mathias and Timothy J Vance (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2loLAQAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 47 (No 1: April 1992) *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Kanji. Passport Books. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R7ZM9Dao7NMC] *Erik Sato. Learning Japanese Kanji: Practice Book. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IcA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *The Second 100 Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gUjRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn Kanji: An Introduction to Radicals, Components and 250 Very Basic Kanji. Kodansha International. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=khnrnBXLciIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Richard Glenn Covington, Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn More Kanji: Family Groups, Learning Strategies, and 300 Complex Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLEOAAAACAAJ] ==Linguistics== *Yoko Hasegawa (ed). The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CC5RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48828212] [https://online.ucpress.edu/jjs/article-abstract/46/2/536/210735/Review-The-Cambridge-Handbook-of-Japanese] *Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4CS07LRO8O8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Natsuko Tsujimura. An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. 1996. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/489672] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/417343]. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdaYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yoko Hasegawa. Japanese: A Linguistic Introduction. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpeiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Toshiko Yamaguchi. Japanese Linguistics in Use: An Introduction for Language Learners. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QP-YEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Linguistics: An Introduction. 2007. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25173131] **Japanese Language in Use: An Introduction. 2007. *Natsuko Tsujimura. Japanese Linguistics. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bgJ8PgAACAAJ] *Tetsuo Harada. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tateshina Print Company. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jTcHAQAAIAAJ] Periodicals, Linguistics *Papers in Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iZomAQAAIAAJ] *Journal of Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=458mAQAAIAAJ] Issues *Takashi Imai and Mamoru Saito (eds). Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (Studies in Generative Grammar 29). Foris Publications. Dordrecht, Holland. 1987. ISBN 90-6765-284-9. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bYiFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yukio Otsu and Ann Farmer (eds). Theoretical Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 2). 1980. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RDeBAAAAIAAJ] Kokugogaku and nihongogaku *Lidia Tanaka. "Japanese language studies: Kokugo as an ideology, nihongo as an autonomous and global scholarship?". Kaori Okano and Yoshio Sugimoto (eds). Rethinking Japanese Studies: Eurocentrism and the Asia-Pacific Region. Routledge Contemporary Japan Series. 2018.Chapter 3. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false 32] to 52. Nihongogaku (Japanese: [[w:ja:日本語学|日本語学]]) (English: Japanese linguistics; Japanese language studies) *[https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/rnavi/humanities/post_198 日本語学に関する文献を探すには（主題書誌）]. [[w:en:National Diet Library|NDL]]. Cf. Kokugogaku (Japanese: [[en:wikt:国語学|国語学]]) (English: national language studies) Syntax and semantics *Masayoshi Shibatani. Syntax and Semantics. Japanese Generative Grammar 5. Academic Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sPJZEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kuroda. Japanese Syntax and Semantics: Collected Papers. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OXnrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Hinds and Irwin Howard (eds). Problems in Japanese Syntax and Semantics. Kaitakusha Co Ltd. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_yBkAAAAMAAJ] Semantics and pragmatics *Wesley M Jacobsen and Yukinori Takubo (eds). Handbook of Japanese Semantics and Pragmatics. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wUUCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Elin McCready, Katsuhiko Yabushita and Kei Yoshimoto (eds). Formal Approaches to Semantics and Pragmatics: Japanese and Beyond. 2014. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZeBcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false] Morphology and phonology *Jeroen Maarten van de Weijer and Tetsuo Nishihara (eds). Issues in Japanese Phonology and Morphology. (Studies in Generative Grammar 51).  2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4p_t7jy28AC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Phonetics and Phonology *Haruo Kubozono (ed). Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8vFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiromi Otaka. Phonetics and Phonology of Moras, Feet and Geminate Consonants in Japanese. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=39Q_AQAAIAAJ] *James D McCawley. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. Mouton & Co NV. The Hague. 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3JoPAAAAYAAJ] Syntax *Masayoshi Shibatani, Shigeru Miyagawa and Hisashi Noda (eds). Handbook of Japanese Syntax. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tk8_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuko Hasegawa. Japanese Syntax in Comparative Grammar. Kuroshio Publishers. Tokyo. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ztApAQAAIAAJ] Phonetics *Daniel Lepetit and Reiko Makino. Japanese Phonetics: A Thematic Bibliography. Canadian Scholars. 1996. ISBN 1551300923. Catalogue: Canadian Books in Print: Author and Title Index 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q2WLJa9rY5MC&pg=PA1063#v=onepage&q&f=false p 1063]. *Society Newsletter. 1926 to 1996. [[w:ja:日本音声学会|The Phonetic Society of Japan]]. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication/society-newsletter] **Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan. 1997 onwards. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. Lincom Europa. 1997. [https://books.google.com/books?id=guUZAQAAIAAJ] *P M Suski. The Phonetics of Japanese Language: With Reference to Japanese Script. 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpthAAAAMAAJ]. 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9DuiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Phonology *Laurence Labrune. The Phonology of Japanese. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ix9r6CbEl6IC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonology: A Functional Approach. Lincom Europa. 2000. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R-QZAQAAIAAJ] *Mieko Shimizu Han. Japanese Phonology: An Analysis Based on Sound Spectrograms. Kenkyusha. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T3Xl7SviXB4C] Pragmatics *Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Yoshiko Matsumoto, Junko Mori (eds). Pragmatics of Japanese: Perspectives on grammar, interaction and culture. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2wZTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Gabriele Kasper. Pragmatics of Japanese as Native and Target Language. Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaiʼi at Mānoa. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2_8ifcjhpYQC] *Naoko Taguchi. Pragmatic Competence. (Mouton Series in Pragmatics). 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=14dEa1EZm4oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Sociolinguistics *Roy Andrew Miller. The Japanese Language in Contemporary Japan: Some Sociolinguistic Observations. 1977. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9RxkAAAAMAAJ] ==Translation== *Yoko Hasegawa. The Routledge Course in Japanese Translation. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5kX1O4bCx_oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24394410] *Judy Wakabayashi. Japanese–English Translation: An Advanced Guide. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nqf7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Dialects and regions== Dialects *Nobuko Kibe, Tetsuo Nitta and Kan Sasaki (eds). Handbook of Japanese Dialects. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8_Y9EQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kansai *Peter Tse. Kansai Japanese: The Language of Osaka, Kyoto, and Western Japan. (Tuttle Language Library). 1993. Reprinted 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FvVkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *DC Palter and Kaoru Slotsve. Colloquial Kansai Japanese: The Dialects and Culture of the Kansai Region. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rJEdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==History== *Bjarke Frellesvig. A History of the Japanese Language. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lone Takeuchi. The Structure and History of Japanese: From Yamatokotoba to Nihongo. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sr8PAAAAYAAJ] *Ohno Susumu. The Origin of the Japanese Language. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai. Tokyo. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqcPAAAAYAAJ] *N A Syromiatnikov. The Ancient Japanese Language. Nauka Publishing House. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OB5kAAAAMAAJ] *Yaeko Sato Habein. The History of the Japanese Written Language. University of Tokyo Press. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xh1kAAAAMAAJ] ==Old Japanese== *John R Bentley. A Descriptive Grammar of Early Old Japanese Prose. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Eoqv_NcLJ4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Alexander Vovin. A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ba1xEQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] 2nd Ed: 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xfP_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. ==Classical Japanese== Introduction *Akira Komai and Thomas H Rohlich. An Introduction to Classical Japanese. Bonjinsha. Tokyo. 1991. Review: "Textbook Review by Questionnaire" (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tClnAAAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 50 (No 1: April 1992) Grammar *Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Lincom Europa. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PHoLAQAAMAAJ] *Haruo Shirane. Classical Japanese: A Grammar. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M5-vVlcVEDkC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/209495/summary] *Alexander Vovin. A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=24GTVscUCX0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Akira Komai. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Culver Publishing. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sL0PAAAAYAAJ] *Tadashi Ikeda. Classical Japanese Grammar Illustrated with Texts. The Toho Gakkai (The Institute of Eastern Culture). 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQjUAAAAMAAJ] Dictionary *Ivan Morris. Dictionary of Selected Forms in Classical Japanese Literature. Columbia University Press. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O70PAAAAYAAJ] *Jiří Jelínek. Classical Japanese-English Grammar Dictionary. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qOEPAAAAYAAJ] Clauses *Stefan Kaiser. Circumnominal Relative Clauses in Classical Japanese: An Historical Study. Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1991. ISBN 344703212X. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GHsPAAAAYAAJ] [[Category:Japanese]] qpvexhdyp598nllt1kqbp4t2h6pt4qq 2818124 2818123 2026-07-11T17:34:31Z James500 297601 /* */ Add 2818124 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Bibliography}} This page is part of [[Universal Bibliography/Languages|bibliography of languages]]. This part of the [[Universal Bibliography]] is a bibliography of Japanese. Bibliography *Harald Suppanschitsch and Jürgen Stalph. Japanische Sprache und Schrift: eine Bibliographie des in deutscher Sprache veröffentlichten Schrifttums. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7tBw_wLMOagC&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Oskar Nachod. "Linguistics". Bibliography of the Japanese Empire 1906-1926. 1928. vol 2. Chapter XII. pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002oska/page/613/mode/1up 613] to 628, 753 and 754. *Wenckstern. "Philology: The Japanese Language". A Bibliography of the Japanese Empire. Chapter VI. vol 1, pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dcVAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA74#v=onepage&q&f=false 74] to 88. vol 2, pp [https://archive.org/details/bibliographyofja0002frvo/page/74/mode/1up 74] to 89. General *Haruhiko Kindaichi. The Japanese Language. Tuttle. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=s_UZAQAAIAAJ] 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PdzkyasVMMoC] 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dAbRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Osamu Mizutani. Japanese: The Spoken Language in Japanese Life. Japan Times. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jZsPAAAAYAAJ] *Charles Berlitz. Passport to Japanese. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MSQ04TeVfWYC] Periodicals *Japanese Language and Literature. (Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese.) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?&id=QpkmAQAAIAAJ] Kokugo *Paul H Clark. The Kokugo Revolution: Education, Identity, and Language Policy in Imperial Japan. (Japan Research Monograph 16). [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F6jSEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yeounsuk Lee. The Ideology of Kokugo: Nationalizing Language in Modern Japan. University of Hawaii Press. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=54wBEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Kokugo To Iu Shisō: Kindai Nihon No Gengo Ninshiki. (Japanese: 「国語」という思想: 近代日本の言語認識). Iwanami Shoten. Tokyo. 1996. Nihongo *Makoto Sugawara. Nihongo: A Japanese Approach to Japanese. East Publications. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKkPAAAAYAAJ] *Roy Andrew Miller. Nihongo: In Defence of Japanese. The Athlone Press. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oRxkAAAAMAAJ] *Nihongo Notes. The Japan Times. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdkpAQAAIAAJ] *Yutaka Sato and Margaret Y. Yamashita. Nihongo: Introductory Japanese. 1994. vol 2. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ptACuS6HnpUC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Minna No Nihongo I. 3A Corporation. (スリーエーネットワーク). 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G-bl2P5lRl4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Minna No Nihongo II. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4nHnMa4Zw-MC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Introductions *A E Backhouse. The Japanese Language: An Introduction. Oxford University Press. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vawPAAAAYAAJ] *Richard Bowring and Haruko Uryū Laurie. An Introduction to Modern Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gu3k3eiOXWAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Understanding *Yasuko Obana. Understanding Japanese: A Handbook for Learners and Teachers. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I9IPAAAAYAAJ] Learn *Yuko Fukuroi. Learn Japanese. Institute of Asian Studies. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0SJkAAAAMAAJ] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: New College Text: Volume IV. 1985. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rxwxLVwW2t0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Young and Kimiko Nakajima-Okano. Learn Japanese: Pattern Approach. University of Maryland. 1963. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pG1AsovGf3AC] *Nobuko Mizutani. Let's Learn Japanese. (Radio Japan). 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4urrPQAACAAJ] *Senko K Maynard. Learning Japanese for Real: A Guide to Grammar, Use, and Genres of the Nihongo World. University of Hawaii Press. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QF4EEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Muneo Kimura. Learning Japanese: Techniques for Intermediate and Advanced Student. (Orientation Seminars on Japan, number 23). Office for the Japanese Studies Center, The Japan Foundation. 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZyUHAQAAIAAJ] *Miwa Kai. Listen & Learn Japanese. 1959. Reprinted 1986. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wBrYftZU6z4C&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Study *Jun Maeda. Let's Study Japanese. (Tuttle Language Library). 1st Ed: 1965. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=itdGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Courses *Fudeko Obazawa Reekie. A First Course in Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VvmrFBsaXOkC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Intensive Course in Japanese. Language Services Co Ltd. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SRhIAAAAMAAJ] [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0ytIAAAAMAAJ] *Akiyama. Nucleus Course in Japanese. Institute of Modern Languages. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iGw-AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari and Enko Elisa Vaccari. Complete Course of Japanese Conversation-Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=x9MTAQAAMAAJ] *Clay MacCauley. An Introductory Course in Japanese. 1897. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Hmvl19e6ld4C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Fundamentals *Toyoaki Uehara and Gisaburo N Kiyose. Fundamentals of Japanese. Indiana University Press. Bloomington and London. Tenri University Press. Tenri 1974. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/598969] and Hiroshi Miyaji, "Book Reviews" (1976) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=EilkAAAAMAAJ 11] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 106 (No 1: January 1976) Essential *Essential Japanese: Speak Japanese with Confidence. Tuttle. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aJzTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lynne Strugnell. Essential Japanese. Berlitz. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vxBU3vjytQC] *Samuel E Martin. Essential Japanese: An Introduction to the Standard Colloquial Language. 1954. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rx5kAAAAMAAJ] *Helmut Morsbach and Kazue Kurebayashi. Essential Japanese: A Guidebook to Language and Culture. Penguin Books.1990. ISBN 9780140101881. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3rqgQ7zW3AsC] Ultimate *Ultimate Japanese **Suguru Akutsu. Ultimate Japanese: Advanced. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7VV4RAAACAAJ]. Review: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GnMqAQAAIAAJ 33] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 111 (No 2: October 1999) Easy *Samuel E Martin. Easy Japanese: A Direct Learning Approach for Immediate Communication. 1st Ed: 1957. 2nd Ed: 1959. 3rd Ed: 1962. 4th Ed: 2006: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CKHTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jack Seward. Easy Japanese. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQIraVXUxN0C] *Fumiko Koide. Easy Japanese. Nippon Kyooiku Kiki Fukyu Center Company. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Q4JEAQAAMAAJ] *Emiko Konomi. Easy Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese Quickly! [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mjtRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Basic *Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese. [Practice Makes Perfect]. Premium 3rd Ed: 2023.[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=JmeYEAAAQBAJ] *NTC's Basic Japanese. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hLyZCKpa8jMC] *Samuel E. Martin and Eriko Sato. Basic Japanese: Learn to Speak Japanese in 10 Easy Lessons. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F1RSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Shoko Hamano and Takae Tsujioka. Basic Japanese: A Grammar and Workbook. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=l0fJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Demystified, Dummies *Eriko Sato. Japanese Demystified. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ak7AlXKi3pYC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Eriko Sato. Japanese For Dummies. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Oi6lpE_NC-wC] Hiroko Chiba and Erik Sato. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gql7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate *Michael L Kluemper and Lisa Berkson. Intermediate Japanese Textbook. 2022. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7hl2EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Intermediate Japanese Workbook. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4qB-EAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiyaku: An Intermediate Japanese Course. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9ZDtCQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Haruko Laurie and Richard Bowring. Cambridge Intermediate Japanese. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E1wLAQAAMAAJ] *Yasuko Ito Watt and Richard Rubinger. Readers Guide to Intermediate Japanese: A Quick Reference to Written Expressions. 1998. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S8ACEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Intermediate to advanced *The Routledge Intermediate to Advanced Japanese Reader. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZcMfEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Advanced *Noriko Ishihara and Magara Maeda. Advanced Japanese: Communication in Context. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gmBQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *An Introduction to Advanced Spoken Japanese. Inter-university Center for Japanese Language Studies. Delmer M Brown. 1987. [https://books.google.com/books?id=Og96QDPsx18C] For high school students; High school programs *Esther M T Sato, Loren I Shishido and Masako Sakihara. Japanese Now. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=k17cHllNfTAC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1] **Esther M T Sato and Masako Sakihara. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vufHtRpVZt4C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 4]. For scientists and engineers *Edward E. Daub, R Byron Bird and Nobuo Inoue. Basic Technical Japanese. 科学技術日本語の基礎. University of Wisconsin Press. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=oN23JJhjFpwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Readings *Joseph K Yamagiwa (ed). Readings in Japanese Language and Linguistics. University of Michigan Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=76wPAAAAYAAJ] Dictionaries See also [[w:en:Japanese dictionary]] and [[w:en:Category:Japanese dictionaries]] Vocabulary *Akira Miura. Essential Japanese Vocabulary. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZZvTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Vocabulary [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fV0NAAAACAAJ] *Carol and Nobuo Akiyama. Japanese Vocabulary. Barron's. 1991. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7Aa6PAAACAAJ] Words *Akira Miura. Japanese Words & Their Uses. Charles E Tuttle. 1983. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=MVVzBgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Verbs *Complete Japanese Verb Guide. Tuttle. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I_EPCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *P Suski. Japanese Verbs. (Super Review). Research & Education Association. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9t6oHZh5gecC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Naoko Chino. Japanese Verbs at a Glance. Kodansha International. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-8AjAQAAIAAJ] *600 Basic Japanese Verbs. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wZgdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Roland A Lange. 501 Japanese Verbs. Barron's. 1988. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ANQXAAAAIAAJ] **201 Japanese Verbs. 1971. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Dve2QgAACAAJ] *Rita Lampkin. Japanese Verbs and Essentials of Grammar: A Practical Guide to the Mastery of Japanese. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=P_CyQgAACAAJ] *Suski. Conjugation of Japanese Verbs in the Modern Spoken Japanese. 1942. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SZIPAAAAYAAJ] *G F Verbeck. A Synopsis of All the Conjugations of the Japanese Verbs. 1887. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jEJlAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Ready Conjugator of Japanese Verbs and Adjectives [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jrNDAQAAIAAJ] *Tadao Miyamoto. The Light Verb Construction in Japanese: The Role of the Verbal Noun. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pHKVTctA-WwC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Adjectives *Ann Tarumoto. Complete Japanese Adjective Guide. Tuttle. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SIC4CgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Copula *Tomiko Narahara. The Japanese Copula: Forms and Functions. 2002: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=UKOHDAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25064474] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/44486751] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/4176893] Idioms *Kodansha's Dictionary of Basic Japanese Idioms. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=mQ5gyagWePMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuo Akiyama and Carol Akiyama. Japanese Idioms. Barron's. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=V5YPAAAAYAAJ] *Michael L Maynard and Senko K Maynard. 101 Japanese Idioms: Understanding Japanese Language and Culture Through Popular Phrases. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HXI-Xvv5dMYC] Grammar *Stefan Kaiser, Yasuko Ichikawa, Noriko Kobayashi and Hilofumi Yamamoto. Japanese: A Comprehensive Grammar. 2001. 2nd Ed: 2013: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=vJH3CumpiZEC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Naomi H McGloin, Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Fumiko Nazikian and Tomomi Kakegawa. Modern Japanese Grammar: A Practical Guide. 2014. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qcdBDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yuki Johnson. Fundamentals of Japanese Grammar. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=keIZAQAAIAAJ] *Kazuhiro Teruya. A Systemic Functional Grammar of Japanese. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SJcqAQAAIAAJ] *Kimihiko Nomura. Japanese Grammar: The Connecting Point. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=I913EQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Schaum's Outline of Japanese Grammar [https://books.google.com/books?id=oZMYsHvuhXIC] *Masahiro Tanimori and Eriko Sato. Essential Japanese Grammar. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CUXRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Zeljko Cipris and Shoko Hamano. Making Sense of Japanese Grammar: A Clear Guide through Common Problems. 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GZ0BEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Carol Akiyama and Nobuo Akiyama. Pocket Japanese Grammar. 4th Ed: 2020: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aga9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Grammar. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cO5wDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Harold G Henderson. Handbook of Japanese Grammar. 1945. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=NYEBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *W P Lehmann and Lloyd Faust. A Grammar of Formal Written Japanese. (Harvard-Yenching Institute Studies, vol 5). 1951. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=50s0AAAAIAAJ] Read; Reading *[[w:en:Eleanor Jorden|Eleanor Harz Jorden]] and Hamako Ito Chaplin. Reading Japanese. Yale University Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1MF6kCogEx0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jiří Jelínek and Patricia A Heron. Reading Japanese: A self-instructional manual for beginners, leading to independent translating ability. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1975. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *Dale P Crowley, with the assistance of Yoshiyuki Kawata and Yoko Kawata. Manual for Reading Japanese. University Press of Hawaii. Honolulu. 1972. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nK0PAAAAYAAJ] *John Braden. Read Practical Japanese. Kenkyusha. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3MAPAAAAYAAJ] *Setsuko Aihara, with Graham Parkes. Strategies for Reading Japanese: A Rational Approach to the Japanese Sentence. Japan Publications Trading Company. Tokyo. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tMs_AQAAIAAJ] *Len Walsh. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1hjBEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Read Japanese Today: The Easy Way to Learn 400 Practical Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QcrXBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Arthur Rose-Innes. Japanese Reading for Beginners. K Yoshikawa & Co. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=cP1z4IcbiO4C] See also *[[w:en:Category:Japanese language learning resources]] ==Writing== Written; Writing *David Ashworth and Ikumi Hitosugi. Written Japanese: An Introduction. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fLDhgDHj7_EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Heath Rose. The Japanese Writing System: Challenges, Strategies and Self-regulation for Learning Kanji. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZDU8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1924#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Basil Hall Chamberlain. A Practical Introduction to the Study of Japanese Writing. 1899. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-SWFGQkuJN8C&pg=PP5#v=onepage&q&f=false] Handwritten *P G O'Neill. A Reader of Handwritten Japanese. Kodansha International. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=r-MZAQAAIAAJ] ==Characters and syllabaries== *Andrew N Nelson. Modern Reader's Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1962. 1st Revised Ed: 1966. 2nd Revised Ed: 1974. Classic Ed: 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=fKuHCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: The Incorporated Linguist, [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=E2MtAQAAMAAJ vol 5], no 1, p 24. **John H Haig. The Compact Nelson: Japanese - English Character Dictionary. Tuttle. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3bzewAEACAAJ] *Mark Spahn and Wolfgang Hadamitzky. Japanese Character Dictionary: With Compound Lookup via Any Kanji. 漢英熟語リバ一ス字典. Nichigai Associates. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=RqEPAAAAYAAJ] *NTC's New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. 1993. ISBN 0844284343. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rZoFwQEACAAJ] **New Japanese-English Character Dictionary. Kenyusha. Tokyo. 1990. ISBN 4767490405. Hiragana and katakana *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana for Beginners. 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZPs8BAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kenneth G Henshall and Tetsuo Takagaki. Learning Japanese Hiragana and Katakana. Revised 2nd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QyfRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Guide to Learning Hiragana & Katakana. Tuttle. 1990. [https://books.google.com/books?id=18i1QgAACAAJ] *Glen McCabe. Japanese Hiragana and Katakana Flash Cards. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aSFFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Richard S Keirstead. Japanese Hiragana & Katakana: Language Practice Pad. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=yPxHDgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Hiragana *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Hiragana. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.com/books?id=CvQZAQAAIAAJ] *James W Heisig. Remembering the Hiragana: a complete course on how to teach yourself the Japanese syllabary in 3 hours. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VdEPAAAAYAAJ] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Hiragana for Beginners. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dR_RAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Hiragana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=YtZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. *Yuko Green. My First Hiragana Activity Book. 2000. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=C-OKxX_cdpgC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Katakana *Tina Wells. Easy Katakana: How to Read and Write English Words Used in Japanese. Passport Books. 1989. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=-ZSDP-9i9oUC] *Helmut Morsbach, Kazue Kurebayashi and James W. Heisig. Remembering the Katakana. Japan Publications Trading Co. 1990. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HeAPAAAAYAAJ] *Jim Gleeson. Writing Japanese Katakana: An Introductory Japanese Language Workbook. 1996. Revised Ed: 2015: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rNZGCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Timothy G Stout. Japanese Katakana for Beginners: First Steps to Mastering the Japanese Writing System. 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=W5sdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji and kana *Wolfgang Hadamitzky and Mark Spahn. Japanese Kanji and Kana: A Complete Guide to the Japanese Writing System. 1981. 2nd Ed: 1997. 3rd Ed: 2011. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3w7QAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kanji *James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji. 1977. 5th Ed: 2007. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=TtEaylKrGaMC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. Remembering the Kanji 1. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PYOUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **James W Heisig. Remembering the Kanji: A systematic guide to reading Japanese characters. 1987. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IKQPAAAAYAAJ] *James W Heisig and Tanya Sienko. Remembering the Kanji 3. 1994. 2nd Ed: 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wTZ4x_BHe5EC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Editorial staff of The East magazine. Kanji Kanji. The East Publications Inc. Tokyo. 1972: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HcYPAAAAYAAJ]. Revised Ed: 1983: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T8YPAAAAYAAJ]. *Andrew Dykstra. Kanji 1-2-3. Kanji Press. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=SnBWAAAAYAAJ] *The Learner's Japanese Kanji Dictionary. Tuttle. *Naoomi Kuratani, Akemi Kobayashi and Shunsuke Okunishi (eds). A New Dictionary of Kanji Usage あたらしい漢字用法辞典. Gakken. 1982. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5-C4AAAAIAAJ]. Review: "The Slimline Kanji Dictionaries" (1996) 9 International Journal of Lexicography 132 (No 2: June). Abstracts: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2vYPAQAAMAAJ] [https://academic.oup.com/ijl/article-abstract/9/2/132/930154] *Jack Halpern. The Kodansha Kanji Usage Guide: An A to Z of Kun Homophones. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qgWQEAAAQBAJ] *Laurence Matthews. Kanji Fast Finder 漢字早引き辞典. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=7SdpPwAACAAJ] *Glen Nolan Grant. Mastering Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=0L1GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. *John Millen. Kanji Power: A Workbook for Mastering Japanese Characters. Tuttle Publishing. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=uPu4AAAAIAAJ] *Oreste Vaccari. Standard Kanji. Revised Ed. 1949. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=b1Q98sCcgV0C] *P G O'Neill. Essential Kanji. Weatherhill. 1973 [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=VYadVK-DqSYC]. Paperback Ed: 1987: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=dQ25AAAAIAAJ]. *Essential Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Gr5GCgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. 2016. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=F8A0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *Kodansha's Compact Kanji Guide: A new character dictionary for students and professionals. Kodansha International. 1991. Review: Gerald B Mathias and Timothy J Vance (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2loLAQAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 47 (No 1: April 1992) *Fujihiko Kaneda. Easy Kanji. Passport Books. 1996. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R7ZM9Dao7NMC] *Erik Sato. Learning Japanese Kanji: Practice Book. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=IcA0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 2]. *The Second 100 Japanese Kanji. Tuttle. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gUjRAgAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn Kanji: An Introduction to Radicals, Components and 250 Very Basic Kanji. Kodansha International. 1997. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=khnrnBXLciIC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Richard Glenn Covington, Yasuko Kosaka Mitamura and Joyce Yumi Mitamura. Let's Learn More Kanji: Family Groups, Learning Strategies, and 300 Complex Kanji. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLEOAAAACAAJ] ==Linguistics== *Yoko Hasegawa (ed). The Cambridge Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=CC5RDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/48828212] [https://online.ucpress.edu/jjs/article-abstract/46/2/536/210735/Review-The-Cambridge-Handbook-of-Japanese] *Shigeru Miyagawa and Mamoru Saito (eds). The Oxford Handbook of Japanese Linguistics. 2008. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=4CS07LRO8O8C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Natsuko Tsujimura. An Introduction to Japanese Linguistics. 1996. Reviews: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/489672] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/417343]. 3rd Ed. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=LdaYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yoko Hasegawa. Japanese: A Linguistic Introduction. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpeiBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Toshiko Yamaguchi. Japanese Linguistics in Use: An Introduction for Language Learners. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QP-YEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] **Japanese Linguistics: An Introduction. 2007. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/25173131] **Japanese Language in Use: An Introduction. 2007. *Natsuko Tsujimura. Japanese Linguistics. 2005. [https://books.google.com/books?id=bgJ8PgAACAAJ] *Tetsuo Harada. Outlines of Modern Japanese Linguistics. Tateshina Print Company. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jTcHAQAAIAAJ] Periodicals, Linguistics *Papers in Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=iZomAQAAIAAJ] *Journal of Japanese Linguistics [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=458mAQAAIAAJ] Issues *Takashi Imai and Mamoru Saito (eds). Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (Studies in Generative Grammar 29). Foris Publications. Dordrecht, Holland. 1987. ISBN 90-6765-284-9. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=bYiFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Yukio Otsu and Ann Farmer (eds). Theoretical Issues in Japanese Linguistics. (MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 2). 1980. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RDeBAAAAIAAJ] Kokugogaku and nihongogaku *Lidia Tanaka. "Japanese language studies: Kokugo as an ideology, nihongo as an autonomous and global scholarship?". Kaori Okano and Yoshio Sugimoto (eds). Rethinking Japanese Studies: Eurocentrism and the Asia-Pacific Region. Routledge Contemporary Japan Series. 2018.Chapter 3. pp [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sEcrDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32#v=onepage&q&f=false 32] to 52. Nihongogaku (Japanese: [[w:ja:日本語学|日本語学]]) (English: Japanese linguistics; Japanese language studies) *[https://ndlsearch.ndl.go.jp/rnavi/humanities/post_198 日本語学に関する文献を探すには（主題書誌）]. [[w:en:National Diet Library|NDL]]. Cf. Kokugogaku (Japanese: [[en:wikt:国語学|国語学]]) (English: national language studies) Syntax and semantics *Masayoshi Shibatani. Syntax and Semantics. Japanese Generative Grammar 5. Academic Press. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sPJZEQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Kuroda. Japanese Syntax and Semantics: Collected Papers. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OXnrCAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *John Hinds and Irwin Howard (eds). Problems in Japanese Syntax and Semantics. Kaitakusha Co Ltd. 1978. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_yBkAAAAMAAJ] Semantics and pragmatics *Wesley M Jacobsen and Yukinori Takubo (eds). Handbook of Japanese Semantics and Pragmatics. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wUUCEAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Elin McCready, Katsuhiko Yabushita and Kei Yoshimoto (eds). Formal Approaches to Semantics and Pragmatics: Japanese and Beyond. 2014. 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ZeBcBAAAQBAJ&pg=PR4#v=onepage&q&f=false] Morphology and phonology *Jeroen Maarten van de Weijer and Tetsuo Nishihara (eds). Issues in Japanese Phonology and Morphology. (Studies in Generative Grammar 51).  2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=G4p_t7jy28AC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Phonetics and Phonology *Haruo Kubozono (ed). Handbook of Japanese Phonetics and Phonology. 2015. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8vFeCAAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Hiromi Otaka. Phonetics and Phonology of Moras, Feet and Geminate Consonants in Japanese. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=39Q_AQAAIAAJ] *James D McCawley. The Phonological Component of a Grammar of Japanese. Mouton & Co NV. The Hague. 1968. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=3JoPAAAAYAAJ] Syntax *Masayoshi Shibatani, Shigeru Miyagawa and Hisashi Noda (eds). Handbook of Japanese Syntax. 2017. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tk8_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Nobuko Hasegawa. Japanese Syntax in Comparative Grammar. Kuroshio Publishers. Tokyo. 1993. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ztApAQAAIAAJ] Phonetics *Daniel Lepetit and Reiko Makino. Japanese Phonetics: A Thematic Bibliography. Canadian Scholars. 1996. ISBN 1551300923. Catalogue: Canadian Books in Print: Author and Title Index 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=q2WLJa9rY5MC&pg=PA1063#v=onepage&q&f=false p 1063]. *Society Newsletter. 1926 to 1996. [[w:ja:日本音声学会|The Phonetic Society of Japan]]. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication/society-newsletter] **Journal of the Phonetic Society of Japan. 1997 onwards. [https://www.psj.gr.jp/eng/publication] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonetics: Theory and Practice. Lincom Europa. 1997. [https://books.google.com/books?id=guUZAQAAIAAJ] *P M Suski. The Phonetics of Japanese Language: With Reference to Japanese Script. 1931: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gpthAAAAMAAJ]. 2011: [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9DuiAwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Phonology *Laurence Labrune. The Phonology of Japanese. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=ix9r6CbEl6IC&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Tsutomu Akamatsu. Japanese Phonology: A Functional Approach. Lincom Europa. 2000. [https://books.google.com/books?id=R-QZAQAAIAAJ] *Mieko Shimizu Han. Japanese Phonology: An Analysis Based on Sound Spectrograms. Kenkyusha. 1962. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=T3Xl7SviXB4C] Pragmatics *Mutsuko Endo Hudson, Yoshiko Matsumoto, Junko Mori (eds). Pragmatics of Japanese: Perspectives on grammar, interaction and culture. 2018. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2wZTDwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Gabriele Kasper. Pragmatics of Japanese as Native and Target Language. Second Language Teaching & Curriculum Center, University of Hawaiʼi at Mānoa. 1992. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=2_8ifcjhpYQC] *Naoko Taguchi. Pragmatic Competence. (Mouton Series in Pragmatics). 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=14dEa1EZm4oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Sociolinguistics *Roy Andrew Miller. The Japanese Language in Contemporary Japan: Some Sociolinguistic Observations. 1977. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9RxkAAAAMAAJ] ==Translation== *Yoko Hasegawa. The Routledge Course in Japanese Translation. 2012. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=5kX1O4bCx_oC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://www.jstor.org/stable/24394410] *Judy Wakabayashi. Japanese–English Translation: An Advanced Guide. 2021. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Nqf7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==Dialects and regions== Dialects *Nobuko Kibe, Tetsuo Nitta and Kan Sasaki (eds). Handbook of Japanese Dialects. 2025. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=8_Y9EQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] Kansai *Peter Tse. Kansai Japanese: The Language of Osaka, Kyoto, and Western Japan. (Tuttle Language Library). 1993. Reprinted 2002. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=FvVkCwAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *DC Palter and Kaoru Slotsve. Colloquial Kansai Japanese: The Dialects and Culture of the Kansai Region. 1995. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rJEdBAAAQBAJ&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] ==History== *Bjarke Frellesvig. A History of the Japanese Language. 2010. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=v1FcAgiAC9IC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Lone Takeuchi. The Structure and History of Japanese: From Yamatokotoba to Nihongo. 1999. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sr8PAAAAYAAJ] *Ohno Susumu. The Origin of the Japanese Language. Kokusai Bunka Shinkokai. Tokyo. 1970. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=pqcPAAAAYAAJ] *N A Syromiatnikov. The Ancient Japanese Language. Nauka Publishing House. 1981. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=OB5kAAAAMAAJ] *Yaeko Sato Habein. The History of the Japanese Written Language. University of Tokyo Press. 1984. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xh1kAAAAMAAJ] ==Old Japanese== *John R Bentley. A Descriptive Grammar of Early Old Japanese Prose. 2001. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Eoqv_NcLJ4gC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Alexander Vovin. A Descriptive and Comparative Grammar of Western Old Japanese. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Ba1xEQAAQBAJ&pg=PR1#v=onepage&q&f=false] 2nd Ed: 2020. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=xfP_DwAAQBAJ&pg=PR3#v=onepage&q&f=false vol 1]. ==Classical Japanese== Introduction *Akira Komai and Thomas H Rohlich. An Introduction to Classical Japanese. Bonjinsha. Tokyo. 1991. Review: "Textbook Review by Questionnaire" (1992) [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tClnAAAAMAAJ 26] The Journal of the Association of Teachers of Japanese 50 (No 1: April 1992) Grammar *Noriko Katsuki-Pestemer. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Lincom Europa. 2009. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=PHoLAQAAMAAJ] *Haruo Shirane. Classical Japanese: A Grammar. 2005. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=M5-vVlcVEDkC&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false]. Review: [https://muse.jhu.edu/article/209495/summary] *Alexander Vovin. A Reference Grammar of Classical Japanese Prose. 2003. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=24GTVscUCX0C&pg=PP1#v=onepage&q&f=false] *Akira Komai. A Grammar of Classical Japanese. Culver Publishing. 1979. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=sL0PAAAAYAAJ] *Tadashi Ikeda. Classical Japanese Grammar Illustrated with Texts. The Toho Gakkai (The Institute of Eastern Culture). 1980. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=jQjUAAAAMAAJ] Dictionary *Ivan Morris. Dictionary of Selected Forms in Classical Japanese Literature. Columbia University Press. 1966. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=O70PAAAAYAAJ] *Jiří Jelínek. Classical Japanese-English Grammar Dictionary. University of Sheffield, Centre of Japanese Studies. 1976. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=qOEPAAAAYAAJ] Clauses *Stefan Kaiser. Circumnominal Relative Clauses in Classical Japanese: An Historical Study. Otto Harrassowitz. Wiesbaden. 1991. ISBN 344703212X. [https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GHsPAAAAYAAJ] [[Category:Japanese]] ov47keh8kmpehqfleteo9q7f1sxm32c 2 330443 2818125 2817750 2026-07-11T20:09:23Z Juandev 2651 +1 2818125 wikitext text/x-wiki == What is the name of <nowiki><code>{{{obec|}}}</code></nowiki>? == This is a template parameter reference. The string "obec" is the parameter name and the space after the vertical bar is the empty default value. *Note. The default parameter reference is only printed if the user does not enter it in the template. This means that <nowiki><nowiki>{{{obec|unfilled}}}</nowiki></nowiki> will insert "unfilled" into the page after saving, unless this parameter is specified. == Can I use template parameter reference more times in the template? == Yes. == Is there a way to add notes to wikicode template? == Yes, the same way as in wikitext, surrounding strings with <nowiki><code><!-- string --></code></nowiki>. == Who we call <nowiki><code>state =</code></nowiki> of a template ?== Its called parameter. == What is <nowiki><code>#if:</code></nowiki> and how it works? == <nowiki><code>#</code></nowiki> means parser function and the generic syntax is <nowiki><code>{{#if: condition | if true | if false }}</code></nowiki> i9bgy1rzcfuwf6t7y5wq0u68r3vzjm7 2818126 2818125 2026-07-11T20:30:09Z Juandev 2651 /* What is #if: and how it works? */ ch 2818126 wikitext text/x-wiki == What is the name of <nowiki><code>{{{obec|}}}</code></nowiki>? == This is a template parameter reference. The string "obec" is the parameter name and the space after the vertical bar is the empty default value. *Note. The default parameter reference is only printed if the user does not enter it in the template. This means that <nowiki><nowiki>{{{obec|unfilled}}}</nowiki></nowiki> will insert "unfilled" into the page after saving, unless this parameter is specified. == Can I use template parameter reference more times in the template? == Yes. == Is there a way to add notes to wikicode template? == Yes, the same way as in wikitext, surrounding strings with <nowiki><code><!-- string --></code></nowiki>. == Who we call <nowiki><code>state =</code></nowiki> of a template ?== Its called parameter. == What is <code><nowiki>#if:</nowiki></code> and how it works? == <nowiki><code>#</code></nowiki> means parser function and the generic syntax is <code><nowiki>{{#if: condition | add this if the condition is true | add this if the condition is false }}</nowiki></code> 09q7nb73j6wufki4ukjvze2kassobvx 0 330533 2818139 2818030 2026-07-11T23:39:25Z Juguitobaggio 3077290 I enlarged the last paragraph. 2818139 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Artificial Intelligence and the Development of Cognitive Skills''' = == '''Overview''' == Although the term '''[[Artificial Intelligence]]''' (AI) was first introduced by John McCarthy at a conference in the twentieth century, it has gained widespread popularity only in recent years with the rapid development of '''AI systems'''. These technologies are integrated into people’s everyday life for content creation, writing assistance, programming, education, professional development, entertainment, and many other tasks. Alongside AI’s practical applications, researchers have examined its influence on '''cognitive development''', particularly on learning, memory and critical thinking. Current studies recognise both the educational benefits and the cognitive limitations related to the overuse of AI. == '''How AI works and its Usefulness''' == Computer technicians have defined AI systems, such as '''ChatGPT''' (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), as tools based on '''[[Natural Language Processing]]''' (NLP), which enables technological devices to manipulate, interpret, and generate human languages. This process involves breaking down sentences into words and phrases in order to understand the context of a conversation better and provide users with meaningful responses. Its [[Algorithms|'''algorithm''']] splits the input into subwords and creates a vector for each section. Because these models can be customised to meet users’ specific needs, they are capable of assisting when summarising texts, translating languages or supporting professional work. AI’s focus is on engaging, satisfying and giving a better experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifttt.com/explore/how-does-chat-gpt-work|title=How Does ChatGPT Work?|last=IFTTT|website=IFTTT|language=en|access-date=2026-07-10}}</ref> == '''AI Systems and Human Reasoning''' == Recent research in the field of [[Journalism|'''journalism''']] has raised concerns about how AI works. AI systems operate through '''mathematical probability''' rather than human reasoning. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World|last=Broussard|first=Meredith|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2018|isbn=9780262038003|location=London, England|pages=33-41|chapter=Hello, AI}}</ref> Their responses are based on '''statistical information''' identified during training instead of personal experiences or ethical judgements. This training uses billions of examples from online forums, books or movies. Consequently, experts are concerned about inaccurate information, as AI systems do not verify the truthfulness of their answers. Researchers recommend that users compare AI-generated information with reliable sources, particularly in academic contexts. Therefore, it has been argued that AI successfully performs language-related tasks but does not disseminate information according to social, cultural, and moral considerations as humans do.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World|last=Broussard|first=Meredith|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2018|isbn=9780262038003|location=London, England|pages=146-157|chapter=Popular Doesn't Mean Good}}</ref> == '''Impact on Cognitive Skills''' == Medical professionals have shed light on AI’s influence on human cognitive skills. Research suggests that over-reliance on AI for tasks such as writing and problem-solving may reduce opportunities to practise [[Cognitive processes|'''cognitive processes''']]. This over-reliance has been described as '''cognitive debt''', referring to the gradual reduction of mental effort when intellectual tasks are delegated to AI systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Youjie|last2=Wang|first2=Yingying|last3=Wüstenberg|first3=Torsten|last4=Kizilcec|first4=Rene F.|last5=Fan|first5=Yiwen|last6=Li|first6=Yanfei|last7=Lu|first7=Bin|last8=Yuan|first8=Meng|last9=Zhang|first9=Junlai|date=2025-07-11|title=Effects of generative artificial intelligence on cognitive effort and task performance: study protocol for a randomized controlled experiment among college students|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-08950-3|journal=Trials|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=244|doi=10.1186/s13063-025-08950-3|issn=1745-6215|pmc=12255134|pmid=40646586}}</ref> For instance, in the educational area, skills such as critical thinking and analytical reasoning receive less practice. Critical thinking involves evaluating evidence, questioning information, and comparing multiple sources before reaching a conclusion. == '''Educational Implications''' == Experts indicate that AI’s educational impact depends on how it is used. When it is employed as a learning aid rather than a replacement for independent thinking, AI supports personalised learning, provides feedback, and assists users during the writing process. However, researchers also emphasise the importance of maintaining active '''cognitive engagement''' via analysing and verifying trustworthy sources critically. For example, journalist and researcher [[wikipedia:Meredith_Broussard|'''Meredith Broussard''']] has documented her own experience with an AI-assisted cancer screening tool, illustrating both the capabilities and the limitations of AI in medical detection. Physicians use AI systems as assisting aids to help them detect diseases, as AI tools are useful in identifying patterns in medical images such as '''X-rays''' and '''scans'''. But, their performances depend on the quality and type of data on which they have been trained, meaning that inaccurate or unrepresentative data may lead to incorrect predictions and potentially delayed diagnoses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-cancer-detection/|title=An AI Told Me I Had Cancer|last=Broussard|first=Meredith|date=2023-03-15|work=Wired|access-date=2026-07-10|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> For this reason, professionals are encouraged to interpret AI results critically rather than accepting them automatically. Consequently, many educational institutions advocate the responsible use of AI, encouraging students to learn from these technological tools. As much as critical thinking is fostered, students' agencies are developed. In simple words, AI functions as a tool for generating information, whereas human reasoning remains essential for evaluating the reliability, context, and significance of that information. === Reference List === p9jx2ah3p9f0bsxpoo3yxdpg01idcm8 2818140 2818139 2026-07-11T23:41:10Z Juguitobaggio 3077290 Juguitobaggio moved page [[User:Juguitobaggio/sandbox]] to [[Artificial Intelligence and the Development of Cognitive Skills]] 2818139 wikitext text/x-wiki = '''Artificial Intelligence and the Development of Cognitive Skills''' = == '''Overview''' == Although the term '''[[Artificial Intelligence]]''' (AI) was first introduced by John McCarthy at a conference in the twentieth century, it has gained widespread popularity only in recent years with the rapid development of '''AI systems'''. These technologies are integrated into people’s everyday life for content creation, writing assistance, programming, education, professional development, entertainment, and many other tasks. Alongside AI’s practical applications, researchers have examined its influence on '''cognitive development''', particularly on learning, memory and critical thinking. Current studies recognise both the educational benefits and the cognitive limitations related to the overuse of AI. == '''How AI works and its Usefulness''' == Computer technicians have defined AI systems, such as '''ChatGPT''' (Generative Pre-trained Transformer), as tools based on '''[[Natural Language Processing]]''' (NLP), which enables technological devices to manipulate, interpret, and generate human languages. This process involves breaking down sentences into words and phrases in order to understand the context of a conversation better and provide users with meaningful responses. Its [[Algorithms|'''algorithm''']] splits the input into subwords and creates a vector for each section. Because these models can be customised to meet users’ specific needs, they are capable of assisting when summarising texts, translating languages or supporting professional work. AI’s focus is on engaging, satisfying and giving a better experience.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ifttt.com/explore/how-does-chat-gpt-work|title=How Does ChatGPT Work?|last=IFTTT|website=IFTTT|language=en|access-date=2026-07-10}}</ref> == '''AI Systems and Human Reasoning''' == Recent research in the field of [[Journalism|'''journalism''']] has raised concerns about how AI works. AI systems operate through '''mathematical probability''' rather than human reasoning. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World|last=Broussard|first=Meredith|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2018|isbn=9780262038003|location=London, England|pages=33-41|chapter=Hello, AI}}</ref> Their responses are based on '''statistical information''' identified during training instead of personal experiences or ethical judgements. This training uses billions of examples from online forums, books or movies. Consequently, experts are concerned about inaccurate information, as AI systems do not verify the truthfulness of their answers. Researchers recommend that users compare AI-generated information with reliable sources, particularly in academic contexts. Therefore, it has been argued that AI successfully performs language-related tasks but does not disseminate information according to social, cultural, and moral considerations as humans do.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World|last=Broussard|first=Meredith|publisher=The MIT Press|year=2018|isbn=9780262038003|location=London, England|pages=146-157|chapter=Popular Doesn't Mean Good}}</ref> == '''Impact on Cognitive Skills''' == Medical professionals have shed light on AI’s influence on human cognitive skills. Research suggests that over-reliance on AI for tasks such as writing and problem-solving may reduce opportunities to practise [[Cognitive processes|'''cognitive processes''']]. This over-reliance has been described as '''cognitive debt''', referring to the gradual reduction of mental effort when intellectual tasks are delegated to AI systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Chen|first=Youjie|last2=Wang|first2=Yingying|last3=Wüstenberg|first3=Torsten|last4=Kizilcec|first4=Rene F.|last5=Fan|first5=Yiwen|last6=Li|first6=Yanfei|last7=Lu|first7=Bin|last8=Yuan|first8=Meng|last9=Zhang|first9=Junlai|date=2025-07-11|title=Effects of generative artificial intelligence on cognitive effort and task performance: study protocol for a randomized controlled experiment among college students|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13063-025-08950-3|journal=Trials|language=en|volume=26|issue=1|pages=244|doi=10.1186/s13063-025-08950-3|issn=1745-6215|pmc=12255134|pmid=40646586}}</ref> For instance, in the educational area, skills such as critical thinking and analytical reasoning receive less practice. Critical thinking involves evaluating evidence, questioning information, and comparing multiple sources before reaching a conclusion. == '''Educational Implications''' == Experts indicate that AI’s educational impact depends on how it is used. When it is employed as a learning aid rather than a replacement for independent thinking, AI supports personalised learning, provides feedback, and assists users during the writing process. However, researchers also emphasise the importance of maintaining active '''cognitive engagement''' via analysing and verifying trustworthy sources critically. For example, journalist and researcher [[wikipedia:Meredith_Broussard|'''Meredith Broussard''']] has documented her own experience with an AI-assisted cancer screening tool, illustrating both the capabilities and the limitations of AI in medical detection. Physicians use AI systems as assisting aids to help them detect diseases, as AI tools are useful in identifying patterns in medical images such as '''X-rays''' and '''scans'''. But, their performances depend on the quality and type of data on which they have been trained, meaning that inaccurate or unrepresentative data may lead to incorrect predictions and potentially delayed diagnoses.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/artificial-intelligence-cancer-detection/|title=An AI Told Me I Had Cancer|last=Broussard|first=Meredith|date=2023-03-15|work=Wired|access-date=2026-07-10|language=en-US|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> For this reason, professionals are encouraged to interpret AI results critically rather than accepting them automatically. Consequently, many educational institutions advocate the responsible use of AI, encouraging students to learn from these technological tools. As much as critical thinking is fostered, students' agencies are developed. In simple words, AI functions as a tool for generating information, whereas human reasoning remains essential for evaluating the reliability, context, and significance of that information. === Reference List === p9jx2ah3p9f0bsxpoo3yxdpg01idcm8 6 330547 2818102 2026-07-11T12:14:47Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (20260629 - 20260624) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2818102 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (20260629 - 20260624) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} s8ilpmor3bwndrnjf0ylobrgnr2fc7x 6 330548 2818104 2026-07-11T12:15:43Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (20260630 - 20260629) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2818104 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (20260630 - 20260629) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} dwlvg5pv1t6a41z7iz5tcgtmn4xwxpl 6 330549 2818106 2026-07-11T12:28:04Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (20260706 - 20260630) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2818106 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (20260706 - 20260630) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 4m6x8zt9ipt3oclrauizinh0fshz7rg 6 330550 2818108 2026-07-11T12:29:40Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600707 - 20260706) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2818108 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Data.1A: Data Object (202600707 - 20260706) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} 64xkou16vipj351fqsolceeveuyyjz7 6 330551 2818113 2026-07-11T14:19:04Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260711 - 20260710) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2818113 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2A traditional (20260711 - 20260710) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} czzebt44repls2ecdzv8wfsu0l7adp1 6 330552 2818114 2026-07-11T14:19:32Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B simplified (20260711 - 20260710) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2818114 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Carry Lookahead Adders 2B simplified (20260711 - 20260710) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. 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Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} 2818118 wikitext text/x-wiki == Summary == {{Information |Description=Laurent.5: Permutation 6C (20260711 - 20260710) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. Lim |Permission={{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} }} == Licensing == {{self|GFDL|cc-by-sa-4.0,3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0}} epceo5m9z1hpgnzstj7nol2vt3tufjq 2 330555 2818141 2026-07-11T23:41:10Z Juguitobaggio 3077290 Juguitobaggio moved page [[User:Juguitobaggio/sandbox]] to [[Artificial Intelligence and the Development of Cognitive Skills]] 2818141 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Artificial Intelligence and the Development of Cognitive Skills]] dai4gpeia66w6kd4b1nslrp2zzz7ht2 6 330556 2818144 2026-07-12T01:39:44Z Young1lim 21186 {{Information |Description=2. Newton-Raphson Method (20260629 - 20260624) |Source={{own|Young1lim}} |Date=2026-07-11 |Author=Young W. 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